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UsefulSolutions T&D
UsefulSolutions T&D
UsefulSolutions T&D
Solution
The line impedance is Z = (0.125 + j 0.4375)(16) = 2 + j 7 Ω
640
The receiving end voltage per phase is V R 36.95040 kV
3
(a) SR = 70/3 = 23.33 MVA/ph
PR = 23.33 x 0.8 = 18.67 MW/ph
IR =
23.33( MW )
(cos j sin ) 0.6315(0.8 j 0.6) (0.5052 j 0.3789) kA
36.9504(kV )
70.508 64
% Voltage Regulation = 100 10.169%
64
PR ( 3 ) 56
Transmission line efficiency = 100 95.90%
PS ( 3 ) 58.393
69.0096 64
% Voltage Regulation = 100 7.8275%
64
PR ( 3 ) 120
Transmission line efficiency = 100 94.465%
PS ( 3 ) 127.031
Solution
Z = 5 + j15 Ω
VR = 230/ 3 = 132.79 kV/ph
PR = 250/3 = 83.33 MW/ph
IR = (83.33/(0.8 x 132.79)) x (0.8 – j0.6) = 0.6275 - j0.4706 = 0.7844 36.87 0 kA
VS = VR + Z IR = 132.79 + (5 + j15)x (0.6275 - j0.4706)
= 143 + j7.06 = 143.16 2.83 0 kV
143.16 132.79
Voltage regulation = 100 = 7.81%
132.79
The leading power factor angle at which the voltage regulation is zero is given by
X IZ
/ 2 tan 1 sin 1 21.10
R 2VR
The power factor at which the voltage regulation will be zero is
cos (21.1o ) = 0.9329 leading
We know that
VS = VR + (R + jX)(I cosφ + jI sinφ)
= VR + RI cosφ – XI sinφ + j(XI cosφ + RI sinφ)
|VS| = (VR + RI cosφ – XI sinφ)2 + (XI cosφ + RI sinφ)2
2
Solution
VR = 17.32/1.732 = 10 kV
Z = 10 + j12 Ω
We have derived in the previous problem that
VS2 = VR2 + I2(R2 + X2) + 2VR I R cosφ – 2VR X I sinφ
For zero regulation |VS| = |VR|
0 = I2(244) + 2 x10 x I x10 x 0.707 – 2 x 10 x I x 12 x 0.707
0 = 244 I2 – 28.28 I
I = 28.28/244 = 0.1159 kA
PR = 3 x 10 x 0.1159 x 0.707 = 2.458 MW
4. A 345-kV, 50-Hz, three-phase transmission line is 130 km long. The resistance per
phase is 0.036 Ω per km and the inductance per phase is 0.96 mH per km. The shunt
capacitance is 0.0134 μF per km. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8 power
factor lagging at 325 kV. Use medium line model to find the voltage, current and
power at the sending end and the voltage regulation.
Solution
z = r + jωL = 0.036 + j 314 x 0.96 x10-3 = 0.036 + j 0.3016 Ω/km
Z = z l = (0.036 + j 0.3016)130 = 4.68 + j39.207 Ω
Y = j314 x 0.0134x10-6 x 130 = 0.000547 S
The BCD constants are:
A = 0.989 + j0.00128 = 0.989 0.07 0
B = 4.68 + j39.207 Ω
C = -3.525 x 10-7 + j0.000546 S
D=A
VR = 325/ 3 = 187.6 kV/ph
SR = 270/3 = 90 MVA/ph
90 ( MVA )
IR = (0.8 j 0.6) 0.3838 - j0.2878 0.4797 - 36.87 0 kA
187.6( kV )
VS = A VR + B IR = 199.41 4.014 0 kV/ph; VS(LL) = 199.41 x 3 = 345 kV
IS = C VR + D IR = 0.4211 26.010 kA
PS = 199.41 x 0.4211 x cos(30.0250) = 72.9 MW/ph = 218.7 MW
QS = 199.41 x 0.4211 x sin(30.0250) = 42.01 MVAR/ph = 124.03 MVAR
345 / 0.989 325
Voltage regulation = 100 = 7.33%
325
Solution
0
A = 0.989 + j0.00128 = 0.989 0.07
B = 4.68 + j39 Ω
C = -3.52 x 10-7 + j0.000546 S
D=A
VS = 345/ 3 = 199.19 kV/ph
IS = 400x(0.95 – j0.3122) = 380 – j124.9 A
= 190.92 4.2 0 kV/ph
VR(LL) = 3 x 190.92 = 330.68 kV
IR = 441.8 31.65 0 A
PR = 190.92 x 0.4418 x cos(27.45) = 74.85 MW/ph = 224.56 MW
QR = 190.92 x 0.4418 x sin(27.45) = 38.88 MVAR/ph = 116.65 MVAR
345 / 0.989 330.68
Voltage regulation = 100 = 5.46 %
330.68
Solution
z = (0.045 + j0.4) Ω; y = j4 x 10-6 S
zy 0.0001 j 0.0013
z
Zc (316.23 j1.778)
y
γl = 0.0018 + j0.3162
4
-4
j5.042x10 j5.042x10-4
7. A three-phase transmission line is 370 km long. The series impedance of the line is
0.524 79.4o Ω/km and the susceptance is j3.17x10-6 S/km. The voltage at the
sending end is 400 kV. (i) Find the sending end current and the receiving end voltage
when there is no load on the line. (ii) Determine the maximum permissible line length
if the receiving end no-load voltage is not to exceed 430 kV.
Solution
l zy l 0.477284.52 0
z
Zc 406.4 5.48 0
y
The A and C constants are:
A = 0.8904 1.340
C = j0.0011 S
(i) At no load:
The receiving end voltage VRNL = 400/|A| = 400/0.8904 = 449.24 kV (line-to-line)
The sending end current ISNL = C VSNL = j0.0011 x 449.24/ 3 = j0.2853 kA
8. A three-phase, 60-Hz, 765-kV transmission line is 400 km long. The line inductance
is 0.8885 mH/km per phase and its capacitance is 0.01268 F/km per phase. Assume
a lossless line. (a) Determine the phase constant, the surge impedance (characteristic
impedance), velocity of propagation, the line wave length, and the SIL (b) The
receiving end rated load is 2000 MW, 0.8 power factor lagging at 735 kV. Determine
the sending end quantities and the voltage regulation.
Solution
(a)
L = 0.8885 mH/km and C = 0.01268 μF/km
(b)
It is a lossless line. The ABCD constants are computed as:
A = cosβl = 0.8746
B = jZc sinβl = j128.33 Ω
C = j(1/Zc) sinβl = j0.001832 S
D=A
VR = 735/ 3 = 424.35 kV
PR = 2000/3 = 666.67 MW/ph
IR = (666.67/424.35) x (0.8 – j0.6) = (1.2568 – j0.5428) kA
VS = A VR + B IR = 517.86 18.150 kV/ph
VSLL = 806.96 kV
IS = C VR + D IR = 1.1 -2.460 kA
Sending complex power = s VS IS* = 1600 (MW) + j601.5 (MVAR)
806.96 / 0.8746 735
Voltage regulation = 100 39.53%
735