Acn PDF

PRODUCTION OF ACRYLONITRILE
By Ammoxidation of Propane
(Sohio Process)
120,000 TON/YEAR
Project Design Research

Submitted to Faculty of Engineering / Chemical Engineering
Department in Partial of Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
Supervised by: Dr. Anas B. Salman
Prepared by:
Hussein Mustafa Hussein Ali Hussein Abdullah
Rasoul Mohsen Ghasan Mohammed Montsir Sahib
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that work incorporated in the project “Manufacturing of

Acrylonitrile” has been carried out by (Hussein Abdullah, Hussein Mustafa,
Hussein Ali, Rasoul Mohsen, Ghassan Mohammed, Montsir sahib). under
my direct supervision and guidance in the Chemical Engineering Department,
College of Engineering, Al-Muthanna University. The investigations have been
carried out by the candidates themselves.
Signature:
Name: Dr. Anas B. Salman
(Supervisor)
Date: / /
Signature:
Name: Dr. Adel H. Rashid
(Head of Department)
Date: /
CERTIFICATE
We certify, as an examining committee, that we have read this project entitled
“Production of Acrylonitrile ”, examined the students (Hussein Abdullah, Hussein
Mustafa, Hussein Ali, Rasoul Mohsen, Ghassan Mohammed, Montsir sahib) in its
contents and found it meets the standards of the final year project for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering.
Signature:
Name: Prof. Raid T. Hade
( Supervisor)
Date: / /
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. Hamed R. Dawood Name: Dr. Adil H. Rashid
(Member) (Chairman)
Date: / / Date: / /
Approval of the Chemical Engineering Department

Signature:
Name: Dr. Adil H. Rashid
(Head of Department)
Date: / /
‫اإلهداء‬
‫بدانا بأكثر من يد وقاسينا أكثر من هم وعانينا الكثير من الصعوبات وها نحن اليوم والحمد هلل نطوي‬
‫سهر الليالي وتعب اإليام وخالصة مشوارنا بين دفتي هذا العمل المتواضع‪ .‬فإلى منارة العلم واالمام‬
‫المصطفي إلى األمي الذي علم المتعلمين إلى سيد الخلق واله الطاهرين إلى‬
‫رسولنا الكريم سيدنا محمد صلى هللا عليه واله وسلم‪.‬‬
‫إلى من سعى وشقى ألنعم بالراحة والهناء الذي لم يبخل بشيء من أجل دفعي في طريق النجاح الذي‬
‫علمني أن أرتقي سلم الحياة بحكمة وصبر إلى والدي العزيز‪.‬‬
‫‪ .‬إلى الينبوع الذي ال يمل العطاء إلى من حاكت سعادتي بخيوط منسوجة من قلبها إلى والدتي العزيزة‬
‫إلى من حبهم يجري في عروقي ويلهج بذكراهم فؤادي إلى أخواتي وأخواني ‪.‬‬
‫إلى من سرنا سويا ً ونحن نشق الطريق معا َ نحو النجاح واإلبداع إلى من تكاتفنا يدا ً بيد ونحن نقطف‬
‫زهرة وتعلمنا إلى اصدقائي وزمالئي ‪.‬‬
‫إلى من علمونا حروفا من ذهب وكلمات من درر وعبارات من أسمى وأجلى عبارات في العلم إلى من‬
‫صاغوا لنا علمهم حروفا ومن فكرهم منارة تنير لنا سيرة العلم والنجاح إلى أساتذتنا الكرام‬
‫شـــــكر وتـــقـــديــــــر‬
‫البد لنا ونحن نخطو خطواتنا األخيرة في الحياة الجامعية من وقفة نعود إلى أعوام قضيناها في رحاب‬
‫الجامعة مع أساتذتنا الكرام الذين قدموا لنا الكثير باذلين بذلك جهودا كبيرة في بناء جيل الغد لتبعث األمة‬
‫من جديد‪...‬‬
‫وقبل أن نمضي تقدم أسمى آيات الشكر واالمتنان والتقدير والمحبة إلى الذين حملوا أقدس رسالة في‬
‫الحياة‪...‬‬
‫إلى الذين مهدوا لنا طريق العلم والمعرفة‪...‬‬
‫إلى جميع أساتذتنا األفاضل‪.......‬‬
‫كما ال يسعنا بعد إتمام هذا المشروع إال ان نتقدم بأسمى الشكر واالمتنان المتواصل الى د‪ .‬انس بديوي‬
‫سلمان الذي كان له االثر االكبر برعايته المشروع واالشراف على نجاحه‪.‬‬
‫و إلى من زرعوا التفاؤل في دربنا وقدموا لنا المساعدات والتسهيالت واألفكار والمعلومات‪ ،‬ربما دون‬
‫يشعروا بدورهم بذلك فلهم منا كل الشكر‪ ،‬وأخص منهم‪:‬‬
‫الزميل ‪ :‬ياسين احمد نافع‬

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬

‫﴿ َويَ َرى ال ِذينَ أوتوا ال ِعل َ‬ ‫َّ‬
‫م‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َّ‬
‫ك ه َو‬ ‫ك ِمن َربِ َ‬ ‫ل إِلي َ‬ ‫ال ِذي أن ِز َ‬
‫ط‬‫ِ ِ‬‫ا‬ ‫ر‬
‫َ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ى‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َه‬‫ْ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َ‬
‫و‬ ‫َّ‬
‫َق‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ال‬
‫ِ‬
‫مي ِد ﴾‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ح‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ال‬ ‫يز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫َ‬
‫ع‬ ‫ال‬‫ْ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫صدق هللا العلي العظيم‬
‫﴿ سبأ﴾‬
CONTENTS
Titles Page
List Of Contents I
List Of Tables IV
Nomenclature V
Chapter one 1
1.1 Background and Historical 2
1.2 Physical Properties 3
1.3 Chemical Properties 4
1.4 Methods of Production 5
1.4.1 Ammoxidation Of Propylene( Sohio Process ) 5
1.4.2 Acetylene- Hydrogen Cyanide: 6
1.4.3 Acetaldehyde-hydrogen Cyanide Reaction 7
1.4.4 Acetaldehyde-hydrogen Cyanide Reaction 7
1.4.5 Future Processes 8
1.4.6 Dual Process 8
1.5 Select process 9
1.6 Uses of Acrylonitrile 12
1.7 Production Capacity 12
Chapter Two 13
2.1 M.B on Reactor 15
2.2 Material Balance on Absorber 21
2.3 Material Balance on Acrylonitrile Recovery Column 26
2.4 Material Balance on HCN Recovery Column 29
2.5 Material Balance on Acrylonitrile Product Column 31
2.6 Overall Material Balance 32
Chapter Three 33
3.1 Energy Balance in compressor 35
3.2 Energy Balance in Mixer 37
3.3 Energy Balance in H.E(1) 39
I
3.7 Energy balance on Reactor 47
3.8 Energy Balance in Cooler(1) 57
3.12 Energy Balance in Absorber 70
3.14 Energy Balance in Distillation Column(1) 76
3.15 Energy Balance on H.X(6) 83
Chapter Four 93
4.1 Design Distillation Column 94
4.1.1 Diameter design 94
4.1.2 Provisional Plate Design 99
4.1.3 Check Weeping 100
4.1.4 Number Of Holes 101
4.1.5 Check entrainment 101
4.2 Design Heat Exchanger 106
Chapter five 113
5.1 Heat exchanger cost Estimate 114
5.2 Distillation Column cost Estimate 115
Chapter Six 116
6.1 General Design Considerations 117
6.1.1 Health and Safety Hazards 117
6.1.2 Environmental Considerations 117
6.1.3 Plant Location 118
6.1.4 Plant Layout 119
6.1.5 Plant Operation and Control 120
6.1.6 Utilities 120
6.1.7 Storage 121
II
6.1.8 Materials Handling 121
6.1.9 Structural Design 121
6.1.10 Patent Considerations 121
Appendixes 123
References 126
III
List Of TABELS
Table Definition Page
1.1 physical properties for Acrylonitrile 3
2.1 Equations Reaction in Sohio Process & Conversions 14
2.2 mass & mole flow rate for reactor stream 20
2.3 mole fraction & ratio fraction Data for Absorber 23
2.4 M.B on Absorber 25
2.5 Boiling Points of Component In Distillation (1) 27
2.6 Material Balance on Acrylonitrile Recovery Column 28
2.7 Show Material Balance on HCN Recovery Column 30
2.8 Show Material Balance on Acrylonitrile Product 32

Column
2.9 Overall Material Balance 32
IV
NOMENCLATUR
SSymbol n Definition Un Unit it
NT Total number of moles Kmol
Lin Molar flow rate of solvent input to the absorber Kmol / hr
Gin Molar flow rate of gases input to the absorber Kmol / hr
Y Mole fraction of gases Kmoli /kmoltotal
Q Amount of heat KJ / hr
Cp Heat Capacity KJ / Kmol . K
hf Enthalpy at Saturated liquid KJ / Kg
hg Enthalpy at Saturated vapor KJ / Kg
ʎ Latent heat KJ / Kg
G Vapor mass flow rate Kg / s
Tt Temperature at the top of distillation K
L Liquid mass flow rate Kg / s
µL Liquid Viscosity N.s / m2
µv Vapor Viscosity N.s / m2
𝜌𝐿 Liquid density Kg / m3
ρ𝑣 Vapor density Kg / m3
Gs Mass Flux in shell side Kg / m2 .s
P Total Pressure Pa
ΔP Pressure drop Pa
R Universal gas constant KJ / Kmol . K
M.wt Molecular weight Kg / Kmol
ho Outside heat transfer coefficient W / m2 .℃
hi Inside heat transfer coefficient W / m2 .℃
hof Outside fouling coefficient W / m2 .℃
hif Inside fouling coefficient W / m2 .℃
V
Uo The Overall heat transfer coefficient W / m2 .℃
di Tube inside diameter M
do Tube outside diameter M
ΔTLM The Log mean temperature difference ℃
Pt Tube Pitch M
Db Banddle Diameter M
Ds Shell Diameter M
Nt Number of tubes -
F Temperature Correction factor -
De Equivalent diameter M
ut Tube velocity m/s
us Settling Velocity m/s
Jf Friction Factor -
L Tube Length m
Np Number of tube side passes -
𝑙𝐵 Baffle Spacing m
Kw Thermal Conductivity of the tube wall material W / m .℃
Nr Average number of tubes in a vertical center row -
Re Reynold's number -
VI
Chapter one
Introduction
1.1 Background and Historical [7]
Prior to 1960, acrylonitrile (also called acrylic acid nitrile, propylene
nitrile, vinyl cyanide, propionic acid nitrile) was produced commercially by
processes based on either ethylene oxide and hydrogen cyanide or acetylene and
hydrogen cyanide. The growth in demand for acrylic fibers, starting with the
introduction of Odon by Du Pont around 1950, spurred efforts to develop
improved process technology for acrylonitrile manufacture to meet the growing
market. This resulted in the discovery in the late 1950s by Sohio and also by
Distillers of a heterogeneous vapor-phase catalytic process for acrylonitrile by
selective oxidation of propylene and ammonia, commonly referred to as the
propylene ammoxidation process Commercial introduction of this lower cost
process by Sohio in 1960 resulted in the eventual displacement of all other
acrylonitrile manufacturing processes. Today over 90 % of the approximately
4,000,000 metric tons produced worldwide each year use the Sob o developed
ammoxidation process. Acrylonitrile is among the top 50 chemicals produced in
the United States as a result of the tremendous growth in its use as a starting
material for a wide range of chemical and polymer products. Acrylic fibers
remain the largest use of acrylonitrile. other significant uses are in resins and
nitrile elastomers and as an intermediate in the production of adiponitrile and
acrylamide.
2
1.2 Physical Properties [7]
Acrylonitrile (C3H3N, mol. Wt. 53.064) is an unsaturated molecule having

a carbon-carbon double bond conjugated with a nitrile group. It is a polar
molecule because of the presence of the nitrogen heteroatom. There is a partial
shift in the bonding electrons toward the more electronegative nitrogen atom, as
represented by the following heterovalent resonance structure.
Table (1.1) : physical properties for Acrylonitrile
Property Value
Clear, colorless liquid with
Appearance/odor
faintly pungent odor
Boiling point at 77.3
Freezing point, -83.5
Density, 20c, g/cm3 0.806
Volatility,78c,% <99
Vapor pressure, 20c,kpa 11.5
Density(air=1) 1.8
Solubility in water, 20c,wt% 7.3
PH (5%aqueous solution) 6-7.5
Temperature, C° 246
Pressure, Mpa 3.54
Ionization potential, eV 10.75
Surface tension (Dyn /cm) 26.6
Viscosity,25c, (Cp) 0.34
3
1.3 Chemical Properties [7]
Acrylonitrile undergoes a wide range of reactions at its two chemically

active sites, the nitrile group and the carbon-carbon double bond. Detailed
descriptions of specific reactions have been given Acrylonitrile polymerizes
readily in the absence of a hydroquinone inhibitor, especially when exposed to
light. Polymerization is initiated by free radicals, redox catalysts, or bases and
can be carried out in the liquid, solid, or gas phase. Homo polymers and
copolymers are most easily produced using liquid-phase polymerization.
Acrylonitrile undergoes the reactions typical of nitriles, including hydration with
sulfuric acid to form acrylamide sulfate (C3H5NO H 2SO4,) which can be
converted to acrylamide (C3H5NO) by neutralization with a base; and complete
hydrolysis to give acrylic acid (C3H4O2 ) Acrylamide (qv) is also formed directly
from acrylonitrile by partial hydrolysis using copper-based catalysts, this has
become the preferred commercial route for acrylamide production. Industrially
important acrylic esters can be formed by reaction of acrylamide sulfate with
organic alcohols. Methyl acrylate (C4H6O2) has been produced commercially by
the alcoholysis of acrylamide sulfate with methanol Reactions at the activated
double bond of acrylonitrile include Diels-Alder addition to dienes, forming
cyclic products; hydrogenation over metal catalysts to give propionitrile (C3H5N
)and propyl amine (C3H9N) and the industrially important hydro dimerization to
produce adiponitrile (C6 H8N2) Other reactions include addition of halogens
across the double bond to produce dihalopropionitriles, and cyanoethylation by
acrylonitrile of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, amides.
4
1.4 Methods of Production [7]
Today nearly all acrylonitrile is produced by ammoxidation of propene.

Although the first report of the preparation of acrylonitrile from propene
occurred in a patent by the Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation in 1947, it was
a decade later when Standard Oil of Ohio )Sohio) developed the first
commercially viable catalyst for this process. Today, all of the United States
capacity and approximately 90 % of the world capacity for acrylonitrile is based
on the Sohio process
1.4.1 Ammoxidation Of Propylene (Sohio Process) [7]
In the Sohio process propene, oxygen (air), and ammonia are

catalytically converted directly to acrylonitrile using a fluidized-bed reactor
operated at temperatures(400-500 C°) and gauge pressures of 30 – 200 kPa (0.3
– 2 bar)
2𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3 + 2𝑁𝐻3 + 3𝑂2 ⎯ → 2𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶 ≡ 𝑁 + 6𝐻2
In the industrial Sohio process, approximately Stochiometrical

amounts of Propylene is reacted with slight excess of NH3 and excess of air in
the fluidized bed reactor in presence of catalyst at temperature of 400-450 OC
and gauge pressure 30-200 KPa (0.3-2 bar) with residence times of a few second
about 20 seconds. The propylene is converted to acrylonitrile with a yield of
80% obtainable. The principles by products are acrylonitrile and Hydrogen
Cyanide. One Kg of propylene yields 0.8 ± 0.9 kg acrylonitrile, 0.02 ± 0.11 kg
acrylonitrile, and .1 ± 0.15 kg hydrogen Cyanide. The gases from highly
exothermic reaction are cooled by means of internal water coils. The Reactor
effluent is cooled. Unreacted ammonia is removed by water acidified with
sulphuric acid as aqueous ammonia Sulphate, which can be recovered by
crystallization. Scrubbing in on absorber column separates off-gases overhead.
Consisting primarily of nitrogen, is vented. The reaction products remain in
aqueous phase. Acrylonitrile is removed by extractive distillation and is
5
recovered. The crude acrylonitrile and hydrogen Cyanide are distilled into the
recovery column where it is steam stripped. Hydrogen Cyanide is removed by
distillation as the light impurities which can recover as buy product. The
acrylonitrile is purified to get pure acrylonitrile.
FIGURE (1.1) FLOW DIAGRAM OF SOHIO PROCESS
1.4.2 Acetylene- Hydrogen Cyanide [7]
Acrylonitrile is produced by the reaction of acetylene and hydrogen

cyanide in the presence of a catalyst under either liquid or vapor-phase
conditions. Acetylene and hydrogen cyanide in a molar ration of 10 to 1 are feed
into a rubber lined cylindrical reactor that is kept about two thirds full of catalyst
solution. The aqueous solution contains 26 per cent cuprous chloride (based on
the weight of dissolved copper). The catalyst may be used to produce
approximately 20 kg of acrylonitrile per kg of dissolved copper before
regeneration. This may be conveniently accomplished by precipitating the
copper with zinc and reconverting to cuprous chloride. The aqueous catalyst
solution is maintained at a temperature of 70OC, and the reactor is operated at
essentially atmospheric pressure. The reaction gases from the top of the reactor
contain acrylonitrile, unreacted acetylene, 1 to 3 per cent hydrogen cyanide, and
6
small amounts of numerous byproducts such as acetaldehyde, vinyl acetylene,
divinely acetylene, vinyl chloride, cyano butadiene, lacto nitrile, and
chloroprene. The gases are washed counter currently with water in a scrubber,
which removes the acrylonitrile, hydrocyanic acid, and some of the by-products.
The washed gases are recycled to the reactor. The water solution, containing
about 1.5 per cent acrylonitrile, is steam-distilled in a column to give 80 per cent
acrylonitrile. The crude product is fractionated in a series of columns to yield 99
percent pure acrylonitrile. The yield based on acetylene is about 80 percent and
is somewhat higher (90 to 95 per cent) based on hydrocyanic acid. The greatest
losses in yield arise from formation of vinyl acetylenes and their derivatives.
Various patents cover removal of vinyl acetylenes from the liquid phase before
distilling acrylonitrile and from the gaseous phase prior to recycling acetylene.
The vapor-phase process involves passing a mixture of equal volumes of
acetylene and hydrogen cyanide over a fixed metallic cyanide catalyst
(suspended on an inert carrier) at temperatures of 400 to 500 OC. The gaseous
reactants may be diluted with steam or inert gases to improve the yield, but it is
still reported to be rather low. The addition of an acidic substance, such as
phosphoric acid, to the crude reaction product entering the column is said to
reduce secondary reactions and increase the yield of
1.4.3 Acetaldehyde-hydrogen Cyanide Reaction [7]
Another process by Knapsack-Gresham remained industrially

insignificant. Acetaldehyde react with HCN forming the nitrile of lactic acid
i.e. lacto nitrile which was then dehydrated to acrylonitrile at 600-700 Co in
presence of H3PO4. Two-step reaction initially to acetaldehyde cyanohydrin
i.e. lactic acid nitrile with subsequent catalytic dehydration
1.4.4 Nitration Of Propylene [7]
It is the process no longer operated today, provides the transition at the

modern manufacturing routes to acrylonitrile as propane feedstock. DuPont
7
developed propane nitration process, then operated it for a period in a pilot plant
in the USA. By means of this process, propane was catalytically reacted with
NO using Ag2O/ SiO2 or alkali metal oxide with thallium or lead compounds:
4𝐻2𝐶 = 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻3 + 6𝑁𝑂 → 4𝐻2𝐶 = 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 6𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑁2
A silver oxide on silica catalyst in employed, the reaction temperature being in

the region of 5000C. At one time a Du Pont plant in Beaumont, Texas,
employed a process based on this reaction
1.4.5 Future Processes [7]
Just like propylene, propane should also be a suitable feed stock for the
Ammoxidation. Monsanto Power Gas, process based on propane or propylene,
and ICI have developed and are doing research work on production of
acrylonitrile from propane as a main raw material along with NH3 & O2, using
oxides and tungsten as catalyst at (485-520 Co) temperature. It has been claimed
on pilot plant scale that by the use of above catalyst, the formation of highly
poisonous Hydrogen Cyanide as by product could be avoided to large extent.
Thus, this process appears to be technological alterative of future for the
production of acrylonitrile. The economic advantages of the process are claimed
to be the price advantage of propane over propylene not much differ, increased
production of Valuable acetonitrile and HCN
by products instead of others and lower effluent cost. It is hoped to introduce the
process at the beginning of the Mitsubishi Chemicals and BOC have also
developed a propane-based ammoxidation process which has higher selectivity
than typical propylene-based systems.
1.4.6 Dual Process [7]
A combination of two process( i) propylene ammoxidation and (ii) addition

of HCN acetylene can be used as an economical industrial process.
8
Ammoxidation of propylene gives HCN as a byproduct along with ACN the
main product by following reaction.
𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 1.5𝑂2 → 𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 (Main reaction)
1
𝐶 𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 2𝐻2𝑂 (𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
3 3 6
HCN thus produced is about 8% of total ACN produced, which can be reacted
with acetylene to convert it into ACN.
𝐶2 𝐻2 + 𝐻𝐶𝑁 → 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑁
Thus, in this processes, HCN is totally used up, hence it is and intrinsically safe
process.
1.5 Select Process (Sohio Process ) [7]
Propylene ammoxidation using Sohio Process has following advantages

over other processes for production of acrylonitrile.
Sohio process gives highest conversion of propylene (about 80%) with high
selectivity for ACN. It is a once through process, not recycle of reactants is
required The reaction flow diagram is quite simple. It consists of catalytic, vapor
phase, one step conversion operating at a moderate temperature (below 5000
Co), ordinary pressures (below 3 atmospheres), and residence time of a few
seconds.
In Sohio process refinery propylene and conversional fertilizer grade anhydrous

ammonia along with air are the only raw materials. Propylene concentration is
not critical with 50 to 90% propylene acceptable is a reactor feed. All the
materials cost less and are more abundant on worldwide basis than the
previously used raw materials: ethylene oxide, acetylene, and acetaldehyde,
hydrogen cyanide. The older processes for manufacturing acrylonitrile employ
the relatively expensive Raw Material building
9
Acrylonitrile is produced by Ethylene Oxide or acetylene reaction with
Hydrogen Cyanide [HCN]. But HCN is the highly poisonous which is used as
raw material and far large amount of the lethal chemical has to be stored and
handled. While in Sohio process HCN is obtained compare to in small quantity
as a by-product. Thus, in comparison to acetylene or ethylene oxide based
process, propylene based process appears to be for superior technological
alternative as the highly poisonous HCN has to be handled is a far less quantity.
Hence Sohio process is safer than other processes using HCN as a raw material
The Sohio process has remained economically advantaged over other process
technologies since the first commercial plant in1960 because of the higher
acrylonitrile yields resulting from the introduction of improved commercial
catalysts. Reported per-pass conversions of propylene to acrylonitrile have
increased from about 65% to over 80% with developed catalyst.
The major by product is Acetonitrile, which sold as two preclude volumes age.
Acetonitrile power full resins and has some other unique associated with the
extremely high polarity of the cyano group. Other by product is HCN widely
used commercially recoverable by product. Fluidized bed reactor: Because of
Fluidized bed reactor, get advantage of it over fixed bed reactor. Although loss
of catalysts is more in fluidized bed reactor than in fixed bed reactor, the higher
yield in fluidizing bed reactor overshadows loss due to catalyst carryover.
Moreover, the loss of catalyst can be minimized by providing properly designed
internal cyclones.
An advantage of Cyanohydrins process is that it produces lesser amount of

impurities; however, it is not economically competitive with Sohio process. The
drawbacks of acetylene - HCN process were expensive raw materials, formation
of some undesirable impurities like di vinyl acetylene and methyl vinyl ketone
which are difficult to remove and the frequent regeneration required for catalyst.
Propane based processes are more economical than Sohio process due to
10
difference in their prices. However, this price difference is not likely to be great
enough in the near future to dictate change.
The propylene-based process developed by Sohio was able to displace all other
commercial production technologies because of its advantages of highest
conversion rate of propylene (about 80%). lower raw material costs, no recycle
of unreacted raw materials i.e. once through process and these will result in
overall product cost is become lower. Any industry will become more profitable
as it will manufacture product with high conversion and at low cost. So, the
conclusion can be drawn that, acrylonitrile produced by Sohio process is more
feasible, practicable and economical and this can be also proved as in United
States all capacity and about 90% of the world capacity far acrylonitrile
production is based on the Sohio process
Figure (1.2) : Flow sheet for production of Acrylonitrile (sohio process)
11
1.6 Uses of Acrylonitrile [7]
Acrylonitrile is used as:
 A raw material for the production of synthetic fibers, plastics and

synthetic rubber.
 One of the reasons for the versatility of Acrylonitrile is that it can form
copolymers with other unsaturated compounds, such as styrene and
butadiene, for example.
 A raw material for acrylic acid, acrylic esters, acrylic amide, carbon fiber.
 In the synthesis of compounds used for the production of adhesives, anti-
oxidants,
binders for dyestuffs and emulsifiers
1.7 Production Capacity [7]
Today over 98% of the approximately 100,000 metric tons produced

worldwide each year use the sohio-developed ammoxidation process
12
Chapter Two
Material Balance
2.1 Basis Calculations
Production capacity = 120000 ton / year
Number of working days =350 days /year = 8400 hr
(15 days of regular emergency shutdown per year)
𝑡𝑜𝑛 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 120000 ∗ ∗ = 14285.71 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 8400 ℎ𝑟
14285.71
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 = = 269.217 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒/ℎ𝑟
53.064
Reaction equations:
Table (2.1) : Equations Reaction in Sohio Process & Conversions
𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 3⁄2 𝑂2 → 𝐶3𝐻3 𝑁 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 Conv = 80.1% ….. Eqn.1
2𝐶3 𝐻6 + 3𝑁𝐻3 + 3𝑂2 → 3𝐶2𝐻3 𝑁(𝐴𝐶𝑇) + 6𝐻2 𝑂 Conv = 2.1% ….. Eqn.2
𝐶3𝐻6 + 3𝑁𝐻3 + 3𝑂2 → 3𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 Conv = 2.7% ….. Eqn.3
𝐶3𝐻6 + 9⁄2 𝑂2 → 3𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2𝑂 Conv = 10.7% ….. Eqn.4
𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶3𝐻4𝑂 + 𝐻2𝑂 Conv = 2.7% ….. Eqn.5

𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 + 𝐻𝐶𝑁 → 𝐶4𝐻4𝑁2 (𝑆𝐶𝑁) Conv = 0.5% ….. Eqn.6
From ( Eqn. 6) Acrylonitrile reacts with HCN, so calculating the value of

acrylonitrile by assuming the value of acrylonitrile is (A):
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 269.217+𝐴
𝐴
0.005 =
269.217 + 𝐴
𝐴 = 1.353 (𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝐶 ) = 𝐻𝐶𝑁 = 𝐶4𝐻4 𝑁2
14
2.2 M.B on reactor
Basic = 1 hr
From eqn (1)
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝐴
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
269.217 + 1.353
0.801 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛)
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒)
= 337.79 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒/ℎ
The better feed composition for 80.1% conversion for 𝐶3𝐻6, 𝑁𝐻3 , 𝐴𝑖𝑟 are:
1/1.2/9.5 respectively.
(Chemical process design)
𝐶3𝐻6 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 337.79 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝐻3 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 1.2 × 337.79 = 405.348 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 9.5 × 337.79 = 3209.01 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
The main reaction taking placed in the reactor is :
Reaction 1:
𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 3⁄ 𝑂 → 𝐶3𝐻3 𝑁 + 3𝐻2 𝑂

2 2
Eqn.1
Propylene Ammonia oxygen acrylonitrile water
Produced (C3H3N) = 269.217 + A = 269.217 + 1.353 = 270.57
1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3𝐻6 = 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 = 270.57 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐶3𝐻6 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 270.57 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑂2 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 270.57 × 1.5 = 405.855 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
15
𝑁𝐻3 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 270.57 × 1 = 270.57 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 270.57 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 3 × 270.57 = 811.71 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
Reaction 2:
2𝐶3 𝐻6 + 3𝑁𝐻3 + 3𝑂2 → 3𝐶2𝐻3 𝑁(𝐴𝐶𝑇) + 6𝐻2 𝑂 Conv = 2.1% Eqn.2
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐶3𝐻6 = 0.021 × 337.79 = 7.094 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
3 × 7.094
𝑂2 = ⇒ 𝑂2 = 10.641 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
2
3 × 7.094
𝑁𝐻3 = ⇒ 𝑁𝐻3 = 10.641 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
2
3 × 7.094
𝐶2𝐻3𝑁 = ⇒ 𝐶2𝐻3 𝑁 = 10.641 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
2
6×7.094
𝐻2 𝑂 = ⇒ 𝐻2 𝑂 = 21.282 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
2
Reaction 3:
𝐶3𝐻6 + 3𝑁𝐻3 + 3𝑂2 → 3𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 Conv = 2.7% Eqn.3
𝐶3𝐻6 = 0.027 × 337.79 = 9.12 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝐻3 = 3 × 9.12 = 27.36 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑂2 = 3 × 9.12 = 27.36 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

𝐻𝐶𝑁 = 3 × 9.12 = 27.36 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐻2 𝑂 = 6 × 9.12 = 54.72 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
16
Reaction 4:
𝐶3𝐻6 + 9⁄2 𝑂2 → 3𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2𝑂 Conv = 10.7% Eqn.4
𝐶3𝐻6 = 0.107 × 337.79 = 36.144 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑂2 = 4.5 × 36.144 = 162.648 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝑂2 = 3 × 36.144 = 108.432 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐻2 𝑂 = 3 × 36.144 = 108.432 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
Reaction 5:
𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶3𝐻4𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 Conv = 2.7% Eqn.5
𝐶3𝐻6 = 0.027 × 337.79 = 9.12𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑂2 = 1 × 9.12 = 9.12 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐶3𝐻4𝑂 = 1 × 9.12 = 9.12 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐻2 𝑂 = 1 × 9.12 = 9.12 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
Reaction 6:
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 + 𝐻𝐶𝑁 → 𝐶4𝐻4𝑁2 (𝑆𝐶𝑁) Conv = 0.5% Eqn.6
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 269.217 + 𝐴
𝐴
0.005 =
269.217 + 𝐴
𝐴 = 1.353 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟 ( 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶3𝐻3𝑁)

17
𝐻𝐶𝑁 = 1 × 1.353 = 1.353 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 = 1 × 1.353 = 1.353 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
C3H6 Balance:
Total Reacted = 270.57 + 7.094 + 9.12 + 36.144 + 9.12

Eqn.1 Eqn.2 Eqn.3 Eqn.4 Eqn.5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 332.048 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐶3𝐻3 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 337.79 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 / ℎ𝑟
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 337.79 − 332.048 = 5.742 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
NH3 Balance:
Total Reacted = 270.57 + 10.641 + 27.36 = 308.571 Kmole/hr

Eqn.1 Eqn.2 Eqn.3
𝑁𝐻3 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 405.348 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
O2 Balance:
Total Reacted = 405.855 + 10.641 + 27.36 + 162.648 + 9.12

Eqn.1 Eqn.2 Eqn.3 Eqn.4 Eqn.5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 615.624 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑂2 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 3209.01 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
18
Table (2.2): mass & mole flow rate for reactor stream.
In In Out Out
Comp Mol % Mol %
(kmol/hr) (kg/hr) (kmol/hr) (kg/hr)
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 0 0 269.217 14285.73 1.662
𝐶3𝐻6 337.79 14213.53 2.10801 5.742 241.612 0.035
𝑂2 3209.005 102688.2 20.0261 2593.381 82988.19 16.012
𝑁2 12071.97 338256.6 75.33628 12071.97 338256.6 74.534
𝐻2 𝑂 0 0 1005.264 18110.84 6.207
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 6904.698 2.529613 96.777 1648.499 0.598
𝐶3𝐻4 𝑂 0 0 9.12 510.738 0.056
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0 0 0 26.007 704.322 0.161
𝐶2𝐻3𝑁 0 0 0 10.641 436.856 0.066
𝐶𝑂2 0 0 0 108.432 4772.092 0.669
𝐶4𝐻4 𝑁2 0 0 0 1.353 108.359 0.008
Total Total Total Total
(kmol/hr) (kg/hr) (kmol/hr) (kg/hr)
16024.11 462063 100 16196.91 462063 100
19
2.2 Material Balance on Absorber:
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.1% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝑁 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 0.001 × 269.217 = 0.269 [2]
ℎ𝑟
99.9% 𝐴𝐶𝑁 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 [2] = 0.999 × 269.217 =

268.948 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⁄ℎ𝑟
99.9% 𝐴𝐶𝑁 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 268.948 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⁄ℎ𝑟
Found amount water input to absorber column (LM) actual
y : mole fraction of solute in gas
x : mole fraction of solute in liquid
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝑁 269.217

y1 = = ⇒ y1 = 0.01662048
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝑁 16197.91
𝑦2 = (1 − 0.999) × 0.01662048 ⇒ 𝑦2 = 1.66205 × 10−5
Y: moles of solute in the gas per moles of inert gas
X: moles of solute in the liquid per moles of inert liquid

20
𝑦1 0.01662048
𝑌1 = = ⇒ 𝑌1 = 0.01688
1 − 𝑦1 1 − 0.01662048
𝑦2 1.66205 × 10−5
𝑌2 = = ⇒ 𝑌2 = 0.0000166
1 − 𝑦2 1 − 1.66205 × 10−5
x1 = 0.0031
𝑥1 0.0031
𝑋1 = = ⇒ 𝑋1 = 0.00310964 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
1 − 𝑥1 1 − 0.0031
X2 = 0 (because the liquid that used in separation process is pure water) [10]
𝐻 = 5.4434 𝑎𝑡𝑚/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [20]
21
Table (2.3) mole fraction & ratio fraction.
X 𝑦=𝑥×𝐻 X Y
0 0 0 0
0.001 0.00544 0.001 0.00547319
0.0011 0.00599 0.0011 0.006024
0.0012 0.00653 0.0012 0.00657503
0.0013 0.00708 0.0013 0.00712685
0.0014 0.00762 0.0014 0.00767928
0.0015 0.00817 0.0015 0.00823232
0.0016 0.00871 0.0016 0.00878596
0.0017 0.00925 0.0017 0.00934021
0.0018 0.0098 0.0018 0.00989507
0.0019 0.01034 0.0019 0.01045054
0.002 0.01089 0.002 0.01100663
0.0021 0.01143 0.0021 0.01156332
0.0022 0.01198 0.0022 0.01212063
0.0023 0.01252 0.00231 0.01267855
0.0024 0.01306 0.00241 0.01323709
0.0025 0.01361 0.00251 0.01379625
0.0026 0.01415 0.00261 0.01435602
0.0027 0.0147 0.00271 0.01491641
0.0028 0.01524 0.00281 0.01547742
0.0029 0.01579 0.00291 0.01603905
0.003 0.01633 0.00301 0.0166013
0.0031 0.01687 0.00311 0.01716418
0.0032 0.01742 0.00321 0.01772768
22
0.019
0.018
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Figure ( 2.1) the relation between equilibrium Eqn. Operating line
∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0.001803246 − 0.001602564
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = =
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 0.009895073 − 0.008785961
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 0.181 Figure( 2.1 )
̅̅̅̅
𝐺 𝑚 : molar flow rate of inert carrier gas
Gm: total molar flow rate of gas
(̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑚 )min : minimum liquid rate
̅̅̅̅
𝐺 𝑚 = 𝐺𝑚 × (1 – 𝑦1 ) = 16196.91 × (1 − 0.01662048)
Gm = 15928.688 kmol/hr
(𝐿𝑚 ’) 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐿𝑚 ’)𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = ⇒ 0.181 =
𝐺𝑚 ’ 15928.688
(̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑚)min = 2882.126 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
(̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑚 )𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1.5 × (̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑚 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 ⇒ (̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑚 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.5 × 2882.126
(̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑚 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4323.19 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
23
Absorber Water
Input kg/hr 77886.58
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚2 ) + 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
Table (2.4): M.B on Absorber

Input Input Top Top Bottom Bottom
Comp.
(kmole/hr) (kg/hr) (kmole/hr) (kg/hr) (kmole/hr) (kg/hr)
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 14285.73 0.269 14.274 268.948 14271.46
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 241.612 4.298 180.851 1.444 60.761
𝑂2 2593.38 82988.19 2593.381 82988.192 0 0
𝑁2 12071.971 338256.6 12071.971 338256.63 0 0
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 18110.84 10.053 181.115 5318.401 95816.31
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 1648.499 0 0 96.777 1648.499
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 510.738 9.12 510.738 0 0
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 704.322 0 0 26.007 704.322
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 436.856 0 0 10.641 436.856
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 4772.092 108.427 4771.872 0.005 0.22
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 108.359 1.353 108.359 0 0
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 16197.91 462063 14798.872 427012.028 5722.223 112938.4
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 77886.58 + 462063 = 539950 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑜𝑝 + 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 427012.028 + 112938.4 = 539950 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
24
2.3 Material Balance on Distillation (1) Column:
The bottom product from absorber is feed to four recovery columns to separates
the component depending on boiling point of each component as well as the
relative volatility taking in calculation that depend on B.P as start point we
select the light key and heavy key from the components to prevent any losses in
required product; the boiling points of component are shown in the table below
25
Table (2.5) Boiling Point of Component [20]
Comp. Boiling Point (°𝐾)

𝐶3𝐻3 𝑁 350.15
𝐻𝐶𝑁 299.15
𝐶2𝐻3 𝑁 355.15
𝐻2𝑂 373.15
𝑁𝐻3 239.75
𝐶𝑂2 194.65
𝐶3𝐻6 225.15
Top:
99% 𝑜𝑓 𝐶2𝐻3 𝑁 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 [21]
𝐶2𝐻3𝑁 = 0.99 × 10.641 = 10.53459 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
1% 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 [21]
𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.01 × 5318.4 = 53.18401 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
*All amount of acrylonitrile and other component are out from top
Bottom:
𝐶2𝐻3𝑁 = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 – 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 10.641 − 10.53459
𝐶2𝐻3𝑁 = 0.10641 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 – 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 5318.4 − 53.18401
𝐻2 𝑂 = 5265.22 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
26
Table (2.6) Material Balance Distillation (1) Column
Input Top Bottom

Comp.
(kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr)
𝐶𝑂2 0.22 0.22 0
𝐶3𝐻6 60.761 60.761 0
𝑁𝐻3 1648.499 1648.499 0
𝐶3𝐻3 𝑁 14271.46 14271.46 0
𝐶2𝐻3 𝑁 436.856 432.487 4.369
𝐻𝐶𝑁 704.322 704.322 0
𝐻2 𝑂 95816.31 958.163 94858.149
Total 112938.43 18075.91 94862.52
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 112938.43 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 18075.91 + 94862.52 = 112938.43 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
27
2.4 Material Balance on HCN Distillation Column:
Top:
99% 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑁 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝
𝐻𝐶𝑁 = 0.99 × 26.007 = 25.7469 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
1% 𝑜𝑓 𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 = 0.01 × 268.948 = 2.689 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

Bottom:
𝐻𝐶𝑁 = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 – 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 26.007 − 25.7469
𝐻𝐶𝑁 = 0.2601 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 – 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 268.948 – 2.689
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 = 266.62 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
28
Table (2.7) Show Material Balance on HCN Distillation Column
Input Top Bottom

Comp.
𝐶3𝐻6 60.761 60.761 0
𝐻2𝑂 958.163 0 958.163
𝐻𝐶𝑁 704.322 697.278 7.0432
𝐶3𝐻3 𝑁 14271.457 142.689 14128.8
𝐶𝑂2 0.22 0.22 0
𝑁𝐻3 1648.499 1648.499 0
𝐶2𝐻3 𝑁 432.487 432.487 0
Total 18075.91 2981.934 15093.974
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 18075.91 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 2981.934 + 15093.974
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 18075.91 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
29
2.5 Material Balance on Acrylonitrile Product Column:
Top:
99% 𝑜𝑓 𝐶3𝐻3 𝑁 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 = 0.99 × 266.62 = 263.59641 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
1% 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.01 × 53.184 = 0.53184 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
Bottom:
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 – 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 266.62 – 263.59641
𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 = 2.66259 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 – 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 53.184 – 0.53184
𝐻2 𝑂 = 52.6217 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
30
Table ( 2.8) Material Balance on Acrylonitrile Product Column
Input Top Bottom

Comp.
𝐻2 𝑂 958.163 9.582 948.581
𝐻𝐶𝑁 7.0432 0 7.0432
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 14128.8 13987.48 141.288
Total 15093.974 13997.062 1096.912
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 15093.974 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 13997.062 + 1096.912
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 15093.974 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
2.6 Overall material balance:
Table (2.9) : Overall Material Balance
Total input
Output Output D.S1 Output D.S2 Output D.S3
Comp. for reactor stream2
absorber (top) (bottom) (top) (top+bottom)
(kg/hr)
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 - - 14.274 - 142.689 14128.768
𝐶3 𝐻6 14213.528 - 180.851 - 60.761 -
𝑂2 102688.16 - 82988.19 - - -
N2 338256.63 - 338256.63 - - -
H2 O - 77886.6 181.115 94858.14947 - 958.163
𝑁𝐻3 6904.698 - 0 - 1648.499 -
C3 H 4 O - - 510.738 - - -
𝐻𝐶𝑁 - - 0 - 697.278 7.0432
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 - - 0 4.369 432.487 -
CO2 - - 4771.872 - 0.22 -
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 - - 108.359 - - -
Total 462063 77886.6 427012.028 94862.51803 2981.934 15093.974
31
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 462063 + 77886.6
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 539950 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑟(𝑡𝑜𝑝) + 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷. 𝑆1(𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) + 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷. 𝑆2(𝑡𝑜𝑝)

+ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷. 𝑆3(𝑡𝑜𝑝+𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 427012.028 + 94862.51803 + 2981.934 + 15093.974
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 539950 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
32
Chapter Three
Energy Balance
Figure (2.1) : Flow sheet for production of Acrylonitrile (sohio process)
34
3.1 Energy Balance in compressor
Comp. 𝑇𝑐 𝑃𝑐 Y 𝐶𝑃 𝐶𝑃(𝑚𝑖𝑥) 𝐶𝑉(𝑚𝑖𝑥)
𝐶3𝐻6 364.76 46.13 0.02108 326.5878 6.884505 -1.42949

𝑁𝐻3 405.65 112.78 0.025296 180.1214 4.556374 -3.75763
𝑂2 154.58 50.43 0.200261 147.3868 29.51583 21.20183
𝑁2 126.1 33.94 0.753363 145.3669 109.514 101.2
𝐶𝑃(𝑚𝑖𝑥) 𝐶𝑉(𝑚𝑖𝑥)
150.4707 8.314
𝐶𝑃(𝑚𝑖𝑥) 150.4707
𝛾= = = 1.058485
𝐶𝑉(𝑚𝑖𝑥) 150.4707 − 8.314
P = 1 bar ; 𝑇 = 25℃ ; 𝑇°𝐾 = 298 °𝐾
𝑛𝑇 = 16024.11 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
16024.11
𝐺= = 4.45114 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑠
3600
𝑇 𝑃°
𝑉 = 𝑛𝑇 ∗ 𝑉𝑚 × °
×
𝑇 𝑃
16024.11 298 1
V= × 22.4 × × = 108.836 m3 ⁄s
3600 273 1
From chart volume.6 (Efficiency = 0.77 )

35
𝛾−1 1.058485 − 1
𝑚= = = 0.071758
𝐸𝑃 × 𝛾 0.77 × 1.058485
𝑃2 𝑚 2 0.071758
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 × ( ) = 298 × (1) = 313 °𝐾
𝑃1
1 1
n= = = 1.077305
1 − m 1 − 0.071758
n−1
n P2 n
W = ZRT ( ) (( ) − 1)
n−1 P1
1.077305
1.077305 2 1.077305−1
𝑊 = 1 × 8.314 × ( ) × (( ) − 1)
1.077305 − 1 1
𝑊 = 35681.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑊×𝐺 35681.3∗4.45114
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = =
𝐸𝑃 0.77
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 211763.4 𝑘𝐽
36
3.2 Energy Balance in Mixer
Inlet to Mixer:
298
𝑄 = 𝑛∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
313
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
the value of constant are: [20]
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 −990.1265 −334454.832
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −542.1419 −219756.133
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −442.6271 −1420392.58
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −436.2078 −526502.832
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
−2501106.38
37
Outlet of Mixer:
313
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 990.1265 334454.832
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 542.1419 219756.133
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 442.6271 1420392.58
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 436.2078 526502.832
2501106.38
38
3.3 Energy Balance in H.E(1)
Inlet to Heat Exchanger:

298
313
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 −990.1265 −334454.832
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −542.1419 −219756.133
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −442.6271 −1420392.58
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −436.2078 −526502.832
−831752.9
39
Outlet of Heat Exchanger:
415.5
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 8597.783 290244.97
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 4402.92 1784714.82
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 3509.877 11263212.7
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 3428.252 4137900
20090072.5
𝑄𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
523𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4 + ( ) × 𝑇 5
2 3 4 5
573𝐾
523𝐾
−8.42 × 10−3 2
2.99 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 33.933 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
573𝐾
−1.78 × 10−8 4
3.69 × 10−12
+( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇5
4 5
𝐶𝑃 = −1785.085 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑄𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = −22591179 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
523𝐾
𝑄 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
573𝐾
40
−22591179 = 𝑛 × −1785.085
𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 227799.415 𝑘g/ℎ𝑟
3.4 Energy Balance in H.E (2)

298
415.5
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 −8597.783 −290244.97
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −4402.92 −1784714.82
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −3509.877 −11263212.7
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −3428.252 −4137900
−20090072.5
41
Out of Heat Exchanger:
518
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 17676.77 5971036.5
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 8570.848 3474176.16
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 6664.288 21385735.1
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 644.186 7782960.5
38613908.3
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑡
523𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4 + ( ) × 𝑇 5
2 3 4 5
573𝐾
523𝐾
−8.42 × 10−3 2
2.99 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 33.933 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
573𝐾
−1.78 × 10−8 4
3.69 × 10−12
+( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇5
4 5
𝐶𝑃 = −1785.085 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
523𝐾
573𝐾
42
−58703981 = 𝑛 × −1785.085
298
518
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 −17676.77 −5971036.5
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −8570.848 −3474176.16
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −6664.288 −21385735.1
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −644.186 −7782960.5
−38613908.3
43
620.5
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 28175.22 9517307.61
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 13073.83 5299451.71
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 9914.727 31816407.6
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 9505.448 11473075.3
58106242.1
673𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4 + ( ) × 𝑇 5
2 3 4 5
723𝐾
673𝐾
−8.42 × 10−3 2
2.99 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 33.933 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
723𝐾
−1.78 × 10−8 4
3.69 × 10−12
+( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇5
4 5
𝐶𝑃 = −1872.141 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
523𝐾
573𝐾
44
−96720150 = 𝑛 × −1872.141

298
620.5
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 −28175.22 −9517307.61
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −13073.83 −5299451.71
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −9914.727 −31816407.6
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −9505.448 −11473075.3
−58106242.1
45
Out of Heat Exchanger:
720
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−2 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻6 337.79 31.298 7.24 1.95 −2.16 6.30 39984.74 13506445
𝑁𝐻3 405.348 33.573 −1.26 0.889 −0.718 1.86 17917.72 7262911
𝑂2 3209.005 29.526 −0.890 0.381 −0.326 0.886 13260.61 42553351
𝑁2 1207 29.342 −0.354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 12606.97 15216618
78539325
733𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4 + ( ) × 𝑇 5
2 3 4 5
823𝐾
733𝐾
−8.42 × 10−3 2
2.99 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 33.933 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
823𝐾
−1.78 × 10−8 4
3.69 × 10−12
+( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇5
4 5
𝐶𝑃 = −1696.65 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
523𝐾
573𝐾
46
−1360645568 = 𝑛 × −1696.65
𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 1449692 𝑘g/ℎ𝑟
3.7 Energy balance on Reactor:-

For path 1:-
𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 450 ℃ = 723 °𝐾
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 25 ℃ = 298 °𝐾
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑄𝐶3 𝐻6 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑖𝑛
298
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
450
298 7.24 ∗ 10−2 2

1.95 ∗ 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 338 × 31.298 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
450 2 3
2.16 ∗ 10−7
− × 𝑇4
4
𝑄 = −13515079.43 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑄𝑁𝐻3 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑖𝑛
450
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
298
450 1.26 × 10−2 2

8.89 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 405 × 33.573 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
298 2 3
7.18 × 10−8 4
1.86 × 10−11
− ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = −7307476.981 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑄𝑂2 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑖𝑛
47
298
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
723
298
8.9 × 10−3 2
3.81 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 3209 × 29.526 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
723 2 3
3.26 × 10−8 4
8.86 × 10−12
− ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = −42565692.02 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑄𝑁2 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑖𝑛
298
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
723
298
3.54 × 10−3 2
1.01 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 12072 × 29.342 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
723 2 3
4.31 × 10−9 4
2.59 × 10−13
− ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 152225145.8 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑄1 = 𝑄𝐶3 𝐻6 + 𝑄𝑁𝐻3 + 𝑄𝑂2 + 𝑄𝑁2
𝑄1 = (−13515079.43) + (−7307476/981) + (−42565692.02)

+ ( −152225145.8)
𝑄1 = −177304294.2 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
For Path 2:-
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 = 25 ℃ = 298 °𝐾
Reaction1:
3
𝐶3 𝐻6 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝑂 → 𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 − − − − − −(1)
2 2
𝑄 = ∆𝐻𝑟 = ∆𝐻𝑟1 + ∆𝐻𝑟2
48
∆𝐻𝑟 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 × ∆𝐻𝑓(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑) − ∑ 𝑛𝑖 × ∆𝐻𝑓(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)
Standard enthalpies can be obtained by the following equation:
∆𝐻𝑓 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 [20]
Where:
∆Hf = Enthalpy of formation of gas ,KJ/mol
A, B, and C =regression coefficient for chemical compound from ('Appendix

B. Table (3:3))
T = Temperature ,K
For Reaction (1):
∆𝐻𝑟1 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 × ∆𝐻𝑓(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑) − ∑ 𝑛𝑖 × ∆𝐻𝑓(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)
∆𝐻𝑟1 = (𝑛𝐶3 𝐻3𝑁 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 + 𝑛𝐻2 𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐻2𝑂 )
− (𝑛𝐶3 𝐻6 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑛𝑁𝐻3 ∆𝐻𝑓𝑁𝐻3 + 𝑛𝑂2 ∆𝐻𝑓𝑂2 )
∆𝐻𝑟1 = [1 × (184930) − 3 × (241800)] − [ 1 × (20420) − 1 × (45900)]
∆𝐻𝑟1 = − 514990 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
For reaction (2):
2𝐶3 𝐻6 + 3𝑁𝐻3 + 3𝑂2 → 3𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 + 6𝐻2
∆𝐻𝑟2 = (𝑛𝐶3 𝐻3𝑁 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐶3𝐻3𝑁 + 𝑛𝐻2 𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐻2𝑂 )
∆𝐻𝑟2 = [3 × (87860) − 6 × (241800)] − [ 2 × (20420) − 3 × (45900)]
49
∆𝐻𝑟2 = − 1090360 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
Reaction 3:
𝐶3 𝐻6 + 3𝑁𝐻3 + 3𝑂2 → 3𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 − − − − − −(3)
∆𝐻𝑟3 = (𝑛𝐻𝐶𝑁 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 𝑛𝐻2𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐻2𝑂 )
∆𝐻𝑟3 = [3 × (135100) − 6 × (241800)] − [ 2 × (20420) − 3 × (45900)]
∆𝐻𝑟3 = − 928220 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
Reaction 4:
9
𝐶3 𝐻6 + 𝑂 → 3𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 − − − − − −(4)
2 2
∆𝐻𝑟4 = (𝑛𝐶𝑂2 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑛𝐻2𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐻2𝑂 ) − (𝑛𝐶3 𝐻6 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐶3 𝐻6 + 𝑛𝑂2 ∆𝐻𝑓𝑂2 )
∆𝐻𝑟4 = [3 × (−393500) − 3 × (241800)] − [ 1 × (20420) − 3 × (45900)]
∆𝐻𝑟4 = − 1926320 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
Reaction 5:
𝐶3 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 − − − − − −(5)
∆𝐻𝑟5 = (𝑛𝐶3 𝐻4𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐶3 𝐻4𝑂 + 𝑛𝐻2 𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐻2𝑂 ) − (𝑛𝐶3 𝐻6 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐶3 𝐻6 + 𝑛𝑂2 ∆𝐻𝑓𝑂2 )
∆𝐻𝑟5 = [1 × (−81000) − 1 × (241800)] − [ 1 × (20420) − 6 × (45900)]
∆𝐻𝑟5 = − 343220 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟

50
Reaction 6:-
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 + 𝐻𝐶𝑁 → 𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁 − − − − − −(6)
∆𝐻𝑟5 = (𝑛𝐶4 𝐻4𝑁 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐶4𝐻4𝑁 ) − (𝑛𝐶3 𝐻3𝑁 ∆𝐻𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 + 𝑛𝐻𝐶𝑁 ∆𝐻𝑓𝐻𝐶𝑁 )
∆𝐻𝑟5 = [1 × (209700)] − [ 1 × (184930) + 1 × (135100)]
∆𝐻𝑟5 = − 110330 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = −4913440 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
For path( 3):-
𝑄𝐶𝐻3𝑂𝐻 = 𝑛(𝐶𝑃 𝐿𝑖𝑞 + ʎ + 𝐶𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠 )
𝑄3 = 𝑄𝐶𝐻3𝑂𝐻 + 𝑄𝐻2 + 𝑄𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑄𝐶𝐻2 𝑂
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 25 ℃ = 298 °𝐾 , 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 450 ℃ = 723 °𝐾
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐶3 𝐻3𝑁 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
723
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
298
298 −5.86 × 10−1 2

−1.86 × 10−3
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 269.217 × 33.362 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 +
450 2 3
3
2.5 × 10−6
×𝑇 − × 𝑇 4 + 269.217 × (29.9264336) + 268.217
4
1.8 × 10−1 2
−1.01 × 10−4
× (18.425 × T + ×T + × 𝑇3
2 3
1.87 × 10−8 4
9.11 × 10−13
+ ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 10930368.64 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
51
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐶3 𝐻6 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
723
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
298
723
7.24 ∗ 10−2 2
1.95 ∗ 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 5.742 × 31.298 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
298 2 3
2.16 ∗ 10−7 4
6.3 × 10−11
− ×𝑇 + × T5
4 5
𝑄 = 249258.4938 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇723
𝑄𝑁𝐻3 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇298
723
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
298
723
1.26 × 10−2 2
8.89 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 96.777 × 33.573 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
298 2 3
7.18 × 10−8 4
1.86 × 10−11
− ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 7253526 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
898
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
298
898
2.0178 × 10−2
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 260.4168 × 25.399 × 𝑇 + × 𝑇2
298 2
3.8549 × 10−5 3
3.188 × 10−8 4
8.7585 × 10−12
+ ×𝑇 − ×𝑇 +
3 4 5
× 𝑇5
52
𝑄 = 1734023.02 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
723
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
298
723 8.9 × 10−3 2

3.81 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 2593.381 × 29.526 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 +
298 2 3
3.26 × 10−8
3 4
8.86 × 10−12
×𝑇 − ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 34389803.49 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐶2 𝐻3𝑁 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
723
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
298
723
6.94 × 10−1 2
−2.09 × 10−3
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 10.641 × 4.296 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
298 2 3
2.5 × 10−6
− × 𝑇 4 + 10.641 × (28.89129062) + 10.641
4
2.21 × 10−2 2
1.47 × 10−4
× (36.974 × T + ×T + × 𝑇3
2 3
−1.5 × 10−7 4
4.35 × 10−11
+ ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 349316.7295 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
394
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
298
53
394 −4 × 10−2 2
−2.11 × 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 1005.264 × 92.053 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 +
298 2 3
5.35 × 10−7
3
×𝑇 − × 𝑇 4 + 1005.264 × (38.51153099)
4
−8.42 × 10−2 2
2.99 × 10−5
+ 1005.264 × (33.399 × T + ×T +
2 3
−1.7 × 10−8
3 4
3.69 × 10−12
×𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 19002072.77 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐶3 𝐻4𝑂 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
384
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
298
384 3 2
−1.93 × 10−3
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 9.12 × 48.243 × 𝑇 + × 𝑇 + × 𝑇3
298 2 3
2.69 × 10−6
+ × 𝑇 4 + 9.12 × (25.8692876) + 9.12 × (109.243
4
−5.1 × 10−1 2
1.71 × 10−3 3
−1.81 × 10−6
×T+ ×T + ×𝑇 +
2 3 4
6.6 × 10−10
4
×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
5
𝑄 = 1071797.982 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐻𝐶𝑁 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
319
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
298
54
319 −1.4194 2
3.06 × 10−3
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 26.007 × 252.213 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
298 2 3
−1.18 × 10−6
+ × 𝑇 4 + 26.007 × (26.05797702) + 26.007
4
3.8 × 10−2 2
−1.24 × 10−5
× (25.766 × T + ×T + × 𝑇3
2 3
−3.22 × 10−9 4
2.26 × 10−12
+ ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 478526.0794 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐶4 𝐻4𝑁2 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
404
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
298
404 1.16 2
−2.45 × 10−3
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 1.353 × −3.768 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 + × 𝑇3
298 2 3
2.05 × 10−6
+ × 𝑇 4 + 1.353 × (63.92702222) + 1.353
4
3.26 × 10−1 2
−2.22 × 10−4
× (15.172 × T + ×T + × 𝑇3
2 3
5.15 × 10−8 4
7.1 × 10−12
+ ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 86301.87573 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝑁2 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
723
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
298
55
723 3.54 × 10−3 2
1.01 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 12072.971 × 29.342 × 𝑇 + ×𝑇 +
298 2 3
3
4.31 × 10−9 4
2.59 × 10−13
×𝑇 − ×𝑇 + × 𝑇5
4 5
𝑄 = 152191029.9 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
56
3.8 Energy Balance on Cooler(1)
Inlet to Cooler:
298
723
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 × 104 𝑄 × 104
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 −3.71 −999
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 −4 −23
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −1.79 −173
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −1.33 −3440
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 −2.94 −31.3
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 −1.48 −1490
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 −4.16 −38
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 −1.76 −45.8
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −1.26 −15200
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 −5.49 −7.42
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 −1.88 −204
−21700
57
Outlet of Cooler:
621
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 × 103 𝑄 × 104
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 26.7 719
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 28.2 16.2
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 13.1 127
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 9.93 2580
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 21.1 22.5
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 11.1 1120
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 29.1 26.5
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 13 33.8
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 9.52 11500
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 39.5 5.34
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 13.9 151
16300
𝑄𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
363𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4
2 3 4
298𝐾
58
363𝐾
−4 × 10−2 2
−2.11 × 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 92.053 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
298𝐾
5.35 × 10−7
+( ) × 𝑇4
4
𝐶𝑃 = 4888.823 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑄𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = −3.8 × 108 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
523𝐾
573𝐾
−3.8 × 108 = 𝑛 × 4888.823
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 6.08 × 105 𝑘g/ℎ𝑟
59
3.9 Energy Balance in Cooler(2)
Inlet to Cooler:
298
621
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 × 103 𝑄 × 104
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 −26.7 −719
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 −28.2 −16.2
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −13.1 −127
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −9.93 −2580
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 −21.1 −22.5
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 −11.1 −1120
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 −29.1 −26.5
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 −13 −33.8
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −9.52 −11500
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 −39.5 −5.34
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 −13.9 −151
−16300
Outlet of Cooler:
519
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
60
𝐶𝑃 × 103 𝑄 × 104
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 17.1 461
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 17.8 10.2
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 8.61 83.4
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 6.7 1740
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 13.6 14.4
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 7.49 753
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 18 16.5
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 8.62 22.4
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 6.48 7820
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 25.3 3.42
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 9.21 99.8
11000
363𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4
2 3 4
298𝐾
363𝐾
−4 × 10−2 2
−2.11 × 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 92.053 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
298𝐾
5.35 × 10−7
+( ) × 𝑇4
4
61
523𝐾
573𝐾
−2.73 × 108 = 𝑛 × 4888.823
Inlet to Cooler:
298
519
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 × 103 𝑄 × 104
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 −17.1 −461
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 −17.8 −10.2
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −8.61 −83.4
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −6.7 −1740
62
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 −13.6 −14.4
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 −7.49 −753
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 −18 −16.5
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 −8.62 −22.4
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −6.48 −7820
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 −25.3 −3.42
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 −9.21 −99.8
−11000
Outlet of Cooler:
417
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 × 103 𝑄 × 104
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 8.55 230
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 8.72 5.01
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 4.46 43.2
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 3.56 922
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 6.84 7.28
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 3.98 400
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 8.77 7.99
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 4.48 11.6
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 3.47 4190
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 1.26 1.7
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 4.79 51.9
5870
63
363𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4
2 3 4
298𝐾
363𝐾
−4 × 10−2 2
−2.11 × 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 92.053 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
298𝐾
5.35 × 10−7
+( ) × 𝑇4
4
523𝐾
573𝐾
−1.69 × 108 = 𝑛 × 4888.823
64
In for Cooler:
298
417
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 × 103 𝑄 × 104
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 −8.55 −230
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 −8.72 −5.01
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −4.46 −43.2
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −3.56 −922
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 −6.84 −7.28
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 −3.98 −400
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 −8.77 −7.99
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 −4.48 −11.6
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −3.47 −4190
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 −1.26 −1.7
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 −4.79 −51.9
−5870
Outlet of Cooler:
313
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
65
𝐶𝑃 × 102 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 9.84 265
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 9.9 5.69
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 5.42 52.5
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 4.43 1150
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 8.02 8.54
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 4.97 500
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 10.1 9.17
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 5.42 14.1
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 4.36 5270
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 14.3 1.94
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 5.8 62.9
7330
363𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4
2 3 4
298𝐾
363𝐾
−4 × 10−2 2
−2.11 × 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 92.053 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
298𝐾
5.35 × 10−7
+( ) × 𝑇4
4
66
523𝐾
573𝐾
−6.61 × 107 = 𝑛 × 4888.823
3.12 Energy Balance on Absorber
Inlet for Absorber:
298
313
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 × 102 𝑄 × 104
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 269.217 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 −9.84 −265
𝐶3 𝐻6 5.742 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 −9.9 −5.69
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 33.573 −0.126 0.889 −0.718 1.86 −5.42 −52.5
67
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 −4.43 −1150
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 36.947 0.221 1.47 −1.5 4.35 −8.02 −8.54
𝐻2 𝑂 1005.264 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 −4.97 −500
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 −10.1 −9.17
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 25.766 0.38 −0.124 −0.0322 0.226 −5.42 −14.1
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 −4.36 −5270
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 −14.3 −1.94
𝐶𝑂2 108.432 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 −5.8 −62.9
−7330
Top of Absorber:
313
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 × 102 𝑄 × 102
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−4 𝐷 × 10−7 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 0.269 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 9.84 2.65
𝐶3 𝐻6 4.298 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 9.9 42.6
𝑂2 2593.381 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 4.43 11500
𝐻2 𝑂 10.053 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 4.97 50.8
𝐶3 𝐻4 𝑂 9.12 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 10.1 91.7
𝑁2 12071.97 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 4.36 52700
𝐶4 𝐻4 𝑁2 1.353 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 14.3 19.4
𝐶𝑂2 108.427 27.437 0.423 −0.196 0.04 −0.0299 5.8 629
65000
68
Bottom of Absorber:
313
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
𝐶𝑃 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 268.948 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 1647.83 443
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 54.718 3.45 −0.163 0.388 1776.295 2.56
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 −182.157 3.36 −1.44 2.04 1230.15 119
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 0.25 1392.092 14.8
𝐻2 𝑂 5318.4 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 1131.036 6020
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 1083.798 28.2
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 −338.956 52.8 −2.328 3.6 1910.768 0.0955
6620
313𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4
2 3 4
298𝐾
313𝐾
−4 × 10−2 2
−2.11 × 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 92.053 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
298𝐾
5.35 × 10−7
+( ) × 𝑇4
4
𝐶𝑃 = −1426.53 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = −6.17 × 106 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
69
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 77886.56 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
70

298
313
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
𝐶𝑃 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 268.948 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 −1647.83 −443
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 54.718 3.45 −0.163 0.388 −1776.295 −2.56
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 −182.157 3.36 −1.44 2.04 −1230.15 −119
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 0.25 −1392.092 −14.8
𝐻2 𝑂 5318.4 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 −1131.036 −6020
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 −1083.798 −28.2
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 −338.956 52.8 −2.328 3.6 −1910.768 −0.0955
−6620
71
331
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 268.948 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 3671.3493 987
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 54.718 3.45 −0.163 0.388 4046.6639 5.84
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 −182.157 3.36 −1.44 2.04 2809.7253 272
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 0.25 3099.1513 33
𝐻2 𝑂 5318.4 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 2484.0463 13200
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 2431.5365 63.2
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 −338.956 52.8 −2.328 3.6 4592.0928 0.023
14600
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
523𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4 + ( ) × 𝑇 5
2 3 4 5
573𝐾
523𝐾
−8.42 × 10−3 2
2.99 × 10−5
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 33.933 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
573𝐾
−1.78 × 10−8 4
3.69 × 10−12
+( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇5
4 5
𝐶𝑃 = −1785.085 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

72
523𝐾
573𝐾
−2.51 × 107 = 𝑛 × −1785.085
𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 1.41 × 104 𝑘g/ℎ𝑟
3.14 Energy
Balance in Distillation Column(1)

𝐵
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃 = 𝐴 + + 𝐶 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇 + 𝐷 × 𝑇 + 𝐸 × 𝑇 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) [20]
𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔)
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°𝐾)
𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸 = 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
Calculate Total Pressure for Dis.(1)
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠. 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 318 °𝐾 [21]
𝐵
(𝐴+ 𝑇 )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇 2 )
Po = 10
In for Dis.(1):
Fractions for feed, distillated, waste:
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑥𝑓 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑤
𝐶3 𝐻6 0.000252 0.00316 −
𝐻2 𝑂 0.929429 0.116402 0.9999799
73
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.004545 0.056921 −
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 0.047001 0.588637 −
𝐶𝑂2 8.74 × 10−7 1.09 × 10−5 −
𝑁𝐻3 0.016912 0.211812 −
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 0.00186 0.023057 2.02 × 10−5
Top of Dis.(1):
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝑃𝑖 𝑥𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑖 /𝑃𝑖
𝐶3 𝐻6 24.539 −1507.2 −6.48 −4.3 × 10−11 5.5 × 10−6 13792.71 0.00316 2.29138 × 10−7
𝐻2 𝑂 29.8605 −3152.2 −7.3037 2.42 × 10−9 1.81 × 10−6 71.42965 0.116402 0.001629603
𝐻𝐶𝑁 −57.054 −362.56 29.415 −0.04753 2.84 × 10−5 1490.707 0.056921 3.81836 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 35.921 −2776.3 −10.101 −3.2 × 10−10 4.73 × 10−6 246.4829 0.588637 0.002388145
𝐶𝑂2 35.0187 −1511.9 −11.334 0.009337 7.76 × 10−10 74296.68 1.09 × 10−5 1.47292 × 10−10
𝑁𝐻3 37.1575 −2027.7 −11.601 0.007463 −9.6 × 10−12 13289.29 0.211812 1.59386 × 10−5
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 23.1953 −2.34 × 103 −5.4954 7.99 × 1010 2.33 × 10−6 210.8526 0.023057 0.00010935
0.004181449
1 1
Ptotal = yi = = 239.1515308 mmHg
∑ 0.0041814439
pi
239.1515308
Ptotal = = 0.3 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760
B
(A+ )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇 2 )
Ptotal = 10 T
B
(A+ )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇 2 )
239.1515308 = 10 T
74
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝑥𝑤 𝑇 𝑃𝑡 𝑇𝑏
𝐻2𝑂 29.8605 −3152.2 −7.3037 2.42 × 10−9 1.81 × 10−6 0.99998 343.6647 239.151489 343.657814
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 23.1953 −2.34 × 103 −5.4954 7.99 × 1010 2.33 × 10−6 2.02 × 10−5 321.2329 239.151574 6.49 × 10−3
344
𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = ∑ 𝑥𝑤 𝑇
𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 344 °𝐾
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝑥𝑓 𝑇 𝑃𝑖 𝑇𝑓
𝐶3 𝐻6 24.539 −1507.2 −6.48 −4.3 × 10−11 5.5 × 10−6 0.05112906 239.1521 202.6121 0.000252
𝐻2 𝑂 29.8605 −3152.2 −7.3037 2.42 × 10−9 1.81 × 10−6 319.41203 239.1514 343.6647 0.929429
𝐻𝐶𝑁 −57.054 −362.56 29.415 −0.04753 2.84 × 10−5 1.23136705 239.1520 270.9331 0.004545
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 35.921 −2776.3 −10.101 −3.2 × 10−10 4.73 × 10−6 14.9093208 239.1514 317.2154 0.047001
𝐶𝑂2 35.0187 −1511.9 −11.334 0.009337 7.76 × 10−10 0.00014712 239.1515 168.3708 8.74E-07
𝑁𝐻3 37.1575 −2027.7 −11.601 0.007463 −9.6 × 10−12 3.70211559 239.1515 218.8984 0.016912
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 23.1953 −2.34 × 103 −5.4954 7.99 × 1010 2.33 × 10−6 0.59736212 239.1515 321.2329 0.00186
331
𝑇𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = ∑ 𝑥𝑓 𝑇
𝑇𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 331 °𝐾
Feed:
298
331
75
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 268.948 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 −3671.3493 −987
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 54.718 3.45 −0.163 0.388 −4046.6639 −5.84
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 −182.157 3.36 −1.44 2.04 −2809.7253 −272
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 0.25 −3099.1513 −33
𝐻2 𝑂 5318.4 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 −2484.0463 −13200
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 −2431.5365 −63.2
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 −338.956 52.8 −2.328 3.6 −4592.0928 −0.023
−14600
Top:
318
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 268.948 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 188.3054 50644.36
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 869.449 1255.4843
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 1348.101 130465.19
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 −71.6743 −755.0595
𝐻2 𝑂 5318.4 109.243 −5.1 17.1 −18.1 66 1097.059 58346.022
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 724.166 18833.384
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 1138.64 5.6931979
2.59 × 105
76
Bottom:
344
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐻2 𝑂 5318.4 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 −0.0535 3460.231 18218869
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 −0.25 4358.824 463.8225
18219333
Qcondenser Calculation:
Comp. ∆𝐻𝑉
𝐶3 𝐻6 18.49
𝐻2 𝑂 39.5
𝐻𝐶𝑁 27.48
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 31.06
𝐶𝑂2 −
𝑁𝐻3 22.77
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 30.3
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝐷 )𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 456.8996 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

𝐿
𝑅= = 3 [21]
𝐷
𝐿 = 𝐷 × 3 = 456.8996 × 3 = 1370.699 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

𝑉𝑁 = 𝐿 + 𝐷 = 1370.699 + 456.8996
𝑉𝑁 = 1827.598 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = ∑ 𝑉𝑁 × ∆𝐻𝑉 × 𝑋𝐷
Comp. 𝑋𝐷 ∆𝐻𝑉 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟

𝐶3 𝐻6 0.00316 18490 106798.2
𝐻2 𝑂 0.116402 39500 8403074
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.056921 27480 2858689
77
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 0.588637 31060 33414099
𝐶𝑂2 1.09 × 10−5 − −
𝑁𝐻3 0.211812 22770 8814449
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 0.023057 30300 1276792
𝑉𝑁 × ∆𝐻𝑉 × 𝑋𝐷
54873902
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 54873902 𝑘𝑗/ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 + 𝑄𝑟𝑒 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑡𝑜𝑝+𝑏𝑜𝑡) + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑄𝑟𝑒 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑡𝑜𝑝+𝑏𝑜𝑡) + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 − 𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑄𝑟𝑒 = 1.8 × 107 + 54873902 − 1.46 × 107
𝑄𝑟𝑒 = 5.88 × 107 𝑘𝑗/ℎ𝑟
78
3.15 Energy Balance on H.X(6)
298
318
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 268.948 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 2204.656 592937.9
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 54.718 3.45 −0.163 0.388 2390.882 3452.434
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 −182.157 3.36 −1.44 2.04 1655.504 160214.7
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 0.25 1862.157 19617.06
𝐻2 𝑂 5318.4 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 1507.208 80159.36
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 1452.164 37766.43
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 −338.956 52.8 −2.328 3.6 2608.433 10.04216
894160.9
79
334.748
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 268.948 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 4099.547 1102565
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 54.718 3.45 −0.163 0.388 4540.531 6556.526
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 −182.157 3.36 −1.44 2.04 3157.917 305613.7
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 0.25 3459.92 36448.84
𝐻2 𝑂 5318.4 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 2765.493 147080
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 2720.567 70753.79
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 −338.956 52.8 −2.328 3.6 5214.859 26.0743
1669044
80
3.16 Energy Balance in Distillation Column(2)
𝐵
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃 = 𝐴 + + 𝐶 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇 + 𝐷 × 𝑇 + 𝐸 × 𝑇 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)[20]
𝑇
𝐵 2)
Po = 10(𝐴+𝑇 )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇
In for Dis.(1):
𝐶3 𝐻6 0.0031604 0.010525 −
𝐻2 𝑂 0.116402 − 0.166354
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.0569206 0.187665 0.000813
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 0.588637 0.0196 0.832832
𝐶𝑂2 1.09 × 10−5 3.64 × 10−5 −
𝑁𝐻3 0.2118124 0.70539 −
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 0.0230567 0.076785 −
Top of Dis.(2):
𝐶3 𝐻6 24.539 −1507.2 −6.48 −4.3 × 10−11 5.5 × 10−6 13792.71 0.010525048 7.63088 × 10−7
𝐻𝐶𝑁 −57.054 −362.56 29.415 −0.04753 2.84 × 10−5 1490.707 0.1876646 0.00012589
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 35.921 −2776.3 −10.101 −3.2 × 10−10 4.73 × 10−6 246.4829 0.019599622 7.95172 × 10−5
𝐶𝑂2 35.0187 −1511.9 −11.334 0.009337 7.76 × 10−10 74296.68 3.64 × 10−5 4.90521 × 10−10
𝑁𝐻3 37.1575 −2027.7 −11.601 0.007463 −9.6 × 10−12 13289.29 0.705389612 5.30795 × 10−5
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 23.1953 −2.34 × 103 −5.4954 7.99 × 1010 2.33 × 10−6 210.8526 0.076784674 0.000364163
0.001
81
1 1
Ptotal = y = = 1000 mmHg
∑ i 0.001
pi
1000
760
B
(A+ )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇 2 )
Ptotal = 10 T
B
(A+ )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇 2 )
1000 = 10 T
𝐻2𝑂 29.8605 −3152.2 −7.3037 2.42 × 10−9 1.81 × 10−6 0.99998 343.6647 1000 63.38885913
𝐻𝐶𝑁 −57.054 −362.56 29.415 −0.04753 2.84 × 10−5 0.000813 306.3289 1000 0.249190606
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 35.921 −2776.3 −10.101 −3.2 × 10−10 4.73 × 10−6 0.832832 359.9336 1000 299.7643353
363.402385
𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 363.4 °𝐾
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝑥𝑓 𝑇 𝑃𝑖 𝑇𝑓
𝐶3 𝐻6 24.539 −1507.2 −6.48 −4.3 × 10−11 5.5 × 10−6 0.00316 231.45749 1000 0.731505685
𝐻2 𝑂 29.8605 −3152.2 −7.3037 2.42 × 10−9 1.81 × 10−6 1000

0.116402 381.04711 44.35463173
𝐻𝐶𝑁 −57.054 −362.56 29.415 −0.04753 2.84 × 10−5 1000

0.056921 306.32893 17.43642721
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 35.921 −2776.3 −10.101 −3.2 × 10−10 4.73 × 10−6 1000

0.588637 359.93368 211.8702744
𝐶𝑂2 35.0187 −1511.9 −11.334 0.009337 7.76 × 10−10 1000

1.09E-05 189.68618 0.002075793
𝑁𝐻3 37.1575 −2027.7 −11.601 0.007463 −9.6 × 10−12 1000

0.211812 245.35022 51.96822026
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 23.1953 −2.34 × 103 −5.4954 7.99 × 1010 2.33 × 10−6 1000

0.023057 363.68002 8.385255706
334.7483908
82
𝑇𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 334.748 °𝐾
Feed:
334.748
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 268.948 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 4099.547 1102565
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 54.718 3.45 −0.163 0.388 4540.531 1194.571
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 −182.157 3.36 −1.44 2.04 3157.917 305613.7
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 0.25 3459.92 36448.84
𝐻2 𝑂 53.18401 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 2765.493 147080
𝐻𝐶𝑁 26.007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 2720.567 70753.79
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 −338.956 52.8 −2.328 3.6 5214.859 26.0743
1669044
83
Top:
318
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 2.689 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 1306.8369 3514.0845
𝐶3 𝐻6 1.444 31.298 0.724 1.95 −2.16 6.3 1442.0217 2082.2793
𝑁𝐻3 96.777 29.526 −0.089 0.381 −0.326 0.886 762.71075 73812.858
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 10.5345 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 1153.267 12149.195
𝐻𝐶𝑁 25.7469 29.342 −0.0354 0.101 −0.0431 0.0259 725.64546 18683.143
𝐶𝑂2 0.005 15.172 3.26 −2.22 0.515 0.71 772.28588 3.8614294
110245.42
Bottom:
363
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐻2 𝑂 53.184 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 −0.0535 4918.951 261609.57
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.26007 242.213 −0.14144 0.306 −0.118 5054.972 1314.6467
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 10.641 4.296 6.94 −0.209 −0.25 7461.159 1986600.8
2249525.1
84
Comp. ∆𝐻𝑉
𝐶3 𝐻6 18.49
𝐻2 𝑂 39.5
𝐻𝐶𝑁 27.48
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 31.06
𝐶𝑂2 −
𝑁𝐻3 22.77
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 30.3

𝐿
𝑅= = 3 [21]
𝐷
𝐿 = 𝐷 × 3 = 137.1965 × 3 = 411.5896 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

𝑉𝑁 = 𝐿 + 𝐷 = 137.1965 + 411.5896
𝑉𝑁 = 548.7861 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

𝐶3 𝐻6 18490 0.010525 106798.2
𝐻2 𝑂 − − −
𝐻𝐶𝑁 27480 0.187665 2830103
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 31060 0.0196 334081.4
𝐶𝑂2 − 3.64 × 10−5 −
𝑁𝐻3 22770 0.70539 8814449
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑁 30300 0.076785 1276792
13362224
85
𝑄𝑟𝑒 = 2359770.48 + 13362224 − 1294595
𝑄𝑟𝑒 = 14427400 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
In for Cooler:
298
363.4
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 266.529 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 −7461.159 −1986601
𝐻2 𝑂 53.18401 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 −4918.951 −261609.6
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.26007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 −5054.972 −1314.647
−2249525
86
Out of Cooler:
417
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 266.529 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 2677.999 713041.3
𝐻2 𝑂 53.18401 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 1824.657 97042.56
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.26007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 1766.636 459.4489
810543.3
363𝐾
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐴 × 𝑇 + ( ) × 𝑇 2 + ( ) × 𝑇 3 + ( ) × 𝑇 4
2 3 4
298𝐾
363𝐾
−4 × 10−2 2
−2.11 × 10−4
∫ 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 92.053 × 𝑇 + ( )×𝑇 +( ) × 𝑇3
2 3
298𝐾
5.35 × 10−7
+( ) × 𝑇4
4
87
523𝐾
573𝐾
−1.69 × 108 = 𝑛 × 4888.823

3.17 Energy Balance in Distillation Column(3)

𝐵
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃 = 𝐴 + + 𝐶 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇 + 𝐷 × 𝑇 + 𝐸 × 𝑇 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) [20]
𝑇
𝐵
(𝐴+ 𝑇 )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇 2 )
Po = 10
In for Dis.(3):
Fractions for feed, distillated, waste:
𝐻2 𝑂 0.1663544 0.002014 0.94741
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.008135 − 0.00468
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 0.8328321 0.997986 0.04791
88
Top of Dis.(3):
H2 O 29.8605 −3152.2 −7.3037 2.42 × 10−9 1.81 × 106 71.42964874 0.002013568 2.81895 × 10−5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 35.921 −2776.3 −10.101 −3.2 × 10−10 4.73 × 10−6 246.4829162 0.997986432 0.004048907
0.004077097
1 1
Ptotal = y = = 245.2726 mmHg
∑ i 0.004077097
pi
245.2726
760
B
(A+ )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇 2 )
Ptotal = 10 T
B
(A+ )+(𝐶×𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇)+(𝐷×𝑇)+(𝐸×𝑇 2 )
245.2726 = 10 T
𝐻2𝑂 29.8605 −3152.2 −7.3037 2.42 × 10−9 1.81 × 10−6 0.99998 343.6647 245.272053 343.657814
𝐻𝐶𝑁 −57.054 −362.56 29.415 −0.04753 2.84 × 10−5 0.004679636 271.484 245.2725778 1.270447
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 23.1953 −2.34 × 103 −5.4954 7.99 × 1010 2.33 × 10−6 2.02 × 10−5 321.2329 245.2716313 6.49 × 10−3
342.6482
𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 342.648 °𝐾
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝑥𝑓 𝑇 𝑃𝑡 𝑇𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝐻2𝑂 29.8605 −3152.2 −7.3037 2.42 × 10−9 1.81 × 10−6 0.166354387 343.6647 245.272053 57.26794
𝐻𝐶𝑁 −57.054 −362.56 29.415 −0.04753 2.84 × 10−5 0.000813474 271.484 245.2725778 0.220845
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 23.1953 −2.34 × 103 −5.4954 7.99 × 1010 2.33 × 10−6 0.832832139 321.2329 245.2716313 264.7338
322.2226
89
𝑇𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 331 °𝐾
Feed:
298
331
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3
𝐶𝑃 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
𝐻2 𝑂 53.184 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 1824.657 97042.56
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.26007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 1766.636 459.4489
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 266.259 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 2677.999 713041.3
810543.3
Top:
318
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5 𝐸 × 10−11
𝐻2 𝑂 0.5318 33.399 −0.0842 0.299 −0.178 0.369 663.1203 352.67398
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 263.596 18.425 1.83 −1.01 0.187 0.0911 1317.967 347411.46
347764.13
Bottom:
342.648
298
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 3 + 𝐸𝑇 4
𝐶𝑃 𝑄 × 103
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 × 10−1 𝐶 × 10−2 𝐷 × 10−5
90
𝐻2 𝑂 52.6521699 92.053 −0.4 −0.0211 0.0535 3358.697 176842.7
𝐻𝐶𝑁 0.26007 252.213 −14.1 0.306 −0.118 3340.987 868.8905
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 2.66259 33.362 5.86 −0.186 0.25 5010.392 13340.62
191052.2
Comp. ∆𝐻𝑉
𝐻2 𝑂 39.5
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 31.06

𝐿
𝑅= = 3 [21]
𝐷
𝐿 = 𝐷 × 3 = 264.1283 × 3 = 792.3848 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

𝑉𝑁 = 𝐿 + 𝐷 = 264.1283 + 792.3848
𝑉𝑁 = 1056.513 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

𝐻2 𝑂 0.002014 39500 84030.75
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 0.997986 31060 32749218
32833249

𝑄𝑟𝑒 = 538816.3 + 3283 3249 − 810543.3
𝑄𝑟𝑒 = 32561521.8 𝑘𝑗/ℎ𝑟
91
92
Chapter Four
Equipment Design
4.1 Design Distillation Column
4.1.1 Diameter Design
Top product: Acrylonitrile (C3H3N)
Bottom product: essentially Water (H2O)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑤𝑡 𝑋𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑤𝑡 × 𝑋𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑋𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑋𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 52.064 0.832832139 44.19340462 0.997986432 0.047909998
𝐻2 𝑂 18.016 0.166354387 2.997040636 0.002013568 0.947410365
𝐻𝐶𝑁 27.082 0.0008134 0.022028499 0.0000001 0.002000
Total molecular weight = 47.2124 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Feed = 15093.97328 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
Feed= 319.70308 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑋𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝐶3 𝐻 3 𝑁
𝐷=
𝑋𝐷𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁
𝐷 = 266.796 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
V = D*(1+R) [21]
V = 1067.184 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
W = feed – D [21]
W = 52.906 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐿𝑛
𝑅= [21]
𝐷
𝐿𝑛 = R * D [21]
𝐿𝑛 = 800.3886366 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐿𝑚 = 𝐿𝑛 + 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 [21]
𝐿𝑚 = 1120.091717 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝑚 = 𝐿𝑚 + 𝑤 [21]
𝑉𝑚 = 1172.998584 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 318 °𝐾 [from chapter 4]
𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 342 °𝐾 [from chapter 4]
𝐿𝑛
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑇𝑂𝑃 = [21]
𝑉𝑛
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑇𝑂𝑃 = 0.954896051

94
𝐿𝑚
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = [21]
𝑉𝑚
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 0.75 [21]

Density of liquid
𝜌𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁(𝑡𝑜𝑝) = 749.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 [20]
𝜌𝐻2 𝑜 (𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) = 986.331 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 [20]
𝑀𝑤𝑡 𝑇𝑎𝑡 0℃
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = ∗ [20]
22.4 𝑇
𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑅 ) = 8.314 𝑗/(°𝐾. 𝑚𝑜𝑙)

𝜌𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁(𝑡𝑜𝑝) = 2.03316343 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3[20]
𝜌𝐻2 𝑜 (𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) = 0.641847261 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 [20]
𝐿∗ 𝜌𝑣
𝐹𝐿𝑉 = ( 𝑤∗ ) √( ) [21]
𝑉 𝜌𝑙
𝑤
Flv(TOP) = 0.0497 [appendix A]

Flv(bottom) = 0.019132 [appendix A]
Plate spacing = 50 (mm) [appendix A]
From Appendix
K1 (top) = 0.09
K1 (bottom) = 0.091
𝑇 𝑛
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐴 (1 − ) [20]
𝑇𝑐
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 = 14.04 ∗ 10−2 𝑑𝑦𝑛/𝑐𝑚 [20]
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 = 64.07 ∗ 10−2 𝑑𝑦𝑛/𝑐𝑚 [20]

𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 0.2
𝑘1 = ( ) [21]
0.02
K1 (top) = 0.083851325 [appendix A]

K1 (bottom) = 0.115088 [appendix A]
𝜌𝑙 −𝜌𝑣
Velocity of flooding( Uf ) = 𝐾1 ∗ (√ ) [21]
𝜌𝑣
𝑈𝑓 (𝑡𝑜𝑝) = 1.60 𝑚/𝑠

𝑈𝑓 (𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) = 4.51 𝑚/𝑠
95
At 85% of flooding velocity [21]
𝑈𝑉 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑈𝑓 [21]
𝑈𝑉 (top) = 1.366 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈𝑉 (bottom) = 3.83 𝑚/𝑠
𝐷×𝑀𝑤𝑡𝐶
3 𝐻3𝑁
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒(𝑡𝑜𝑝) = = 1.93 𝑚/𝑠 [21]
𝜌𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 (𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟) ×3600
𝑉𝑚 ×𝑀𝑤𝑡𝐻
2𝑂
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒(𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚) = = 9.145 𝑚/𝑠
𝜌𝐻2 𝑂 (𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟)×3600
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑈𝑣
Net area (top) = 1.41 m2
Net area (bottom) = 2.385 m2
As down comer area is 12% from net area so: [21]
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
0.88
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 1.608 𝑚2

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 2.711 𝑚2
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠.𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎∗4
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑛 = √
𝜋
D(top) = 1.43 m
D(bottom) = 1.85 m
4.1.2 Provisional Plate Design
Inside Diameter = 0.79 m [appendix A]

𝜋∗𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐴𝐶 =
4
𝐴𝐶 = 0.4899 𝑚2
Down comer area = 12% Ac [21]
𝐴𝑑 = 0.12 ∗ 0.4899
𝐴𝑑 = 0.0587 𝑚2
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴𝑛 ) = 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑑 [21]

96
𝐴𝑛 = 0.4311 𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴𝑎 ) = 𝐴𝑐 − 2 ∗ 𝐴𝑑
𝐴𝑎 = 0.372 𝑚2
𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴ℎ ) = 10% 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐴𝑎 )
𝐴ℎ = 0.0372 𝑚2
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑙𝑤 ) = 0.604 𝑚 ………. [appendix A]

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (ℎ𝑤 ) = 50 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑔: (40 − 90 𝑚𝑚) 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 50 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 5 𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 5 𝑚𝑚
4.1.3 Check Weeping

𝐿𝑚 × 𝑀𝑤𝑡𝐻2𝑜
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 5.60 𝑚3 /𝑠
3600
Minimum liquid flow rate at 70% from maximum state [21]
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.7 ∗ 5.60 = 3.923 𝑚3/𝑠

𝑙𝑤
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(ℎ𝑜𝑤 ) =
𝜌ℎ2 𝑜 (𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 )∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 16.966 𝑚𝑚
At 70%
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (ℎ𝑜𝑤 ) = 0.7 × 16.966
ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 13.37 𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑤 + ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 13.37 + 50 = 63.37 𝑚𝑚
K2 = 30.4 ………. [appendix A]
97
𝐾2 −[0.9(25.4−𝑑ℎ )]
𝑈ℎ =
√𝜌𝑣
𝑈ℎ(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 15.124 𝑚3 /𝑠
Minimum volumetric flow rate = 70% max volumetric flow rate [21]
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.7 × 9.145 = 6.4015 𝑚3/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑈ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝐴ℎ
𝑈ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 36.36 𝑚3/𝑠
𝑈ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 > 𝑈ℎ
∴ 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
4.1.4 Number of Holes
𝜋∗𝐷2ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 4
= 1.96 ∗ 10−5 𝑚2
𝐴ℎ
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = [21]
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 1898 hole
4.1.5 Check Entrainment

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
𝑈𝑛 =
𝐴𝑛
𝑈𝑛 = 4.48 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑈𝑛
% 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 75%
𝑈𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝜓 = 0.05 …………… [appendix A]

𝜓 < 0.1 ∴ 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
98
4.2 Design of Heat Exchanger
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚[21]
31633864 × 1000
𝑄= = 8787184.444 𝐽/𝑠
3600
Assumption that the overall heat transfer coefficient is:
𝑈 = 600 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2. ℃ [21] [Appendix A]
∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝐹𝑡 × ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 [21]
∆𝑇1 = 300 − 207 = 92.5℃
∆𝑇2 = 250 − 86.5 = 163.5 ℃
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
∆𝑇
𝑙𝑛 ( 1)
∆𝑇2
92.5 − 163.5
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
92.5
𝑙𝑛 ( )
163.5
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 132.358 ℃
Use of one shell pass and two tube passes

300 − 250
𝑅= = 0.4132
207.5 − 86.5
207.5 − 86.5
𝑆= = 0.5667
300 − 86.5
and from Fig (4-1) we get:
𝐹𝑡 = 0.95
∆𝑇𝑚 = 0.95 × 132.358
∆𝑇𝑚 = 125.7401 ℃
99
8787184.444
𝐴= = 116.472 𝑚2
600 × 125.74021
Assume that: 𝑑° = 16 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑑𝑖 = 12 𝑚𝑚 , 𝐿 = 1.25 𝑚 [21]
16
𝐴𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝜋𝑑° 𝐿 = 3.14 × × 1.25 = 0.063 𝑚2
1000
𝐴 116.472
𝑁𝑡 = = = 1848
𝐴𝑎𝑠𝑠 0.063
1
𝑁𝑡 𝑛1
𝐷𝑏 = 𝑑° ( ) [appendix B]
𝐾1
From Fig (4-2) , we can get:
𝐾1 = 0.156
𝑛1 = 2.291
1
1848 2.291
𝐷𝑏 = 16 ( ) [appendix B]
0.156
𝐷𝑏 = 959.838 𝑚𝑚
𝑝𝑡 = 1.25 × 𝑑° = 1.25 × 16 = 20 𝑚𝑚
From Fig.(4-3) , we can get:
𝐷𝑠 = 50 + 959.838 = 1009.838 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑠 1009.838
𝐿𝐵 = [21] = = 201.967 𝑚𝑚
5 5
(𝑝𝑡 − 𝑑° )
𝐴𝑠 = × 𝐷𝑠 × 𝐿𝐵 × 10−6
𝑝𝑡
(20 − 16)
𝐴𝑠 = × 1009.838 × 201.967 × 10−6
20
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0407 𝑚2
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1
𝐺𝑠 = ×
3600 𝐴𝑠
100
1693.039 1
𝐺𝑠 = × = 11.557 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠. 𝑚2
3600 0.0407
1.1
𝑑𝑒 = × (𝑝𝑡2 − (0.917 × 𝑑°2))
𝑑°
1.1
𝑑𝑒 = × (202 − (0.917 × 162 ))
16
𝑑𝑒 = 11.361 𝑚𝑚
For Tube Side:
ℎ𝑖 𝑑𝑖 0.33
𝜇 0.14
𝑁𝑢 = = 𝑗ℎ 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 ( )
𝐾ℎ 𝜇𝑤
89 273 𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑚𝑖𝑥) = ∗ = 2.07 3
22.4 523 𝑚
Viscosity of the mixture: 𝜇 = 6.06 × 10−5 𝑚𝑁/𝑚2 . 𝑠
Thermal conductivity of mixture: 𝐾𝑓 = (0.101 × 𝐾𝑓 (𝑐 ) + (0.7 × 𝐾𝑓(𝑁𝐻3) ) +

3 ℎ6 )
(0.85 × 𝐾𝑓(𝑜2) ) + (0.305404 × 𝐾𝑓(𝑛2) )
𝐾𝑓 = 5.797
𝜋 3.14
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 𝑑𝑖2 = × (12)2
4 4
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 113.04 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑡 1848
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = = 924 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
2 2
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 113.04 × 924 = 104448.96 𝑚𝑚2
1693.039 1
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = × = 4.358 ∗ 10−6 𝑚/𝑠
3600 104448.96
101
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 4.358 ∗ 10−6
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 2.1057 ∗ 10^ − 6 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑚𝑖𝑥) 2.07
𝜌 × 𝑢 × 𝑑𝑖 2.07 × 2.1057 ∗ 10^ − 6 × 12 × 1000

𝑅𝑒 = = = 863.1285
𝜇 6.06 × 10−5
𝐶𝑃 × 𝜇 (3163386.7) × 6.06 × 10−5

𝑃𝑟 = = = 33.06
𝐾ℎ 5.797
𝜇 0.14
Neglect ( ) [21]
𝜇𝑤
𝐿 1.25 × 1000
= = 104.167
𝑑𝑖 12
From fig.(4-4), we can get: [appendix A]

Assume that:
𝐵𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑝 = 0.25 [21]
𝑗ℎ = 0.005
5.797
ℎ𝑖 = ( ) × 0.005 × 568.3 × 33.060.33
12 × 10−3
ℎ𝑖 = 4354.51 W⁄m2 . ℃
For Shell Side:
86.5 + 207.5
𝑡(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛) = = 147℃
2
300 + 250
𝑇(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛) = = 275 ℃
2
Thermal conductivity of shell side:
𝐾ℎ = 0.079
Viscosity of steam:
𝜇 = 37.753
102
𝐺𝑠 × 𝑑𝑒 11.557 × 11.361
𝑅𝑒 = = = 34778.44
𝜇 37.753
𝐶𝑃 × 𝜇 3163386.7 × 37.753
𝑃𝑟 = = = 1511.7
𝐾ℎ 0.079 × 106
From fig.(4-4), we can get: [appendix A]

Assume that:
𝐵𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑝 = 0.25 [21]
𝑗ℎ = 0.0018
ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑒 0.33
𝜇 0.14
𝑁𝑢 = = 𝑗ℎ 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 ( )
𝐾ℎ 𝜇𝑤
𝜇 0.14
Neglect ( ) [21]
𝜇𝑤
0.079 × 1000
ℎ𝑠 = ( ) × 0.0018 × 34778.44 × (1511.7)0.33
11.361
ℎ𝑠 = 4875.47 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . ℃
Estimate wall temperature:
ℎ𝑖 (𝑡𝑤 − 𝑡) = 𝑈(𝑇 − 𝑡) [21]

(𝑇 − 𝑡)
(𝑡𝑤 − 𝑡) = 𝑈 ×
ℎ𝑖
(275 − 147)
(𝑡𝑤 − 𝑡) = 600 × = 84.814 ℃
4354.51
𝑡𝑤 = 148℃
103
Overall Coefficient:
𝑑𝑜
𝑑𝑜 ln( )
1 1 1 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑜 1 𝑑𝑜 1
= + + + × + × [21]
𝑈𝑜 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑑 2𝑘𝑤 𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑖
ℎ𝑜 = ℎ𝑠 = 4875.47 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . ℃
From Fig.(4-6) [appendix A] , we can get:

ℎ𝑜𝑑 = ℎ𝑖𝑑 = 300 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2. ℃
16
1 1 1 16 × 10−3 ln ( ) 16 1 16 1
= + + 12 + × + ×
𝑈𝑜 4875.47 300 2 × 50 12 5000 12 4354.51
𝑈𝑜 = 738 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2. ℃
Pressure Drop for Tube:
𝐿 𝜌𝑢𝑡2
∆𝑃𝑡 = (8𝑗𝑓 ( ) ( )) [21]
𝑑𝑖 2
From Fig.(4-7), we can get:
𝑗𝑓 = 0.0042
4022.056 1
𝑢𝑡 = × = 0.001 𝑚/𝑠
3600 780.48
2.07 × 2.1057 ∗ 10−6 2

∆𝑃𝑡 = 2 × (8 × 0.0042(104.176) ( ))
2
∆𝑃𝑡 = 0.0004 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Pressure Drop for Shell:

𝐺𝑠 11.557
𝑈𝑠 = =
𝜌 2.07
𝑈𝑠 = 5.58 𝑚/𝑠
From Fig.(4-8), we can get:
104
𝑗𝑓 = 0.032
𝐷𝑠 𝐿 𝜌𝑢𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑠 = 8𝑗𝑓 ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑏 2
1009.838 1.25 × 1000 2.07 × 5.582

∆𝑃𝑠 = 8 × 0.032 ( )( )
11.361 41.776 2
∆𝑃𝑠 = 21941.535 𝑃𝑎 = 21.94 𝑘𝑃𝑎
105
Chapter Five
Cost Estimation
5.1 Heat Exchanger Cost Estimation:
Material of construction for tubes is carbon steel and shall is Stainless steel
Type = Floating head
Pressure = 1 bar
Pressure factor = 1
Type factor =1
Area = 116 m2
From Appendix A:
Bare cost = 50000$
𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 × 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 50000 × 1 × 1 = 50000$
The average increase in the cost is about 2.75 per year
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑖𝑛 2019

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2019 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2004 ×
152.25
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2019 = 50000 ×
111
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2019 = 68582 $
107
5.2 Distillation Cost Estimation:
Material of construction for vessel is carbon steel From Appendix A
Material factor = 1 From Appendix A
Pressure = 1 bar
Pressure factor = 1 From Appendix A
Vessel diameter = 1.6 m
Vessel height = 8.5 m
From Appendix A :
Bare cost = 31000 $
𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 × 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 [21]
𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 31000 × 1 × 1 = 31000$
The average increase in the cost is about 2.75 per year From Appendix A

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2019 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2004 ×
152.25
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2019 = 31000 ×
111
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2019 = 42521 $
108
Chapter Six
Plant Layout & Treatment
6.1 General Design Considerations [2]
6.1.1 Health and Safety Hazards [2]
The potential health hazard to an individual by a material used in any chemical
process is a function of the inherent toxicity of the material and the frequency
and duration of exposure. It is common practice to distinguish between the
short-term and long-term effects of a material. A highly toxic material that’
causes immediate injury is classified as a safety hazard while a material whose
effect is only apparent after long exposure at low concentrations is considered
as an industrial health and hygiene hazard. The permissible limits and the
precautions to be taken to ensure that such limits will not be exceeded are quite
different for these two classes of toxic materials.
6.1.2 Environmental Considerations [2]

Vigilance is required in both the design and operation of process plant to ensure
that no harm is done to the environment. Consideration must be given to:
1. All emissions to land, air, water.
2. Waste management.
3. Smells.
4. Noise.
5. The visual impact.
6. Any other nuisances.
7. The environmental friendliness of the products.
Waste management: Waste arises mainly as byproducts or unused reactants
from the process, or as off-specification product produced through miss-
operation.
The designer must consider all possible sources of pollution and, where
practicable, select processes that will eliminate or minimize waste generation.
Unused reactants can be recycled and off-specification product reprocessed.
111
Integrated processes can be selected: the waste from one process becoming the
raw material for another.
When waste is produced, processes must be incorporated in the design for its
treatment and safe disposal. The following techniques can be considered:
1. Dilution and dispersion.
2. Discharge to foul water sewer (with the agreement of the appropriate
authority).
3. Physical treatments: scrubbing, settling, absorption and adsorption.
4. Chemical treatment: precipitation (for example, of heavy metals),
neutralization.
5. Biological treatment: activated sludge and other processes.
6. Incineration on land, or at sea.
7. Landfill at controlled sites.
8. Sea dumping (now subject to tight international control).
Noise: Noise can cause a serious nuisance in the neighborhood of a process
plant.
Care needs to be taken when selecting and specifying equipment such as
compressors, air-cooler fans ,induced and forced draught fans for furnaces, and
other noisy plant. Excessive noise can also be generated when venting through
steam and other relief valves, and from flares tacks. Such equipment should be
fitted with silencers.
6.1.3 Plant Location

Considerable care must be exercised in selecting the plant site, and many
different factors must be considered. Primarily, the plant should be located
where the minimum cost of production and distribution can be obtained, but
other factors, such as room for expansion and safe living conditions for plant
operation as well as the surrounding community, are also important .The
following factors should
be considered in selecting a plant site:
112
1. Raw materials availability
2. Markets
3. Energy availability
4. Climate
5. Transportation facilities
6. Water supply
7. Waste disposal
8. Labor supply
9. Taxation and legal restrictions
10. Site characteristics
11. Flood and fire protection
12. Community factors
6.1.4 Plant Layout

After the process flow diagrams are completed and before detailed piping,
structural, and electrical design can begin, the layout of process units in a plant
and the equipment within these process units must be planned. This layout plays
an important role in determining construction and manufacturing costs, and thus
must be planned carefully with attention being given to future problems that
may arise. Proper layout in each case will include arrangement of processing
areas, storage areas, and handling areas in efficient coordination and with regard
to such factors as:
1. New site development or addition to previously developed site
2. Type and quantity of products to be produced
3. Type of process and product control
4. Operational convenience and accessibility
5. Economic distribution of utilities and services
6. Type of buildings and building-code requirements
7. Health and safety considerations
8. Waste-disposal requirements
113
9. Auxiliary equipment
10. Space available and space required
11. Roads and railroads
12. Possible future expansion
6.1.5 Plant Operation and Control [2]

The methods which will be used for plant operation and control help determine
many of the design variables. For example, the extent of instrumentation can be
a factor in choosing the type of process and setting the labor requirements. The
engineer must recognize the importance of such factors which are directly
related to plant operation and control and must take them into proper account
during the development of a design project.
6.1.6 Utilities
These include:
1- Electric Power generated inside or outside the plant site.
2- Steam generated in reboilers using fuel or by exploiting the waste heat.
3-Water for industrial purposes can be obtained from the plant’s own source or
a municipal supply.
6.1.7 Storage
It is important to have adequate storage facilities for raw materials, intermediate
products, final products, recycle materials, off-grade materials, and fuels.
6.1.8 Materials Handling

Liquids and gases are handled by means of pumps and blowers; in pipes, and
ducts, and in containers such as drums, cylinders, and tank cars. Solids may be
handled by conveyors, bucket elevators, chutes and lift trucks.
6.1.9 Structural Design
114
One of the most important aspects in structural design for the process industries
is a correct foundation design with allowances for heavy equipment and
vibrating machinery used. The purpose of the foundation is to distribute the load
so that excessive or damaging settling will not occur. The type of foundation
depends on the load involved and the material on which the foundation acts. It
is necessary, therefore, to know the characteristics of the soil at a given plant
site before the
structural design can be started.
The allowable bearing pressure varies for different types of soils, and these oil
should be checked at the surface and at various depths to determine the bearing
6.1.10 Patent Considerations [19]

A patent is essentially a contract between an inventor and the public.
Inconsideration of full disclosure of the invention to the public, the patentee is
given exclusive rights to control the use and practice of the invention
115
Appendixes
Appendix A : Figures
Figure (4.1) Tube pattern
Figure (4.2) Overall coefficients (join process side duty to service side and read
U from center scale)
117
Figure (4.3) Shell-bandle clearance
Figure (4.4) Temperature correction factor: one shell pass; two or more even tube passes
Figure 4.5 Tube-side heat-transfer factor
118
Figure 4.6 Tube-side friction factors
Figure 4.7 Shell-side heat-transfer factors, segmental baffles
119
Figure 4.8 Shell-side friction factors, segmental baffles
Figure 6.1 Process Engineering index
120
Figure 6.2 Shell and tube heat exchangers. Time base mid-2004
Appendix B : TABLES
121
Table 6.1 Purchase cost of miscellaneous equipment, cost factors for use in
equation 6.7. Cost basis mid 2004
Table 4.2 Standard dimensions for steel tubes
122
Table (4.1) Typical overall coefficients
123
Table 6.4. Raw material and product costs
Table 4.3 Constants for use in equation of bandle diameter
124
References
1. Alain, C., Gilles, L., Pierre, L., Petrochemical Processes: Technical and
Economic Characteristics, 2th edition, 1986.
2. Alexandre, C., Costin, S., Chemical Process Design: Computer-Aided
Case Studies, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim,
2008.
3. Chen,R., Dave,K.,, Mc Avoy,T.,A Nonlinear Dynamic Model of a Vinyl
Acetate Process.
4. Contreras, J.P., Naranjo, J.C., Ramírez, S., Martínez, D.M., Vinyl Acetate
from ethylene, acetic acid and oxygen Industrial Plant Simulation.
5. Harry Silla, Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics,
Marcel Dekker, 2003.
6. Himmelblau, D., Riggs. Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical
Engineering, 7th edition, PRINTICE HALL, 2004.
7. Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 24,5th
edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
8. Ludwig, E., Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical
Plants, Volume 1, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2007.
9. Luyben, W., Tyreus, B., Luyben, M., Plant wide Process Control,
McGraw - Hill, New York, USA, 1999.
10. Perry, H., PERRY’S CHEMICAL ENGINEERS’ HANDBOOK, 7th
edition, McGraw-Hill, 1997.
11. Roscher, G., Vinyl esters in Ullmans ’ s Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry , Wiley - VCH, Weinheim, Germany , 2004.
12. Sinnott ,K., Coulson & Richardson’s CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
VOLUME 6,4th edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005.
13. Stanley M., Walas, Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990.
125
14. Sunggyu Lee, Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, Volume 5, Taylor &
Francis Group, LLC, 2006.
15. Vinyl acetate safety handling guide, April 2010.
16. Weissermel, K., Arpe , H. J. , Industrial Organic Chemistry , 3th edition ,
Wiley - VCH, Weinheim, Germany , 2003.
17. William, D., Preliminary Chemical Engineering Plant Design
18. William, L., Agency for Toxic Substances, 1992.
19. Wiley-VCH-Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry-Wiley-
VCH (2011)
20. Chemical Properties Handbook (Yaws)
21. Sinnott ,K., Coulson & Richardson’s CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
VOLUME 6,4th edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005
126

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PRODUCTION OF ACRYLONITRILE

Project Design Research

Supervised by: Dr. Anas B. Salman

This is to certify that work incorporated in the project “Manufacturing of

Name: Dr. Anas B. Salman

Name: Dr. Adel H. Rashid

Approval of the Chemical Engineering Department

‫رسولنا الكريم سيدنا محمد صلى هللا عليه واله وسلم‪.‬‬

‫الزميل ‪ :‬ياسين احمد نافع‬

‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬

1.1 physical properties for Acrylonitrile 3

2.1 Equations Reaction in Sohio Process & Conversions 14

2.2 mass & mole flow rate for reactor stream 20

2.3 mole fraction & ratio fraction Data for Absorber 23

2.4 M.B on Absorber 25

2.5 Boiling Points of Component In Distillation (1) 27

2.6 Material Balance on Acrylonitrile Recovery Column 28

2.7 Show Material Balance on HCN Recovery Column 30

2.8 Show Material Balance on Acrylonitrile Product 32

Acrylonitrile (C3H3N, mol. Wt. 53.064) is an unsaturated molecule having

Table (1.1) : physical properties for Acrylonitrile

Surface tension (Dyn /cm) 26.6

Viscosity,25c, (Cp) 0.34

Acrylonitrile undergoes a wide range of reactions at its two chemically

Today nearly all acrylonitrile is produced by ammoxidation of propene.

1.4.1 Ammoxidation Of Propylene (Sohio Process) [7]

In the Sohio process propene, oxygen (air), and ammonia are

2𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3 + 2𝑁𝐻3 + 3𝑂2 ⎯ → 2𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶 ≡ 𝑁 + 6𝐻2

In the industrial Sohio process, approximately Stochiometrical

FIGURE (1.1) FLOW DIAGRAM OF SOHIO PROCESS

1.4.2 Acetylene- Hydrogen Cyanide [7]

Acrylonitrile is produced by the reaction of acetylene and hydrogen

1.4.3 Acetaldehyde-hydrogen Cyanide Reaction [7]

Another process by Knapsack-Gresham remained industrially

1.4.4 Nitration Of Propylene [7]

It is the process no longer operated today, provides the transition at the

4𝐻2𝐶 = 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻3 + 6𝑁𝑂 → 4𝐻2𝐶 = 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 6𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑁2

A silver oxide on silica catalyst in employed, the reaction temperature being in

1.4.5 Future Processes [7]

1.4.6 Dual Process [7]

A combination of two process( i) propylene ammoxidation and (ii) addition

𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 1.5𝑂2 → 𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 (Main reaction)

𝐶2 𝐻2 + 𝐻𝐶𝑁 → 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑁

1.5 Select Process (Sohio Process ) [7]

Propylene ammoxidation using Sohio Process has following advantages

In Sohio process refinery propylene and conversional fertilizer grade anhydrous

An advantage of Cyanohydrins process is that it produces lesser amount of

Figure (1.2) : Flow sheet for production of Acrylonitrile (sohio process)

 A raw material for the production of synthetic fibers, plastics and

binders for dyestuffs and emulsifiers

1.7 Production Capacity [7]

Today over 98% of the approximately 100,000 metric tons produced

Production capacity = 120000 ton / year

Number of working days =350 days /year = 8400 hr

(15 days of regular emergency shutdown per year)

𝑡𝑜𝑛 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

Table (2.1) : Equations Reaction in Sohio Process & Conversions

𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 3⁄2 𝑂2 → 𝐶3𝐻3 𝑁 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 Conv = 80.1% ….. Eqn.1

𝐶3𝐻6 + 9⁄2 𝑂2 → 3𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2𝑂 Conv = 10.7% ….. Eqn.4

𝐶3𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶3𝐻4𝑂 + 𝐻2𝑂 Conv = 2.7% ….. Eqn.5

From ( Eqn. 6) Acrylonitrile reacts with HCN, so calculating the value of

𝐴 = 1.353 (𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝐶 ) = 𝐻𝐶𝑁 = 𝐶4𝐻4 𝑁2

From eqn (1)