Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Technical Specifications Guide For Projects in Iraq PDF
Technical Specifications Guide For Projects in Iraq PDF
Technical Specifications Guide For Projects in Iraq PDF
SPECIFICATIONS
GUIDE FOR
PROJECTS IN
2013
IRAQ
Second edition
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS – SITEWORK – CONCRETE - PILES - SPECIFICATION
STEEL STRUCTURE - THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION -
FINISHING OF MATERIALS,
WORKMANSHIP
Prepared By: Ahmed. A. Elshaibani OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
WORKS
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS GUIDE FOR PROJECTS IN IRAQ
Copyright © 2010, 2013
All Rights Reserved
No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means without the written permission of the publisher.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.
Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of
references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of
all materials or for the consequences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by
any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
1
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
This book is dedicated to
Whom I owe my life and knowledge
Teacher, Mentor and Friend
2
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Contents
• SECTION 1 SCOPE OF WORKS 7
Part 1 General Information 7
Part 2 - SUMMARY OF WORK 8
• SECTION 2 SPECIFICATION 10
• DIVISION 2 SITEWORK 34
3
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 3.5 TESTING OF WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES 171
PART 1 - GENERAL 171
PART 2 - PRODUCTS 171
PART 3 – EXECUTION 172
• REFERENCES 264
4
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Preface
Finally, I hope that this booklet will serve as a useful guide for
working parties in the execution of construction projects and to
know the specifications of materials used in the fields for roads &
building to achieve optimal quality level... and success is a gift of
God.
5
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PROJECT NAME
CONTRACT No. / /
6
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 1 SCOPE OF WORKS
The objective of this proposal is seeking an economic and efficient bid from the
PC employer for the following purposes regarding to the General Technical
Specification:
a. ...........……………………………. .
b. ...…………………………………. .
c. ..………………………………….. .
d. .…………………………………… .
e. ....………………………………… .
f. ..………………………………….. .
• Steel structures and related works which will be noted in general Specification.
• Roofing-claddings
• Windows
• Doors
• Electrical Equipment
• Mechanical/HVAC system
• …………………………………………
1.02 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this tender, the following definitions shall apply:
Main Project ……………………
SBD : Standard Bidding Documents
PC : shall mean : Procurement, Construction
Client : Ministry of ……………………… of Iraq - …………………………………… .
PC Employer: A person / party who will be responsible for fabrication and supplies
material, transportation, installation and commissioning based on drawing. Also
employer shall apply the required modification and finalizing the detail design based
on existing condition of each building /site.
Sub Employer: Third Party – Who will be responsible for construction/Design as
the potential of PC employer.
Tender : Shall mean this tender for PC works
Bidder : Shall mean the legal entity receiving the tender document
Bid Proposal : Shall mean the totality of the completed tender documents and
other documents that are submitted to client by the bidder before closing date of
tender.
1.03. Location
Employer staff may be in contact with relevant disciplines of Client staff. However, formal
communications will be through Client Representative, and/or his designees, and
Employer Project Manager, and/or his designees.
Client Representative:
Postal address…
Dept. of Contracts
Email: ……………….@................
2.02 GENERAL
The Project is to be implemented by awarding the EPC Package for civil- building works.
This document defines the scope of work for the EPC Package for the integrated
Development project.
Unless specifically stated otherwise in the Contract, the Scope of Work that is issued in the
"General Technical Specification" by CLIENT shall include the performance of all activities,
and the provision of all personnel (including project management and supervision), materials,
facilities (including temporary materials and facilities), plant, consumables, services,
documentation, insurance and other items detailed, required or reasonably implied, to safety
and efficiently execute the following:
8
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Endorsement of the basic engineering detailed, procurement, fabrication, transportation,
installation, of the permanent new extension facilities based on the noted specification.
9
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 2
SPECIFICATION
DIVISION 1
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
10
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 1.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
1. General
Process structures will be water containing hydraulic structures constructed of cast-in-place
reinforced concrete. Generally, the structures will be above grade with the foundation and
lower portion below grade. Design loading and basic design criteria for structural components
of buildings, channels, water containing structures and miscellaneous structures shall be as
presented herein. These criteria are minimum standards and more conservative approaches
may be used based on the judgment of the designer.
Where permanent partitions are indicated, their actual weights are included in the dead load
acting at the given partition location. Where the use of other partitions is envisaged, an
additional imposed load should be specified for the floor area. This may be taken as a
uniformly distributed load of not less than one third of the load per meter run of the finished
partitions. For floors of offices, this additional uniformly distributed partition load should not be
less than 1.0 kN/m2.
The weights of tanks and other receptacles, and of their contents, are considered as dead
loads.
11
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Table 1 - Live Load Design Criteria
Condition Criteria
Floor (general) 4.8 kPa
Heavy Storage 12.0 kPa
Light Storage 6.0 kPa
Catwalks 4.8 kPa
Personnel Assembly Areas 4.8 kPa
Kitchens, laundries, laboratories, 3.0 kPa
Classroom
Corridors, hallways, aisles, etc., subject 5.0 kPa
to wheeled vehicles, trolleys etc.
Factories, workshops and similar 5.0 kPa
buildings (general industrial)
Pump Stations, Process Buildings, and 9.6 kPa
Process Slabs
Unrestricted Vehicular Areas AASHTO HS 20
Partitions (Present or Future) 1.0 kPa
Sidewalks and Driveways 12.0 kPa may have concentrated loads also
Sluice Gate Operator Supports As determined for individual operator, assuming 28 N
minimum forces acting on the operator handle.
Assume force acts in both directions.
Fixed Stairways 4.8 kPa and 4.5 kN concentrated
Roof 1.0 kPa
Gratings, Checkered Plates, and Minimum of 4.8 kPa and 1.33 kN concentrated, but
Hatches not less than loading for adjacent floor area (but not
less than 8.6 kPa for grating). The maximum
deflection under this loading shall be limited to L/240.
Buried Structures Use AASHTO guidelines for structures for structures
in potential traffic areas.
12
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.7 Lateral Earth Pressure
Lateral earth pressure values shall be as established by the site geotechnical investigation.
The following values may be used as a minimum:
•
2
Active pressures - 1.7 kN/m
•
2
At-rest pressures - 2.8 kN/m
•
2
Passive pressures - 12.0 kN/m
• Surcharge pressures - Use a minimum of 0.6 meter of earth for walls where vehicular
loads can come within H/2 of the wall.
• Lateral loads due to earthquakes on retaining walls - 20% of total earth pressure
forces plus 20% of the wall weight acting horizontally at 2/3 the fill height above the
base of wall.
3. Foundation Design
Foundation designs shall be per recommendation the site geotechnical investigation.
4. Concrete Design
4.1 Design Strengths
13
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
• The concrete, above-grade components of architectural non-water holding type
buildings, where the concrete is protected from moisture, shall be designed using
Strength Design Method.
• All liquid-holding concrete structures, concrete components exposed to outside
weather and backfill material, and concrete surfaces exposed to wash down or humid
process conditions shall be designed per ACI 350R and BS 8007 Codes.
Where: D = Dead Load, Lr = Roof live load, R = Rain load, H = Soil Loads, F = Fluid
Loads, W = Wind loads , E = Seismic Soil Load or Hydrodynamic Load
Check structures for maximum possible (hydraulic overflow) water level condition.
14
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
• Structural Steel - Refer to the Manual of Steel Construction, Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings ASD or LRFD in AISC, using ASTM A36 steel.
• Aluminum - Uniform Building Code, 1997 Edition and Aluminum Construction Manual,
1986 Edition.
Use the following references regarding applications for bolts.
• High strength - use ASTM A325-SC (slip critical type) for basic design for bolting
structural steel and fabricated steel where indicated on design drawings.
• Use ASTM A307 or acceptable equivalent as basis for design of all bolts that are not
in contact with water including anchor bolts, unless noted otherwise.
• Bolts for aluminum - use stainless steel bolts
• Stainless steel bolts - use Type 304 or 316 bolts for basic design for construction in
potentially corrosive environments.
Refer to appropriate ASTM specifications for design information.
15
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
The relative lateral deflection of adjacent frames (including the end frames) of sheeting
clad structures shall be limited generally to frame centers /250, unless greater values can be
shown to have no detrimental effect on the structural performance of the sheeting.
6. Buildings
All buildings will be designed in accordance with the 1997 edition of the Uniform Building
Code. Design loads will be as outlined in this section and as recommended by the Uniform
Building Code.
6.3 Masonry
Concrete masonry will be designed in accordance with IBC Chapter 21. All masonry shall
be designed as reinforced masonry with maximum vertical reinforcement spaced at 1200
mm on centers, using Type S mortar, medium weight block and Grade 60 reinforcing bars.
16
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Steel wire horizontal joint reinforcement shall be ASTM A82, Grade 80. A specified
compressive masonry strength (f'm) of 10,000 kPa shall be used in the design of masonry
walls.
Seismic, wind, and minimum interior pressure loading shall be considered. Amplified wind
loads at parapets shall also be evaluated.
A. Cold-formed steel framed wall systems, sheathed with gyp sum board, are permit ted
to resist horizontal forces produced by wind or seismic loads subject to the following:
1. Nominal shear values, used to establish the allowable shear value or design shear
value, are given in Table 3.
TABL 3
2. The shear values listed in Table 3 shall not be cumulative with the shear values of
other materials applied to the same wall unless otherwise permitted herein.
3. The nominal shear values shown are for gypsum board that is applied to both sides
of the wall.
4. Where gypsum board is only applied to one side of the wall, the nominal shear
values shall be taken as one-half of the value shown.
6. Screws used to attach gypsum board shall be a minimum No. 6 in accordance with
ASTM C 954.
7. Walls resisting seismic loads shall be subject to the limitations in Section 4.2-2.4
7.1 The roof drainage system shall be based mainly on catch basins and gutters in
accordance to general technical Specification, or the surface drainage system
shall be based mainly on open drainage ditches, and when required catch basins,
storm drains and culvert be utilized.
17
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
7.2. The surface storm water runoff shall be determined by rational method from the
following equation.
Q = 2.778 C.I.A
Where :
Q = Rate of runoff (liters/sec)
C = Runoff coefficient
I = Design rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = Area of the drained surface (hectares)
The design rainfall intensity I shall be specified in the site conditions.
The runoff coefficient C shall be taken as follows:
• Roof c = 1.0
7.3. The open drainage ditches shall be designed using the Manning’s formula. The
Manning’s formula when employed in metric system is as follows:
2/3 1/2
Q = 1/n A.R . S
2/3 1/2
V = 1/n. .R . S
Where:
Q = Rate of flow (m³/sec)
A = Cross- sectional area of the water in the drainage ditch (m²)
R = Hydraulic radius (m) where R = A/p
P = Cross- section Wet Perimeter (m)
S = Hydraulic gradient (meters per meter)
V = Velocity of the flow (m/sec)
N = Roughness coefficient
The roughness coefficient "n″ shall be taken as follows:
a. Lined drainage ditches:
• Dressed ashlar surface 0.0143
b. Free boards. or additional wall heights, shall be added above the calculated water
surface level of the drainage ditches as follows:
i. 0.10 m (minimum) for all types of ditches.
ii. The minimum velocity of flow in drainage ditches shall be 0.60 to 0.90 m/sec.
1.01 SUMMARY
A. For the duration of the Work, the Contractor shall employ a Coordination Engineer
who is technically qualified and administratively experienced in field coordination of
mechanical and electrical work required for this Project.
1.03 COORDINATION RESPONSIBILITIES
A. The Coordination Engineer shall be responsible for coordination of all mechanical and
electrical activities with that of other Sections, and shall review the effect of changes
on work of other Sections.
B. The Coordination Engineer shall coordinate progress schedules, including dates for
submittals and delivery of products. The Coordination Engineer shall:
1. Conduct meetings between parties concerned with the Work to establish and
maintain coordination, update progress schedules, and resolve coordination
matters.
2. Provide minutes of meetings and reports to all concerned parties.
3. Participate in progress meetings.
4. Report on progress of the Work and any required changes in schedules.
5. Follow-up submittals and the procurement process.
6. Review Shop Drawings, Product Data, and Samples for compliance with the
Contract Documents.
C. The Coordination Engineer shall observe the Work for compliance with the Contract
Documents. The Coordination Engineer shall check the following:
D. The Coordination Engineer shall verify information and coordinate preparation of the
Record Documents.
F. The Coordination Engineer shall observe start-up, adjustments, and test runs, The
Coordination Engineer shall observe and maintain a record of tests. The record shall
include the following information:
H. The Coordination Engineer shall liaise with the representatives of the electric utility to
determine the power supply required and all other pertinent information as required
by BS 7671 Chapter 31, and shall make all necessary arrangements for connection,
inspection, and testing. The Coordination Engineer shall schedule in advance
required utility service interruptions and such interruptions shall be approved by the
Employer.
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01 SUMMARY
A. This Section specifies the Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) activities that
the Contractor shall perform during all phases of the Contract, including:
A. The Contractor shall be responsible for all QA/QC Activities with the exception of
those additional inspections, tests, and/or audits which may be conducted by the
Employer.
B. The Contractor shall develop, implement, and maintain a Quality Plan consistent with
the requirements of this Section, that ensures all materials, equipment, installation
and performance criteria comply with the Contract Documents.
E. The Employer may sample, inspect, and test materials accepted on the basis of a
Certificate of Compliance at any time. The fact that the materials were accepted on
the basis of certificate shall not relieve the Contractor of its responsibility to use
materials which comply with the contract document.
20
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
F. If the Contractor fails to perform any or all of the provisions of this Section, the
Employer reserves the right to have the Employer perform such activities and charge
the Contractor for the actual cost of such work.
G. The Contractor shall provide equipment, instruments, qualified personnel and suitable
transport acceptable to the Employer as needed to inspect the Work and perform the
tests required by the Contract Documents.
H. The Contractor shall notify the Employer in advance to provide sufficient time to
inspect various areas or aspects of the Work while still visible. Such notification shall
be given by a written “Inspection Request” in a format acceptable to the Employer,
each and every time various areas of the Work are to be covered up so as to prevent
subsequent inspection. These activities shall be identified as Hold Points in the
Contractor’s Inspection and Test Plans and shall be allocated as directed by the
Employer.
1. If the Contractor does not notify the Employer in sufficient time to allow for
inspection before covering up installations governed by a Hold Point, the
Contractor shall remove all such materials/equipment the Employer deems
necessary to verify compliance of the Work.
2. Any delays, additional work, or additional costs attributed to the above shall be at
the Contractor’s expense.
I. The Contractor shall construct, equip, and maintain a site laboratory capable of
conducting various tests as specified herein, unless otherwise approved by the
Employer. Other tests may be conducted at manufacturer’s laboratories, government
laboratories, or independent commercial laboratories approved by the Employer.
A. SUMMARY
Shop drawings.
Product data.
Manufacturer's certificates.
21
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Manufacturer's instructions.
Samples.
B. SUBMITTALS
Preparation:
Provide separate submittal for each specification section requiring submittals. Where
multiple sections relate to the same system or element and are being provided from
the same source, a single combined submittal is acceptable.
Contractor responsibilities:
Include with each submittal a transmittal form. Sample copy of an acceptable form is
at Attachment A. Contractor's standard submittal form may be used provided it
contains essentially the same information as sample.
Sequentially number transmittal forms. Re-submittals shall have original number with
a suffix. Acceptable form of number is SSSSS-NN-T where:
Incomplete, improperly packaged, and submittals from sources other than Contractor
will not be accepted.
22
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Do not fabricate products or begin work which requires submittals until return of
acceptance.
Resubmission:
Revise and resubmit submittals as required within 15 days of return from Make re-
submittals under procedures specified for initial submittals.
C. QUALITY ASSURANCE
Field test reports: Written reports qualified testing agency indicating and interpreting
results of field tests performed either during or after installation for compliance with
specified requirements.
D. SUBMITTAL REVIEW
Will review submittals for sole purpose of verifying general conformance with design
and general compliance with Contract Documents. Approval of submittal by A/E does
not relieve Contractor of responsibility for correcting errors which may exist in
submittal or from meeting requirements of Contract Documents.
Review time Initial review within 14 days of receipt. reserves right to withhold action
on a submittal requiring review of related submittals until related submittal is received.
Additional time will be required if processing must be delayed to permit review of
related subsequent submittals. A/E will review re-submittals within 14 days.
Review actions: After review, will return submittals marked as follows to indicate
action taken:
23
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
requirements of Contract documents. Final acceptance will depend upon that
compliance.
Not approved, revise and resubmit: Do not proceed with part of work covered by
submittal including purchasing, fabricating, and delivering. Revise or prepare new
submittal in accordance with notations and resubmit.
PART 2 – PRODUCTS
A. The Contractor shall develop and implement Quality Control Procedures, in a format
acceptable to the Employer, in an effort to prevent non-compliances from being
incorporated into the Work. Quality Control Procedures shall also be developed to
identify and document those non-compliances which do occur and track them until
corrective action is taken and preventive action is implemented. As a minimum,
Quality Control Procedures shall be submitted to govern the following activities:
B. In addition to providing a step by step description of the work (in sequential order),
method statements shall also clarify the following:
A. The Contractor shall develop and submit Inspection and Test Plans, in a format
acceptable to the Employer, for all major activities encountered during the course of
the work such as, pipe laying and testing, construction of manholes or chambers,
equipment installation, and commissioning and other as necessary to assure that all
inspections and tests are conducted to confirm compliance with the Contract
Documents. The Inspection and Test Plans shall be developed to monitor activities
on a step-by-step basis in sufficient detail and to indicate the following:
24
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2. Type and frequency of test required.
3. Acceptance or rejection criteria.
4. Reference to records which document compliance.
5. Mechanism to identify which inspections/tests will be verified by the Employer or
independent inspection agency.
PART 3 – EXECUTION
3.01 GENERAL
A. The Employer may perform additional inspections and test at the place of the
manufacture or the shipping point to verify compliance with applicable Specification
requirements. Inspections and tests performed by the Employer shall not be
considered a guarantee that materials delivered at a later time will be acceptable. All
costs associated with unacceptable materials being delivered to the Site shall be
borne by the Contractor.
B. Inspections and tests conducted by persons or agencies other than the Contractor
shall no way relieve the Contractor of its responsibility and obligation to meet all
Specifications and referenced standards.
3.02 MATERIAL/EQUIPMENT RECEIVAL INSPECTION AND STORAGE
A. The Contractor shall develop and implement written control procedures to assure that
all materials and equipment are inspected upon arrival to confirm compliance with the
Contract Documents and that all materials and equipment are properly handled and
stored according to the contract requirements and/or the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
B. The Contractor shall be responsible for handling, storing and preserving equipment
and material from the time of receipt to the time of acceptance by the Employer.
D. The Contractor shall identify equipment and material requiring special handling or
storage. The Contractor shall provide a cold store for any materials which may be
damaged by excessive heat.
E. The Contractor shall identify all materials and equipment so that they are traceable
throughout all inspections, test activities, and records. For stored items, the
identification method shall be consistent with the expected duration and type of
storage.
PART 1 – GENERAL
1.01 SUMMARY
A. This Section specifies the scheduling activities to be performed by the contractor and
includes, but is not limited to, the following:
B. The approved construction schedule shall be the baseline schedule against which all
progress is measured.
1.02 DEFINITIONS
B. The Project Construction Schedule (PCS), covers the overall Time for completion as
specified in Document I. The Contractor shall be required to plan, perform and
coordinate his works to meet the time requirements of the project, including making
due allowances for the work of other package Contractors.
E. Critical Path: The longest continuous chain of activities through the network schedule
that establishes the minimum overall project duration.
G. Activity: A discrete part of a project that can be identified for planning, scheduling,
monitoring, and controlling the construction project. Activities included in a
construction schedule consume time and resources.
26
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
J. Float is the measure of leeway in activity performance. Accumulative float time
belongs to the Owner.
1. Free float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without adversely
affecting the early start of the following activity.
2. Total float is the measure of leeway in starting or completing an activity without
adversely affecting the planned project completion date.
The Contractor shall prepare and submit for approval a WBS in the Construction
Standard Institute (CSI) Master Format for traditional construction activities. The
WBS shall be used in conjunction with the Integrated Master Schedule (IMS) to
report, verify, analyze, and monitor construction cost and schedule status. All tasks
required under this TO shall be included in the WBS, in sufficient level of detail to
provide a basis for analysis and field verification. At the Conceptual Work Plan
(CWP) stage, the WBS will contain a minimum of two levels of detail. At the
Implementation Work Plan (IWP) stage, the WBS will contain a minimum of three
levels of detail.
B. The contractor shall provide a Planning Engineer familiar with Critical Path Methods
(CPM) with suitable qualifications and experience in construction projects of
comparable complexity.
C. The contractor shall provide its staff with all necessary computer equipment and
software to create and update all specified schedules and reports.
1.04 SUBMITTALS
A. The contractor shall submit the credentials of its Planning Engineer for the Employer
approval.
B. The contractor shall develop and update all schedules and reports as specified within
this Section. The contractor shall provide sub-schedules for each stage of work. In
addition to the required number of color prints, the contractor shall provide all the data
and the schedules on a computer diskette for review by the Employer.
C. The contractor shall submit design and construction schedules (Work Programmer)
within two weeks (14 days) of signing the Employer Agreement. The schedules shall
include proposed network diagrams, bar charts, resource histograms, progress S-
curves, mathematical analyses, etc. along with written certification that relevant
Lower Tier contractor have reviewed and accepted the proposed schedule.
D. The contractor shall review all schedules and network diagrams jointly with the
Contractor. After review, the Contractor shall revise the schedules as required by the
Contractor and shall re-submit the schedules within one week for approval.
E. Following the Employer’s approval of the schedule, the contractor shall distribute
copies of updated schedules to Lower Tier contractors, suppliers, and other
concerned parties. The contractor shall request Lower Tier contractors, suppliers, and
other concerned parties to promptly report in writing all problems anticipated by
projections shown in schedules.
F. Neither the Employer’s approval of the schedule nor any changes to the schedule
shall affect the contractor’s obligation to complete the Work within the specified time.
Neither the Employer’s approval of the schedule nor any changes to the schedule
27
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
shall affect the contractor’s obligation to use safe and efficient methods of
construction with suitable equipment to obtain high quality work compliant with the
Contract Documents.
PART 2 – PRODUCTS
A. General Requirements
The Contractor shall prepare and submit an IMS for approval. The IMS shall detail the
project schedule and status through the use of Gantt charts and Critical Path Method
(CPM) analysis. The project shall be monitored, and progress/status shall be reported
bi-weekly against the baseline IMS. The baseline for the IMS shall be adjusted at each
modification to the TO that has an appreciable (>5%) impact to either the cost or the
schedule. The IMS shall be used in conjunction with the WBS to report, verify, analyze,
and monitor construction cost and schedule status and progress. All tasks required
under this TO shall be included in the IMS, with sufficient level of detail to provide a
basis for analysis and field verification of progress utilizing the Earned Value
Measurement System. Construction Progress reporting will be based on the accrued
value of measured and verified physical completion of WBS tasks. The IMS shall be
prepared utilizing the CSI Master Format 2004 for identification of Definable Features
of Work. At the CWP stage, the IMS will contain a minimum of two levels of detail. At
the IWP stage, the IMS will contain a minimum of three levels of detail, be resource
loaded, provide sufficient detail to adequately monitor and analyze the progress of the
project. The Contractor will submit for approval and maintain the IMS with current
progress data utilizing Primavera or compatible software. The reports shall be provided
in native file format readable by Primavera or compatible software.
28
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
D. Details
1. The contractor shall provide sufficient details to enable the Contractor to evaluate
the contractor’s planned schedule and to monitor progress on a day to day basis
throughout the project.
2. The activities shall be selected such that the duration is generally less than 21
calendar days.
3. The schedule shall represent an accurate, efficient, reasonable and feasible plan
for accomplishing the work.
E. COST LOADING
1. Within Seven (7) days of obtaining approval of the Construction Schedule, the
Contractor shall submit for the Engineer's approval a cost loaded Construction
Schedule with a fully detailed schedule of values and all necessary supporting
details of all activities in the cost loaded Construction Schedule based upon the
priced Bills of Quantities, and the total shall equal the Contract Price.
2. The approved cost loaded Construction Schedule shall be the basis for calculating
progress payments pro-rata to the work performed.
3. Revision to the Construction Schedule may require re-allocation of costs. Revised
activity cost data shall be submitted with the updated Construction Schedule.
4. Cost allocation per activity shall be spread throughout the duration of the activity
on a direct linear relationship.
5. Cost allocation for specific activities shall be approved by the Engineer's
Representative.
6. Cost/Schedule Status Report (C/SSR) as follow
a. The Contractor shall prepare C/SSRs, which summarize performance
information for program management purposes as specified in each individual
cost reimbursement TO. The C/SSR contains contract data, including original
and current contract values and management estimate at completion,
performance data, and narrative explanations which present information on
significant cost, schedule variances, contractual problems, or other areas of
interest. The C/SSRs will be submitted with the biweekly invoices for this TO.
b. The Contractor shall develop Earned Value charts as part of the Cost/Schedule
reporting requirements. In addition, the Contractor shall populate tracking web
sites as specified by the COR.
1. Overall schedule
2. Detailed bi-monthly schedule
3. Handing over schedule
G. The contractor shall tabulate each activity in the detailed network diagrams using
calendar dates and shall identify the following for each activity:
1. Activity number
2. Activity description
3. Duration of activity in work days
4. Earliest start date
5. Earliest finish date
6. Actual start date
29
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
7. Actual finish date
8. Latest start date
9. Latest finish date
10. Total and free float
11. Monetary value of activity
12. Manpower and plant usage for each activity.
13. Percentage of activity completed
14. Responsibility
15. Work area code.
H. The analysis program shall be capable of compiling monetary value of completed and
partially completed activities, of accepting revised completion dates, and
recompilations of all dates and float.
I. Required Sorts
A. The contractor shall include all procurement related activities for long lead items in
the Construction Schedule.
1. These activities may be submitted as a separate “Off Site Activities” Schedule
upon written approval by the Contractor.
2. Off site activities shall be properly correlated and interrelated to the Construction
Schedule.
3. Show all restraints and dependent activities which may affect the Construction
Schedule.
4. Long lead items shall be considered as equipment or materials which require
more than one month between the time an order is placed and the time the item
is delivered to the project site.
B. The “Off Site Activities Schedule” shall include but not necessarily be limited to:
1. Activities for submitting, ordering, manufacturing, fabricating and delivering long
lead items to the project site.
2. Significant construction related activities performed by the contractor away from
the project site, including material and equipment purchase and delivery.
3. contractor’s drawings and submittals for long lead items.
4. Required off site inspection activities by the Client or the Employer.
C. contractor shall be solely responsible for expediting material and equipment deliveries
to ensure the latest approved Construction Schedule is maintained.
D. Notify the Employer in writing whenever it is anticipated that the delivery date of any
material or equipment will be later than shown on the latest approved Construction
Schedule.
30
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 3 - EXECUTION
A. Progress Schedule
1. The contractor shall develop the monthly Progress Schedule by updating the
Design and Construction Schedule every month to reflect the actual progress of
the works against the baseline schedule.
2. The contractor shall submit two copies of the preceding month’s Progress
Schedule marked with the proposed updates and revisions.
3. The contractor shall Indicate the following in the mathematical analysis, which
accompanies the updated schedule:
B. Progress Reports
1. The Contractor shall maintain daily recording of actual start and actual finish
dates of each activity, enter these data to the construction programmer in the
computer, enter the percentage of completion (or remaining duration) to each
activity, run time analysis by the computer.
2. The contractor shall submit a report two days before each progress meeting
which summarizes progress.
3. The format of the report shall be acceptable to the Employer.
4. The required information shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the
following:
a. Generate Planned and Actual “S” curves to monitor the progress of various
elements of the Employer as instructed by the Employer. Weight factors for
these curves should be approved by the Employer. Percentage of actual
progress achieved against planned shall be submitted on a weekly basis.
b. Work progress whether in the mills, shops or in the field,
c. Existing status of all Works, rate of progress, estimated time of completion
and cause of any delay (if any),
d. Description of Work accomplished since submission of previous progress
schedule,
e. Comparison of actual work status against the contractor’s previous Progress
Schedule.
f. Status of equipment and material deliveries.
g. Details of project work for the next week/month.
h. Summary of all testing and results.
i. Information regarding any design changes.
j. Information regarding any variations.
k. Summary details of inspections and approvals to proceed with work.
l. Records of manpower, plant etc. compared to programmed requirements.
m. Information required by the Client.
n. Weather records.
o. Records of delays and stoppages with reason therefore
p. Value of work done.
q. Cash flow forecast.
r. Progress photographs.
s. Changes or additions to Contractor’s supervisory personnel since the
proceeding progress report.
t. Causes of any delays.
31
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
u. Changes in logic, construction sequence and activity duration, including an
explanation of why the changes are necessary.
v. Proposed actions by the Contractor to restore the schedule to the contractual
Time for Completion, including what is being done or what is planned to be
done in each problem area.
w. Identify anticipated problems or changes and present plan to deal with them
so as to minimize or prevent delays.
5. Updates and revisions to required schedules and reports shall not modify or limit,
in any way, the contractor’s obligations under this Contract; including but not
limited to the Contract Time, Contract Completion Dates, Contract Milestone
Dates, etc.
6. Recovery Schedule: If at any time, as a result of updating the programmed, it
should appear to the Engineer that the project is delayed by more than 10%, the
Engineer may request the Contractor to submit a recovery schedule which shows
the planned corrective measures to complete the project on time. This schedule
shall be used for Progress Monitoring only while the approved programmed shall
remain the contract programmed for assessment of all contractual issues.
A. Contractor shall submit to the Employer at the end of each calendar month or as
otherwise agreed a valuation of the total work done with all items set out in full in
accordance with of the Conditions of Contract.
A. The contractor shall provide with each change, an activity diagram showing the revised
activities and the changes affecting their interdependence.
B. Any request for an extension of the contract completion date by the contractor shall be
supported by all documentation deemed necessary by the Employer.
C. The contractor shall submit proof based on a revised activity diagram for each extension
in order for the Employer to consider its acceptance.
D. The schedule must clearly display that the activities in the schedule have used all of the
available float time in the request.
E. Activities which do not affect the contract completion date will not be considered for a time
extension request.
End of Section
32
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
NOTE
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………....
33
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DIVISION 2
SITEWORK
34
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 2.1 – GENERAL FOR EARTHWORK AND SITE PREPARTION
A. SUMMARY
A. This Section specifies general requirements for earthworks and site preparation and
including:
B. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
A. Demolition shall include removal of all below grade structures foundations, piles and
pipes cables, etc., and restoration to original conditions unless otherwise approved by
the Employer.
B. The Drawings are based on existing record drawings and may not show all items to
be removed. The Contractor shall examine the site as necessary before bidding to
review conditions and determine the actual extent of demolition required.
D. The Contractor shall obtain required permits from the governing authorities and pay
for all associated licenses, permits and inspections required by these authorities.
A. The Contractor shall provide interior and exterior shoring, bracing and support as
necessary to prevent movement, settlement or collapse of both, facilities to be
demolished and adjacent facilities which are designated to remain.
B. The Contractor shall maintain and protect utilities which are to remain against
damage during demolition.
C. The contractor shall cover and protect equipment, fixtures, surface finishes and floors
remaining in the demolition area to prevent soiling or damage.
35
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
E. The contractor shall maintain and protect utilities which are to remain against damage
during demolition.
F. The contractor shall provide bypass connections where necessary to serve occupied
portions of facilities.
The contractor shall clear, from all areas planned for the work, all buildings, materials,
debris, etc, prior to the cutting and filling work taking all necessary precautions to
prevent damage to the existing road structures and buildings or other facilities, in the
area, which shall not be demolished.
1.04 EARTHWORK
A. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Earthwork shall comply with the following requirements unless approved by the
Employer.
3. All excavation and backfilling shall be performed in dry conditions and shall be
maintained in accordance with Part 2.
4. Earthwork shall be constructed to the lines, grades, elevations, slopes, and cross
sections indicated on the Drawings. Allowance shall be made as required for the
thickness of any pavement, blinding concrete, lining, and riprap.
5. All excavations shall be stepped back at a safe and stable slope no steeper than
1 vertical to 1 horizontal.
8. Trial holes shall be carried out as necessary to confirm existing soil conditions
and determine exact location of utilities or other obstructions.
9. Line and level of structures shall be as shown on the Drawings, unless otherwise
approved by the Employer. The Contractor shall not deviate from the specified
lines or levels without the written approval of the Employer. Unless approved by
the Employer, any deviation in line or levels, along with any additional
excavation, dewatering, backfilling, thrust blocks, valves, air and vacuum
assemblies, blow off assemblies, extra pipe lengths, manholes or other
appurtenances which may be required, shall be at the Contractor’s expense.
36
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
10. Before starting excavation, the Contractor shall accurately peg out the limits of
the excavation and the Contractor shall survey and record the existing ground
level as agreed with the Employer. Adequate working space shall be provided in
all excavations for safe operating procedures. Unless otherwise accepted by the
Employer, structure excavations shall extend at least 1.5 m beyond the
horizontal limits of the foundation or structure.
11. When the work is carried out adjacent to or across the line of existing services,
the Contractor shall maintain all services and utilities.
12. The bottom of the excavations shall be properly trimmed off and compacted to
provide a firm and uniform bearing at formation level.
A. Soil investigation reports or soil boring logs may be provided by the Employer. Such
documents are for information purposes only. The Employer does not warrant the
correctness of the information provided, nor does it guarantee any statements,
opinions, or conclusions contained in the documents. The provision of such
documents does not relieve the contractor of its obligation to conduct a thorough
investigation of the Site and the sub-soil conditions therein, nor does it relieve the
contractor of its obligations and responsibilities under this Contract. Boring logs and
related information made available to the contractor depict subsurface conditions only
at the specific locations and at the particular time designated on the logs. Soil
conditions at other locations may differ from conditions occurring at the boring
locations, and the passage of time may result in a change of the subsurface
conditions or water levels at the boring locations. The Employer will not be liable for
any loss sustained by the contractor if conditions encountered during progress of the
work differ from the borings, samples, tests, and/or reports provided. Information
made available to the contractor, either in these documents or in any other source,
will not relieve the contractor of its responsibility to establish the exact nature and
extent of the Work. The contractor shall assume all responsibility for:
B. Contractor's Responsibilities
1. The contractor shall be deemed to have visited the Site before submitting its
Tender, to have conducted all necessary inspections and investigations, and to
have allowed for the following conditions in its Tender:
Prior to commencement of the work, the contractor shall check the existing bench
marks and reference points located on or out of the site as indicated. The contractor
shall establish newly standard bench marks and points for the works within the site
with the agreement of the Engineer.
a. Traversing
Prior to execution of the works the contractor shall check the existing reference
points, and the results shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval.
b. Principal points
Principal points shall be established taking advantage of the existing reference points.
Individual principal point posts shall be of wood, 15cm x 15 cm size, with an indicating
nail on the top, the surface of the post above the ground shall be painted white.
c. Bench marks
When establishing bench marks within the site, a minimum of one (1). back and forth
leveling operation shall be carried out. Establishment of temporary bench marks shall
be determined and performed by the contractor. Temporary bench mark posts shall
be of wood, 12cm x 12cm x 100cm in size, with an indicating nail on the top, the
surface of the post above ground shall be painted.
d. Other survey
Setting out for survey shall be done with the agreement of the Engineer.
The Engineer may issue instructions or orders for surveys to supplement those listed
above or for different surveys with which the contractor shall promptly comply and
carry at this own expense.
A. Suitable fill material shall consist of excavated or borrow material free from rubbish,
vegetation, perishable matter, tree and plant stumps, and other objectionable matter.
B. Suitable fill material shall comply with the requirements in Table 1, unless otherwise
approved by the Employer.
C. When sufficient quantities of suitable fill materials cannot be obtained from site
excavations, additional material meeting the requirements of Table 1, shall be
obtained from approved borrow areas. The Contractor shall be responsible for the
arrangement and payments for all borrow material.
TABLE 1
SUITABLE FILL MATERIAL
LOAD NON-LOAD
TEST STANDARD BEARING BEARING
MATERIAL MATERIAL
Maximum particle
- 75 mm 150mm
size (rocks)
Passing 0.075mm BS 1377: Part 2: Method 9.2 25% maximum -
Liquid limit BS 1377: Part 2: Method 4.5 35% maximum 40% maximum
Plasticity index BS 1377: Part 4: Method 5 10% maximum 10% maximum
1
CBR BS 1377: Part 4: Method 5 15% minimum -
Water Soluble Salts BS 1377: Part 3: Methods 5 & 7 5% maximum -
1. Compacted to 95% MDD and soaked for 96 hours.
38
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
1.08 PLACEMENT OF FILL MATERIAL
B. Field Compaction
1.09 GEOTEXTILES
A. Geotextiles for general earthworks shall comply with the requirements of Section 2.4.
B. The handling, placement, and installation of geotextiles shall be carried out strictly in
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
D. Trucks shall not be permitted to drive over the geotextile. The placement of
geotextiles shall be coordinated to ensure that trucks do not cause damage to the
material.
END OF SECTION
39
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 2.2 – STRUCTURE EXCAVECATION AND BACKFILL
2.01 SUMMARY
A. This Section specifies requirements for excavation and backfilling for structures
and anti-termite treatment.
2.02 REFERENCES
A. Product manufacture, testing and installation shall comply with the following
references, unless otherwise approved by the Contractor.
1. BS 1377 - Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes.
2.03 DEFINITIONS
A. The following definitions shall pertain to words or phrases as used in this Section.
B. Testing Laboratory
1. Testing of all materials shall be carried out by a suitably equipped site laboratory
or in an independent laboratory as described in Section 4.4.
2. During the course of the work, tests shall be carried out under the supervision of
the Employer, to:
3. The Contractor shall maintain a daily log of all tests carried out for the Employer’s
review.
C. Test Methods
1. Compaction tests to establish maximum dry density for all soils shall be
determined by BS 1377: Part 4: Method 3.5/3.6.
2. In situ density of compacted soils shall be determined by BS 1377: Part 9 Method
2.1 or 2.2 (as appropriate).
3. Cone penetration test TRL Method or BS 1377.
40
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
D. Testing
A. Delivery, storage and handling shall be according to the method statement along with
the following provisions:
A. All excavations shall be stepped back at a safe and stable slope no steeper than
1 vertical to 1.5 horizontal, unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
B. Trench boxes, caissons, sheet piling or other means of soil support may only be
used in areas of limited access and only with the Employer consent.
1. Before using any soil support systems, the contractor shall furnish, a method
statement and drawings showing all details of the soil support system he
proposes to use, together with all relevant calculations prepared by a qualified
structural engineer. No excavation work shall start until the Employer consent
is obtained. Such consent shall in no way relieve the contractor from its
contractual obligations and responsibilities to provide a safe, dry, and stable
excavation.
2. All components of any soil support systems shall be removed, unless
otherwise approved by the Employer. Removal shall be conducted in a
manner to prevent damage to pipe or structures. Any voids left behind shall
be carefully filled and compacted. Every precaution shall be taken by the
contractor to prevent slips and falls of earth and other materials in
excavations.
3. If in the opinion of the Employer, the support provided by the contractor is not
satisfactory, the contractor shall provide support as directed by the Employer.
The absence of the Employer direction or action by the contractor in
accordance with the direction of the Employer shall not relieve the contractor
of its obligations under the Employer.
41
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4. Underpinning, shoring, or other protective measures required for buildings,
structures, and apparatus or adjoining excavations shall be provided by the
contractor as approved by the Employer.
5. If for any reason, any portion of the excavation gives way, the contractor shall
at its own expense take all necessary remedial measures, including the
excavation and removal of all soil thereby disturbed.
B. The height and slope of any temporary tips alongside the trench excavation
shall be stabilized at all times.
C. Where the nature of the material permits, the contractor’s temporary storage
facilities shall allow for separate storage for various grade materials.
D. Any excavated material that is not required or is found to be unsuitable for re-
use, shall be removed from site, and disposed in a legal manner by the
Subcontractor.
A. The bottom of the excavation shall be properly trimmed off and compacted to
provide a firm and uniform bearing at formation level.
42
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.09 EXCESS EXCAVATION TO BE RESTORED
A. Care shall be taken to prevent excavation below the designated formation level.
1. If the Contractor excavates below the formation level, he shall restore the same
with Grade 17 concrete, unless otherwise instructed by the Employer.
2. Excess excavation required due to deterioration of soils shall be restored with
Grade 17 concrete, unless otherwise instructed by the Employer.
3. Overburden removed during excavation which extended under neat lines of slabs
at changes in elevation shall be restored with Grade 17 concrete.
4. The Contractor, at its own expense, shall remove from the Site all material
resulting from excess excavation below that required for the foundation.
B. All voids or changes in elevation below slabs shall be restored up to neat lines with
Grade 17 concrete, unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
2.10 BACKFILLING
A. A vapor barrier (polythane sheet at least 100 microns thick) shall be placed below all
floor slabs, unless noted otherwise.
B. Sheeting joints shall be lapped at least 300 mm and taped together.
END OF SECTION
43
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 2.3 – DEWATERING
3.01 SUMMARY
A. Dewatering operations shall comply with the following requirements, unless otherwise
approved by the Employer.
1. The Contractor shall furnish, install, operate, and maintain all equipment and
appliances necessary to keep excavations free from water during construction at
all times.
3. The Contractor shall ensure that the static water level will be drawn down to a
depth of at least 300 mm below the bottom of the excavation as required to keep
the bottom of the excavation dry.
4. The Contractor shall maintain dewatering at all times during construction so that
no groundwater comes into contact with the pipe, exposed reinforcement, or
unprotected concrete surfaces. Failure to comply with the above shall entitle the
Employer to condemn the affected section of Work and demand complete
removal and replacement at the Contractor’s expense.
5. If the Contractor fails to maintain the excavations in dry conditions acceptable to
the Employer, the Employer reserves the right to employ a professional
dewatering employer on the Contractor’s behalf. All costs attributed to the above
shall be at the Contractor’s expense.
A. All well-point systems shall conform to the following requirements, unless otherwise
approved by the Employer.
44
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.04 SUMP PUMPING
A. Sump pumps may only be used with the Employer’s permission where rocky or very
dense strata are encountered.
B. If approved, sump pumping shall comply with the following requirements, unless
otherwise approved by the Employer.
C. If excavation faces become unstable, the sump shall be abandoned and other
methods of dewatering shall be used.
D. If approved by the Employer, well-points and like items may be abandoned in place.
Any such approvals shall be in writing.
END OF SECTION
45
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 2.4 - SERVICE ROADS, PARKING AREAS AND FOOTPATHS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01 SUMMARY
A. This Section specifies requirements for all road works and footpaths.
1.03 REFERENCES
A. Product manufacture, testing and installation shall comply with the following
references, unless otherwise specified or unless otherwise approved by the
Contractor.
1.04 DEFINITIONS
A. The following definitions shall pertain to words or phrases as used in this Section:
47
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
13. “Borrow material” shall mean suitable fill material taken from an approved
source.
14. “Ruts” shall mean grooves cut into any road surface by vehicular traffic.
15. “OMC” shall mean optimum moisture content.
16. “MDD” shall mean maximum dry density.
17. “CBR” shall mean California bearing ratio.
18. “Prime Coat” shall mean a thin film of liquid asphalt applied on a previously
prepared untreated soil.
19. “Tack Coat” shall mean a thin film of liquid asphalt applied on a previously
prepared bituminous course or to an existing bituminous surface.
20. “Foot Path” shall mean a passage paved by interlocking blocks for pedestrian
traffic.
21. “Coarse aggregate” shall mean that material retained on a 4.75 mm sieve.
22. “Fine aggregate” shall mean that material passing a 4.75 mm sieve.
A. Product manufacturer, testing and installation shall comply with the following
requirements, unless otherwise approved by the Contractor.
1. Paving shall conform to the lines and levels on the drawings unless otherwise
approved by the Contractor.
2. All materials for use in construction shall be obtained only from sources
approved by the Contractor.
3. The specific source of materials shall not be changed without prior written
approval of the Contractor.
4. If the grading and quality of material delivered to the site does not conform to
the grading and quality as previously inspected and tested or does not
comply with the specifications, the Contractor may reject such material at the
site of the work.
5. Sufficient materials shall be stored in stockpiles to allow for testing and
approval of such materials before use in works.
1.06 SUBMITTALS
A. Product Approval
1. The Contractor shall submit sufficient information to the Contractor, before
purchase, according to Section 1.3. Such information shall include at least
the following, unless otherwise required by the Contractor.
a. Manufacturer’s name.
b. Supplier’s name.
c. Product name (if applicable).
d. Product description.
e. Manufacturer’s technical data.
f. Storage instructions.
g. Relevant test results of all materials specified.
h. Application or installation instructions.
i. Mix design (if applicable).
j. Details of asphalt plant, location and calibration results
k. Aggregate report.
l. Borrow pipe location.
B. Samples
D. The contractor shall submit shop drawings according to Section 1.3 for at least
proposed roadway Sections.
E. The Contractor shall prepare a mock-up meeting the requirements of Section 1.3
for at least the following installations or as requested by the Employer:
2. Rock Fill
49
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. Sub-Base
4. Road Base
5. Wet-Mix
7. Binder Course
A. Before dispatch from the factory, the Contractor shall notify the Employer, in
sufficient time to allow the Employer or his representatives to inspect and test the
products, if so desired.
1. Start of excavation
2. Start of backfilling
3. Start of free draining material
4. Start of stabilizing material
5. Start of rockfill
6. Start of subgrade
7. Start of sub-base and road base and wet mix mixing and laying.
8. Start of prime coat and tack coat application.
9. Start of bituminous paving mixtures.
10. Sampling and testing.
50
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
C. Testing Laboratory
2. During the course of the work, all required tests shall be carried out under the
supervision of the Employer, to ascertain the suitability of materials according
to this speciation.
3. The Contractor shall maintain a daily log of all tests carried out for the
Employer’s review.
D. Test Methods
1. Compaction tests to establish maximum dry density for all soils shall be
determined by BS 1377: Part 4: Method 3.5/3.6 as appropriate.
2. In situ density of compacted soils shall be determined by BS 1377: Part 9
Method 2.1 or 2.2 (as appropriate).
3. Cone penetration test: TRL Method or BS 1377 as directed by the Employer.
E. Testing
B. Delivery
C. Storage
1. Protect geotextile fabric against direct sunlight and completely off form the
ground and as recommended by the manufacturer.
2. Edges of pre-cast concrete kerbs/concrete paving blocks shall be protected
to prevent staining, chipping or spillage of concrete.
3. Equipment and methods used for stockpiling aggregates and for removing
aggregates from the stockpiles shall be approved by the Employer.
4. Bitumen
52
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
A. Free draining material, for placement in wet conditions, shall conform to the
following requirements.
TABLE 1
Sieve Size (mm) Percent Passing
37.5 100
10.0 30 to 100
5.0 0 to 50
0.600 0 to 30
0.075 0 to 5
2. The grading shall not vary from the maximum to the minimum limits of
adjacent sieves.
3. Ten percent fines value (BS 812: Part III): 50 kN minimum.
A. Stabilizing material, for unstable conditions, shall comply with the following
requirements as approved by the Employer.
1. Crushed Aggregates
TABLE 2
Sieve Size (mm) Percent Passing
50.0 100
28.0 80 to 100
14.0 60 to 85
5.0 40 to 70
2.0 20 to 50
0.850 5 to 25
0.425 0 to 10
0.180 0 to 2
53
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.04 FILL MATERIAL
A. Suitable fill material shall conform to the requirements of Section 5.1. All fill
material for road works shall be of load bearing quality.
2.05 SUBGRADE
A. Suitable subgrade materials shall conform to the requirements of Table 3, unless
otherwise approved by the Employer.
TABLE 3
Test Standard Criterion
Organic impurities BS 1377: Part 3: Method 3 2% Maximum
Acid soluble sulphate content BS 1377: Part 3: Method 5 2% Maximum
Acid soluble chloride content BS 1377: Part 3: Method 7 2% Maximum
CBR at 95% of the MDD (96 hrs soaked) BS 1377: Part 4: Method 7 30 Minimum
Fines passing through No 200 sieve BS 1377: Part 2:Cl. 9.2 (Wet) 25% Maximum
Liquid limit BS 1377: Part 2: Method 4.5 35% Maximum
Plasticity Index BS 1377: Part 2: Method 5 6% Maximum
Maximum Particle Size - 63 mm
Notes:
a. Higher sulphate content maybe acceptable when carbonate content is in
the range of 30% to 40% in accordance with BS 1377: Part 3: Method 6.
b. Higher chloride content may be tolerated provided that the ratio of
(carbonate plus sulphate) to chloride content is maintained at
approximately 15:1.
c. Dry density / moisture content test shall be carried out to BS 1377: Part
4. Method 3.5/36 as appropriate.
4. Geotextiles for placement below stabilizing material shall comply with Table
4A.
54
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 4A - GEOTEXTILE FABRIC FOR STABILISING MATERIAL
Description Test Method Minimum Physical Characteristics
2
Weight EN965 125 g/m
Thickness under load (700
EN964-1 0.7 mm
kPa)
Tensile strength EN-ISO-10319 12 KN/m
Puncture resistance EN-ISO-12236 2000N
2
Flow rate EN-ISO-11058 80L/m s
A. Sand to be laid over geotextile shall be crushed black sand from a source
approved by the Employer and the sieve analysis shall performed in accordance
with BS 812: Part 103.
TABLE 5
Sieve Size (mm) Percent Passing by Wet Sieving
5.0 100
2.0 65 – 90
0.425 30 – 50
0.150 10 – 30
0.075 2 – 10
2.08 ROCKFILL
A. Rockfill shall be 100% hard durable crushed rock of suitable size, free from
organic matter, shale and other deleterious material. Rockfill shall bind readily to
form a stable mass with sound, smooth, well-knit upper surface free from loose
material. Rockfill material shall conform to the requirements in Table 6, unless
otherwise approved by the Employer.
TABLE 6
Sieve Size (mm) Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3
175 100 - -
125 25 to 60 100 -
63.0 5 to 40 25 to 60 -
37.5 - 0 to 15
28.0 0 to 10 -
20.0 0 to 5
10.0 100
5.00 85 to 100
2.36 60 to 80
0.425 40 to 60
0.150 20 to 30
0.075 10 to 20
Physical Requirements (applicable to all layers)
Soundness (MgSO4 ), after 5 cycles 10% Maximum
Los Angles Abrasion 40% Maximum
Thin and elongated pieces by weight (thickness less than 1/5 of 5% Maximum
length)
Clay lumps and friable particles 0.25% Maximum
Specific gravity (apparent) 2.6 Minimum
Soluble Salts (layer 3) 5% Maximum
Note: 1. All layers of rock fill material shall be of the same kind of rock in nature and color.
2. If approved by the Employer, other suitable grading may be used.
55
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.09 CONCRETE KERBS
B. Pre-cast kerbs shall conform to BS 7263: Part 1: 1994 except as modified in this
Section.
C. This Section covers non-mountable kerbs, dropped kerbs, heel kerbs, quadrants,
flush kerbs, kerb ramps, noses, channel blocks and edgings.
1. Cement
2. Aggregates
TABLE 7
ASTM Sieve Size (mm) % By Weight Passing
20.0 95 to 100
14.0 80 to 100
10.0 60 to 85
5.0 40 to 65
2.36 22 to 42
1.18 12 to 32
0.600 7 to 23
0.300 4 to 15
0.150 2 to 10
0.075 0 to 2
E. Manufacturer
a. They shall be uniform in color free from cracks, flaws of other defects and
shall have well defined arises.
b. If required by the Employer 100 mm diameter cores shall be taken from
the pre-cast elements to ascertain that the concrete strength is not less
than specified value.
2. Fabricate units using steel or other approved molds in compliance with the
approved manufacturing and testing procedures.
3. Quality control recommendations and dimensional tolerance in accordance
with BS 7263: Part 1: 1994.
4. Elements shall be manufactured to the designated dimensions as shown on
the Contract Drawings, unless otherwise directed by the Employer.
5. Precast kerbs shall be formed by elements 900 mm long where required to
be laid in straight lines, unless otherwise approved by the Employer. May be
reduced to 200 mm long where required to be laid to curves depending on
the radii of the curves.
6. Cure units by either:
a. Low pressure steam;
b. Steam vapor;
c. Radiant heat and moisture;
d. Other similar process as approved by the Employer.
F. Finishes
A. Cast in-situ kerbs (if allowed by the Employer) shall comply with the following
except as modified by the Employer.
9. Water Absorption
a. The total sulphate content shall not be more than 4.0% by weight of the
cement in the mix.
b. The total chloride content (as NaCl) shall not be more than 0.15% weight
of mix.
C. Bedding Sand
1. Shall consist of non-plastic, black crushed sand meeting the following
properties, unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
TABLE 8
Sieve Size (mm) Percent Passing by Wet Sieving
10 100
5.0 95 – 100
2.36 80 – 100
1.18 50 – 85
0.300 10 – 30
0.150 5 – 15
0.075 0–3
Test Standard Limit
Clay, silt and dust content (Wet sieve) BS 812: Part 103.1 3.0% Maximum
Sulphates (SO4) BSI 377: Part 3 Method 5 0.3% Maximum
Chlorides (Cl) BSI 3777: Part 3 Method 7 0.5% Maximum
TABLE 9
Sieve Size (mm) Percent Passing by Wet Sieving
2.36 100
1.18 90 to 100
0.300 15 to 50
0.075 0 to 3
E. Kerb stones compliant with Section 2.09 shall be provided for edge restraint,
unless otherwise agreed by the Employer.
A. Hard, durable gravel and/or crushed gravel or crushed stone with sand and silt.
TABLE 10
Percentage By Weight Passing
Sieve Size (mm)
Type A Type B Type C Type D
75 100 - - -
50 95-100 100 - -
25 - 75-95 100 100
9 30-65 40-75 50-85 60-100
4.75 25-55 30-60 35-65 50-85
2.36 16-42 21-47 26-52 42-72
0.3 7-18 14-28 14-28 23-42
0.075 2-8 5-15 5-15 5-20
CBR at 95% MDD (96
45% 35 30 20
hour soaked) (Minimum)
59
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 11
Test Standard Limit
BS 1377: Part 2 : Method
Liquid Limit Maximum 25%
4.5
Plasticity Index BS 1377 : Part 2 : Method 5 Maximum 6%
Organic Material BS 1377 : Part 3 : Method 3 Maximum 2%
SO3 Content BS 812 : Part 118 Maximum 5%
Acid Soluble Chloride (by weight of
BS 812: Part 117 Maximum 1%
aggregate)
Gypsum Content CaSo4 2H2O SO3 Content * 2.15 Maximum 10.75%
Total dissolved solids BS 1377 : Part 3 : Method 8 Maximum 10%
Flakiness Index BS 812: Part 105.1 Maximum 35%
Elongation Index BS 812: Part 105.2 Maximum 15%
Ten Percent Fines Value BS 812: Part III Minimum 50 KN
Los Angeles Abrasion ASTM C131/C535 Maximum 45%
Soundness (MgSO4), after 5 cycles ASTM C88 Maximum 12%
Linear Shrinkage BS 1377: Part 2: Method 6.5 Maximum 3%
Compaction Test (MDD) BS 1377: Part 4: Method 3.6 Minimum 2.1 Mg/m
Sand equivalent value ASTM D2419 Minimum 30%
Notes: 1. Samples are to be collected as described in ASTM D75.
2. If no road base is used minimum in-situ density shall be 98% MDD and the CBR
shall be increased to 80 at 100% MDD.
1. One sample every 1500 m³ shall be tested for complete analysis unless
otherwise approved by the Employer.
2. One in-situ density tests shall be made every 1000 m² of granular sub base
laid, unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
3. One in-situ density shall be carried out for every 200 liner meter of shoulder
or foot path, unless otherwise approved the Employer.
1. The amount of crushing shall be such that at least 75% (by weight) of the
pieces retained on 4.75 mm sieve shall have at least one mechanically
fractured face.
2. Material shall consist of uniform mixtures of gravel and or crushed gravel with
sand, silt and clay conforming to the following gradation limits.
60
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 12
Sieve Size (mm) % by Weight Passing
37.5 100
25 80-100
12.5 50-80
4.75 30-60
0.425 10-30
0.075 5-15
TABLE 13
61
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 14
Sieve Size
Present Passing
(mm)
50.0 100
37.5 95 to 100
20.0 60 to 80
10.0 40 to 60
5.0 25 to 40
2.36 15 to 30
0.600 8 to 22
0.063 2 to 8
TABLE 15
D. If the grading and other specified properties of the material delivered to the site
does not conform to the same properties of originally approved samples or does
not comply with the specification, the Employer reserves the right to reject such
materials at the site of the work. If required by the Employer the Contractor shall
submit to the Employer the original invoices for any delivery of mineral
aggregates including filler.
TABLE 16
Base Course/ Wearing
Test Standard
Binder Course Course
Los Angeles Abrasion ASTM C131/C535 Maximum 40-35% Maximum 30%
Aggregate Crushing Value BS 812: Part 110 Maximum 25% Maximum 20%
Soundness (MgSo4), after
ASTM C88 Maximum 18% Maximum 18%
5 cycles
Flakiness Index BS 812: Part 105.1 Maximum 25% Maximum 25%
Elongation Index BS 812: Part 105.2 Maximum 15% Maximum 15%
Water Absorption ASTM C128/127 Maximum 2% Maximum 2%
Acid Soluble Chlorides (by
BS 812: Part 117 Maximum 0.1% Maximum 0.1%
weight of aggregate)
Acid Soluble Sulphate (by
BS 812: Part 118 Maximum 0.5% Maximum 0.5%
weight of aggregate)
BS 1377: Part 3
Organic Impurities Maximum 0.05% Maximum 0.05%
Method 3
63
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
F. Determination of Crushed, or Uncrushed Face Of Aggregates
1. General
2. Definition
3. Apparatus required
TABLE 17
Maximum Nominal Size (mm) Minimum Mass (kg)
37.5 15
25.0 10
20.0 5
12.5 2
10.0 1
6. Wash the sample thoroughly through a 2.36 mm sieve and dry it in an oven
until a constant mass is achieved. If approved by the Employer a hot plate
may be used in lieu of oven.
7. Cool the sample to room temperature and sieve it again through the 2.36 mm
sieve.
8. Weigh the sample retained on 2.36 mm sieve and record the mass to the
nearest 1 gm (M1). Discard the material passing 2.36 mm, if any.
9. Spread the sample on a clean surface and visually examine each individual
particle for the number of crushed faces and sort out as follows:
64
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
10. Calculate the percentage of aggregates which have the same number of
uncrushed or partially crushed or fully crushed as follows and report the
values to the nearest 1%.
M2
Uncrushed Particles% (UCP) = X 100
M1
M3
Fully Crushed Particles% (FCP) = X 100
M1
M4
Partially Crushed Particles (PCP) = X 100
M1
11. Fine Aggregates (Those passing a 4.75 mm sieve). Shall not be flaky or
elongated and shall be clean and free from organic matters, clay or any other
detrimental material.
G. Fine aggregate shall be obtained from 100% crushed gravel or crushed rock,
unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
TABLE 18
Test Standard Limit
Soundness (MgSo4), after 5 cycles ASTM C88 Maximum 5%
Plasticity Index BS 1377: Part 2: Non-Plastic
Method 5
Acid Soluble Chlorides (by weight BS 812: Part 117 Maximum 0.1%
of aggregate)
Acid Soluble Sulphates (by weight BS 812: Part 118 Maximum 0.5%
of aggregate)
Organic Impurities ASTM C40 Color of supernatant liquid shall be
lighter than standard color solution
Water absorption ASTM C128 2.0% Maximum
Note : 1. Samples shall be collected according to ASTM D75
3
2. One sample every 1500 m shall be tested for complete analysis.
3. Frequency and tests on hot bin aggregates shall be as directed by the Employer.
H. Filler Material
1. When the combined grading of the coarse and fine aggregates is deficient in
material passing the ASTM No. 200 sieve, external mineral filler shall be
added as approved by the Employer at the Contractor’s expense.
2. Mineral filler shall consist of finely ground particles of limestone or cement in
accordance with ASTM D242.
3. Mineral filler shall be thoroughly dry and free from organic substances and
clay.
4. At the time of use it shall be sufficient dry to flow freely and essentially free
from agglomerations.
65
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
J. Bitumen Binder
TABLE 19
Grade 40/50 GRADE 60/70
AASHTO
Test Min- Max- Min- Max-
Method
imum imum imum imum
Penetration at 25°C 100g, 5 sec. D5 40 50 60 70
Flash Point, Cleveland Open Cup, °C D92 232 - 232 -
Ductility at 25°C, 5 cm per minimum, cm D113 100 - 100 -
Solubility trichloroethylene, % D2042 99 - 99 -
Thin film oven test
D1754 - 0.80 - 0.8
3.2 mm, 163°C, 5 hr Loss on heating, %
Penetration of residue % of original D5 52 - 55 -
Ductility D113 - - 50 -
0
Kinematic viscosity (centistokes) at 135 C D2170 280 - 240 -
Softening points (Ring and ball app.) D36 51 55 48 52
11. Only the bitumen represented by the approved sample shall be used by the
Contractor.
12. Blending of bitumen from different refineries will not be permitted.
13. One full analysis shall be carried out on a sample from every 80 ton
A. When tested according to ASTM C117 and ASTM C136, the combined
aggregates shall conform to the following grading having a smooth curve to the
appropriate limits and shall not vary from the low limit on one sieve to the high
limit on the adjacent or vice-versa.
66
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 20
% by Weight Passing
ASTM Sieve
Wearing Course
Size (mm) Base Course Binder Course
Type A Type B
37.5 100 - -
25.0 90 - 100 100 -
19.0 76 - 90 90 - 100 100
12.5 56 - 80 70 - 90 90 - 100 100
9.5 48 - 74 56 - 80 76 - 90 90 – 100
4.75 29 - 59 35 - 65 44 - 74 55 - 85
2.36 19 - 45 23 - 49 28 - 58 32 - 67
0.300 5 - 17 5 - 19 5 - 21 7 - 23
0.075 2-8 3-9 4 - 10 4 - 10
1. Combined aggregate as finally selected for use in the work shall have a
grading within the limits designated in the Table 20 and shall be acceptable to
the Employer.
2. Base course limit may vary from the low limit on one sieve to the high limit on
the adjacent or vice-versa with the Employer’s approval.
3. Wearing course shall be continuously graded from coarse to fine.
G. Design Criteria
As showed in table 21
67
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 21
Base Binder Wearing
Properties
Course Course Course
Bitumen Content (% of total mix) Marshall
3 to 5.5 4 to 6 4 to 6
Specimens
Immersion – Compression (ASTM D 1075)
Minimum 70 Minimum 70 Minimum 70
Index of Retained Strength (%)
Air voids in total mix (VIM %) 3 to 6 3 to 5 3 to 5
Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA %) Minimum 12 Minimum 13 Minimum 14
Voids filled with Bitumen (VFB %) 55 to 75 60 to 80 65 to 85
Stability (KN) Minimum 5 Minimum 7 Minimum 8
Flow (mm) 2 to 4 2 to 4 2 to 4
Minimum Minimum
Stiffness (kg/mm) Minimum 500
450 500
Loss of Marshall Stability by submerging
specimens in water at 60° C for 24 hours Maximum Maximum Maximum
compared to stability measured after 25% 25% 25%
submersion in water 60° C for 30 minutes.
Filler/Bitumen Ratio 0.9 to 1.4 0.9 to 1.4 0.9 to 1.4
VIM after compaction to refusal Minimum
2%
Note: 1. The exact percentage of bitumen to be used shall be fixed by the Employer on
the basis of the laboratory mix and full scale plant trial mix results.
1. Mix approved for use in the works shall be designed using Marshall tests.
2. Field trials with the following recommendations shall be taken into account.
a. For base course, the Marshall tests shall be modified by substituting all
aggregate sizes over 25 mm with an equal weight of aggregate sizes in
the next lower grading size.
b. Combined aggregate gradation should be adjusted within the allowable
limits to achieve maximum stability whilst not going below the minimum
requirement for void content.
c. Minimum bitumen binder content should be used according to the results
of the Marshall Method of Mix Design, provided that it will still satisfy all
the specified requirements.
d. Before final approval, the proposed job mix, but with a bituminous content
at the upper percentage limit shall be compacted to refusal (400 to 600
blows). Resulting voids in the mix shall be not less than 2%.
e. Final job mix shall display all characteristics as specified for Asphaltic
Concrete mixes.
f. Mix formula shall take into consideration the absorption of bitumen into
the aggregates
(VMA – VIM)
VFB = X 100
VMA
68
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
iv. After receiving approval of the aggregates and bitumen from the
Employer, the Contractor shall make a written request for the
approval of the job-mix formula from the Employer at least thirty, (30)
days before the date he intends to begin production of plant-mix
“Bituminous Paving Course” Mixes. Formula will be prepared by the
Contractor under the supervision of the Employer in the Laboratory.
v. The laboratory job mix formula shall define: percentage of aggregate
passing each required sieve size, percentage of bitumen binder to be
added to the aggregate, temperature at which the mix is to be
emptied from the mixer, and temperature at which the mix is to be
delivered to the works site.
vi. Laboratory job mix formula shall be used for the basis of approval of
the job standard mixture.
vii. Before the start of the permanent work, “mock-ups” or trial areas
having lengths of at least 30 m shall be laid to the specified layer
thickness outside the area of the permanent work for the Employer’s
approval.
a. Materials used in the trials shall be those approved for use in the
bituminous paving courses.
b. Equipment used shall be that according to the Contractor’s
approved method statement and the program of work.
c. The object of these trials is to determine:
1. Aggregate grading
2. Binder content
3. Stability
4. Flow
5. Marshall Density
4. Voids
5. Road density
6. Stiffness
7. Filler/Bitumen ratio
8. Voids filled with bitumen
viii. If the laboratory job mix formula fails to produce a satisfactory trial,
the mix proportions may be modified by agreement with the
Employer, within the applicable specification requirements to produce
a mix of satisfactory workability and acceptable surface finish.
ix. All mixes produced shall conform to the properties of Job Standard
Mix approved by the Employer, within the ranges of tolerance
specified in Table 22.
x. Should a change in a material be encountered or should a change in
a source of material be made, a new Job-Standard Mix shall be
submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Employer before
the mix containing the new materials is delivered. Job materials will
be rejected if they do not possess the same characteristics of the
approved Job Standard Mix.
J. Samples of bituminous paving course mixes shall be taken from the mixing plant
and/or behind the paver before compaction, as decided by the Employer, to
check compliance with the approved job mix requirements.
K. Density of the compacted mixes shall be related to the job standard density or the
daily Marshall Density at the option of the Employer, which shall be determined
by making four Standard Marshall specimens from samples of the mix taken from
the mixing plant or paver.
1. Density of each sample shall be determined and compared with the mean
value.
2. Any individual result, which varies from the mean by more than 0.015 g/cc,
shall be rejected.
3. Marshall tests shall be repeated on a daily basis to establish the daily
Marshal Density for that particular day’s production.
4. Daily Marshall Density shall not vary from the Job Mix Design Density by
more than + 1%.
L. Assistance of the Employer in the preparation of the job standard mix shall in no
way relieve the Contractor of his responsibility for producing a bituminous mix
meeting the requirements of the Specifications.
1. Coarse and fine aggregate shall be stored at the asphalt plant in such a
manner that separate stockpiles will not become intermixed.
70
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
a. Stockpiles shall be of sufficient size to provide a minimum quantity of one
week’s continuous production of asphalt mix.
b. Aggregates brought to the asphalt plant to supplement stocks should be
tested and approved before placing in the existing approved stockpiles.
2. Cold bins shall be calibrated with the materials to be used and the settings
shall be such as to produce a combined gradation in accordance with the job
mix formula.
a. Proportioning shall be such that surpluses and shortages in the hot bins
will not occur.
b. Neither the dryer nor the screens shall be overloaded.
c. All the above shall be as approved by the Employer.
a. Moisture content of the heated and dried materials shall not exceed
0.5%.
b. Quantity of materials fed through the drier shall in all cases be held to an
amount, which can be thoroughly dried and heated within the limits
specified.
4. Immediately after heating, the aggregates shall be screened into at least five
sizes and conveyed into separate bins ready for batching and mixing with
bituminous materials. When the aggregates supplied are of such size and
grading that separating into five bins is impractical, the number of required
separations may be reduced to four or to three with the approval of the
Employer.
5. Efficiency of the screening operations shall be sufficient to produce (at plant
operating capacity) gradations (in all sizes of heated and dried aggregates)
which are reasonably uniform and result in the production of a mix complying
with the limits specified for the aggregate gradation.
2. Initial mixing time will be designated by the Employer. Mixing time may be
increased by the Employer if additional time is necessary to obtain a
homogeneous mix and satisfactory coating.
71
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. Timing at the batch plant for mixing shall begin at the start of the introduction
of the bitumen into the pugmill.
4. Length of mixing time for continuous plants will be determined by the
following formula or other approved methods:
1. Bitumen material
a. One sample shall be tested for penetration and Ring ball test for every 80
tones or part thereof, unless otherwise agreed by the Employer.
2. Aggregate
3. Bituminous mix
a. One sample of mix shall be obtained from at least every 200 tones or part
thereof.
b. Test Method
Bitumen content ASTM D2172
Grading ASTM C117 & C136
Density ASTM D2726 or by nuclear ASTM D2950
Stability and flow ASTM D1559
Void contents MS - 2
c. Loss of Marshall stability shall be tested for at least every 7,000 tones
and shall be as specified in the previous section.
A Prime coat shall be a medium curing cut back asphalt (MC-70) conforming to
AASHTO M82/75 or ASTM D2027 except as modified in Table 23 or as accepted
by the Employer.
72
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 23
Limits
Test Standard Min- Max-
imum imum
0
Saybolt Frugal viscosity at 50 C (60 to 120 sec.) ASTM D88 70 120
Flash Point, Tag open Cup, 100°C ASTM D3143 38 -
Distillation : ASTM D402
Distillate (% of total distillation to 360°C.)
To 225° C - 20
To 260° C 20 60
To 315° C 65 90
Residue from distillation to 360° C, % by volume ASTM D402 55 -
difference
Tests on residue from distillation:
Penetration at 25° C, 100g 5 sec. ASTM D5 120 250
Ductility at 25° C, cm ASTM D113 100 -
Solubility in trichloroethylene, % ASTM D2042 99 -
Water content, % volume ASTM D95 - 0.2
A. Tack coat shall be slow setting emulsified asphalt, grade SS-1h (anionic) or CSS-
1h (cationic) conforming to AASTO M208/72 or ASTM D977 as shown in the
Table 24 below or as accepted by the Employer.
TABLE 24
Limits
Test Standard
Minimum Maximum
Saybolt Furol Viscosity at 25° C, seconds ASTM D88 20 100
Storage Stability Test, 24 hrs, % - 1
Residue by distillation ASTM D402 57 -
Tests on residue from distillation:
Penetration 25° C, 100g 5 sec. ASTM D5 40 90
Ductility 25°, 5 cm/min.cm ASTM D113 40 -
Solubility in trichloroethylene, % ASTM D2042 97.5 -
A. Thermoplastic materials shall comply with BS3262 (super imposed type) hot-
applied thermoplastic road marking materials and shall be suitable for road
surface temperature of up to 80°C, unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
Proportions, testing requirements and type of materials used shall be as
mentioned in the Contractors approved method statement.
73
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
B. Road marking paint shall be either chlorinated rubber, one pack epoxy or alkyd
based or equivalent specifically made for road painting and as approved by the
Employer. Shall be suitable for applying by brush or mechanical means to
cement concrete or bituminous pavement to give a chemically stable film of
uniform thickness.
C. Yellow paint shall be standard color BS 381C No. 355, except where an
alternative shade has been specified in the Contract. Contain not less than 6%
by mass of a suitable yellow pigment.
D. White paint shall contain no less than 6 percent by mass or titanium dioxide as a
pigment conforming the type A (anatase) type R (rutile) specified in BS 1851 or
approved by the Employer.
A. Permanent traffic signs shall be refectories and shall comply with the following
requirements except as modified here under or as directed by the Employer.
D. All sign plates shall have clean, smooth edges cut to the required shape of the
sign and shall be etched and degreased to the sign sheeting manufacturer’s
specifications before application of the sheeting.
1. Sheeting shall have the manufacturer’s guarantee for a period of not less
than 5 years for “Engineering Grade” and 7 years for “High Intensity”.
2. Rear faces shall be non-reflective grey and should give a similar life span to
the sign face.
3. Reflective sheeting shall be fixed to the sign plate either with a heat activated
adhesive using vacuum applicator or with a pressure sensitive adhesive
using a pressure roller in accordance with the sheeting manufacturer’s
instructions.
4. Sign faces shall be formed from a single piece of reflective sheeting, but if for
any reason the sign face shall be fabricated from more than one piece of
material all joints in the material shall be over lapped by not less than 6 mm
and where sheeting is applied to extruded sections it shall extend over the
top and bottom edges of the sections by not less than 3 mm. No butt joints
shall be permitted and in horizontal joints the overlap shall be from the top.
74
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
5. Sheeting, after application to the sign base, will not come off at the edges nor
shall it peel off or warp.
a. Surface shall be smooth, flat and free from any bubbles, pimples, edge
chipping or edge shattering.
b. Surface shall be washable and weatherproof.
G. All rivets or other devices fixing sign plates to their framework shall be of non-
staining steel or other materials approved by the Employer and shall have a
sufficient cross sectional area to prevent failure from thermal stresses or wind-
pressure or such other stresses as may be specified.
1. All rivet and bolt holes shall be edge-sealed with clear lacquer after the
application of the plastics sheeting.
2. Rivets shall be spaced at not more than 150 mm apart, around the outside
edge of the sign plate and on cross braces the spacing shall be not more
than 300 mm.
3. Any rivet brought through the sign face shall be colored to match the sign
face.
4. Any rivet or other device fixing sign plates to their framework shall have
protective washer of nylon or other approved insulating material inserted
where they would be in contact.
H. All materials shall be supplied in new and unused condition except in so far as
they have been tested in the course of manufacture.
A. 1 part cement to 1 part sand with 1/5 part hydrated lime with sufficient water to be
plastic.
75
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01 GENERAL
A. Site preparation and clearing shall comply with Section 5.1, unless otherwise
approved by the Employer.
3.03 DEWATERING
A. Before the placement of any fill materials, the Contractor shall conduct trial
compaction tests as directed by the Employer.
1. Fill material used in the trials shall be with the proposed borrow or excavated
material.
2. Compaction equipment to be used shall be that specified and acceptable to
the Employer.
3. The object of these trials shall be to determine the optimum moisture content
and the relationship between the number of compaction equipment passes
and density for the proposed borrow materials.
B. Compaction of fills shall be carried out at the moisture content determined by the
trials.
1. Fill material which does not contain sufficient moisture to obtain the required
compaction shall have additional water incorporated therein by the use of
approved sprinklers and mixing.
2. Material containing an excess of the amount of moisture required to obtain
the necessary compaction shall not, without written approval of the Employer,
be incorporated in the fill until it has been allowed to dry before compaction.
Drying of wet material may be expedited by disking or other approved
methods.
3. During construction of the roadway the road bed shall be maintained in such
a condition that it will be well drained at all times.
4. The Contractor shall make allowances in the height and width of the work for
any swelling or shrinkage.
1. Work shall be carried out to adhere to the designated slopes, levels and
depths.
2. After adjustment of the moisture content to that required to attain maximum
density, the loose material shall be compacted to obtain the specified density.
3. Maximum layer thickness shall be 150 mm, unless otherwise agreed by the
Employer.
76
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
D. Placement of fill materials at points inaccessible to normal compaction equipment
shall be made in horizontal layers of loose material not exceeding 100 mm in
depth and thoroughly compacted by the use of mechanical tampers.
E. When fill materials are to be placed and compacted on slopes steeper than 3 to 1
the following shall apply, unless otherwise approved by the Employer. If the
embankment shall be benched in steps or prepared as directed by the Employer.
The width of the benching shall be enough to permit the operations of placing
equipment.
F. If the original surface upon which the embankment is to be placed is an old road
bed, the surface shall be ploughed, scraped and broken up regardless of the
height of the embankment and compacted as directed by the Employer.
a. The top 100 mm above this surface shall be blinded with the crushed
stabilizing material and compacted with 10 Ton vibrating roller for at least
6 passes to create a dense well bonded surface.
b. Stabilizing rock fill shall be used only if the area cannot be stabilized with
other suitable materials.
c. The thickness of stabilizing rock fill material shall be as directed by the
Employer.
I. Density to which suitable fill layers shall be compacted is 95% MDD, unless
otherwise approved by the Employer.
A. After site clearing the upper portion (300 mm below formation level) of the
existing subgrade (cut area) shall be sampled and tested to confirm suitability of
the material.
B. After the foregoing work has been accomplished, the entire subgrade shall be
shaped to a smooth uniform surface. Excess material which cannot be disposed
of by normal drifting to the low spots during blading and shaping operations shall
be removed and placed in other areas deficient in materials or disposed of in an
approved manner.
C. Once prepared, the subgrade shall be maintained in the finished condition until
the first succeeding course of subbase or base material has been placed.
3.06 COMPACTION
A. Contractor shall carry out the compaction of fills as specified after grading and
leveling the surface to be compacted.
B. After carrying out the grading, leveling, scarifying, pulverizing, and other work as
required, the Contractor shall add the necessary amount of water (within 3% of
the MDD) to obtain a suitable moisture content for compaction. Fill shall be
thoroughly turned over after adding each lot of water so as to achieve a
homogeneous moisture content throughout the whole thickness of the layer.
78
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
C. Before compacting, samples from the pulverized fill will be taken and tested
according to standard procedures in order to establish the moisture content.
E. Rolling shall be carried out in the direction of the road axis until the fill reaches
the required density.
1. In crowned sections, rolling shall start from both edges of the road in the
direction of the axis.
2. If the road is super elevated, rolling shall start from the lower side and
continue to the higher side.
3. In order to compensate for the amount of water lost in evaporation in the
course of compaction, additional quantities of water shall be added as
required.
G. No layer shall be covered by the next layer until it has been tested, inspected and
approved by the Employer.
H. Saline water for earthworks shall only be permitted if the percentage of water
soluble salts in the compacted fill does not exceed 3% by weight of dry soil.
A. The Contractor shall furnish and place geotextile fabric as shown on the
drawings.
a. Void space shall not be left between the geotextile and the ground
surface.
b. If the geotextile is damaged during installation a geotextile patch shall be
placed over the damaged area extending beyond the damaged area a
minimum of 500 mm.
79
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. In the event the width of the proposed area for fabric requires more than one
panel width of fabric, the panels shall be overlapped a minimum of 300 mm
on firm ground and 1.0 m on soft uneven ground.
a. Longitudinal joints in the fabric shall have an overlap of at least 500 mm.
b. To prevent slippage of the overlapping fabric, the areas of overlap shall
be stabilized as approved by the Employer with anchor blocks, or
aggregate piles etc.
c. On curves the geotextile may be folded or cut to conform to the curves.
4. In the event construction machinery is used to place the fabric, the working
platform for the machinery shall be the soil subgrade and not the previously
laid fabric.
5. After placement of the geotextile fabric, the Contractor shall spread a 50 mm
thick layer of crushed black sand over the geotextile fabric.
6. Subsequent layers of material shall not be dumped directly on the fabric, nor
shall the haul trucks run on the fabric.
A. If shown on the drawings, rock fill for each layer shall be laid and compacted in
the following manner, unless otherwise indicated on the drawing or agreed by the
Employer.
st
1. The thickness of 1 layer shall be180 mm.
nd
2. The thickness of 2 layer shall be 120 mm
rd
3. The thickness of 3 layer shall be 50 mm.
B. An Inspection request shall be sent to the Employer before the placement and
after completion of each layer.
1. Subsequent operations shall not be carried out until each layer of rock fill has
been approved by the Employer.
st
C. Geotextile shall be provided before the placement of 1 layer.
D. A trial area shall be prepared by the Contractor and the materials shall be spread
and compacted in an approved manner. Samples shall be collected and tested in
the presence of the Employer to check the compaction and penetration of fines.
E. The rock fill shall be spread and compacted on site using the approved
equipment and procedures as developed from the trials. Variation from the
80
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
approved methods or the use of plant not included previously will be permitted
only if the Contractor can demonstrate to the Employer that the required
compaction can be achieved by the alternative method.
F. Each layer shall be spread over the full width of the embankment.
G. Compaction shall proceed from outer edge progressing gradually towards the
centre.
H. The surface of the second layer shall be prepared in a manner approved by the
Employer. Ensure a smooth surface free from ruts, ridge is obtained according to
the proper cross section
nd
I. The whole surface of the 2 layer shall be carefully filled and compacted with
rd
sand from the 3 layer in order to fill all voids. The finished surface shall be hard,
smooth, free from lean patches, and be suitable for the operation of paving
equipment.
J. The average thickness of each individual layer shall not be less than the specified
thickness.
1. At any point the thickness shall not be less than 90% of the specified
thickness.
2. The finished surface of the rock fill at any point chosen by the Employer shall
be within ±20 mm.
K. The variation between two points on testing with a 3 mm straight edge shall be
within ±20 mm.
L. Sampling and testing shall be carried out at one location in each layer for every
750 m or part thereof, unless otherwise agreed by the Employer.
A. Precast kerbs shall be set to the lines and grades as shown on the Drawings,
unless otherwise agreed with the Employer.
81
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
8. Joints between radius kerbs, shall have a width not greater than 4 mm and be
filled with a cement/sand (1:3 ratio) grout with 1/5 part hydrated lime and
sufficient water to make the mixture plastic and easily smoothed.
9. Bull noses and curved faces shall be of constant radius with the smooth
change from radius to plain face.
10. A grooving tool shall be used to produce a smooth, circular section groove
not more than 3 mm deep in all joints.
11. Grouted joints shall be cured by an approved method to the Employer’s
satisfaction.
12. Joints between straight kerbs shall have a width of 4 mm and be filled with
the above specified grout, unless otherwise directed by the Employer.
13. Immediately after any concrete is in place and for 7 days thereafter the kerbs,
base backing and mortared joints shall be fully cured and protected from
drying out and against the harmful effects of weather, including rain and rapid
temperature changes.
14. Method of protection shall be subject to the Employer’s approval.
15. Use of colored curing membranes will not be permitted.
16. Concrete not properly cured and protected will be rejected and shall be
removed from the works.
17. Expansion joints shall be placed as shown on the Drawings, unless otherwise
approved by the Employer.
18. Every 9 meters (or as directed by the Employer) the joint between kerbs shall
be filled with an approved joint filler 10 mm thick. The filler shall extent
through the kerbs, bed, backing and channel and shall be trimmed to the
finished slope of the kerb and channel.
19. At access points the kerbs (including the bed backing) shall be dropped to
shown a face of 75 mm or as shown on the drawing.
20. At the end of any kerb run, the end element shall be sloped down to ground
level and angled away from the road at 30 degrees.
21. All kerbs shall be painted with approved materials to the satisfaction of the
Employer, unless otherwise agreed by the Employer. The pattern of the
painting and the Lower Tier Contractors (if any) shall be approved by the
Employer.
22. Krebs shall be level within a tolerance of ±3 mm at each end of the element,
to the designated lines and grades.
A. In-situ kerbs shall be laid to the lines and grades as shown on the drawings.
82
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.11 GRANULAR SUB-BASE
A. After the formation has been inspected and accepted by the Employer, granular
sub-base shall be placed, as shown on the drawings.
a. At the time of compaction the moisture content of the laid material shall
not vary by more than + 2% of the optimum moisture content.
b. The grading of the placed materials shall be checked by taking samples
from an area 0.5 m x 0.5 m from the full depth of the layer for every 1000
3
m of material laid.
B. Sub-base shall be compacted to not less than 98% of the maximum dry density
as determined in accordance with BS 1377: Part 4 : Method 3.6, unless otherwise
agreed by the Employer.
A. Compaction Trials
1. If directed by the Employer, before the start of the aggregate road base
operations, the Contractor shall construct trial lengths as directed by the
Employer.
a. Materials used in the trials shall be those approved for use as aggregate
road-base.
b. Equipment and plant used shall be that according to the Contractor’s
approved detailed program of work
2. Trial lengths may not form part of the permanent works but may be permitted
in the construction of temporary detours of sufficient length.
83
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. Object of these trials is to determine:
4. Contractor may proceed with the aggregate road-base work only after the
methods and procedures established in the compaction trials have been
approved by the Employer.
B. After the previous work has been inspected and accepted by the Employer,
approved road-base material shall be placed as shown on the drawings.
a. Be well closed.
b. Free from movement under the compaction plant.
c. Free from compaction planes, ridges, cracks, or loose material.
84
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
a. At any stage in the mixing, transportation, spreading or compaction
process the Employer may instruct the Contractor to carry out the
specified tests.
b. If any layer of aggregate road-base material, or part thereof, is permitted
to dry out after compaction, or does not conform to the specified
requirements or finish, the Contractor shall, at his own expense, remove
water, rework or re-compact the material, as directed by the Employer,
before the next layer of aggregate road-base or subsequent pavement
layers are placed.
C. Finishing
1. Before the start of each activity, an inspection request shall be sent to the
Employer for inspection and tests.
2. Surface of the finished aggregate road base will be tested with a 3 m
straightedge by the Employer at selected locations.
a. Variations of the surface from the testing edge of the straight edge
between any two contacts with the surface shall at no point exceed 10
mm when placed on or parallel or perpendicular to the centerline of the
roadway.
b. Cross section as shown on the Drawings shall not vary by more than 10
mm from the required elevation.
a. All humps and depressions and thickness deficiencies exceeding the
specified tolerance shall be corrected by removing the defective work or
by adding new material as directed by the Employer.
b. Any work necessary to reshape the surface shall be at the Contractor’s
expense.
A. Compaction Trial.
1. Before the start of laying, a compaction trial shall be conducted with the
approved wet mix as directed by the Employer.
2. The objective of the trial is to determine:
3. The Contractor may proceed with the wet-mix macadam work only after the
methods and procedures established in the compaction trials have been
approved by the Employer.
B. After previous work has been inspected and accepted by the Employer, approved
wet-mix material shall be placed as shown on the drawings.
a. The material shall be placed and spread evenly using a paving machine
or spreader box operated with a mechanism which levels off the material
at an even depth and without delay.
85
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
b. The material shall be laid and compacted to a maximum thickness of 150
mm, unless otherwise agreed by the Employer.
c. Wet-mix material, which has been placed without the approval of the
Employer, shall be removed at the Contractors expense.
3. Material when mixed shall be removed at once from the mixer and
transported directly to the point where it is to be laid. Mixed material shall be
protected during transit and while awaiting tipping.
4. The moisture content of the wet-mix macadam at the time of laying shall be
within 1% of the optimum. Moisture content shall be determined according to
BS 1377: Part 2: Test 3.2
5. Compaction shall be completed as soon as possible after the material has
been spread.
6. Special care shall be taken to obtain full compaction in the vicinity of both
longitudinal and transverse joints. Rolling shall continue until the entire
thickness of each layer is thoroughly and uniformly compacted to the
specified density.
7. The surface of any layers after compaction shall be:
a. Well closed
b. Free from movement under compaction plant
c. Free from compaction planes, ridges cracks or loose materials.
8. All defective areas shall be made good to the full thickness of the layer and
compacted to the specified density, unless otherwise approved by the
Employer.
9. If directed by the Employer, sieve analysis shall be carried out on the material
recovered from 5 consecutive field density tests or material collected from an
area 0.5 mm by 0.5 mm from the full depth of the layer as instructed by the
Employer.
10. If the results are not acceptable to the Employer the area shall be removed
and the source of material rejected until further notice. An oversize content of
up to 10% may be accepted by the Employer.
11. Immediately before placing the first layer of the next pavement course on the
wet-mix macadam the final layer of wet-mix macadam shall be at the
specified density and to the required grade and section.
12. The surface of the wet-mix macadam will be tested with a 3 m straight edge
by the Employer at selected locations.
a. The variations of the surface from the testing edge shall not exceed 10
mm at any point when placed on the centre line or perpendicular to
centre the line of the roadway.
b. The compacted thickness and cross sections shall be as shown on the
drawings and shall not vary by more than 10 mm from the required
elevation.
86
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.14 PLACEMENT OF ASPHALTIC PAVING COURSE
A. Equipment
1. Method statement and equipment list shall be according to the type and
number outlined in the Contractor’s detailed Programmed of Work, as
approved by the Employer. The Contractor shall furnish to the Employer the
manufacturer’s technical data for each equipment and no equipment shall be
used without the approval of the Employer.
2. Trucks used for hauling bituminous mix shall have tight, clean, smooth metal
beds which have been coated with a minimal amount of paraffin oil, lime
solution, or other approved material to prevent the mix from adhering to the
beds. Excess release agent shall be drained from the bed before loading
bituminous materials.
3 Each vehicle shall be equipped with a canvas cover or other suitable material
of such size as to protect the mix from the weather and the trucks shall be
clearly numbered for easy identification.
4. The pavers shall be self propelled and equipped with hoppers and distributing
screws of the reversing type to place the mixture uniformly in front of the
electronic controlled screeds.
5. If during construction it is found that the spreading and finishing equipment in
operation leaves surface tracks in the pavement or indented areas or other
objectionable irregularities that are not satisfactorily corrected by scheduled
operations, the use of such equipment shall be discontinued and other
satisfactory spreading and finishing equipment shall be provided by the
Contractor.
6. Rolling equipment shall be self-propelled.
7. Contractor shall provide adequate back-up equipment for use in the event of
mechanical failure, all to the satisfaction of the Employer.
8. The Employer reserves the right to stop the use of any equipment or plant
deemed to be detrimental to the work required and instruct its removal and
replacement with suitable equipment.
9. The Contractor shall not be allowed to use any plant without the permission
of the Employer.
10. The Employer shall have the right to expel any operators, mechanics or labor
and to instruct suitable replacement thereof at any time he deems such action
is necessary.
87
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
B. Surface Preparation
a. Bituminous mix may be spread and finished by hand methods only where
machine methods are impractical as determined by the Employer.
b. Paver shall lay the bituminous mix without tearing the surface and shall
strike a finish that is smooth, true to cross section, uniform in density and
texture and free from hollows, transverse corrugations or other
irregularities.
c. Paver shall be operated at a speed which will give the best results for the
type of paver being used and which co-ordinates satisfactorily with the
rate of delivery of the mix to the paver, to provide a uniform rate of
placement without intermittent operations of the paver.
a. In no case, shall the leading half be more than 500 m ahead of the
trailing half without the written permission of the Employer.
b. If the Contractor fails to comply with this requirement, the Employer may
suspend paving on the leading half until such time, as the Contractor
shall pave the trailing half to a point approximately even with the leading
half.
8. Maximum thickness for layers may be increased slightly when such increase
is more adaptable to total pavement thickness and when in the opinion of the
Employer it is not detrimental to placement and rolling conditions.
9. Contractor shall erect and maintain an approved reference string line and
operate the paver to conform to the reference string line for the initial layer
and/or any other layers as directed.
a. Elevation control point stakes for the first layer of bituminous paving
course shall be set at a maximum spacing of 20 m.
b. For subsequent layers, control points shall be set at 10 m maximum
spacing.
1. After spreading and strike off, and as soon as the mix conditions permit the
rolling shall be performed without excessive shoving or tearing.
0
a. If the temperature of the joint falls below 120 C the material shall be
removed by approved methods to ensure the required compaction at the
joint.
b. Rolling procedure for each new job shall consider the following criteria.
1. Amplitude setting
2. Number of passes
3. Rolling speed
4. Rolling pattern
a. Transverse joints.
b. Outside edge
c. Initial or breakdown rolling, beginning on the low side and progressing
towards the high side.
d. Intermediate rolling (as above)
e. Finish rolling.
f. When paving in echelon or abutting a previously placed lane or other
lateral restraint the mix should be rolled in the following sequence.
1. Transverse joint
2. Longitudinal points
3. Outside edge
89
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4. Initial or breakdown rolling, beginning on the low side and
progressing toward the high side.
5. Intermediate rolling (as above)
6. Finish rolling
4. When placing a thick lift, roll the mix in the following sequence.
a. Transverse joints
b. Initial or breakdown rolling, beginning edge 300-380 mm from the lower
unsupported edge and progressing toward the other edge.
c. When within 300 mm of an unsupported edge, the roller should advance
toward the edge in approximately 100 mm increments in successive
passes.
d. Intermediate rolling, beginning on the low side and progressing toward
the high side.
e. Finish rolling.
f. When placing thick lifts in echelon, when abutting a previously placed
lane or other lateral restraint, roll the mix in the following sequence.
1. Transverse joint
2. Longitudinal joint
3. Initial or breakdown rolling beginning at the longitudinal joint and
progressing towards the outside edge.
a. Make the first pass with a static wheeled roller moving along the
longitudinal joint for a few feet.
b. Straighten the surface and make corrections if necessary.
c. Roll the joint transversely with all except about 150 mm of wheel width on
the previously laid material.
d. Repeat the above with successive passes each covering an additional
150 to 200 mm of the new mix until the entire width of a drive wheel is on
the new mix.
e. Unless precautions are taken, transverse rolling shall stop 150 to 200
mm short of the outside edge and the edge shall be compacted later
during the longitudinal rolling.
6. When the longitudinal joints are rolled with steel-wheeled or pneumatic tired
rollers.
a. Only 100 to 150 mm of the roller width should ride on the newly-placed
lane on the first pass.
b. The bulk of the width should ride on the previously compacted side of the
joint.
c. In subsequent passes, allow more and more roller width onto the fresh
material until the entire width is on the new mixture.
a. Extend the drums only 100 to 150 mm onto the previously compacted
lane with the rest of the drum width on the newly placed mixture.
b. Allow the roller to continue to move along this line until a thoroughly
compacted next joint is obtained.
90
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
8. In echelon paving, the second paver and roller should keep as close as
possible to the first paver to ensure that uniform density is obtained across
the joint.
9. Except in echelon and thick paving, the edges of the pavement should be
rolled concurrently with the longitudinal joint and the roller wheel should
extent 50 to 100 mm beyond the pavement edge provided that lateral
displacement of the mix is not excessive.
11. Motion of the roller shall at all times be slow enough to avoid displacement of
the mix.
a. To prevent adhesion of the mix to the rollers, the wheels of the rollers
shall be kept properly moistened with water, an excess of water will not
be permitted.
b. Under no circumstances shall the use of diesel fuel or any other asphalt
stripping agent be used for preventing adhesion of the asphalt to the
roller wheels.
a. Intermediate rolling shall be continued until all the mix placed has been
compacted thoroughly.
b. Regardless of the type of rollers used, the rolling pattern shall be as
developed in the same manner as for breakdown rolling.
i. Reverse the roller so that the tiller wheel is in the direction of paving.
ii. Do not use pneumatic-tired rollers for initial breakdown.
iii. Operate static mode for initial rolling until stability is developed in the
mix to permit low amplitude vibration.
15. Initial or breakdown rolling shall be done by means of either a tandem power
steel roller or three-wheel roller followed by a pneumatic-type roller or as
agreed by the Employer.
16. Rollers shall be operated by competent and experienced roller men and shall
be kept in operation continuously if necessary, so that all parts of the
pavement will receive substantially equal compaction at the time desired.
The Employer will order the mixing plant to cease operation at any time
proper rolling is not being performed.
17. Any mix that becomes loose, broken, mixed with foreign material, or which is
in any way defective in finish or density, or which does not comply in other
respects with the requirements of the Specification shall be removed.
Replace with new materials, and finish in accordance with the Specifications.
18. When the asphalt mix is laid in inaccessible areas to rollers, compaction shall
be done with small hand operated plate vibrators.
E. Should any bituminous course fail to achieve the specified density, re-rolling may
be allowed by the Employer, subject to the following conditions:
1. Joints between old and new pavement or between successive day’s work
shall be made, to ensure thorough and continuous bonding between the two.
2. All construction joints in previously laid material shall be constructed by
cutting the material back vertically for its full depth to expose a fresh surface.
3. Before placing the fresh mix against a cut joint or against old pavement, the
contact surface shall be sprayed or painted with a thin uniform tack coat.
4. Where a finishing machine is used, the longitudinal joint shall be made by
overlapping the screed on the previously laid material by at least 30 mm with
a sufficient amount of mix so that the joint formed will be smooth and tight.
5. Transverse joints in succeeding layers shall be off set a least 2.0 m.
1. Contractor shall protect all sections of newly compacted pavement from traffic
until they have hardened sufficiently to the approval of the Employer.
2. On heavily trafficked roads during the summer months a minimum period of 7
days shall elapse before the newly compacted pavement is trafficked.
93
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
I. The Employer shall test the profile of the surface for each course of the various
asphalt paving courses to determine compliance.
TABLE 25
MAXIMUM PERMITTED NUMBER OF IRREGULARITIES
Surface of Carriage Ways
Irregularity (mm)
4 7
Test length (m) 300 75 300 75
Major Roads 20 9 2 1
Minor Roads 40 18 4 2
No irregularity exceeding 10 mm will be permitted.
2. When the total length of the pavement is less than 300 m, the measurements
shall be taken on 75 m lengths.
3. Pavements shall also be measured transversely for irregularities at points
directed by the Employer with a 4 m long straight-edge placed at right angles
to the centre line of the road. The maximum allowable difference between
the pavement surface and the straight edge shall be 3 mm.
4. A 4 m long straight edge will be used to test longitudinal surface regularity if.
a. The length is less than 75 m.
b. The use of traveling beam device is impracticable.
5. The maximum allowable difference between the pavement surface below the
straight edge 4 m long placed parallel with or at right angles to the centerline
of the road shall be:
a. For base course: 6 mm
b. Binder course: 6 mm
c. Wearing course: 3 mm
6. The surface levels of pavement courses shall be determined from the true
pavement surface which shall be the surface of the surface course or
calculated from the carriageway vertical profile and crossfalls as shown on
the Drawings. The vertical depth below the true pavement surface of any
point on the constructed surface of the formation or pavement courses shall
be within the appropriate tolerances stated in Table 26.
TABLE 26
Pavement Course Tolerance
Road Surface ±4 mm
Binder Course ±6 mm
Road base +8 mm –20 mm
Sub-base +10 mm –20 mm
J. Core Samples
94
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. Cores extracted for thickness measurement may be used for density
determination. Density samples may be used for thickness measurements.
a. Last unit in each lane shall be 300 m plus the fractional part of 300 m
remaining.
b. Take at least three cores at random from each unit being sampled.
4. If the core so taken is deficient from the specified thickness by not more than
3 mm, then full payment will be made. If the core so taken is deficient from
the specified thickness by more than 3 mm, then two additional cores from
the area represented shall be taken. If deficient by more than 3 mm but less
than 10 mm or 15%, whichever is less, then the adjusted unit price as
provided in the Bill of Quantities will be made.
1. If the surface of the formation level is too high, it shall be retimed and re-
compacted as specified. If the surface is too low, the deficiency shall be
corrected by the addition of suitable material of the same classification and
moisture content or other approved material laid and compacted to the
specification.
2. For sub-base, road bases or wet-mix at least the top 75 mm shall be
scarified, reshaped with the materials added or removed as necessary and
re-compacted all to this specification. The area treated shall be not less than
30 m long and 2 m wide or as determined by the Employer.
95
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. For base course, binder course and wearing courses the full depth of the
layer shall be removed and replaced with fresh material laid and compacted
to the specification as follows.
4. Where the number of surface irregularities exceeds the specified limits, the
area to be rectified shall be 300 m or 75 m long as appropriate and the full
width of the lanes affected or such lesser areas as determined by the
Employer.
5. When the base course, binder course or wearing course, is deficient in
thickness by more than 10 mm or 15% whichever is less the area to be
rectified shall be the full width of the paving lane or the full width of the area
affected in one operation and at least 5 m long for base course and binder
course or 15 m for wearing course, unless otherwise approved by the
Employer.
6. Testing of wearing course for compliance shall be carried out as soon as
practicable after completion of the surfacing and remedial works completed
before the road in opened for traffic.
1. Applied at a rate of not less than 0.7 liters/m² and not more than 1.5 liters/m²
or 0.8 to 1.2 kg/m2 Exact rate of application, which may be varied to suit field
conditions, will be determined by the Employer following trials to be carried
out by the Contractor.
2. Surface to be prime coated shall be uniformly smooth, slightly damp and firm
and true to the grades and cross sections shown on the Drawings within the
specified tolerances.
3. Prime coat shall not be placed on a soft, uneven base.
4. Any holes, depressions or irregularities shall be repaired by the removal of
loose and unsuitable material to the satisfaction of the Employer.
5. Replace with suitable material compacted to produce a dense, even surface
of uniform texture.
6. When required, the surface to be primed shall be lightly bladed and
compacted.
7. The Employer may instruct a light application of water to facilitate penetration.
8. Priming will not be permitted when the surface is excessively damp or
containing free water.
9. After cleaning operation and before the application of prime coat an
inspection request for the area to be coated shall be sent to the Employer.
10. If the surface contains loose material, dirt, clay or other objectionable matter,
such materials shall be removed from the surface with power broom, or
blower supplemented with hand brooms as directed by the Employer.
11. During application adjacent kerbs or other structures which are liable to be
disfigured by splashing of bitumen shall be protected as directed by the
Employer.
12. Items accidentally marred by prime coat shall be cleaned to the satisfaction of
the Employer.
13. No traffic shall be allowed to run over the primed surface until its curing
period is over.
14. An inspection request shall be forwarded to the Employer before the
application of the prime coat.
96
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
15. Prime coat shall not be applied:
a. When the ambient temperature is less than 13° C.
b. During rain, fog, dust storms or other unsuitable weather.
16. Application temperature for MC-70 liquid asphalt shall be between 50° C and
80° C as approved by the Employer.
17. Prime coat application:
a. Shall be applied to one lane of the carriageway width at a time.
b. When applied in two or more lanes there shall be a slight overlap along
adjoining edges.
c. Overlapping will not be permitted at transverse joints.
d. Thick paper shall be used to protect the previous application.
18. Traffic shall be kept off the prime coat until it has penetrated to a depth of 10
mm into the sub grade, road base or wet-mix and is fully cured.
19. Prime coat shall be left undistributed for a period at least 24 hours or as
otherwise directed by the Employer.
20. Contractor shall furnish and spread at his cost sufficient clean fine sand, of an
approved quality, to blot up areas, which show an excess of prime coat.
Excess sand shall be swept away before the placement of Bituminous
mixtures.
21. Primed surface shall be maintained in a good, clean condition at all times
until the next course is placed.
22. Any surface irregularities or holes in the primed surface, however caused,
shall be repaired and corrected to the Employer’s satisfaction.
23. If the prime coat becomes contaminated or losses its tacking properties, a
second coat of prime coat shall be applied at the Contractors expense if
directed by the Employer.
24. If required by the Employer, the Contractor shall prepare a trial section by
applying prime coat on an approved area, to check the rate of application, as
directed by the Employer.
1. Applied in quantities of not less than 0.25 liters/m² and not more than 0.40
liters/m².
2. Immediately before applying the tack coat, all loose material, dirt, clay or
other objectionable material, shall be removed from the surface with a power
broom or blower supplemented with hand brooms, as directed by the
Employer.
3. After the cleaning operation, and before the application of the tack coat, an
inspection of the area to be coated will be made by the Employer.
4. Application temperature for the tack shall be between 20° C and 60° C as
directed by the Employer.
5. Tack coat shall not be applied when:
a. Ambient temperature is less than 13° C or during rain, fog, dust storms or
other unsuitable weather.
6. After application, the surface shall be allowed to dry to the proper condition of
tackiness to receive the following pavement course.
7. The tack coat shall be applied a short distance and not more than two hours
8. Tack coat shall be applied only so far in advance to pavement courses to
obtain the proper condition of tackiness.
9. Contractor shall protect the tack coat from damage during this period.
10. If the completed tack coat is damaged by rain or dust, it shall be allowed to
dry and shall be cleaned by power broom or blower.
11. If required by the Employer, an additional light application of tack coat shall
be applied.
12. No additional payment shall be made for this work.
13. Where, in the opinion of the Employer, a tack coat is not necessary, the
Contractor shall clear, at his expense the existing surface free of dust and
other deleterious material.
97
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
P. Application and heating equipment for liquid asphalt
a. For normal use the spray bar of the distributor should be adjusted so that
the vertical axes of the nozzles are perpendicular to the roadway.
b. Nozzles should be set at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees of the horizontal
axis of the spray-bar.
c. Each nozzle should be set at the same angle.
d. The spray bar should be set high enough above the road way for the
surface to receive double coverage.
e. Allowable variation from any specified rate shall not exceed.
1. When bituminous materials are being applied, the surface of all structures,
wheel guards, guard rail, kerbs and gutter, and other roadway appurtenances
shall be protected in an approved manner to prevent them from being
splattered with bituminous material or marred by equipment operation.
2. In the event that any appurtenances become splattered or marred, the
Contractor shall at his own expense, remove all traces of bituminous
materials. Repair all damage, and leave the appurtenances in an approved
condition.
98
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.15 APPLICATION OF ROAD MARKING MATERIALS
A. Road marking materials shall consist of the materials mentioned in Clause 2.18
as approved by the Employer. Application proceeding and testing requirements
shall be as mentioned in the Contractors approved method statement. Application
shall be by mobile sprayer either hand-propelled or self propelled.
C. Markings shall only be applied to surfaces, which are clean and dry free from
deleterious substances.
D. Where owing to the action of traffic or otherwise the pavement has become
polished before the application of road markings.
E. Markings shall be free from raggedness at their edges and shall be uniform and
free from streaks.
F. Carriage way lane and edge lines shall be laid by approved mechanical means to
a regular alignment.
H. The Contractor shall control the traffic in such a manner as to protect the freshly
marked surface from damage.
J. Any lines, stripes or markings, which became blurred or smeared by the traffic
shall be corrected by the Contractor at his own expense.
99
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.16 ERECTION OF SIGNS
A. Sign shall be erected in accordance with the recommendation in the Traffic Signs
Manual, Chapter 13.
1. All foundations, framing and fixing for traffic signs shall be suitable for local
conditions.
2. Calculations showing the design and erection procedures shall be submitted
to the Employer for approval.
3. The design wind speed shall be taken as 120 km/hour with gusts up to 160
km/hour.
C. The exact sign position and mounting heights shall be determined on site and as
directed by the Employer.
D. In order to avoid secular reflections from the sign plates, signs which are
approached along a straight length of road or a right hand bend shall be set at an
angle of:
0
1. 85 measured clock wise from the near side edge of the carriage way.
0
2. 95 measured anti-clock wise from the near side edge of the carriage way.
E. Signs sited on lift hand bends shall be set at 90 degrees to the tangent at that
point.
F. The reference number of the sign and date of manufacture shall be indicated by
self-adhesive numbers on the reverse side of the sign in the bottom left hand
corner and in a consistent and readily visible position on all posts and fittings.
1. The manufactures name and trademark shall not be permitted on the face of
the sign.
2. Sizes and color of the markings shall be as approved by the Employer.
3. All signs shall be capable of giving a service life of at least 10 years.
3.17 FOOTPATHS
B. The subgrade material shall conform to the requirements of this Section and shall
be compacted to 90% of the MDD.
C. The sub-base shall comply with the requirements of this Section and shall have a
CBR value of not less than 65% and shall be compacted to 95% of the MDD
before the placing of bedding sand.
D. The interlocking blocks shall be 60 mm thick, unless noted otherwise. The choice
of color and pattern shall be as directed by the Employer.
100
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.18 INSTALLATION OF CONCRETE PAVING BLOCKS
A. Before starting work, lay out lines marking the blocks area be paved and
establish grade elevation and slope of finished pavement surface.
B. The area to receive laying course shall be free from foreign materials, cut or soft
spots and the level shall be correct. Any defects shall be corrected by replacing
unsuitable material or as necessary.
C. Edge restraint shall be fixed as shown on the drawings before laying operations.
1. The manner of laying shall ensure that the blocks avoid to disturbing the sand
cushion until the unit is in correct position.
2. Under no circumstance shall the sand cushion be compacted or walked upon
after it has been screeded.
3. Each block shall be placed firmly against its neighbor so that they fit closely
together.
4. Joints between blocks shall be between 2 to 4 mm.
5. Laying of the concrete paving blocks shall start at right angles to the main
pavement axis starting at one end of the area.
6. Paving blocks shall be laid in a herringbone pattern at 45° to the main
pavement axis, unless otherwise shown on the Drawings or otherwise
instructed by the Employer.
E. Where gaps are less than 40 mm dimension, they shall be filled with a 1:3
cement sand mortar or other suitable material acceptable to the Employer.
F. Where blocks do not fit the edge restraints or other obstructions such as
manholes or up-stands the gaps shall be filled using cut blocks.
J. A minimum of two passes of the plate vibrator shall be made in each direction,
i.e. at 90 degrees to each other.
101
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4. If necessary the joint sand shall be filled again and further passes of the plate
vibrator shall be made in each direction, until the sand is no longer absorbed
into the joints.
5. The plate vibrator shall not pass closer than 1 m to a temporarily unrestrained
edge during laying.
6. No paving shall be left in an un-compacted condition overnight, except for the
1 m strip at the temporarily unrestrained edge.
L. After all the joints are filled surplus sand shall be swept away.
A. This clause covers the lifting, removal, temporary storage and reinstatement of
concrete block paving for work on buried services or other reasons.
102
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.20 TRENCH EXCAVATION AND REINSTATEMENT IN ROADS
A. This Section covers the reinstatement of pavement cut and removed for laying
pipes.
B. The area to be rectified shall be the full width of the paving laid or the full width of
the areas affected in one operation and at least 5 m long for base and binder
course, 15 m for wearing course or 15 m for base binder and wearing course
unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
C. Where open excavation is allowed, all trench excavation and other work carried
out within the limits of any existing road, highway or paved parking area shall be
completed as rapidly as possible, subject to approval of the Employer.
1. If the roads are capable of carrying two or more lanes of traffic, not more than
half of the width of the carriage way shall be obstructed at any one time.
2. In single-lane roads, the Contractor shall program his work in such a manner
that minimum inconvenience is caused to those persons who have
reasonable grounds for using the road and in the case of private or restricted
roads, who have authority to use them.
3. Contractor will not be permitted to excavate trenches in more than one
location in any one road at a given time without the Employer's permission.
D. If in the opinion of the Employer, the amount of traffic using a road which is to be
completely or partially obstructed by the works is sufficiently great, the Contractor
shall provide a suitable system of traffic control to be approved by the Employer.
1. Any such system of control shall require appropriate warning signs, lights and
barricades at the approaches to sections of the road in which, or adjacent to
which, work is being executed. These signs shall be removed immediately
upon removal of the dangers for which they provide a warning against.
2. If the Contractor wishes to completely obstruct any road for any significant
period of time, he shall apply to the Employer for permission to do so.
Obstruction of the road shall not begin until the Contractor receives the
Employer's permission in writing. Such permission will not, in general, be
granted for roads which have more than one traffic lane or for those sections
of roads for which satisfactory alternative routes exist.
3. Costs incurred by the Contractor in respect to all aspects of work in roads,
including maintaining access past the works, the provision of a traffic control
system and warning signs and the like shall be included in the rates for
excavation and pipe laying.
4. If permission to close any road to traffic cannot be obtained the Employer will
not be liable to pay any compensation to the Contractor.
F. The Employer may direct the trench excavation to be realigned from that shown
on the Drawings in order to avoid interference with existing utilities and structures
or to facilitate smooth traffic flow.
103
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
G. Where trench excavation or any other part of the works obstructs any footpath or
right-of-way, the Contractor shall provide, at his own cost, a temporary footpath
around the obstruction to the satisfaction of the Employer. Where necessary, the
temporary footpath shall include bridges of wooden planks or other approved
construction.
I. Road drains and channels shall be kept free from obstruction at all times.
J. All material placed in the trench within paved roadways and parking areas shall
be approved wadi gravel or road base material enclosed in geotextile compliant
with Section 2.4 and as approved by the Employer.
K. The road surface shall be reinstated to its original condition by the Contractor.
1. Where trenches are open cut in asphalt or concrete roads, the roads shall be
saw cut along the edges of the trench, before excavation.
2. Cut the pavement to solid material with pneumatic asphalt cutting tools.
a. Make the cut square or rectangular with faces straight and vertical.
b. One pair of faces shall be cut at right angles to the direction of traffic.
c. Vertical faces may be stepped if allowed by the Employer.
3. Remove the cut pavement and excavate the under lying layer to a depth of
minimum 300 mm or as required. Cart away and dispose all pavement and
excavated soil at a location designated by the Employer.
4. Thoroughly compact the sub soil with mechanical compactor to 98% of the
MDD.
5. Pipes below roads shall be surrounded in concrete, unless otherwise directed
by the Employer.
6. Fill the excavation with approved wadi gravel compliant with the requirements
for sub-base or road-base material as approved by the Employer.
7. In some cases road base material may be required above the wadi gravel
and shall be compacted to 100% MDD.
8. Clean the edges of the pavement with a wire brush and apply tack coat.
104
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
9. Apply a light coat of prime coat on the surface of the wadi gravel or road base
material as directed by the Employer.
10. Place and compact approved base, course binder or wearing course as
applicable in 50 mm layers to the same level as the adjacent surface.
11. Compact the lower layers with a vibratory compactor.
a. Compact the top layer with a steel wheel roller by first compacting the
hot-mix bituminous layer 150 mm from the two traffic edges and then by
rolling in the direction of traffic.
b. The drive wheel of the roller shall be in a forward position.
c. Use of asphalt pavement finisher shall depend on the area to be repaired
and shall be used if directed by the Employer.
12. Check levels of the repair with a straight edge and correct as required.
M. All material placed in the trench within paved roadways and parking areas shall
be approved wadi gravel or road base material enclosed in geotextile compliant
with Section 2.4 and as approved by the Employer.
N. The road surface shall be reinstated to its original condition by the Contractor.
O. If the pavement has depressed but the asphalt has not fractured repair the
pavement as follows, unless otherwise agreed by the Employer.
1. Cold plane and remove the upper 50 mm of the pavement starting just back
form the depression.
2. Cart away and dispose the removed pavement at a location designated by
the Employer.
3. Clean the surface with a wire broom and apply a light tack coat
2
(approximately 0.2 l/m ) on the surface and the cut faces.
4. Fill the cut with approved base, binder or wearing course as applicable.
5. Initially compact the hot bituminous mix by a steel wheeled roller 150 mm
form two traffic edges and then by rolling in the direction of traffic. The drive
wheel of the roller shall be in the forward position.
6. Check the level of the repair with a straight edge and correct as necessary.
END OF SECTION
105
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
NOTE
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………...
106
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DIVISION 3
CONCRETE
107
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 3.1 GENERAL
1.01 SUMMARY
1. Part 5, “Earthwork.”
2. Part 7, “Structural Steel.”
3. Part 9, “Joint Sealants.”
1.02 REFERENCES
Product manufacture, testing and installation shall comply with the following
references unless otherwise stated otherwise approved by the Employer.
The initials IQS followed by a number refers to the Iraqi Organization Standard of that
number. Where IQS exists, it shall be given priority in application. Tests not covered
by IQS shall be carried out according to BS or ASTM.
The initials B.S. followed by a number refers to the British Standard of that number.
The initials A.C.I followed by a number refers to the American Concrete Institute
publication of that number.
The initials A.S.T.M. followed by a number refers to the American Society for Testing
and Materials publication of that number.
1.03 DEFINITIONS
A. The following definitions shall pertain to words or phrases as used in this Section.
110
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. “Admixtures” shall mean a material other than water, aggregate, cementitious
materials or fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar.
0
4. “Hot Weather” shall mean when the shade temperature is above 40 C on a
0
rising thermometer or 43 C on a falling thermometer.
5. “Coarse Aggregate” shall be considered as that size passing a 28mm sieve
and predominately retained on a 5 mm sieve.
6. “Fine Aggregate” shall be considered as that size predominately passing a 5
mm sieve and predominately retained on a 0.075 mm size.
7. “OPC” shall mean ordinary Portland cement.
8. “SRC” shall mean sulphate resisting Portland cement.
9. “MSRC” shall mean moderate sulphate resisting Portland cement.
10. “GGBS” or “GBS” shall mean ground granulated blastfurnace slag.
11. “MS” shall mean Micro-Silica.
12. “GMS” shall mean a blend of GGBS and MS.
13. “Gap-graded aggregate” shall mean graded aggregate without one or more of
the intermediate sizes.
14. “Single-size aggregate” shall mean aggregates containing a major proportion
of particles of one size.
15. “Characteristic Strength” shall mean that value of strength below which no
more than 5% of the strength measurements are expected to fall.
16. “Target Mean Strength” shall mean the specified strength plus the margin.
17. “Margin” shall mean the difference between the specified strength and the
target mean strength.
18. “Acceptable or Accepted” shall mean acceptable or accepted by the
Employer.
19. “Approval or Approved” shall mean approval from the Contractor or approved
by the Employer.
20. “All-in” aggregate shall mean the materials composed of a mixture of coarse
aggregate and fine aggregate.
21. “Compressive Strength Test Results” shall mean the average of 3 specimens
sampled from the same load and tested at the designated day.
22. “Grade” shall mean numerical value of 28 days characteristic compressive
strength.
23. “Ready Mixed Concrete” shall mean concrete mixed in a stationary mixer and
supplied in the fresh condition to the purchaser either at the site or in the
purchaser’s vehicle.
24. “Self Compacting Concrete” (SCC) shall mean fresh concrete, which is able
to flow under its own weight (without the need of any vibration) and
completely fill the formwork even in the presence of congested reinforcement
whilst maintaining homogeneity.
25. “Annulus Grout” shall mean concrete made with or without aggregate
additions to Portland cement, water and air entraining agents to create a free
flowing grout used for filling the annulus of casing pipes in tunneling works.
26. “Batch” shall mean the quantity of concrete mixed in one cycle of operation in
a stationary batch mixer.
27. “Load” shall mean one or more batches discharged into a truck.
28. “Time of Loading” shall mean the time of first contact between cement and
aggregates or, when the aggregates are surface dry, between cement and
added water.
1.04 SUBMMETALS
B. Product Data: Submit product data for the following materials and items.
1. Reinforcement
2. Forming Accessories
111
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. Admixtures
4. Patching Compounds
5. Hardener
6. Joint Systems
7. Curing Compounds
8. Sealants
C. Shop Drawings: Submit detailed shop drawings for fabrication, bending and
placement of concrete reinforcement.
D. Laboratory Test Reports: Submit concrete materials test reports and mix
design reports certifying that each material or item complies with or exceeds
the specified requirements.
A. Testing and Inspecting: The Contractor must submit their Company’s Quality
Control Plan for the approval by Engineer. Alternatively an approved qualified
testing and inspecting agency shall be appointed by the contractor to perform
field tests and inspections and prepare test reports.
C. Inspections:
1. Slump: ASTM C143; one test for each concrete load at point of discharge
and one for each set of compressive strength test specimens.
2. Air Content: ASTM C231; pressure method; one for each set of
compressive strength specimens.
3. Concrete Temperature: ASTM C 1064/C 1064M; one test hourly when air
temperature is 40 deg F (4.4 deg C) and below and when 80 deg F (27 deg
C) and above, and one test for each composite sample.
4. Unit Weight: ASTM C 567, fresh unit weight of structural lightweight
concrete; one test for each composite sample, but not less than one test for
each day's pour of each Concrete Mix.
a. Cast and laboratory cure two sets of three standard cube specimens
for each composite sample.
b. Cast and field cure two sets of three standard cube specimens for each
composite sample.
112
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
6. Compressive Strength Tests: BS 12390-3:2002 test one set of three
laboratory-cured specimens at 7 days and one set of two specimens at 28
days.
a. Test one set of three field-cured specimens at 7 days and one set of
three specimens at 28 days.
b. A compressive strength test shall be the average compressive strength
from a set of three specimens obtained from same composite sample
and tested at age indicated.
11. Additional Tests: Testing and inspecting agency shall make additional tests
of concrete when test results indicate that slump, air entrainment,
compressive strengths, or other requirements have not been met, as
directed by Engineer. Testing and inspecting agency may conduct tests to
determine adequacy of concrete by cored cylinders complying with ASTM C
42/C 42M or by other methods as directed by Engineer.
13. Correct deficiencies in the Work that test reports and inspections indicate
dos not comply with the Contract Documents.
E. Measure floor and slab flatness and levelness according to ASTM E 1155
(ASTM E 1155M) within 48 hours of finishing.
113
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 3.2 FORMWORK AND CONCRETING PRACTICE
PART 1- FORMWORK
1.01 MATERIALS
1.02 EXECUTION
A. Design, erect, shore, brace, and maintain formwork, according to ACI 301/BS
8110, to support vertical, lateral, static, and dynamic loads, and construction
loads that might be applied, until structure can support such loads.
E. Fabricate forms for easy removal without hammering or prying against concrete
surfaces. Provide crush or wrecking plates where stripping may damage cast
concrete surfaces. Provide top forms for inclined surfaces steeper than 1.5
horizontal to 1 vertical.
1. Install keyways, reglets, recesses, and the like, for easy removal.
2. Do not use rust-stained steel form-facing material.
F. Set edge forms, bulkheads, and intermediate screed strips for slabs to achieve
required elevations and slopes in finished concrete surfaces. Provide and secure
units to support screed strips; use strike-off templates or compacting-type
screeds.
G. Provide temporary openings for cleanouts and inspection ports where interior
area of formwork is inaccessible. Close openings with panels tightly fitted to
forms and securely braced to prevent loss of concrete mortar. Locate temporary
openings in forms at inconspicuous locations. The Engineer must approve
locations and details of all temporary openings.
J. Clean forms and adjacent surfaces to receive concrete. Remove chips, wood,
sawdust, dirt, and other debris just before placing concrete.
114
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
K. Retighten forms and bracing before placing concrete, as required, to prevent
mortar leaks and maintain proper alignment.
L. Coat contact surfaces of forms with form-release agent, this Form shall be
colourless, not stain concrete, and not absorb moisture. according to
manufacturer's written instructions, before placing reinforcement.
M. In the absence of any specified camber, the soffit of all beams more than five (5)
meters in span shall be laid to a camber where:
2
CAMBER = (SPAN)
7200 X DEPTH
1.04 JOINTS
B. Strip formwork carefully to avoid sudden shocks from removal of wedges or vibration
which might damage concrete.
D. Concrete shall be thoroughly wetted as soon as forms are first loosened and shall be
kept wet during the removal operations and until curing media is applied.
E. Potable water supply with hoses having fine fog spray attachments shall be ready at
each removal location before operations are commenced.
F. At the time of stripping any formwork, the concrete shall be of sufficient age and
strength to withstand any adverse effects of striking, including any stresses resulting
115
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
from thermal shock or any adverse effects which may cause the loss of surface
durability upon premature exposure.
G. Formwork for sides of beams, walls, columns, and similar parts of the Work that does
not support weight of concrete may be removed after cumulatively curing at not less
than 50 deg F (10 deg C) for 12 hours after placing concrete, if concrete is hard
enough to not be damaged by form-removal operations and curing and protection
operations are maintained.
1. Leave formwork for beam soffits, joists, slabs, and other structural elements that
supports weight of concrete in place until concrete has achieved at least 70
percent of its 28-day design compressive strength.
2. Remove forms only if shores have been arranged to permit removal of forms
without loosening or disturbing shores.
3. Unless specified otherwise, the following minimum periods shall apply to the
removal of formwork.
H. Stripping of formwork within the time limits listed above does not relieve the
Contractor from successfully crushing specimens that have been kept adjacent to the
structure and cured by the same methods used for the structure and achieving
specified compressive strength results.
I. If the 7-day test results meet or exceed the specified 28 days strength, the Employer
may, upon its discretion, reduce the minimum stripping times specified in Table 1.
J. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Contractor shall be held responsible for any
damage arising from removal of formwork before the structure is capable of carrying
its own weight and any other incidental loading.
K. Sidewalk Forms: Do not remove side forms for twelve (12) hours after completion of
finishing.
L. Curb and Gutter Forms: Remove forms of curb front not less than two (2) hours nor
more than six (6) hours after placement of concrete.
1. Forms of curb back shall remain in place until face and top of curb have been
finished as specified for concrete finishing.
2. Do not remove gutter forms while concrete is sufficiently plastic to slump in any
direction.
A. Earth forms will not be permitted unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
116
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
1.07 SHORES AND RESTORES
A. Comply with BS 8110/AC1 318 (AC1 318 M) and AC1 301 for design,
installation, and removal of shoring and re-shoring.
B. Blinding: Before placing blinding concrete the formation shall be compacted and
tested as specified in Sections 2.2 at DIVISION 2.
C. Screed
117
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
D. Preparation for Concreting
1. Before placing concrete, the Contractor shall remove from the forms or from
the surface of previously cast concrete any oil, laitance, loose fragments,
sand, earth, mud, timber and other debris.
2. Forms and reinforcing shall be washed down with sweet water and exposed
concrete shall be thoroughly saturated, but standing water shall be blow out
or removed.
3. Adequate curing materials including ample water shall be available before
casting.
4. For night concreting operations the Contractor shall arrange adequate
suitable lighting to the satisfaction of the Employer.
5. The Contractor shall provide safe secure access for all personnel on
concreting operations.
1. No concrete shall be placed until the Employer has inspected and approved
the surfaces upon which the concrete is to be placed, the formwork, the
reinforcing steel and accessories.
2. Contractor shall give the Employer an “Inspection Request: as described in
Section 4.4 not less than 24 hours before casting to enable his inspection to
be carried out.
3. If concrete is not placed within 24 hours of approval being given, approval
shall be obtained again before concreting.
G. Placement
1. Field Inspection: Do not place concrete until forms and reinforcing steel have
been inspected and approved.
2. Adding Water: Do not add water after initial introduction of mixing water
for batch except when slump of concrete is less than that specified upon
arrival at job site, and maximum water/cement ratio for mix has not been
exceeded.
b. Add water to bring slump within specified limits. Turn drum at least 30
additional revolutions at mixing speed. Do not add water to batch at
any later time.
118
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
c. Insure that concrete strength meets specified requirements, and water
does not exceed maximum amount specified in CONCRETE MIX
DESIGN.
4. Ensure that concrete is of the required workability at the point and time of
placing.
5. Concrete unplaced after 1.5 hours from the time of loading, shall not be used,
unless the slump and temperature are checked and found to be satisfactory.
7. Concrete shall be placed and compacted before initial set has occurred.
9. When dropped into place, concrete shall be dropped vertically into the
formwork through suitable means to avoid segregation.
a. It shall not strike the formwork between the point of its discharge and its
final place in the Work.
b. Concrete shall not be dropped freely through a height greater than 1.5 m.
c. Chutes and conveyor belts, when allowed, shall be designed so that
there is no segregation or loss of mortar and shall be provided with a
vertical tapered down pipe or other device to ensure that concrete is
discharged vertically into final position.
10. Concrete shall be carefully placed in horizontal layers 300 to 500 mm thick
that shall be kept at an even height throughout the Work.
a. Concrete shall not be allowed to slide or flow down sloping surfaces to its
final position, but shall be placed in its final position from the pump.
b. Concrete shall not be placed in standing water in the formwork.
119
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
11. Concrete shall be placed to prevent segregation. The concrete shall not be
permitted to strike against forms and ricochet on bars and form faces.
Concrete shall not be permitted to drop freely more than five feet (1.5) m.
12 Where concrete abuts against earth or any other material, which may become
loose and fall, care shall be taken by suitable means to avoid fall of materials
on to the surface of the wet concrete.
13. Before placing concrete on soil the bottom shall be thoroughly compacted to a
neat horizontal plane or such profile as shown on the drawing.
14. Before placing concrete on rock foundation the surface shall be thoroughly
wetted and cleaned by application of water or of water and air under pressure
from a hose. Faults or seams in the rock shall be cleaned or repaired as
directed by the Employer.
15. Concrete Toppings: Place on top of structural slabs where indicated on the
Drawings. All toppings shall have a steel trowelled finished unless otherwise
agreed with the Employer.
17. Care shall be taken to prevent men engaged in placing concrete from
introducing foreign matter into the concrete from their boots or other means.
Where concrete, is placed directly against the surface of excavations any
softened material shall first be removed.
A. Except for slabs less than 100 mm thick, all concrete placed insitu shall be
compacted with power-driven internal type vibrators having a frequency of not
less than 10,000 cycles per minute, supplemented by hand spading and tamping
unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
B. Internal type vibrators shall be inserted into the uncompacted concrete vertically
and at regular intervals.
120
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
6. Spare vibrators in operable condition must be readily on hand in case of
breakdown.
F. External Vibrators
G. Operators shall be trained in the use of vibrators. The foremen shall have a
minimum of 5 years experience in the supervision of placing concrete.
2.03 JOINTS
B. Construction Joints
4. No concreting shall be started until the Employer has approved the detailed
proposals.
121
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
5. Construction joints shall be so located as not to impair the strength of the
structure.
6. Concrete which forms the face of a construction joint shall have all laitance
removed and the aggregate exposed before the placing of fresh concrete.
7. Keys and joints shall be located as follows, unless otherwise approved by the
Employer.
d. Locate near middle of spans of slabs, beams and griders unless a beam
intersects a girder at this point, in which case the girder joint shall be offset
twice the beam width and additional shear reinforcement provided to the
acceptance of the Engineer.
e. Provide a stop end at all construction joints except for slabs on grade. Add
dowels, if necessary to make total steel passing through stop end at least
122
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
the equivalent of 10mm at 400 mm centers each face. Embed dowels at
least 500 mm on each side of joint.
f. Before placing new concrete, remove all dirt, loose aggregate and laitance
from face of existing concrete. Coat face of joint across beans with epoxy
adhesive. Saturate other surfaces with water and leave damp.
g. Ground Slabs
123
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
surface. Tool slab edges round on each side of insert. Remove inserts and
clean groove of loose debris after concrete has cured.
(1) Use jointer to cut groove, or saw groove in hardened concrete with
power-driven saw, unless otherwise approved.
(2) Construct sawed joints by sawing groove in concrete with 1/8 inch (3.18
mm) blade to the depth indicated on Contract Documents.
3. Curb and Gutter: Construct joints at right angles to line of curb and gutter.
b. Space joints so that monolithic sections between curb returns will not be less
than 5 feet (1.5 m) nor greater than 15 feet (4.5 m) in length.
c. Form contraction joints with 1/8 inch (3.18 mm) thick separators, with section
conforming to curb and gutter cross section.
D. Expansion Joints
124
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
a. Provide premolded, asphalt impregnated joint material 1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
thick .
b. Extend joint filler strips to full depth of concrete being placed at PT, PC,
and around utility poles,
c. Provide joint filler strips between sidewalk and curb to full depth of
sidewalk with top of filler strip set flush with top of curb.
e. Every one hundred (100) feet in sidewalk curb and gutter when hand-
formed.
f. (8) Every two hundred (200) feet in sidewalk, curb and gutter when placed
slip formed.
7. Curbs and Gutters: Form expansion joints with preformed expansion joint
filler material 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) wide. Cut and shape to curb and gutter
cross section.
a. Provide expansion joints in curb and gutter at end of returns except where
cross gutters are being constructed.
b. Provide expansion joints at ends of cross gutter transitions and along line
of work at regular intervals, not to exceed 36 feet (11 m).
B. Unformed finishes shall be as designated on the Drawings and shall comply with
one of the following:
1. Class U1.
2. Class U2.
3. Class U3.
4. “Spaded”.
5. “Bonded”.
6. “Broomed”.
C. Class U1 finish:
1. Class U1 shall be used at the Construction joints only.
125
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2. Concrete shall be levelled and screeded, to form a uniform plain or ridged
finish, which shall not be disturbed in any way after the initial set. (Unless it is
being converted to Class U2, U3 or bonded concrete).
3. Surplus concrete shall be struck off immediately after compaction.
4. Class U1 is the first stage for Class U2 and U3 finishes and for a bonded
concrete surface.
D. Class U2 finish:
E. Class U3 finish:
F. Bonded Finish: Where a bonded concrete surface is specified, the laitance shall
be removed from the Class U1 finished surface and the aggregate exposed while
the concrete is still green.
G. Spaded Finish: A spaded finish shall be a surface free from voids and brought to
a reasonably uniform appearance by the use of shovels as it is placed in the
works.
H. Broomed Finish: Where a broom finish is specified, the surface of the concrete
shall first be levelled and screeded and then brushed in one direction with a stiff
broom.
I. All surfaces, which are not to be covered with a further finish will be U3 finish. All
surfaces on which further finishing screeds or treatment are to be applied will be
U2 finish.
A. Curing water shall be potable and shall comply with the requirements of BS 3148,
unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
C. Curing Compounds
126
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
6. Not deleterious to bond of cementitious materials to concrete.
1. “Wet curing” shall be used for all reinforced concrete, unless otherwise
approved by the Employer.
2. “Moisture retaining” curing shall be used for unreinforced concrete and
blinding.
3. Curing compounds may only be used with special approval of the Employer.
4. If structural members are of considerable depth or bulk or have an unusually
high proportion of cement, special curing methods may be required.
5. Curing shall be in accordance with ACI 308 Chapter 2 and as modified
hereunder.
6. Additional recommendations in ACI 305 shall also be taken into
consideration.
E. Wet Curing
1. Execute by either:
2. Before placing concrete the Contractor shall store ample amount of water and
curing materials for curing the concrete. The minimum quantity of water in
the tank shall be enough to cure the concrete continuously for at least 3 days
or as approved by the Employer.
3. Wet curing shall be carried out immediately after finishing or form removal for
a continuous period of:
4. Horizontal Surfaces:
i. During the curing period make sure that no salt concentration has
taken place due to the evaporation of water. If necessary, renew the
water regularly.
127
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
ii. After completion of the curing period and before the removal of water,
Hessian shall be placed over the slab in such a manner that all the
area is covered by the Hessian.
iii. When the Hessian has become dry, leave it on the slab for three
days and gradually remove it. The Hessian shall not be wetted
during this period.
a. Formwork shall not be retained in place longer than necessary for the
concrete to gain sufficient strength to enable it to be stripped safely.
b. Except for soffits and other sections that have to be supported, formwork
shall be stripped within 24 hours.
c. When sub-horizontal soffit formwork is struck less than a week after
casting, an approved curing compound shall be applied, unless otherwise
directed by the Employer.
d. During the striking of formwork exposed areas of concrete shall not be
subjected to prolonged exposure without effective curing. If the striking
operation takes longer than two hours, the exposed concrete shall be
continually sprayed with water, until the curing system is installed.
e. Two layers of wet Hessian and polyethylene sheet shall be installed as
quickly as possible on vertical surfaces.
6. If any drying out of the wet curing system has occurred, the wet curing shall
be extended for double the period that any part of the system became dry.
7. In certain circumstance as an alternative to the wet curing for the whole of the
curing period, the Employer may allow a short period of wet curing followed
by the application of a curing compound.
8. The Hessian shall be allowed to become dry after the curing period before its
removal from the structure.
1. Cover concrete surface with approved polythane sheet or other approved cover.
2. Cover shall be in the widest practicable widths and shall have 200 mm side and
end laps.
3. Seal with waterproofing tape or adhesive.
4. Immediately repair any holes or tears in the cover with cover material and
waterproof tape.
a. After 3 days of full wet curing on concrete made without mineral additives.
b. After 7 days of full wet curing on concrete made with mineral additives.
a. Thermal curing shall not be considered as a substitute for wet curing and
must be carried out simultaneously.
b. All insulation shall remain in place at least 14 days after casting, unless
temperature records prove that the temperature differential has reduced
to 75% of the maximum allowable value, at which time half (or one layer
of insulation) may be removed.
c. The remaining insulation (one layer) shall remain in place until the core
0
temperature has cooled to less than 20 above the average ambient
0
temperature and the ambient temperature is within 10 C of the surface
temperature.
J. Curing Compound
Apply uniformly in continuous operation by power spray or roller according to
manufacturer's written instructions. Recoat areas subjected to heavy rainfall
within three hours after initial application. Maintain continuity of coating and
repair damage during curing period.
a. After curing period has elapsed, remove curing compound without damaging
concrete surfaces by method recommended by curing compound
manufacturer.
K. Curing and Sealing Compound: Apply uniformly to floors and slabs indicated in
a continuous operation by power spray or roller according to manufacturer's
129
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
written instructions. Recoat areas subjected to heavy rainfall within three hours
after initial application. Repeat process 24 hours later and apply a second coat.
Maintain continuity of coating and repair damage during curing period.
Full-scale site trials shall be conducted as directed by the Employer to verify the performance
of the Contractor’s proposed methods of thermal curing before application on permanent
works.
A. Testing and Inspecting: The Employer must submit their Company’s Quality
Control Plan for the approval by Engineer. Alternatively an approved qualified
testing and inspecting agency shall be appointed by the employer to perform
field tests and inspections and prepare test reports.
C. Inspections:
A. Design, erect, support, brace and maintain formwork to support vertical and
lateral loads that might be applied until such loads can be supported by
concrete structure.
C. Provide for openings, keyways, chamfers, inserts and other features required in
work.
130
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
b. In exposed lintels, sills, parapets, horizontal grooves, and other
conspicuous lines:
In any bay or in 20 foot (6 m) length.............................................. 1/4 inch (6.35 mm)
Maximum for the entire length ....................................................... 1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
3. Variation of the linear building lines from established position in plan and
related position of columns, walls, and partitions:
In any bay ..................................................................................... 1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
In any 20 foot (6 m) of length ........................................................ 1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
Maximum for the entire length ............................................................. 1 inch (25 mm)
6. Footings*:
7. Variation in Steps:
a. In a flight of stairs:
Rise ..................................................................................... +1/8 inch (+3.18 mm)
Tread +1/4 inch (+6.35 mm)
b. In consecutive steps:
Rise ................................................................................. +1/16 inch (+1.588 mm)
Tread +1/8 inch (+3.18 mm)
F. Chamfer all exposed corners and edges to produce uniform smooth lines and
tight edge joints, unless otherwise indicated in the Contract Drawings.
1. Determine size and location of openings, recesses and chases from trades
providing such items.
131
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.08 FORM SETTING FOR SIDEWALKS, CURBS AND GUTTERS
1. Provide minimum of three (3) stakes per form placed at intervals not to
exceed 4 feet (1.2 m) to hold forms rigidly in place.
2. Provide additional stakes and braces for corners, deep sections, and radius
bends, as required.
4. Clean and coat forms with form oil each time before concrete is placed.
B. Divide curb, and combined curb and gutter into blocks or stones in lengths not
to exceed 6 feet (2 m) long.
1. Use metal templates not less than 1/16 inch (1.588 mm) thick cut to the
same cross section as the curb or curb and gutter being constructed.
C. Sidewalks, Curbs and Gutters: Set forms for sidewalks, curbs and gutters with
the upper edge true to line and grade with an allowable tolerance of 1/8 inch (3
mm) in any 10 foot (3 m) long section.
1. After forms are set, check grade and alignment with 10-foot (3 m)
straightedge.
2. Provide transverse slope of 1/4 inch per foot (6.35 mm per meter) with low
side adjacent to the roadway.
132
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 3 - CONCRETE REINFORCMENTE
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
A. Unless noted otherwise, all reinforcing shall be uncoated deformed high yield bars.
A. Delivery
a. The tag shall show the manufacturer’s test number and lot number, and other
applicable data that will identify the material with the corresponding certificate
issued for that lot of steel.
b. Reinforcing shall be delivered clean and free of rust conforming to BS 7079
Part A1 grade a condition.
3.02 MATERIALS
C. Tie Wire: Conform to BS 4482 and provide 1.6 mm black annealed mild steel.
D. Spacers
133
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
c. Spacers shall be wet cured for 3 days unless otherwise accepted by the
Employer.
d. Concrete spacers shall be of uniform size and free of honeycombing or
cavities.
e. All spacers shall have an embedded tie wire.
A. The Employer reserves the right to sample and test each size of the reinforcement
steel upon its arrival at the work site.
B. Tests procedure and frequency shall be carried out in accordance with ASTM A615M,
unless otherwise directed by the Employer.
D. Test results for each bar size shall be submitted to the Employer three weeks before
concrete work commences on Site, unless otherwise accepted by the Employer.
E. Further tests may be called for when the source of supply of reinforcement changes,
in which case the cost of such extra testing will be borne by the Contractor.
F. When any test results do not conform to the relevant standard, the reinforcement
steel may be removed from the site upon the Employer’s direction and all costs
resulting there from shall be borne by the Contractor.
3.04 INSTALLATION
A. General
134
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
concrete which may have been deposited thereon during the placing of a
previous lift of concrete.
d. Immediately prior to concrete placing, all reinforcing steel shall be washed
thoroughly with high-pressure potable water jets.
3. Tolerance for d and minimum concrete cover in flexural members, walls, and
compression members shall be as follows:
Except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm
and tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover
required in the design drawings and specifications.
A. Concrete shall be batched only with approved materials, approved mix designs,
and at approved facilities.
B. The Contractor shall define the method of design of the mix, by reference to a
recognised published design method. The Employer shall approve the design
method.
C. Plant trials shall be carried out for each grade and type of concrete in the
contract, unless approved otherwise by the Employer.
F. Results of the trial mixes must demonstrate that the proposed mix complies with
the strength, workability and durability requirements of this specification.
SUBMITTALS
A. Product Data, test results and other information as required to prove compliance
with the specification shall be submitted for approval according to Part 4.4 on at
least the following products.
135
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
1. Cement
2. GGBS
4. Aggregates
6. Admixtures
1. Cement
2. GGBS
3. MS
4. Aggregates
a. Provide samples of both fine and coarse aggregates for testing at least
three weeks before beginning deliveries to the site and at regular
intervals as required by the Contractor.
b. Samples shall be taken in the presence of the Employer’s
Representative.
5. Water
137
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 2 - PRODUCTS, STORAGE AND HANDLING
2.01 CEMENT
A. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) used in the mix shall conform to IQS 5 or
ASTM C150 Type I, as approved by the Employer.
B. Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRC) used in the mix shall conform to
IQS5 or ASTM C150 Type V, as approved by the Employer.
D. Any cement, which is, in the opinion of the Employer, unsuitable for use in the
Works shall be rejected and the Contractor shall promptly remove such cement
from the Site.
Storage of Cement
C. Where site limitations preclude the storage of cement on site, cement shall be
stored at a central location and shall be delivered daily as required to specific job
sites.
E. All storage facilities shall be subject to approval by the Employer and shall be
such as to permit easy access for inspection and identification.
F. During transport and storage, the cement shall be fully protected from all adverse
weather elements.
G. Do not use cement more than 4 weeks old for silo stored cement and 6 weeks
for bagged cement unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
138
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
H. Any consignment of cement not used within two months from the date of
manufacture of cement, which, in the opinion of the Employer, is of doubtful
quality, shall not be used in the work until it has been retested as directed by the
Employer and shown to comply in all respects with the relevant standard of
manufacture.
Storage of (MS): Upon arrival at site, MS shall be stored in silos designated for this
purpose.
2.03 AGGREGATES
A. Aggregates shall meet the requirements of Table 4 along with the following
general requirements, unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
2. The aggregates used in the permanent work shall be obtained only from the
sources approved by the Employer.
3. Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IQS 45, BS 882, except as
modified hereunder and if necessary, shall be washed clean with potable
water, to comply with these requirements.
139
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3
6. Carry out all tests which the Engineer order a sample every 150 m , weighing
of sample at least (25) kilograms for coarse aggregate and weighing at least
(13) kilograms for fine aggregate.
a. The use of clean dune sand, blended with coarser sand may be permitted
if it meets the applicable specification requirements (except grading).
b. Beach sand shall not be permitted for use in concrete mixes.
c. Combined or individual fine aggregate gradation shall be in accordance
with Zone 1 or Zone 2 of Table 4 of this Section.
d. The fineness modulus of fine aggregate shall be from 2.4 to 3.2.
e. The fineness modules shall not vary by more than ±0.2 from the value of
the representative sample used in the mix design.
9. Combined Aggregate
140
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 1 - SPECIFICATION LIMIT OF COURSE AGGREGATE
Sieve
20 mm to 20 mm 10 mm
Size
5 mm Nominal Size Nominal Size
mm
28.0 100 100 --
20.0 90-100 85 – 100 --
14.0 -- -- 100
10.0 30-60 0 – 25 85 – 100
5.0 0-10 0–5 0 – 25
2.36 -- -- 0-5
28.0 100 -- --
20.0 95 – 100 -- --
14.0 -- 100 --
10.0 -- 95 – 100 100
5.0 35 – 55 30 – 65 90 – 100
2.36 -- 20 – 50 60 – 100
1.18 -- 15 – 40 30 – 90
0.600 10 – 35 10 – 30 15 – 54
0.300 5 – 15 5 – 40
0.150 0–8 0–8 0 – 15
Increase to 10% for crushed rock fines.
Increase to 20% for crushed rock.
141
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 4 - CONCRETE AGGREGATES
Requirement Test Methods Permissible Limits
BS 812 ASTM Fine Coarse
Grading Table 4 of BS 882 Table 3 of BS 882
Part 103 (wet)
(C & M only)
Material < 0.075 mm :
Natural / Crushed gravel Part 103 (wet) Maximum 5% Maximum 3%
Crushed Rock Maximum 15% Maximum 3%
Sand Equivalent Valve D2419 Minimum 75%
Clay Lumps and
C142 Maximum 1% Maximum 2%
Friable Particles
Light Weight Pieces C123 Maximum 1% Maximum 1%
Organic Impurities Test 8 max.0.05%. NA
of BS1377 Refer note 1
Water Absorption C128/C127 2.3% Maximum 2%
Specific Gravity (app.) C128/C127 Min. 2.6 Min. 2.6
Flakiness Index Part 105.1 NA Maximum 25%
Elongation Index Part 105.2 NA Maximum 25%
Acid Soluble Chlorides Maximum 0.03% Maximum 0.015%
Concrete with : SRC
Part 117,
Other concrete Maximum 0.05% Maximum 0.02%
Appendix C
For pre stressed and
steam cured Concrete max.0.01% max.0.01%
Acid Soluble Sulfates Part 118 Maximum 0.5% Maximum 0.1%
Soundness (MgSO4), after Maximum 15% Maximum 18%
C88
5 Cycles
Impact Value Part 112 NA Maximum 35%
Loss Angeles Abrasion C131,C535 NA Maximum 30%
Aggregate drying shrinkage BS1881: NA Max. 0.075%
Shrinkage Part 120
Potential Reactivity: C289 INNOCUOUS INNOCUOUS
(Refer Note 2) 6 MONTH 6 MONTH
Of Aggregates, Chemical EXPANSION EXPANSION
Method Of Cement- C227 0.10% MAX 0.10% MAX
Aggregate
Combination
Note: 1. Color of supernatant liquid shall be lighter than standard color solution if tested
according to ASTM C40, Use of a fine aggregate failing in the this test is not prohibited,
provided that, when tested for the effect of organic impurities on strength of mortar, the
relative strength at 7 days, calculated in accordance with Test Method C 87, is not less
than 95 %.
2. Potential reactivity and organic impurity tests are not required for RAK aggregates,
unless otherwise directed by the Employer.
3. Aggregates may initially be assessed for its reactivity in accordance with ASTM C289
and if potential reactivity is indicated, then mortar bar tests in accordance with ASTM
C227 shall be carried out.
142
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 5
FREQUENCY OF ROUTINE TESTS ON AGGREGATES
7 Shell content - BS 812 Part 106 Each two months or per 100m3
whichever is more frequent
8 Particle shape BS 812 Parts 105.1, 105.2 Do
12 Mechanical strength
10% fines of impact value Each three months
BS 812 Parts 111, 112
Los Angles abrasion Do
ASTM C131 / C535
13 Moisture variation in sand by Moisture Meters Twice daily
Note 1: The above tests shall be carried out at the specified frequency at an approved
laboratory at the contractor expense.
Note 2: The above frequencies may be reduced at the Employer discretion.
Storage of Aggregates
2.04 WATER
A. Water used for concrete-mixes and washing of equipment shall be potable water
and shall comply with the requirements of IQS 1703, unless otherwise stated
herein or in Table 6.
C. Ice if used, shall be flake ice and shall be the product of frozen water, which
complies with the acceptance criteria of Table 9, unless otherwise accepted by
the Employer.
D. Every effort should be made to protect water pipes and tanks from the sun, by
burying, shading, insulation and/or painting white.
E. Contractor shall make his own arrangements and obtain approval for the supply
of water.
Storage of Water: Store in clean covered tanks to prevent contamination. The chilled
water storage tank shall be insulated.
2.05 ADMIXTURES
144
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4. Shall contain no more than 0 05% chloride calculated as calcium chloride by
weight of cement in the concrete
5. Shall not contain more than 1.5% of the air regardless of the mixing time.
B. Pozzolanic Admixtures: Class C fly ash may be used as a cement substitute in the
range of 20%-25% for concrete that will not be exposed to the viewing public. Fly
ash shall meet the requirements of ASTM C 618 with a maximum loss of ignition of
3 percent. Fly ash shall not be used with Type IP (MS) or Type III portland cement.
Class C fly ash shall not be used where sulfate resistant concrete is required.
Where Type V portland cement is specified for sulfate resistance, Type II portland
cement and Class F fly ash may be used. Class F fly ash may be used as an
addition to Type V portland cement.
Storage of Admixture
145
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 3 – CONCRETE TYPES, MIX DESIGN AND QUALITY CONTROL
3.01 Concrete mixes shall comply with the requirements of Table 7, unless otherwise
approved by the Employer.
3.02 Slump due to water content alone (without the addition of super plasticizer) shall
be as follows:
Tolerance in Slump: When the specified slump is 3 inches or less, the tolerance shall
be plus or minus 1/2 inch. When the specified slump is greater than 3 inches, the
tolerance shall be plus or minus 1 inch.
After the addition of super plasticizers, slumps may range from 3 to 11 inches (76 mm
to 279 mm) provided that the concrete mix is cohesive and non-segregating, has
controlled time of set and minimal bleed water.
1. At the start of the Works, the Contractor shall design a mix for each grade of
concrete listed in Table 1 that is required to be built into the Works.
2. Mix designs may be proportioned according to a recognized standard or on a
trial and error basis as approved by the Employer.
3. The target mean strength shall exceed the characteristic strength by a margin
of 1.64 times the standard deviation expected from the concreting plant using
the same materials and supervision.
2
a. No standard deviation less than 3.5 N/mm shall be used as a basis for
designing a mix.
2
b. If previous data is not available a standard deviation of 6.0 N/mm shall
be used as a basis.
c. The Contractor shall propose the standard deviation.
4. Submit full details of the mix designs to the Employer for his approval.
5. Each mix design shall be such that:
146
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 7 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE MIXES
147
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4. The amount of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is limited to 50
percent of the total weight of cementitious materials.
5. Silica Fume: 10 percent.
6. Combined Fly Ash, Pozzolans, and Silica Fume: 35 percent with fly
ash or pozzolans not exceeding 25 percent and silica fume not
exceeding 10 percent.
7. Combined Fly Ash or Pozzolans, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace
Slag, and Silica fume: 50 percent with fly ash or pozzolans not
exceeding 25 percent and silica fume not exceeding 10 percent.
TABLE 8
148
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.04 DURABILITY
A. Following are the durability criteria required for various Concrete mixes to be
used in the Project:
Superstructure 4,000
Substructure 2,000
Superstructure 15 mm
Substructure 8 mm
Superstructure 3.5%
Substructure
A. Upon the Employer’s request, preliminary laboratory trials shall be carried out
with the approved materials to determine if the mixes will satisfy the Specification.
1. The mix design process shall be under the control of an experienced mix
design specialist.
2. Samples shall be taken and tests shall be conducted at a laboratory approved
by the Employer to prove conformance with all the requirements in Table 7.
3. If any of the values obtained are unacceptable, the mixes shall be re -
designed.
4. Approval of the laboratory-mix proportions shall in no way relieve the
Contractor of his responsibility to produce concrete, which meets the
requirements of these Specifications.
5. All costs connected with the laboratory trials and the design of the proposed
mixes shall be borne by the Contractor.
6. Whenever a change of brand or source for any of the concrete ingredients
occurs, additional laboratory mixes may be required and the cost of these
trials shall also be borne by the Contractor.
7. Mix proportion shall be adjusted to give a theoretical yield of 0.995 to 1.005
m3 as described in ACI 211.1. The entrapped air content shall be assumed
as 2.0% for 20 mm nominal size aggregate and 3% for 10 mm nominal size
aggregate.
149
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.06 PLANT TRIALS
A. As soon as the Employer has approved the concrete mix proportions from the
laboratory trial, the Contractor shall conduct a plant trial in the presence of the
Employer.
1. All concrete mixes shall require a plant trial, unless waived by the Employer.
2. Before starting full-scale plant trials, all materials and equipment shall be
available for inspection by the Employer and the plant shall be in the full
working order.
3. The plant trials must prove compliance of all criteria set forth in Table 7,
unless otherwise accepted by the Employer.
4. Plant Trials shall be mixed for the same time, by the same means and with
the same equipment, which the Contractor proposes to use in the Works.
5. The proportions of cement, GGBS, MS, aggregate and water shall be
carefully determined by weight to correspond with the Contractor's approved
mix proportions.
6. Contractor shall make three separate truck loads for each concrete mix,
unless otherwise agreed by the Employer.
3
a. Each load shall be not less than 3.0 m mixed in at least 2 batches,
unless otherwise accepted by the Employer.
b. Twelve 150 mm test specimens shall be made from each load for C25,
and other mixes. Methods of making and curing specimens shall be in
accordance with BS 1881: Part 108 and Part 111 respectively and as
follows: Specimens shall be stored in insulated boxes until removed
from the moulds.
a. Whenever required, initial and final setting time of concrete shall also be
conducted as directed by the Employer.
b. Air content shall be conducted on C40N, C40FR, GBS, and GMS & SCC
mixes.
8. The slump and temperature of each batch during each plant trial shall be
measured and recorded, by the method described in BS 1881, immediately
after mixing and thereafter at 15 minutes intervals up to 90 minutes after
batching or as envisaged for delivery and standing on site. Based on these
trials, the Employer shall identify any adjustments required for acceptable
workability.
9. Three specimens shall be tested at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days for hardened density
and compressive strength as described in BS 1881: Part 114 and Part 116
respectively.
150
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
B. Re-design of the concrete mixes and the making and testing of preliminary and
trial mixes of concrete shall be repeated for each grade of concrete until all
results meet the requirements of Table 7.
1. For C21/25 & grades containing GGBS and/or MS, at least one reinforced
horizontal slab measuring 1.0 m x 2.0 m x 0.30 m and one reinforced wall
section measuring 1.2 m high, 2.0 m long and 0.30 m thick shall be
monolithically cast utilizing the same placement and curing methods as
proposed for the works.
2. Each slab shall be sampled and tested for RCP, water permeability and water
absorption.
7. All associated costs for coring and testing shall be borne by the Contractor.
D. The Contractor shall only use the approved mix of each grade of concrete in the
Works. If at any time during the construction of the Works, the source of cement,
GGBS, MS, aggregate, admixture or mix proportions are changed, the concrete
shall be rejected and/or new trial mixes shall be made, tested and approved for
use. If any unapproved mixes or non-compliant concrete is used in the
permanent works, it shall be removed and replaced at the Contractor’s expense,
unless otherwise agreed by the Employer.
A. Under the supervision and direction of the Employer, the Contractor shall
perform all tests as shown in Table 9, unless otherwise approved by the
Employer.
B. Current Margin: Unless otherwise approved by the Employer, the current margin
for compressive strength shall be established for each approved mix design as
follows:
2. At least three specimens shall be taken for each sampling and crushed at 28
days. Additional specimens (three each) for 7-day strength need only be
taken as required meeting Table 8.
152
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
C. Routine Test Specimens
1. In addition to the above, test specimens shall be randomly taken from the
concrete which is being used in the work and prepared in accordance to the
relevant standard and the following provisions, unless otherwise approved by
the Employer.
a. All specimens shall be made at the point of delivery and all specimens
for each set must be from the same load (transit mixer truck).
b. Use approved cube moulds of the same type and manufacture for
making all test specimens.
c. Start tests for slump, temperature, and air content within 5 min after
obtaining the final portion of the composite sample. Complete these tests
expeditiously. Start molding specimens for strength tests within 15 min
after fabricating the composite sample. Expeditiously obtain and use the
sample and protect the sample from the sun, wind, and other sources of
rapid evaporation, and from contamination.
d. All specimens shall be kept in closed insulated boxes for initial curing
until removed from the moulds and placed directly in a suitable curing
tank.
e. Six specimens (150 mm) shall be made for density and compressive
strength testing.
f. Three specimens (150 mm) shall be made for water permeability testing.
g. Three specimens (150 mm) shall be made for water absorption testing.
h. Each grade of specimens shall be indelibly numbered consecutively
throughout the work and marked with the date.
i. Make the samples to be used for tests take at least 1.5 times the
quantity estimated as being required for the tests.
5. In the sampling and testing plan and the conformity criteria of individual
concrete compositions or concrete families, distinction is made between initial
production and continuous production.
Initial production covers the production until at least 35 test results are
available.
153
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
6. For compressive strength and density, test three specimens at 7 days and
three at 28 days.
a. The mean of three specimens strength results made from one sample
are tested at the same age shall be taken as a test result. If an individual
specimen result varies by more than 10% from the mean result, that
specimen value shall be discarded and the result will be the average of
the remaining specimens values.
b. The mean of the any four consecutive test result exceeds the specified
2
compressive strength by at least (4 N/mm for initial production or 1.48
times the standard deviation for continues production), and no any
individual test result (average of three specimens) below the specified
2
compressive strength by more than 4 N/mm .
10. If the test specimens fail to meet the designated requirements, then the
following action shall be taken by the Contractor.
3. The cores shall be promptly tested for RCP values and the results promptly
given to the Employer.
4. The average value at 28 days shall comply with the same requirements as for
trial slabs.
5. All associated costs for coring and testing shall be borne by the Contractor.
6. In addition to the frequency mentioned in Table 8, the Contractor shall collect
dust samples or core specimens for chloride and sulphate contents,
whenever required by the Employer.
E. The Contractor shall keep records of all specimens taken and tests made using a
proforma approved by the Employer.
F. Submit at weekly intervals, test reports giving test results for slump, temperature,
hardened density, strength and any other tests performed during the week. In
addition to the above, the Contractor shall submit a monthly report and statistical
analysis as directed by the Employer.
G. If high variability in slump values or wet unit weight occur, the Employer may
instruct the Contractor to stop concreting operations, until corrective action is
taken.
155
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.08 MIXING AND DELIVERY OF CONCRETE
A. All concrete batching shall comply with the following requirements, unless
otherwise approved by the Employer.
1. All concrete shall be manufactured in a fully automated; computer controlled
batching plant, approved by the Employer. The plant shall be equipped with
a suitable water chiller along with sufficient insulated storage and flake ice-
making facility with automatic feed to ensure concrete temperatures are
maintained within specified limits. Dry mixing or mixing in the truck drum will not
be allowed.
2. Mixing and transporting of concrete shall be in accordance with the
requirements for ready mixed concrete in BS 5328 or ASTM C94 except as
modified hereunder or as directed by the Employer. Concrete shall be
transported from the mixer to the point of placing as rapidly as practicable in
approved agitators.
4. Amount of concrete mixed in any one batch shall not exceed the rated
capacity of the mixer.
c. All materials from the previous batch shall be removed before materials
for a fresh batch enter the drum.
d. If work is suspended, including any periods exceeding twenty minutes,
the mixers and all handling plant shall be washed with clean water.
e. All mixing and batching equipments shall be maintained free of set
concrete, cement or any other deleterious materials and shall be clean
before commencing mixing
5. No water shall be added into the concrete after initial mixing at the plant.
1. Each truck shall arrive at the job site with its water container full.
156
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
C. When the concrete is mixed in a truck loaded to its maximum capacity, the number
of revolutions of the drum or blades at mixing speed shall be not less than 70 nor
more than 100. If the batch is at least one-half (1/2) cubic yard less than the
maximum capacity, the number of revolutions at mixing speed may be reduced too
not less than 50. All revolutions after 100 shall be at agitating speed.
D. When a truck mixer or agitator is used for transporting concrete, the concrete shall
be delivered to the site of the work and discharge shall be completed within 45
minutes or before the drum has been revolved 300 revolutions, whichever comes
first, after the introduction of the mixing water to the cement aggregates. In hot
weather, or under conditions contributing to quick stiffening of the concrete, the time
may be reduced by the Superintendent. When a truck mixer is used for the complete
mixing of the concrete, the mixing operation shall begin within 30 minutes after the
cement has been intermingled with the aggregates only.
1. The slump and temperature tests shall be carried out t the point of discharge
just before placement.
2. Rejected concrete shall be removed from the site at the Contractor's expense
3. Perform slump tests in accordance with BS 1881 at the site of pour for each
load delivered to site, except of grade C20 which shall be at the Employer’s
decision. Concrete placement shall proceed only following satisfactory
verification of slump or other specified field test results.
H. Use mixed concrete without delay. Concrete shall be placed not later than 90
minutes from the time of mixing, unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
157
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.09 HOT WEATHER CONCRETING
A. Follow the recommendations of ACI-305 and the following precautions during hot
weather, unless otherwise directed by the Employer.
159
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 3.4 CONCRETE REPAIR
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01 SUMMARY
1.03 REFERENCES
1.04 DEFINITIONS
A. The following definitions shall pertain to words or phrases as used in this Section.
A. Products, application, and testing shall comply with the following requirements,
unless otherwise approved by the Contractor.
1. Lower Tier contractors thoroughly specialising in repair techniques shall carry out
the works. The contractor’s staff shall not carry out concrete repair works.
2. Only independent laboratories or Lower Tier bcontractors thoroughly familiar with
testing techniques shall carry out testing procedures.
3. All product manufacturers shall operate under a certified ISO 9000 Quality
System.
160
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
B. The repair system to be used for a particular area or member will be designated by
the Contractor and will generally be as follows:
1. Cementitious repair mortars shall be used for small surface repairs, generally
2
smaller than 5 m .
2. Micro-concrete shall be used for small, localised repairs, generally smaller than 1
3
m.
2
3. Shotcrete shall be used for large surface repairs, generally larger than 5 m .
3
4. C32/40 concrete shall be used for large repairs, generally larger than 1m .
5. Cracks or construction joints, which are leaking, shall be injected with vinlyester
or polyurethane resins as directed by the Contractor. If leaking is too great for
typical crack injection methods, approved foaming agents or rapid setting mortars
may be used with the Contractor’s permission.
6. Poorly formed construction joints or cold joints shall be repaired as directed by
the Employer.
1.06 SUBMITTALS
1. Manufacturer’s name.
2. Supplier’s name.
3. Product name (if applicable).
4. Product description.
5. Manufacturer’s technical data.
6. Storage instructions.
7. Application instructions.
8. Mix design (if applicable).
B. Samples (applied) shall be supplied for at least the following products or as requested
by the Employer:
1. Fillers.
2. Mortars.
3. Coatings.
4. Grouts.
5. Sealants.
6. Aggregates.
7. Cement.
8. Water.
9. Fibers.
C. The Contractor shall provide separate method statements meeting the requirements
of Section 4.4, for at least the following activities or as requested by the Contractor.
1. Grit blasting, typical surface preparation, all concrete repair methods including
rebar cleaning and coating.
2. Method of mixing and application of shotcrete.
3. Crack injection.
4. Coating application.
5. Grouting of rebar dowels.
D. The Contractor shall submit renovation drawings including maps for all members
(floors, walls, soffit, beams, columns, exterior roof) showing size, depth and type of all
repairs.
161
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
E. Mock-up
1. The Contractor shall prepare a mock-up meeting the requirements of Section 4.4
for at least the following installations or as requested by the Employer.
a. Typical surface preparation (after grit blasting) and coating application.
(minimum 3 m2).
b. Shotcrete application (minimum 10 m2).
c. Crack injection (minimum 3 m)
d. All concrete repair methods (1m2)
e. Joint sealant replacement (1m)
2. The Contractor shall conduct pull-off tests on all repair and shotcrete applications
as directed by the Contractor, at no additional cost to the Empoyer.
a. The minimum pull-off strength shall be 1.5 MPa when failure occurs at the
interface or within the repair material.
b. If failure occurs in the parent concrete further investigation will be conducted as
directed by the Contractor.
4. Cores (except for visual inspection) shall be from a non-reinforced section of the
panel.
5. Cores for visual inspection shall be from a reinforced section of the panel.
6. Cores for all tests shall be cut only 3 days before the testing date.
7. The length and width of the mould may be increased if required.
8. Cores for water absorption, water permeability and RCP shall be cured as
follows:
a. After drilling, wipe the surface clean and allow surface moisture to evaporate.
b. When the surface appears dry, but not later than 1 hour after drilling, place
cores in separate plastic bags to prevent loss of moisture.
c. Transport cores immediately to the testing laboratory and leave it in the
sealed plastic bags until the time of testing.
9. Shortcrete trial panels shall be cured on site in wet hessian and polythene sheet
as stipulated in ASTM C1140.
1. Coating application
1. Shotcrete application
2. Application of repair Materials
3. Concrete casting
162
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
1.08 DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING
7. Bulk mixed shotcrete shall be suitably stored on polythene sheets and kept well
covered with additional sheets to provide complete protection as directed by the
Contractor. Bulk mixed shotcrete shall be used within 3 days, unless otherwise
approved by the Contractor.
1.09 WARRANTY
A. The manufacturer and the Subcontractor shall jointly guarantee the completed repairs
to be free from defects in workmanship and materials for a minimum period of 10
years from the date of handover to the Contractor.
C. If the concrete repairs are found to be defective during the warranty period, the
Subcontractor and manufacturer shall replace or repair the concrete without any
additional cost to the Contractor.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
A. Rapid setting mortars for temporarily plugging leaks in running water shall be special
purpose pre-bagged cementitious mortars requiring only the addition of water at site.
The product shall produce an initial set in approximately 1 minute. A controlled rate
of set shall be provided to minimise risk of thermal cracking. The product shall be
chloride free.
2.03 MICRO-CONCRETE
2.05 SHOTCRETE
B. Bulk mixed shotcrete compliant with the recommendations of ACI 506.2 may be used
in lieu of pre-bagged shotcrete, if approved by the Contractor.
164
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Sieve Size Zone I % Passing Zone II % Passing Zone III % Passing
12.5 mm 100 100 100
9.5 mm 90-100 100 100
4.75 mm 70-85 95-100 95-100
2.36 mm 50-70 80-100 70-90
1.18 mm 35-55 50-85 45-75
0.60 mm 20-35 25-60 25-60
0.300 mm 8-20 10-30 15-35
0.150 mm 2-10 2-10 8-16
10. Except as modified hereunder the mould for casting shotcrete panels shall
comply with the requirements of ASTM C1140.
11. Before the start of the work each nozzle man will be tested and shall obtain a
grade of 2.5 or better in accordance with ACI 506.3.
12. The Contractor shall spray shotcrete into approved moulds for cutting cores as
directed by the Employer for specified tests.
13. As required by the Employer cores shall be cut from the finished structure for the
specified tests and visual inspection. Cores for compressive strength shall be 75
mm diameter.
14. Dry mix delivered shall be well protected as directed by the Employer and shall
be used within 3 days. Dry mix not used within three days will be rejected.
15. The Contractor shall only be allowed to start the works after the Employer has
approved the materials, mix design, nozzlemen and the site procedures.
16. The finished surface shall be smooth, free from voids, cracks, honeycombing,
and suitable for the application of surface coatings or other finishes.
2.06 CONCRETE
A. Requirements for C32/40 concrete with 10 mm aggregate and with typical size
aggregate shall be found in Section 3.3.
A. Coating for repair of rebar shall be a single component zinc epoxy primer meeting the
requirements of BS 4652 Type 2. Minimum zinc content shall be 85% (dry film).
165
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.08 REINFORCING STEEL
A. Reinforcing steel shall comply with the requirements of Section 3.2 Part 3.
2.10 WATER
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01 EXAMINATION OF SURFACE DEFECTS
A. As soon as forms are removed, exposed surfaces shall be carefully examined and
any irregularities shall be immediately rubbed or ground in a satisfactory manner in
order to secure a smooth, uniform, and continuous surface. Plastering or coating of
surfaces to be smoothed will not be permitted. No repairs shall be made until after
inspection by the Employer. In no case will extensive patching of honeycombed
concrete be permitted. Concrete containing minor voids, holes, honeycombing, or
similar depression defects shall have them repaired as specified herein. Concrete
containing extensive voids, holes, honeycombing, or similar depression defects, shall
be completely removed and replaced.
B. Any concrete repairs that the Employer deems necessary shall be promptly executed
by the Contractor at its own expense, using the appropriate repair materials
designated by the Employer.
A. Concrete shall be chipped out and cut back as directed by the Employer.
B. Defective surfaces to be repaired shall be cut back from trueline a minimum depth of
12 mm over the entire area. Feathered edges will not be permitted. Where chipping
or cutting tools are not required in order to deepen the area properly, the surface shall
be prepared for bonding by the removal of all laitance or soft material, and not less
than 0.8 mm depth of the surface film from all hard portions, by means of an efficient
sandblast.
D After cutting and sandblasting, the surface shall be wetted sufficiently in advance of
shooting with shotcrete or with cement mortar so that while the repair material is
being applied, the surfaces under repair will remain moist, but not so wet as to
overcome the suction upon which a good bond depends. For exposed walls, the
166
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
cement shall contain such a proportion of white Portland cement as required to make
the colour of the patch match the colour of the surrounding concrete.
E. Holes left by tie-rod cones shall be reamed with suitable toothed reamers so as to
leave the surfaces of the holes clean and rough. These holes then shall be repaired
in an approved manner with dry-packed cement grout. Holes left by form-tying
devices having a rectangular cross-section, and other imperfections having a depth
greater than their least surface dimension, shall not be reamed but shall be repaired
in an approved manner with dry-packed cement grout.
F. All repairs shall be built up and shaped in such a manner that the completed work will
conform to the requirements of this Section, as applicable, using approved methods
which will not disturb the bond, cause sagging, or cause horizontal fractures.
Surfaces of said repairs shall receive the same kind and amount of curing treatment
as required for the concrete in the repaired section.
G. Before filling any structure with water, all cracks that may have developed shall be
"vee'd" and filled with sealant. This repair method shall be done on the water bearing
face of members. Before backfilling, faces of members in contact with fill, which are
not covered with a waterproofing membrane, shall also have cracks repaired.
1. Holes which are less than 300 mm in their least dimension and extend completely
through concrete members shall be filled as specified herein.
2. Small holes in members which are water-bearing or in contact with soil or other fill
material shall be filled with non-shrink grout. Where a face of the member is
exposed to view, the non-shrink grout shall be held back 50 mm from the finished
surface. The remaining 50 mm shall then be patched in accordance with the
method described above.
3. Small holes through all other concrete members shall be filled with non-shrink
grout, with exposed faces treated as above.
1. Holes that are larger than 300 mm in their smallest dimension shall have a
keyway chipped into the edge of the opening all around, unless a formed keyway
exists. The holes shall then be filled with concrete as specified herein.
2. Holes which are larger than 600 mm in their smallest dimension and which do not
have reinforcing steel extending from the existing concrete, shall have reinforcing
steel set in grout in drilled holes. The reinforcing added shall match the
reinforcing in the existing wall unless indicated otherwise.
3. Large holes in members which are water bearing or in contact with soil or other
fill, shall have a bentonite type waterstop material placed around the perimeter of
the hole unless there is an existing waterstop in place.
A. The Contractor shall protect all concrete against injury or damage from excessive
heat, lack of moisture, overstress, or any other cause until final acceptance by the
Employer. Particular care shall be taken to prevent the drying of concrete and to
avoid roughening or otherwise damaging the surface. Any concrete found to be
damaged, or which may have been originally defective, or which becomes defective
at any time prior to the final acceptance of the completed work, or which departs from
the established line or grade, or which, for any other reason, does not conform to the
requirements of the Contract Documents, shall be satisfactorily repaired or removed
and replaced with acceptable concrete at the Subcontractor’s expense.
167
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.03 REBAR REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT
A. Any exposed rebar encountered during renovation shall be grit blasted to remove all
rust and scale and coated with zinc primer. Zinc primer shall be mixed and applied in
accordance with the manufacturers directions on the same day, as the grit blasting.
B. Heavily corroded rebar, exceeding 10% loss of cross section as determined by the
Employer shall be lapped with new rebar of the same size.
1. All new rebar shall be grit blasted and coated in the same manner as repaired
rebar.
2. Heavily corroded rebar may be removed if sufficient lap is available with
acceptable rebar. If sufficient lap length is not available, the Subcontractor shall
drill and grout rebar dowels as directed by the Contractor.
3. Minimum cover on newly placed rebar shall be 40 mm, unless otherwise
approved by the Contractor.
4. Clear distance between newly placed rebar and existing adjoining rebar shall be
35 mm for shotcrete applications.
A. All areas to be repaired shall be saw cut all around and chipped down to remove
defective or contaminated concrete.
C. All prepared surfaces shall be thoroughly cleaned by high-pressure air blast just
before mortar application.
E. Primer
1. Concrete surfaces shall typically be soaked with water and blown free of surface
water just before application.
2. Other primers may only be used if approved by the Contractor. Mixing and
application of the primer shall be in strict accordance with manufacturer’s
recommendations.
F. Mortar Application
A. All areas to be repaired shall be saw cut all around and chipped down to remove
defective or contaminated concrete.
C. All surfaces thus prepared shall be thoroughly cleaned by high-pressure air blast just
before mortar application.
168
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
E. Mixing shall be according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
F. Primer
1. Concrete surfaces shall typically be soaked with water and blown free of surface
water just before application.
2. Other primers may only be used if approved by the Contractor. Mixing and
application of the primer shall be in strict accordance with manufacturer’s
recommendations.
G. Placement
A. All areas to be repaired shall be saw cut all around and chipped down to remove
defective or contaminated concrete.
C. Areas thus prepared shall be thoroughly cleaned by high-pressure air blast and
soaked with water before the application of shotcrete. Any excess water shall be
removed.
D. Application shall be with dry mix, unless otherwise approved by the Employer.
0
E. Do not place shotcrete when substrate or reinforcing temperature is above 38 C.
F. Spraying shall generally be at right angles to the surface and will generally start at he
bottom and work upwards on vertical surfaces.
1. Screed boards, profile guides or stretched wires shall be used to maintain proper
thickness, and uniform surface profile.
2. Maximum thickness per layer shall be 50 mm.
3. Application of subsequent layers shall be delayed for at least 1 hour.
G. The finish surface shall be lightly trimmed to profile and left rough to receive filler or
mortar.
H. Wet curing, according to Part 2 - Section 3.2, shall commence immediately upon
finishing and shall continue for 7 days.
A. All areas to be repaired shall be saw cut all around and chipped down to remove
defective or contaminated concrete.
E. The Employer may limit the maximum aggregate size to 10 mm at its discretion.
A. Cracks shall be ground out and filled at the surface as directed by the Employer.
A. Crack injection shall be performed with one or more of the following resins as directed
by the Contractor.
1. Foaming agent to stop water leakage.
2. Polyurethane resin.
3. Vinlyester resin.
A. Surface tolerances for all repairs shall comply with Section 3.2 Part 3, unless otherwise
approved by the Contractor.
B. Minimum pull-off values for any repairs with any materials shall be 1.5 MPa, when failure
occurs at the interface or within the repair material, unless otherwise approved by the
2
Contractor. One pull-off test shall be conducted for every 100 m of repairs.
1. Shotcrete:
a. Test three cores for compressive strength at 7 days and three cores at 28 days.
b. Dispose of samples when directed by the Contractor.
th
c. Conduct permeability test on every 15 sample or as directed by the Contractor.
170
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 3.5 TESTING OF WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES
PART 1 - GENERAL
A. The testing, for water tightness of water tanks in basement and reflecting
pool.
1.3 SUBMITTALS
A. The contractor shall submit a method statement according to Section 4.4 to cover
all aspects of testing and repair of water retaining structures.
B. The Contractor shall record and submit to the Engineer within 24 hours the
results of the watertightness test carried out.
A. The Contractor shall test, for water tightness, all structures that are intended and
designed to be watertight. This shall include all structures which contain or
convey liquid or which must resist external infiltration, including but not limited to
the following:
C. The cost of obtaining and subsequent disposal of the water shall be borne by the
Contractor at his expense.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1 WATER
A. All water used for testing shall be potable water as defined in Section 3.2 -
Cast-In-Place Concrete.
171
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 3 – EXECUTION
3.1 CLEANING
B. All structures shall first be pumped dry and cleaned of all debris. The structure
shall then be brushed down (on all internal faces) with a stiff broom while still dry
and swept clean.
C. All associated pipe work shall be cleaned in accordance with the relevant
specification requirements.
A. General
1. Testing shall not be undertaken until obtaining written approval from the
Contractor.
2. Filling shall not take place earlier than 28 days after the casting of the final
sections of the structure, unless otherwise agreed by the Contractor.
3. In the case of structures which are subdivided into individual tanks, each
individual tank shall be tested separately, provided that the design of
structure will sustain all imposed loads. In the case of underground or semi-
underground structures, the testing may take place after application of water
proofing membrane, liner material or installation of any perimeter drain,
provided the exterior ground water is allowed to rise to normal levels.
4. All temporary bulk heads, cofferdams, pipe blind flanges, and closed valves
should be checked to see that they form a complete seal at these outlets and,
if possible, these outlets should be observed during the actual test.
5. Backfilling against exterior walls shall not take place until the Contractor has
given his written approval.
6. If possible tests should not be scheduled when a major change in the
average daily temperature is predicted.
1. As soon as possible after the completion, the structure shall be filled with
water, to a level and at a rate agreed with the Engineer and left to stand for 3
days, in order to allow for absorption. The structure shall be considered
satisfactory if subsequent to this period there is no visible leakage and no fall
in level over a period of 24 hours, after making due allowance for rainfall and
evaporation, and no visible leaks, Testing shall be completed prior to
backfilling around structures.
2. In the event that any water retaining structure fails to pass the test, the
Contractor shall make good the structure and re-test at his own expense.
The procedure shall be repeated until the structure passes the test.
1. After completion and cleaning of the structure and all associated pipework (if
any), the Contractor shall fill the structure with potable water or irrigation
water as approved by the Contractor, at uniform rate of not greater than 2 m
in 24 hours. The structure shall then be left filled the reservoir up to the top
level and leave for 7 days. Water shall be added over this period to maintain
the top water level. The Contractor shall ensure that all pipes and specials
are available in ample time ahead of testing.
172
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2. On the eight day a shallow watertight G.I. evaporation tray of area 0.4 sq.
metres shall be filled with 75mm of water and placed to float in the tank. The
water level in the tank shall be recorded and the test commenced and carried
out over the next 7 days. Re-adding of water levels in the reservoir and tray
shall be made and recorded every 24 hours over this period.
3. If the water level in the tank falls or any other sign of leakage occurs by the
end of the test period then the Contractor shall search and mark all areas of
defect. The tank shall then be emptied and the defects made good by
surface hacking and rendering, cutting out defective or damaged concrete,
and filling with concrete of the same mix as that in the original structure.
4. After completion of remedial measures the tank shall be refilled and the test
repeated. This process shall be repeated until the tank is watertight to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
2. The allowable leakage rate for fully lined or coated concrete water
containment structures should not exceed 0.025% of the water volume in a
24-hour period.
B. After completion and cleaning of the structure and all associated pipework (if
any), the Subcontractor shall fill the structure with potable water or irrigation water
as approved by the Contractor. The structure shall then be left filled for a
stabilising period as directed by the Contractor.
END OF SECTION
173
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
NOTE
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………...
174
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DIVISION 4
PILES
175
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
A. This specification deals with all the general requirements for Cast in Place
(Bored) piles or Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles & precast concretes pile
including design, materials, workmanship, testing, etc.
1.2 GENERAL
A. Related standards.
1. For all piling work the conditions stated in BS 8004 shall apply.
Wherever there is a conflict between its conditions and this
specification then this specification shall apply and reference to be
made to BS 5930 and BS 1377.
2. Specialized Sub-Contractor.
All the piling work shall be carried out by a specialized piling
contractor, who is well experienced in the type of piles being
constructed and he shall have properly trained adequate staff and
equipment.
3. Existing services
The Contractor shall obtain all the details regarding locations, depth,
etc. of all the services in area where piling work is to be done and he
shall take due care not to damage any of these services or utilities.
4. Existing structures.
The Contractor shall examine all the adjacent structures for cracks,
settlements and the like and make a record in the form of photographs
and sketches and bring the same to the notice of the Engineer and the
owner of the property in question before commencing the works.
5. Insurance coverage
Piling contractor shall submit insurance guarantee as required by Local
Authorities, before commencing the works.
2.1 Piling
The Contractor will be paid at the contract unit price per meter (including test
piles), for "Piling" multiplied by the total length in meters of acceptable piles
actually installed including cutoffs. The Contractor reserves the right to
increase or decrease the total length of piles to be furnished and installed by
changing the foundation pile locations or elevations, requiring the installation
of additional piles, or requiring omission of piles. Payment shall constitute full
compensation for furnishing, delivering, handling, and installing all material,
labor, and equipment necessary to install the foundation piles. The Contractor
will not be allowed payment for broken, or rejected piles.
176
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.2 Submittals
PART 3 – PRODUCTS
3.1 GENERAL
A. Casings
1. Temporary casings
These casings shall be free from any distortions and of uniform cross
section. They shall have no internal projections or encrusted concrete
on the inside surface which will hinder proper construction of the pile.
2. Permanent casings
B. Drilling fluid
1. Supply
Drilling fluid, Bentoniete shall be supplied to the site prior to mixing and
it shall comply with Specification Engineering Equipment and Material
Users Association - EEMUA 163 Drilling Fluid Materials or equivalent
accepted standard
The manufacturer of Bentonite shall provide a certificate, giving details
of the properties of each consignment. This shall include the apparent
viscosity range (in centipoises), the gel strength range (in
newtons/sq.m) for solids in water. The Engineer shall have access to
these details as and when required.
2. Mixing
3. Tests
D. Concrete
179
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.2 DESIGN
A. Responsibility
B. Pile Locations
All pile locations shall be as shown on drawings. If for any unsuitable site
condition or for any reason a pile cannot be located exactly at the proposed
locations, then Contractor shall propose a revised suitable layout.
C. Pile Loading
All the structural load including those of wind loads, etc., plus the loads
coming from the ground conditions such as negative friction shall be
considered for the design of the pile. When a group of piles are installed the
behavior of the whole group as well as the individual pile shall be considered
for the design.
D. Factor of Safety
For all pile foundation designs. Shall be designed and be able to develop the
above loads with safety factor, The factor of safety shall be as defined in BS
8004 which is the ratio of ultimate bearing capacity to the working load. This
factor of safety shall not be less than 2.5 and the different settlement in
th
adjacent columns shall not be more than 1/500 of column spacing.
3.3 CONCRETE
A. Strength
The concrete for piles shall have a maximum design stress for working loads
in compression as 25 % of the specified 28 day Characteristic strength. For
the design the nominal cross sectional area of the shaft shall be used.
B. Reinforcement
2. Where piles are designed to resist uplift forces, the permissible direct
tensile stress in the longitudinal reinforcement shall not exceed 85
2
N/mm . Where piles are designed to resist bending moments the
permissible tensile stress in the longitudinal reinforcement shall not
2
exceed 125 N/mm .
C. Protection
Where and when protection to piles from adverse soil conditions is required it
shall be as described on the drawings.
D. Spacing
Friction piles shall not be placed closer than three diameters centre to centre.
With piles deriving their resistance from end bearing, the spacing centre to
centre should not be less than twice the least diameter of the pile. For piles
having enlarged bases careful consideration shall be made of interaction
effects between the bases.
E. Under Reams
Under reams shall not be provided for piles with a shaft diameter less than
750 mm.
F. Foundation levels.
Piles which carry the majority of their working load in end bearing shall be
founded at a sensibly common level or at a common depth relative to the
founding stratum.
The piles shall be designed such that they or their components, permanent or
temporary, can be loaded, transported, pitched and installed, as applicable,
without any over-stress occurring which might cause damage to the piles
before they are capped.
A. Tender Stage.
The Contractor shall tender on the basis of a piling scheme shown on the
drawings taking full account of the soil investigation’s information available
and his own experience.
The Contractor shall supply with his tender the following information:
1. Type of pile.
2. Methods and type of plant to be used to install piles including, where
applicable, the method of forming under reams.
3. Method of placing and compacting concrete.
4. Method of overcoming ground heaves. Where applicable.
5. Grade of concrete to be used.
6. The cross sectional dimensions and length of pile constructed to carry
the specified loads. Also, as appropriate, the details of the shape and
plan of any under ream.
7. The anticipated proportion of the working load carried in shaft friction
and in end- bearing together with the estimated factors of safety.
181
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
8. Any reduction in pile numbers due to group action.
9. The minimum spacing of piles in groups.
10. The properties and application of “slip” compounds, designed to reduce
the effects of negative skin friction where applicable.
The contractor shall also provide with his tender his proposed program for the
construction of the works. The programme shall be in bar chart form showing
the sequences and duration of each operation.
PART 4 - EXECUTION
4.1 GENERAL
A. Substandard Work
Any pile which fails to comply with the Specification or the drawings in any
respect, will be condemned by the engineer. When an installed pile is
Condemned, the pile shall be repaired, replaced or its load carrying capacity
down rated as appropriate and the engineer may take such actions which he
considers necessary. In the extreme case the pile cap shall be redesigned
and the foundations modified as necessary.
B. Ground Water
182
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4. Large diameter bored piles having a diameter greater than 800 mm
which are designed to carry any part of their working load in end-
bearing shall be inspected by using remote camera, subject to the
Engineer’s approval.
5. The cross- sectional area of pre-bored holes to facilitate the formation
of piles driven, vibrated or jetted into the ground shall not exceed that
of the pile.
Where such observations indicate that the piles have been subjected to
heave, the piles in that vicinity shall be re-driven to the penetration resistance
required as determined by the pile driving and load tests at no extra cost to
the Employer.
E. Handling
The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions against damage to piles
or components when manufacturing, unloading, transporting, storing,
handling, pitching, boring of piles and piles damaged or distorted to the extent
that their function is impaired will be rejected.
1. The Contractor shall carry out work adjacent to any existing building in
such a manner that a minimum vibration to the ground shall occur.
2. The Contractor shall fix “tell-tales” to the existing building where
directed by the Engineer. These shall be inspected daily and any
cracking shall be immediately reported to the Engineer.
3. If during execution of the work damages is, or is likely to be, caused to
any part of adjacent building including finishes etc., and any equipment
etc. within any adjacent building the Contractor shall submit to the
Engineer, his proposal for avoidance of such damages.
H. Converting
The Contractor shall be responsible for identifying the location of, and
providing safety measure for all partly formed or completed piles. In the
event of the top of the pile being below the surrounding ground surface all
bars protruding above the level of finished surface shall be coated with
cement slurry and then the remaining void shall be back filled with granular
material to ground surface and the location marked by a brightly coloured peg
or other approved system of identification.
L. Tolerance
The maximum tolerance from the plan position shown on the drawing at the
cut-off level of any vertical pile shall be 75 mm or 1/6 of the pile diameter
whichever is the smaller. Vertical piles shall be not more than 1 in 75 out of
the true vertical. The maximum tolerance from the plan position on the
drawing at the cut-off level of any raking pile shall be 150 mm or 1/3 of the
pile diameter whichever is the smaller. The axis of raking piles shall not
deviate more than 1 in 25 from the specified rake and direction thereof.
M. Piling records.
From the commencement of work, the contractor shall record, for each pile
constructed, all data relevant to the pile type. The records shall be maintained
continuously and shall be available to the Engineer at all times.
The Contractor shall supply one copy of the pile record to the engineer within
24 hours of the completion of any pile. A further two copies for each pile shall
be supplied within seven days of the completion of the pile.
B. Test specimens, of sides 150 mm, shall be made at a frequency of two sets
per day or one set per 20 m3 of concrete whichever is the greater frequency.
Each set shall consist of 6 specimens. Two of these specimens shall be
retained and protected in undamaged condition until their disposal is
approved by the Engineer. Slump tests shall be taken at a frequency required
185
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
by the Engineer, but shall not be less than one test for every three piles. Each
set of test specimens taken shall be supplemented by a slump test on the
same batch of concrete.
C. The Contractor shall conduct all such required tests on the casted piles as
specified herein or as directed by the Engineer by an approved testing
agency to prove their suitability, bearing capacity, integrity, stability… etc.
The testing agency so employed for carrying out the required tests on the
piles shall be completely independent of and shall not be related in any way
to the piling sub-contractor.
Prior to carrying out of any tests on the piles, the testing agency shall submit
for Engineer‘s approval, their pre-qualifications to carry out the said type of
works and shall also submit the other details such as name, qualifications,
previous experience, etc, of all the staff involved in the testing procedures,
for similar approval.
A. The Contractor shall be required to carry out load tests on a certain number of
piles (as specified or as directed) and provide a report to prove to the
satisfaction of the Engineer that the type, size and diameter of the proposed
piles are adequate to carry the specified load. The selection or location of test
piles shall be at the Engineer’s discretion
The load tests shall not commence until the required concrete strength of the
test pile has reached a value such that the pile is not damaged due to the load
is at least twice the stress at maximum test load, and the pile concrete is at
least 7 days old, 4 weeks should elapse after driving before testing for finer
grained soils.
All test procedures shall be in accordance with the guidance given in with BS
8004:1986, ASTM D4945-89) specifications, AASHTO designation: T 298-93 or
as in “Specification for piling” institution of Civil Engineers, TTL-London 1988
for the test loads indicated on Drawings.
The test shall be performed by experienced engineers from an approved
testing agency, using Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) equipment.
Prior to dynamic testing, the Hammer system and the magnitude of the proof
load shall be studied properly. The pile tops shall be prepared properly to
receive the loading.
Test loads shall be applied to the pile head by jacking against kentledge,
reaction pile or anchorages. The contractor shall state with his tender which
method he proposes to use. Where kentledge is used the Contractor shall
satisfy the Engineer as to the accuracy of the weight which shall be at least
20% more than the maximum load to be applied in the case of vertical piles or
be such that the component of the kentledge measured along the axial load to
be applied. Where reaction piles or anchorages are required they shall not be
less than 3 times the diameter of the test pile or 2000 mm whichever is the
greatest.
The contractor shall perform the load tests in the quantity and at the locations
specified by the Engineer and the time specifically determined by the Engineer,
but not less than two weeks after the driving has been completed.
B. Before commencing any tests the contractor shall submit to the engineer, for
approval, full details of his proposals including the datum beam arrangements
and the location of reaction piles or kentledge supports.
Notwithstanding the Engineer’s approval, the Contractor shall be responsible
for the ability of the test set-up to apply safely the required load and to measure
this load and the resulting settlements to accuracy of + 2% and +0.05 mm
respectively. The Contractor’s arrangements shall include details for protecting
186
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
all gauges and other testing equipment from weather or other conditions likely
to affect their performance.
E. During the course of a test, level observations shall be taken on the test pile,
the datum frame and kentledge stack, reaction piles or anchorages.
F. The pile test shall be continuous day and night and the Contractor shall provide
technically qualified supervision throughout its duration and shall ensure that
the jacks maintain the correct pressure.
G. Within 24 hours of the completion of each pile test the Contractor shall submit
to the engineer copies of the following graphs for the complete test including
recovery and allowing for any movement of datum beam:
a. Load - Settlement
b. Load - Time
c. Settlement - Time
H. When the results of test on piles are not, in the opinion of the Engineer,
satisfactory, further tests are to be carried out as directed by the Engineer.
If satisfactory results cannot be obtained from these further tests the contractor
shall agree with the engineer to the modifications which shall be made to the
pile design or to the additional piles which may be required to carry the
specified loads.
A. General
When a component of loading due to negative skin friction has been indicated
by the Engineer, the Contractor shall give full consideration of this in relation
to test loading. In evaluating the necessary reactions to the test pile it shall
be considered that at the time of tests positive friction occurs and this positive
friction shall be equal in magnitude to the negative skin friction. Thus the test
load applied at any multiple of the structural working load, shall be further
increased by a loading equivalent to twice the negative skin friction in order to
negate the positive friction and simulate the long term negative skin friction.
For loads less than the structural working load, the additional load applied for
negative skin friction effects shall be in proportion to the friction of the
structural working load under consideration.
B. Revision of Requirements
A relaxation of the above procedure may be allowed by the Engineer on the
basis of preliminary pile tests. The Engineer will then stipulate the revised
testing loads.
187
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4.5 PRELIMINARY PILE TEST
When required such tests shall be carried out to verify the design
assumptions and to check the sufficiency on the piling system before any
working piles are constructed. The contractor shall give the Engineer at least
48 hours notice of the commencement of construction of any preliminary
piles, The Contractor shall provide min. of 3 test piles for each different type
of piling and shall submit detailed placing records and other data as directed
by the Engineer.
A. Preliminary pile load tests shall be carried out on specially constructed piles
outside the area of permanent work.
B. These piles shall be tested to at least three times their design load or failure,
the piles shall be constructed in a manner representative of those to be
constructed in the permanent work and at a location to be agreed with the
Engineer.
C. Each preliminary test pile shall be constructed similar to that to be used for
the construction of the working piles, and using similar equipment and
materials. Any variations will only be permitted with prior approval of the
Engineer.
D. A full record of the strata passed through shall be kept for preliminary test
piles.
F. The load shall be maintained at working load for a 6 hour holding or until
recovery has ceased whichever is longer.
H. The pile shall remain unloaded for one hour or until recovery has ceased
whichever is the longer.
I. The pile shall then be reloaded in increments equal to 25% of the estimated
working load together with an appropriate allowance for negative skin friction
except that loading shall continue until the load reaches 150% of working
load. The load shall be maintained for a 6 hour holding period at both
working load and 150% of working load or until settlement has ceased to
increase measurably in 1 hour whichever is the longer.
J. The pile shall be loaded for third time except that loading shall continue until
the maximum test load shown on the drawings is reached. The load shall be
maintained for a 6 hours holding period or until settlement has ceased to
increase measurably in 1 hour whichever is the longer at each of working
load, 150% of working load and maximum test load.
K. The final recovery level reading shall be taken at least 12 hours after the pile
is completely unloaded.
188
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4.6 CONSTANT RATE OF PENETRATION (C.R.P) TEST
A. A preliminary pile test may take the form of a C.R.P. test on a non working
pile installed during the main piling work. In either case the results will be
used to evaluate the safe working load on the piles and the procedures shall
be as follows:-
B. The test rig shall have a load capacity exceeding that required to cause pile
failure and shall be to the Engineer’s approval. The contractor shall submit
calculations demonstrating the probable pile failure load.
E. The pile shall then be unloaded in five approximately equal decrements with
penetration readings taken 15 minutes after each decrement and after one
hour at no load.
A pile test to failure may also be undertaken using the maintained load test. Loading
increments shall be equal to one quarter of the working load, with allowance for
negative skin friction as applicable.
The safe design capacity of a test pile as determined from the results of load tests
shall be the lesser of the three values computed according to the following:
1. One-half of that load which causes a net settlement after rebound of neither
more than 0.28 mm per metric ton or 0.01 in / ton of total test load, nor 19 mm
after removal of test load.
2. 50% the final load at which the total displacement equal 10% of the dia of pile.
3. One-half of the load that causes a gross settlement of not more than 25 mm, 1
inch, provided the load settlement curve shows no sign of failure.
B. Two load cycles shall be applied, the first to the working load and the second
to the proof of load of 1.5 times the figure. The procedure to be followed shall
be as specified in this section. Negative skin friction allowance shall apply.
C. Where working piles have deep cut-off levels. The engineer may require
measure to be taken to eliminate shaft friction over this length shall be
allowed for in the evaluation of the test results.
189
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Table 2 Suggested increments of load and minimum holding time
for loads up to 1.5 Design Load
Any pile which fails before the proof load mentioned on the drawings is reached
shall be condemned by the Engineer.
A pile will be deemed to have failed the test if any of the following criteria is
satisfied.
1. The settlement of the pile at working load, including allowance for negative
skin friction as necessary, exceeds 10 mm. No allowance for elastic
shortening shall be permitted.
2. The residual settlement after the test load is removed is greater than 0.125
mm per ton of the load.
If any preliminary of working pile fails the test, the cost of the additional test shall be
borne by the contractor who shall replace the pile (s) with additional piles at his own
expense. Any piles constructed prior to a failed working pile test shall stand
condemned as unsatisfactory until demonstrated by the Contractor that the quality
and bearing capacity of each individual pile is acceptable.
The engineer may require the load on a test pile to be cycled several times between
the working and proof loads. In the event, the pile shall be unloaded and relocated
between those two loads is less than ten minutes except that shock loads shall not
be allowed. Both loads shall be maintained for one hour until settlement (or
recovery) has ceased.
190
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4.12 COMPLETION OF A TEST
A. Measuring equipment
On completion of a test all equipment and measuring devices shall be
dismantled checked and either stored so that they are available for use in
further tests or removed from site as specified.
B. Kentledge
Kentledge and its supporting structure shall be removed from the test pile and
stored so that they are available for use in further tests or removed from the
site as specified.
E. It should be noted that each site has unique and often unforeseen
characteristics. Hence proper judgements shall be made even during the
testing program by the testing engineer and suitable alternations may have to
be carried out to the standard test procedures to get accurate and reliable
results.
Based on field results, the driving stress, the integrity of the test pile and the
bearing capacity of the pile shall be checked.
If required, a low strain integrity testing of piles shall be done to get information
about the physical dimensions, continuity and consistency of materials used in the
piles. (BS 8004: 1986 and “Specification for piling”. : Institution of Civil Engineer,
TTL - London 1988)
B. The contractor will be required to perform low strain integrity testing on 15%
of the piles.
191
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
D. In the case of cast-in- situ concrete piles, integrity test shall not be carried out
until after 7 days or more have elapsed after casting. Where the method of
testing requires the positioning of sensing equipment on the pile head, the
head shall be clean, free from water, laitence, loose concrete and be readily
accessible for the purpose of testing.
E. The interpretation of tests shall be carried out by competent persons and the
full test results and findings shall normally be given to the Engineer within 2
days of the completion of each phase of testing.
F. Depending on the ground conditions and on the pile conditions, the Engineer
may require additional special low strain studies on certain number of piles
(5% or more) in order to plot an approximate pile shape profile. This can be
done by signal matching analysis using suitable software on the collected
data.
G. Full details of the ground conditions and the construction method shall be
made available to the specialist firm in order to facilitate the study and to give
accurate results.
H. When the test results of several piles are not, in the opinion of the Engineer,
satisfactory, the contractor shall submit proposal for any remedial work to be
agreed by the Engineer.
END OF SECTION
192
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
NOTE
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………...
193
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DIVISION 5
STEEL
STRUCTURE
194
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 5.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01 INTRODUCTION
1.02 PURPOSE
This specification is for the fabrication, delivery and erection of all structural
steel.
1.03 REFERENCES
A. Product manufacture, testing and installation shall comply with the following
references, unless otherwise approved by the Employer
195
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
A618 Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength Low-Alloy Structural
Tubing.
A770 Through-Thickness Tension Testing of Steel Plates for Special
Applications
A992 Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes
E94 Radiographic Testing
E709 Magnetic Particle Examination
F436 Hardened Steel Washers
3. AWS - American Welding Society
B3.0 Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification.
D1.1 Structural Welding Code Steel
4. ANSI - Amerian National Standards Institute, Inc.:
B18.B.22.1 Plain Washers
SSPC PS 13.01 Epoxy-Polyamide painting System
E. SSPC - Steel Structures Painting Council :
SP 10 Near-White Blast Cleaning
PS 12.00 Guide for Selecting Zinc-Rich Painting Systems
197
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
BS EN 10029 Tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass for hotrolled steel
plates 3 mm thick or above
BS EN 10034 Structural steel I and H sections - Tolerances on shape and
dimensions
BS EN 10045 Charpy impact test on metallic materials
BS EN 10051 Continuous hot-rolled uncoated plate, sheet and strip of non-
alloy and alloy steels - tolerances on dimensions and shape
BS EN 10056 Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles
BS EN 10067 Hot rolled bulb flats - Dimensions and tolerances on shape,
dimensions and mass.
BS EN 10113 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels
BS EN 10132 Cold rolled narrow steel strip for heat treatment – technical
delivery conditions
BS EN 10137 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural
steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened
conditions
BS EN 10147 Continuously hot-dip zinc coated plate and strip
BS EN 10155 Structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion
resistance. Technical delivery conditions
BS EN 10160 Ultrasonic testing of steel flat product of thickness equal or
greater than 6 mm (reflection method)
BS EN 10164 Steel products with improved deformation properties
perpendicular to the surface of the product. Technical delivery
conditions
BS EN 10204 Metallic products. Types of inspection documents
BS EN 10210 Hot finished structural hollow sections in non-alloy and fine
grain structural steels
Part 1: Technical delivery requirements
Part 2: Dimensions, tolerances & sectional properties
BS EN 10219 Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of nonalloy and
fine grain steels.
BS EN 22553 Welded, brazed and soldered joints – symbolic representation
on drawings
BS EN ISO 2566-1 Steel - Conversion of elongation values - Part 1: Carbon
and low alloy steels.
2. The Steelwork Contractor shall provide full and detailed specification and
clearly state the alternative proposals with a comparison to the specified
materials for consideration by the Engineer.
1.03 SUBMITTALS
C. Welding certificates.
1. The Contractor shall verify all measurements and shall take all field
measurements necessary before fabrication.
2. The Contractor shall be responsible for correctness of detailing, fabrication and
for the correct fitting of structural members.
3. Substitution of sections or modification of connection details, or both, will not be
accepted by the Employer.
4. Connections fully designed and detailed on the Drawings shall be furnished as
shown.
5. Members and connections, for any part of the structure, not shown on the
Drawings shall be the Contractor’s responsibility.
1.05 TESTING
A. All steelwork material shall be tested to show compliance with the relevant material
quality standard. The Contractor shall obtain the manufacture’s test certificates and
submit them for approval.
B. The Engineer may from time to time himself select samples of the steel for testing by
an approved Laboratory at the Contractor’s expense. The standard for acceptance of
the results of such tests shall be those laid down in the relevant standards specified
herein
C. The Contractor shall engage, at its own expense, an independent, certified, Testing
Laboratory to inspect high strength bolted connections and welds and to perform all
tests. All costs of testing shall be at the expense of the Contractor. The Testing
Laboratory shall perform its duties in such a way that fabrication and erection of
structural steel are not unnecessarily delayed or impeded. The Contractor shall
coordinate and allow sufficient time for the Testing Laboratory to complete all testing
and inspections before shop painting.
D. The Contractor shall provide the Testing Laboratory with the following:
F. The Testing Laboratory shall inspect bolted connections in accordance with AISC
Specifications for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325-83C, ASTM A325M-83 and
ASTM A490-83A or ASTM A490-82. The Testing Laboratory shall perform testing
and inspection of high strength bolt connections as required by AISC S314.
The installation and tightening of bolted connections shall be observed to determine if
the tightening procedure is working properly and the correct tension has been
achieved. The Engineer will observe and verify the checking of impact wrenches used
for the calibrated wrench method. The Engineer will also observe and verify the
checking of manual torque wrenches used for the torque method.
With the exception of inspecting direct tension indicators and the tension control
assemblies, the Engineer will inspect fasteners after installation by applying the
inspecting wrench to a minimum of 10 percent of the bolts, but not less than two
bolts, selected at random in each connection. The actual torque value of each
inspected bolt will be determined as the head or nut is rotated 5 degrees in the
tightening direction. This value shall be within the minimum and maximum job
inspecting torque values as determined during the calibration of the inspection torque
wrench using the bolt tension values specified in Table A.
Bolts installed using tension control assemblies shall be visually inspected for
consistent “twist-off” and thread stick out.
If any bolt in a connection is found to have a torque value below the minimum or
above the maximum job inspecting torque, all bolts in that connection shall be
inspected. All under-tightened bolts shall be tightened and reinspected. All over-
tightened bolts shall be loosened and the bolt and nut removed for visual inspection
of the bolt and nut threads. If there is visible thread damage or the nut does not spin
freely on the bolt when turned by hand without the aid of a wrench, a new bolt and nut
shall be installed. Undamaged fasteners may be reinstalled with the following
exception: Galvanized bolts, AASHTO M 253M (AASHTO M253) bolts, tension
control assemblies and direct tension indicators shall not be reused. This
specification does not recognize standard torques determined from tables or from
formulas which are assumed to relate torque to tension. Testing using such standard
torques shall not be considered valid. Inspection torques must be determined directly
from calibrations performed at the project site reflecting actual work conditions.
G. The Testing Laboratory shall inspect and test welding during fabrication and erection
of structural steel in accordance with the Structural Welding Code and as follows:
1. The Testing Laboratory shall ensure that all welders working on the project are
certified in accordance with AWS or equal.
2. The Testing Laboratory shall visually inspect all welds.
3. Edges of material to be welded shall be ultrasonically examined for evidence of
laminations, inclusions or other discontinuities. The extent to which such defects
will be permitted and the extent of repair permitted shall be determined by the
200
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Testing Laboratory and made in accordance with ASTM A6, Paragraph 9.
Repairs made by welding shall be done in compliance with the requirements of
AWS D1.1 and the accepted welding procedures.
4. Magnetic particle and ultrasonic inspection shall be made of all welds indicated
on the Drawings. Magnetic particle inspection shall be made on the root pass of
all multiple pass welds, on the backside of groove welds made from both sides,
and on finished weld. Magnetic particle inspection shall be in accordance with
ASTM E109. Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration will
not be acceptable. If magnetic particle inspection is not feasible, dye penetration
inspection shall be performed.
5. Ultrasonic inspection shall be performed in accordance with AWS D1.1.
6. Radiographic inspection shall be in accordance with the requirements of AWS
D1.1. A double film technique shall be used.
7. The Testing Laboratory shall be responsible for conducting and interpreting tests,
shall state in each report whether or not the test specimens conform to all
requirements of the Contract Documents, shall identify the types and locations of
all defects found in the work, and shall identify the measures required and
performed to correct such defects. Where inspection reveals defects, the extent
of inspection shall be increased as necessary to ensure that the full extent of the
defects in a joint has been found, and that the same defects are not present in
welds made on similar parts or under similar circumstances. Corrective
measures, including additional and more complete testing, which may result from
these tests shall be the Contractor's responsibility.
8. Shop welds shall be inspected in the shop before the work is painted or approved
for shipment. Work that is not acceptable shall be designated by "Repair" or
"Reject", as applicable.
H. Each bolting crew and welder shall be assigned an identifying symbol or mark. All
shop and field connections shall be so identified so that the inspector can refer back
to the crew or person making the connection.
I. The Testing Laboratory shall perform specified tests and submit reports directly to the
Employer. The Testing Laboratory shall maintain a daily record of the work that was
inspected and its disposition. Reports of welding tests shall be made on the form
prescribed in AWS D1.1. One copy of each of the reports shall be submitted to the
Employer on a weekly basis. One copy of each radiographic film shall be sent to the
Employer, and the Testing Laboratory shall retain a copy.
J. The Testing Laboratory shall prepare test specimens from steel samples cut from
delivered material and shall conduct tension tests in accordance with ASTM.
Contractor shall mill order 1.0 m extra length for the members noted on the Drawings
to provide the steel for testing.
K. Bolts and nuts shall have independent laboratory verifications with samples selected
as follows:
• A minimum of one (1) sample from each mill heat and each manufacturing lot for
each manufacturer.
• A minimum of one (1) sample for each mill heat and each lot for each manufacturer of
bolts 30mm (1-1/4 inches) and larger.
201
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
F. Do not deliver material to the project site until the proposed method and sequence of
erection has been reviewed by the Employer.
G. Method and sequence shall be planned so as to avoid delay or damage to the work of
other trades.
H. Storage of fabricated steel at the job site shall be the responsibility of the Contract.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
A. All structural steel shall conform to BS 4: Part 1, and BS 4360 Grade 43A, or BS EN
10025 Grade S275JR, or ASTM A36, Grade 36.
B. Steel shapes of structural quality fabricated by the electric-resistance welding process
from coils shall conform to ASTM A769
C. W-Shapes: ASTM A992
D. Channels, Angles: ASTM A 36/A 572, Dual Certificate Grade 50.
E. Plate and Bar: ASTM A36/A36M.
F. Cold-Formed Hollow Structural Sections: ASTM A500, Grade B, structural tubing.
1. Ordinary Bolt Assemblies: Ordinary bolts and nuts (other than H.S.F.G.) shall
comply with BS 3692 or BS 4190 for hexagon headed bolts or BS 4933 for cup
headed or countersunk bolts. Unless otherwise specified bolts shall be of grade
8.8. Ordinary washers shall comply with BS 4320, plain washers shall be made of
steel and taper or other special shaped.
2. HSFG Bolts: High strength friction grip bolts, nuts and washers shall comply with
BS 4395 and BS 4604. Rivets shall comply with BS 4620.
3. High-Strength Bolts, Nuts, and Washers: ASTM A325, Type 1, heavy hex steel
structural bolts; ASTM A563 heavy hex carbon-steel nuts; and ASTM F436
hardened carbon-steel washers.
1. Finish: Plain.
4. Tension-Control, High-Strength Bolt-Nut-Washer Assemblies: ASTM F1852, Type
1, heavy hex head steel structural bolts with splined ends; ASTM A563 heavy hex
carbon-steel nuts; and ASTM F436 hardened carbon-steel washers.
1. Finish: Plain.
5. High strength bolts shall be minimum 20mm (3/4 of an inch) diameter, unless
otherwise specified, and shall conform to ASTM A325 Type 1 for galvanized bolts
and ASTM A325 Type 3 for plain type bolts.
6. Stainless steel bolts shall be Type 304 or 316
7. Provide two washers per each nut and bolt.
8. Shear Connectors: ASTM A 108, Grades 1015 through 1020, headed-stud type,
cold-finished carbon steel; AWS D1.1, Type B.
9. Unheaded Anchor Rods: ASTM F1554, Grade 36.
1. Configuration: Straight.
2. Finish: Plain or Hot-dip zinc coating, ASTM A 153/A 153M, Class C.
10. Headed Anchor Rods: ASTM F 1554, Grade 36, straight.
1. Finish: Plain and Hot-dip zinc coating, ASTM A 153/A 153M, Class C,
Mechanically deposited zinc coating, ASTM B 695, Class 50.
11. Threaded Rods: ASTM A 36/A 36M.
1. Finish: Plain or Hot-dip zinc coating, ASTM A 153/A 153M, Class C,
Mechanically deposited zinc coating, ASTM B 695, Class 50.
202
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.03 WELDING ELECTRODES
A. All welding electrodes shall be E70XX and shall comply with the provisions of AWS
Specifications A5.1, A5.5, A5.17, A5.18, A5.20.
B. All welds not specified shall be continuous fillet welds using not less than the
minimum size based on thickness of the thicker part jointed.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
A. The Contractor shall employ the services of a qualified surveyor who shall:
3.02 ERECTION
A. The Contractor shall be responsible for the accurate setting and leveling of all bearing
plates or setting plates.
203
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
B. Furnish templates for accurate setting of all anchor bolts. Furnish shim plates or
developed fills where required to obtain proper fit and alignment.
C. Oxygen cutting of structural steel for "fitting-up" purposes shall not be done except
with the prior approval of the Employer. The use of an oxygen-cutting torch for
correcting fabrication errors will not be permitted.
ERECTION TOLERANCE
A. The Contractor shall be responsible for the correct fitting of all structural members
and for the elevation and alignment of the finished structure. Any adjustments
necessary in the steel work because of discrepancies in elevations and alignment
shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.
B. Erected steelwork shall comply with the tolerances as set out below:
e 1
〈
• Building inclination H 500 and e〈 25mm
e 1
〈
• Building warping L 2000 and e 〈30mm
• Fitting level of column e < 3 mm
• Deviation of anchor bolts from center line e < 2 mm
• Eccentricity of column center e < 5 mm
• Height of story e < 3mm
e 1
〈
• Inclination of column L 500
e 1
〈 ande〈5mm
• Horizontal inclination of the beam L 1000
e 1
〈
• Bending of beam L 1000
Where; E = Eccentricity
L = Length
H = Height
C. All measurements relating to the above shall be on the theoretical centerlines of the
members.
3.04 CONNECTIONS
a. Welding or bolting shall not be performed until all stiffening components of the
structure have been properly aligned.
c. When high strength bolts or high strength bearing bolts are used Bolts shall be
tightened to develop a tension not less than 5 percent in excess of the minimum bolt
tension specified in Table A except as noted below. Except as permitted below,
installation shall be assured by the calibrated wrench, turn of the nut, torque, tension
204
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
control assembly (“twist-off”), or direct tension indicator method. Bolts shall not be
tightened to more than the maximum tension specified in Table A.
1. In using manual torque wrenches, the required torque can be read from the
wrench dial.
2. Care should be taken that the wrench is properly calibrated.
3. Nuts shall be in motion when torque is measured.
4. In using power wrenches, the recommendations of the wrench manufacturer shall
be followed.
5. Use hardened washer under bolt head or nut whichever is turned in tightening,
unless the specified standards require hardened washer under both head and
nut.
d. Bolts shall be tensioned by the Contractor in the presence of the Engineer using one
of the following methods:
205
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
1. Calibrated Wrench Method. A random sample of not less than three bolt and nut
assemblies of each diameter, length, grade and type to be used in the work shall
be checked a minimum of each working day in a device capable of indicating bolt
tension..
The test shall be performed on each wrench to be used to determine the working
torque for the wrench. Variations in the number or location of washers will require
separate checks. Additional calibration of the wrenches being used shall be
performed as directed by the Engineer.
All powered wrenches shall be adjusted to stall or cut-out at the specified tension.
Power wrenches without cut-outs will not be permitted.
2. Turn of the Nut Method. All bolts shall be tightened by the applicable amount of
nut or head rotation specified in Table B. During the tightening operation, there
shall be no rotation of the part not turned by the wrench.
A random sample of not less than three bolt and nut assemblies of each diameter,
length, grade and type to be used in the work shall be checked each working day
in a device capable of indicating bolt tension. The test shall demonstrate that the
method of estimating the “snug tight” condition and controlling turns from “snug
tight” to be used by the bolting crew(s) develops a tension of at least 5 percent in
excess of the minimum bolt tension specified in Table A, and not more than the
maximum tension specified in Table A. Separate checks will be required for each
diameter fastener with hardened washers placed under the nut and/or bolt head as
they will be used in the structure. Variations in the number or location of washers
will require separate checks.
3. Torque Method. Manual torque wrenches for installation shall be supplied by the
Contractor, calibrated yearly, and each accompanied by a certificate indicating its
date of calibration. A random sample of not less than three bolt and nut
assemblies of each diameter, length, grade and type to be used in the work shall
206
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
be checked a minimum of each working day in a device capable of indicating bolt
tension. The test shall be performed on each wrench to be used to determine the
working torque for the wrench. Additional calibration of the wrenches shall be
performed as directed by the Engineer. Separate checks will be required for each
diameter fastener with hardened washers placed under the nut and/or bolt head as
they will be used in the structure. Variations in the number or location of washers
will require separate checks.
All bolts shall be tightened by the application of torque to the nut and counter-
torque to the spline end of the bolt using an approved spline drive installation tool.
A random sample of not less than three tension control assemblies of each
diameter, length, grade and type to be used in the work shall be checked a
minimum of each working day in a device capable of indicating bolt tension. The
test shall be performed to verify that the spline twist-off develops a tension of at
least 5 percent in excess of the minimum bolt tension specified in Table A, and not
more than the maximum tension specified in Table A . Additional verification of the
tension control assemblies shall be performed as directed by the Engineer.
Separate checks will be required for each diameter fastener with hardened
washers placed under the nut and/or bolt head as they will be used in the
structure. Variations in the number or location of washers will require separate
checks.
5. Direct Tension Indicator Method. Direct tension indicators (DTIs) are compressible
washers capable of indicating that a specified minimum bolt tension has been
attained. DTIs installed with high strength bolts to indicate bolt tension shall be
subjected to field verification testing prior to installation and the installation
requirements specified below.
The bolt, DTI, hardened washer and nut assembly used in the verification testing
device and installed in the work shall be such that at least 3 and preferably not
more than threads are located in the grip. The grip is defined as the distance
between the bearing face of the nut and the bolt head.
The Contractor shall supply 5 mil tapered feeler gages, a calibrated bolt
tensionmeasuring device and equipment necessary to perform field verification
testing and inspection of tensioned bolts. The feeler gages, fasteners and impact
and manual wrenches shall be the same as that to be used in the work.
The Contractor shall obtain the services of a qualified technical advisor employed
by the DTI manufacturer to make at least one site visit to assist the Contractor and
to assure the proper installation and use of DTIs.
The verification testing shall demonstrate that the DTIs were properly
manufactured. The fastener shall develop a tension of at least 5 percent in excess
of the minimum bolt tension specified in Table A
When testing for the normal DTI position, the nut shall be turned with the bolt head
against the DTI restrained from turning with another wrench. When testing with the
DTI under the turned element, the turned element shall be placed on the flat front
face of the tension measuring device and the unturned element will be in the rear
held by another wrench.
Stage 1. Tension the fastener to the Verification Tension load specified in Table C
for the grade and size of fastener. If an impact wrench is used, tension to a load
two-thirds below the required load and use a manual wrench to attain the required
tension. Determine and record the number of entries of a 5 mil feeler gage in the
spaces between the protrusions. When using coated (galvanized or epoxy coated)
DTIs under the turned element, there shall be at least one entry of the feeler gage.
The DTI lot will be rejected if the number of entries is less than the value in column
3 of Table C, or for coated DTIs used under the turned element, there are no
entries.
Stage 2. Further tension the fastener beyond the verification load with a manual
wrench until there are no entries for the 5 mil feeler gage but a visible gap exists in
at least one space. Note and record the load in the bolt at this condition (the
maximum allowable limit of DTI compression) and remove the fastener from the
tension measuring device. The capability of the bolt to tolerate the maximum
allowable limit of DTI compression is determined in two ways.
The simplest is to hand turn the nut down the complete thread length of the bolt,
excluding thread run out. If this is successful, then the bolt has not undergone
significant plastic deformation and the assembly passes the verification test.
Alternatively, if the nut cannot be turned down the complete thread length, the DTI
lot will be rejected unless the load recorded is less than 95% of the average load
measured in the rotational capacity test of the fastener lot as specified in the
applicable AASHTO design code, in which case the assembly is deemed to have
passed the test.
Bolts and DTIs used in verification tests shall be marked and shall not be reused in
the work.
If the bolts are too short to be tested in the tension measuring device, Stage 1 of
the Verification Test for the DTI shall be conducted on a longer bolt Stage 2 of the
Verification Test shall be conducted for the short bolt with the short bolt in a
convenient hole in the work. The fastener assembly shall be tensioned with a
manual wrench until there are no entries for the 5 mil feeler gage but a visible gap
exists in at least one space. The fastener shall then be disassembled.
Subsequently, the nut must be run down, by hand, for the complete thread length
of the bolt excluding thread runout. The DTI lot will be rejected if the nut cannot be
assembled to this thread length. Three verification tests are required as specified
above.
Step 1. All of the bolts in a connection shall be installed to a snug tight condition.
Snugging shall progress systematically beginning at the most rigid part of the
208
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
connection and progressing to the free edges until the connection is fully
compacted. At the snug tight condition all of the DTIs shall be inspected with the
feeler gage to verify that they meet the number listed in column 3 of Table C. If the
number of entries is less than the values specified in the Table, the fastener must
be removed and another DTI installed, followed by resnugging of the fastener.
This is required because a fastener's tension may have relaxed during the
snugging of adjacent fasteners. A compressed DTI does not rebound if the
fastener tension is reduced. If a DTI which has fewer entries were left in place, it
would give a false indication of bolt tension
Step 2. The bolts in the connection shall then be further tensioned to the point that
the number of entries for a 5 mil feeler gage meets the number listed in Column 5
of Table C. Tightening shall progress systematically beginning at the most rigid
part of the connection and progressing to the free edges. Drift pins shall be
removed during this process. Several cycles may be required. If the fastener is
tightened so that no visible gap in any space remains, the bolt and DTI shall be
removed and replaced by a new properly tightened fastener and DTI.
209
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
e. All bolts shall be kept in dry storage until needed for installation.
1. A325 bolts 28 mm and 32 mm diameter and A490 bolts 25 mm diameter and over
shall have Johnson's Stick Wax No. 140 applied to their threads before being
assembled in the work.
2. If bolts have been left out and have become rusty before use, they shall be
rejected and shall not be used until they have been cleaned and waxed with
Johnson's Stick Wax No. 140.
f. Welded and bolted connections shall be comply with BS 5950: Part 1, BS 449: Part 2
and AISC S329 and tested in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 1.05,
Testing.
A. The Contractor shall clean concrete and masonry bearing surfaces of bond-reducing
materials and roughen the surface to improve bond to surfaces. Clean the bottom
surface of base and bearing plates.
B. Set loose and attached base plates and bearing plates for structural members on
wedges or other adjusting devices.
C. Tighten the anchor bolts after the supported members have been positioned and
plumbed. Do not remove wedges or shims, but if protruding, cut off flush with edge of
the base or bearing plate before packing with grout.
D. Pack grout solidly between bearing surfaces and bases or plates to ensure that no
voids remain. Finish exposed surfaces, protect installed materials, and allow to cure
in strict compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions, or as otherwise required.
3.07 SURVEY
A. Make an accurate survey of actual locations of steel members immediately upon the
completion of erection of steel but before removal of shoring.
210
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
C. Should locations vary beyond the allowable tolerances, necessary corrective
measures and procedures shall be performed with approval of the Employer.
D. Survey the final erected structural steel after release of shoring but before final
removal of shoring elements and before the start of any other work.
3.08 PAINTING
B. The Contractor shall use spray application for painting as required below:
1. Minimum thickness shall be maintained on all corners, edges and ends of pieces.
2. Surface to be painted shall be dry and above 2°C.
3. Temperature of the air shall be over 5°C.
4. Do not paint outdoors in rainy and dusty weather.
5. Paint surface within 4 hours sandblasting a surface profile of 1 mil (25 microns)
minimum to 3mils (76 microns) maximum is adequate for new surfaces,
measurements shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D4417, Methods B
or C .
6. Allow paint at least 12 hours drying time in good weather before re-coating.
A.2.1 Corrosion protection systems are required for the following project nominated
exposure categories:
211
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Exposure
Exposure Conditions
Category
A External - Directly exposed to the environment
B External - Concealed beneath cladding
C Internal - Exposed
D Internal - Concealed
E Internal - with intumescent paint coating
F Internal - Concrete encased
A.2.2 All steelwork will have a period of external exposure during transportation
and construction.
A.3 ENVIRONMENT
A.4.1 The Contractor is responsible to the Engineer for demonstration that the
proposed corrosion protection systems satisfy the nominated performance
specification. Some indicative corrosion protections systems are specified
below for each project exposure category. These systems are in accordance
with BS 5493, which is now obsolete, but it is still cited by statutory authorities
and furthermore, the systems described have a proven track record in the
Arabian Gulf. However, the Contractor/Sub-Contractor is encouraged to
propose alternative systems that also have a proven track record in the
Arabian Gulf.
The Contractor/Sub-Contractor shall allow for inclusion of a stripe coat where sharp
corners could lead to premature breakdown of the system or where future access
for maintenance is prevented by the close proximity of the cladding system. The
stripe coat shall be applied immediately after the primer.
Consideration will also be given to a single build/finish coat if the Contractor can
substantiate the quality and thickness.
A.4.3 Galvanizing
Exposure Category B: External - Concealed beneath cladding
Preparation : Grit blast clean to BS 7079 Part A1 Sa2½
Finish Coat : Galvanize to BS 5493 Table 4B, 140 microns nominal thickness
(1000g/m2)
Note that it may be necessary to use more than 0.3% silicon steel or silicon-killed
steel to achieve this coating thickness.
3.10 GROUTING
B. Material: The fire protection board shall be rigid board type calcium silicate,
perlite or Vermiculite sheets. The board must be suitable for use in external
conditions for the climatic conditions in Baghdad.
The board should retain its properties in moist conditions and not sag, stain or
support mould growth.
The board should be fair face type that can be coated with multi-textured
resin ways finish.
C. Fire Protection Properties: The board must provide 1 hour fire protection
the thickness being determined from the Hp / A for the structural section that
is being protected in accordance with BS 5950 : 1990 and BS 476: Part 21:
1987. The thickness must not exceed 25 mm.
The material must be classified “Non-combustible to BS 476: Part 4: 1970
(1984) and have Class 1 surface spread of flame to BS 476: Part 7: 1997.
1. Material Name
2. Place of Manufacture
3. Local Agent (if applicable)
4. Thickness of Board
5. Fixing Details
6. Method Statement for Material Installation
7. Sample of Boards including Proposed Finish
8. Calculation to justify Selected Board Thickness
9. Details of Material Composition including compatibility to other material.
214
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
SECTION 5.2 METAL FABRICATIONS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01 SUMMARY
A. Fabricator’s Qualifications
B. Metal fabrication shall comply with the following general requirements, unless
otherwise approved by the Employer.
1.03 SUBMITTALS
B. The contractor shall submit the following to the Contractor before purchase:
Manufacturer’s name.
Supplier’s name.
215
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Product name (if applicable).
Product description.
Manufacturer’s technical data.
Storage instructions.
Mill certificates.
Connection details.
Load tables (if applicable).
Installation instructions.
Welding procedures.
Welder’s certificates.
Paint or coating information.
C. Samples shall be supplied for at least the following products and as requested by
the Contractor.
E. The Contractor shall submit shop drawings according to section 1.3 for at least
the following items.
1. Shop drawings for the fabrication and erection of all assemblies of metal
fabrication work which are not completely shown by the manufacturer’s data
sheets.
2. Include plans and elevations of not less than 1:10 scale, and include details
of sections and connections of not less than 1:4 scale.
3. Show anchorage and accessory items.
4. Give location, type, size and extent of welding and bolted connections and
clearly distinguish between shop and field connections.
5. Before submittal coordinate shop drawings with related trades to ensure
proper mating of assemblies.
6. Detailed drawings shall show material type, thickness, grade/class,
dimensions, and construction scheme.
7. The submittal shall include catalog pages, erection description,
manufacturer’s data/instructions and templates.
216
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
F. The contractor shall prepare a mock-up meeting the requirements of PART4 for
at staircase and handrail assemblies or as requested by the Employer.
A. Before dispatch from the factory, the Contractor shall notify the Contractor, in
sufficient time to allow the Contractor or his representatives to inspect and test
the products, if so desired. All notifications shall be made by written “Inspection
Requests” in accordance with PART4. An advance copy may be faxed to the
Contractors office, but the original must arrive before the scheduled day of
inspection. Minimum notification times shall be as follows:
1. 24 hours on site.
2. 48 hours within Baghdad city and surrounding areas.
3. 72 hours for other areas within Iraq.
4. 2 weeks outside of Iraq.
217
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 2 – PRODUCTS
2.01 MATERIALS
B. Steel
C. Iron
D. Stainless Steel
1. Stainless steel shall conform to ASTM A167 and ASTM A276 and the alloy
types shall be as follows:
a. Plates, bars and tubing Grade 316 for machined items or 316L for
welded items.
b. Bolts, nuts, washers and screws Grade 316
E. Aluminum
F. Washers
218
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
G. Galvanizing
I. Headed Studs
K. Powder Coating
2.02 LADDERS
C. Rungs
D. Brackets
F. A rest platform shall be provided if the height of the ladder is more than 9m.
H. Ladder shall extend 1000 mm above the upper access level or shall be provided
with ladder extensions that automatically lock into place when fully extended.
B. Steel lintels shall be provided for openings as noted on the drawings, for
openings left in masonry work for ducts, and for similar items where openings are
not steel framed.
D. Size as scheduled or the width of the opening plus at least 200 mm where not
scheduled, bearing on supports at each end.
A. MATERIALS
1. Uncoated (Black) Sheet Steel: Deck panels shall conform to SDI Publication No.29, and
ASTM A611. See plans for type, size and finish.
Minimum Yield Strength: 33 ksi (230 MPa)
2. Minimum Thickness: 0.028 in (0.71 mm), unless indicated otherwise.
3. Grade
Composite Steel Deck: Grades C or D.
Non-Composite Steel Deck: Grades C, D, or E.
Steel Roof Deck: Grades C, D, or E.
Deck panels shall conform to SDI Publication No. 29, and ASTM A653 Structural
Quality. See plans for type, size and finish.
1. Minimum Yield Strength: 33 ksi (230 MPa).
2. Minimum Uncoated Thickness: 0.028 in (0.71 mm), unless indicated otherwise.
3. Galvanization: Conform to ASTM A924 (replaced ASTM A525) with a minimum
coating class of G60 as defined in ASTM A653.
C. Miscellaneous Finishes
1. Shop Primer: Manufacturer’s baked on, lead-free and chromate- free, rust inhibitive primer,
conforming to performance requirements of FS TT-P-664.
2. Galvanized Repair Paint: Comply with requirements of MIL P-21035B, Type I or II.
3. Concrete Topping: Unless indicated otherwise, all deck to receive concrete shall be
galvanized.
D. ACCESSORIES
1. General: Provide accessory materials for steel deck that comply with requirements
indicated and recommendations of the steel deck manufacturer.
2. Column Closures, End Closures, and Z-Closures: Steel sheet, of same material and
thickness as deck panels, unless indicated otherwise on the Contract drawings.
3. Hanger Tabs: Manufacturer’s standard hanger tabs for floor deck installation, where
indicated on the Contract drawings.
4. Cover Plates: Fabricate covers for abutting deck ends, of same material and gage as deck
units, in matching profile, and not less than six (6) inches (152 mm) wide.
221
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
5. Pour Stops: Shall be adequate to support concrete and any construction loads.
6. Filler Sheets and Girder Fillers: Fabricate of same material, gage and profile, as deck units,
to complete horizontal closure.
7. Rubber Closures (Top and Underside): Manufacturer’s standard synthetic rubber to match
deck profile.
8. Cant Strips and Eave Plates: Fabricate of same material and gage as deck units, with
flange for attachment and of dimensions as indicated on Contract drawings.
9. Roof Sump Pan: Fabricate of not less than 0.071 inch (1.80 mm) thick galvanized steel,
with flat bottom and sloped sides, recessed 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) below deck surface, with
bearing flange not less than three (3) inches (76 mm) wide, and with all joints sealed
watertight.
10. Miscellaneous Roof Deck Accessories: Steel sheet, minimum 0.0359- inch (0.91 mm)
thick ridge and valley plates, finish strips, and reinforcing channels, of same materials as
roof deck.
12. Weld Washers: Manufacturer’s standard uncoated steel sheet weld washers, minimum
thickness of 0.056 in. (1.5 mm) with a minimum 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) diameter hole.
PART 1 - REQUIREMENTS
1.1 STEELWORK
1.2 QUALIFICATIONS
222
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
1.3 PRODUCT CERTIFICATION
All intumescent coatings used for the fire protection of structural steelwork
shall be tested and/or assessed to the relevant British Standard for fire
resistant tests.
The installer shall submit test reports in support of the above to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
B. BS 476 Part 21: Methods for determination of the fire resistance of load
bearing elements of construction
C. BS 476 Part 22: Methods for determination of the fire resistance of non-
load bearing elements of construction
223
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 2 - MATERIALS
C. Finish Coat
The finish coat shall be compatible with the intumescent base coat.
Finish coats shall be water-based acrylics, polyurethane alkyds or
white spirit-based finish coats. The finish coat shall give a smooth
surface finish to the satisfaction of Engineer. The installer should
confirm finish coat compatibility with the manufacturer before use.
224
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.3 GYPSUM BOARD MATERIALS
A. General
B. Standards
Gypsum board materials shall conform to the appropriate standards listed in Table 1,
where required for fire protection, shall conform to the IBC code.
Cold-formed steel framed shear walls sheathed with gypsum board and constructed in
accordance with the materials and provisions of Part 4 Sec 6.5 are permitted to resist
wind and seismic loads.
A. Independent validation should be based on fire test data derived from fully
loaded fire tests in accordance with BS 476 : Part 21 : 1987, supplemented, if
required, by fire test data determined in accordance with BS 476 : Part 20 :
1987.
225
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
B. The intumescent base coat shall be applied to the factory-primed steelwork in
accordance with the manufacturers written instructions.
C. The average dry film thickness should be measured using suitable calibrated
gauges, e.g. magnetic induction gauges. Thickness measurements should be
taken on all exposed areas of the section at 500 mm maximum intervals and
minimum of three measurements should be taken at any face. The standard
deviation of the dry film thickness from the mean should not be more than
0.15 or the standard deviation noted in the fire test report.
D. The applicator should visually check the primer for obvious damage before
applying the intumescent base coat. Any damaged or uncured primer should
be removed and replaced in accordance with the primer manufacturers'
instructions.
E. The thickness of the intumescent base coat will conform to the loading tables
for the required period of fire resistance.
G. The applicator shall ensure the intumescent base coat is applied free from
runs, sags and other defects caused by incorrect spraying operations.
H. Dry film thickness checks shall be undertaken on the cured intumescent base
coat using a calibrated electronic measuring device.
J. Upon completion of the intumescent base coat and finish coat application, the
applicator shall submit to the Engineer copies of all Quality Control Records.
L. All rust deposits shall be removed and the bare steel prepared by blast
cleaning to Sa 2½ in accordance with BS 7079 Part A1.
M. The primer should be applied immediately before blooming occurs and the
application procedures (above) followed.
226
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3.2 CONVENTIONAL SPRAY APPLIED MATERIALS
The critical temperature for steel members varies with the type of steel
structural member (e.g., beams, columns, bar joists, or reinforcing steel). North
American Test Standards (e.g., ASTM E119) assume a critical temperature of
538 °C (1,000 °F) for structural steel columns. The critical temperatures for
columns and other steel structural elements are given in Table 1.
The critical temperature is defined as approximately the temperature where the
steel has lost approximately 50 percent of its yield strength from that at room
temperature. In an actual structure, the actual impact of such heating of the steel
will also depend on the actual imposed load, member end restraint (axial and
rotational).
Table 1
STEEL TEMPRTURE
COLUMNS 538 C (1000 F)
BEAMS 593 C (1100 F)
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS 593 C (1100 F)
RENFORCENG STEEL 593 C (1000 F)
PRESTRESSING STEEL 426 C (800 F)
B. Effectiveness of Fireproofing:
Standard Title
227
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
C. Application technique
1. Particular care should be taken to ensure that the required thickness is built up in
the recommended manner so that good cohesive strength is obtained. The
thickness of an individual layer will vary considerably according to the type of
material, the orientation of the substrate, the nature of the substrate and the skill
of the operator. Any spillage or overspray should be cleaned off at the end of
each working period. When using adhesives, the adhesive manufacturers'
recommendations should be followed.
When checking the thickness of spray on site, a deficient area may be
considered acceptable if either:
a. the thickness is not less than 85 % of the specified thickness, the deficient
2
area does not exceed 1 m and no other deficient area occurs within 3 m of
this area; or
b. The thickness is not less than 75 % of the specified thickness, the deficient
2
area does not exceed 0.2 m and no other deficient area occurs within 1 m of
this area.
3. Calculate the dry density ofthe spray, p (in kg/m3), using the following formula:
ρ = m x 10 / (Lx W x t)
9
where
m is the mass of dried spray (in kg);
L is the length of the test specimen (in mm);
W is the width of the test specimen (in mm);
t is the average thickness of the test specimen (in mm).
The finished density of spray should lie within ± 15 % of the density stated by the
manufacturer. The density and mix proportions of the spray should be chosen to
suit its use for fire protection.
Gypsum board and gypsum plaster construction shall be of the materials listed in
Tables 3 and 4.
These materials shall be assembled and installed in compliance with the appropriate
standards listed in Tables 5
228
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 3 GYPSUM BOARD MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES
MATERIAL STANDARD
Accessories for gypsum board ASTM C 1047
Adhesives for fastening gypsum wallboard ASTM C 557
Exterior soffit board ASTM C 931
Fiber-reinforced gypsum panels ASTM C 1278
Glass mat gypsum backing panel ASTM C 1178
Glass mat gypsum substrate ASTM C 1177
Gypsum backing board and gypsum shaftliner board ASTM C 442
Gypsum ceiling board ASTM C 1395
Gypsum sheathing ASTM C 79
Gypsum wallboard ASTM C 36
Joint reinforcing tape and compound ASTM C 474; C 475
Nails for gypsum boards ASTM C 514, F 547, F 1667
Predecorated gypsum board ASTM C 960
Steel screws ASTM C 954; C 1002
Steel studs, load bearing ASTM C 955
Steel studs, nonload bearing ASTM C 645
Standard specification for gypsum board ASTM C 1396
Testing gypsum and gypsum products ASTM C 22; C 472; C 473
Water-resistant gypsum backing board ASTM C 630
Perlite ASTM C 35
Vermiculite ASTM C 35
Plastic cement ASTM C 1328 Plastic cement ASTM C 1328
Portland cement ASTM C 150 Portland cement ASTM C 150
Steel screws ASTM C 1002; C 954 Steel screws ASTM C 1002; C 954
Steel studs and track ASTM C 645; C 955
Welded wire lath ASTM C 933
Woven wire plaster base ASTM C 1032
229
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE 5 - INSTALLATION OF GYPSUM CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL STANDARD
Gypsum sheathing ASTM C 1280
Gypsum veneer base ASTM C 844
Gypsum board GA-216; ASTM C 840
Interior lathing and furring ASTM C 841
Interior lathing and furring ASTM C 841
Steel framing for gypsum boards ASTM C 754; C 1007
A. Limitations
Gypsum wall board or gypsum plaster shall not be used in any exterior surface where
such gypsum construction will be exposed directly to the weather. Gypsum wallboard
shall not be used where there will be direct exposure to water or continuous high
humidity conditions. Gypsum sheathing shall be installed on exterior surfaces in
accordance with ASTM C 1280.
B. Weather protection.
Gypsum wall board, gypsum lath or gypsum plaster shall not be installed until weather
protection for the installation is provided.
A. Wet areas
Showers and public toilet walls shall be of a type that is not adversely affected by
moisture
When gyp sum board is used as a base for tile or wall pan els for tubs, shower or wa
ter closet compartment walls, water-resistant gypsum backing board shall be used as
a substrate. Regular gypsum wall board is permit ted under tile or wall panels in other
wall and ceiling areas when installed in accordance with ASTM C 840.
C. Limitations
Water-resistant gyp sum back ing board shall not be used in the following locations:
END OF SECTION
230
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
NOTE
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………...
231
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DIVISION 6
THERMAL AND
MOISTURE
PROTECTION
232
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01 SUMMARY
A. This section specifies materials and installation for waterproofing & damp-
proofing on external surfaces of concrete and concrete blockwork. And
installation of joint sealants & joint fillers.
1.02 REFERENCES
A. ASTM D36 - Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring and Ball Apparatus)
B. ASTM D41 - Standard Specification for Asphalt Primer Used in Roofing,
Dampproofing, and Waterproofing
C. ASTM D449 - Standard Specification for Asphalt Used in Dampproofing and
Waterproofing
D. ASTM D638M - Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastic (Metric)
E. ASTM D1000 - Test Methods for Pressure – Sensitive Adhesive
F. ASTM D1004 - Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications
G. ASTM D3746 - Test Method for Impact Resistance of Bituminous Roofing Systems
H. ASTM D5147 - Test Methods for sampling and Testing Modified Bituminous Sheet
I. ASTM D5602 - Test Method for Static Puncture Resistance of Roofing Membrane
J. ASTM E154 - Test Methods for Water Vapor Retarders used in Contact with Earth
Under Concrete Slabs, on Walls or as Ground Cover
K. BS 5889 - One-part gun grade silicon based sealants
L. BS 4254 - Two-part polysuphide based sealants
M. BS 6920 - Suitability of non-metallic products for use in water
N. BS 2499 - Hot applied joint sealants for concrete pavements
O. BS 6920 - Suitability of non-metallic products in contact with water
P. ASTM D1056 - Specification for flexible cellular materials
Q. ASTM D2000 - Classification system for rubber products
Storage
233
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
WATERPROOF SHEET MEMBRANE
D. The waterproofing membrane shall be suitable for use in tropical conditions and
shall comply with the properties in Table 1, unless otherwise approved by the
Employer.
TABLE 1
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE
Test
Property Minimum Requirement
Method
Nominal thickness NA 4MM
Weight of reinforcing fabric NA 180 g/m² (polyester)
Tensile Strength UEA tc, 500 N/5cm
ASTM D146 (either direction)
Elongation at break (membrane) ASTM D146 40% (either direction)
Tear resistance UEA tc 180 N (either direction)
Puncture resistance UEA tc Static L4
Dynamic I4
Adhesion to primed substrate UNI 8202 0.7 kg/cm²
0
Softening point ASTM D36 110 C
A. Apply the membrane sheet with 100 mm overlaps at edges and 150 mm at ends.
D. If the work must be left partially complete, the exposed edges of outside strips of
membrane shall be finished with a trowelled bead of mastic.
E. Water proof membrane shall not be applied to vertical surfaces when the outdoor
o o
ambient temperature is less than 10 C or more than 40 C. If the outdoor
temperature at the proposed time of application is not within the above limits,
application must be delayed until the permissible temperature range prevails or
another system must be submitted for approval complying with these
Specifications.
C. The joints between the plywood sheets shall be staggered with the protection
board joints by a minimum distance of 300 mm.
D. Point up with mastic the exposed edges and gaps between penetration and
edges of the protection board.
E. Protection board on horizontal slabs shall terminate at the outer corner of the
concrete structure.
F. Sidewall protection board shall extend down and out to cover the horizontal slab
membrane.
235
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DAMP-PROOFING
C. Damp-proof membrane shall not be applied to vertical surfaces when the outdoor
o o
ambient temperature is less than 10 C or more than 40 C. If the outdoor
temperature at the proposed time of application is not within the above limits,
application must be delayed until the permissible temperature range prevails or
another system must be submitted for approval complying with these
Specifications.
E. Apply in two coats by brush or squeegee to achieve a minimum dry film thickness
of 400 microns per coat.
F. Where the surface is to receive a screed or render, apply clean dry sand to the
second coat to achieve a rough keyed surface.
1. Thickness : 75 mm
3
2. Density : 32 kg/m
O
3. 5 years aged average thermal conductivity at 24 C : 0.032 W/mK
4. Compressive strength at 10% deflection : 300 kPa
5. Water absorption : <1.0%
6. Water vapour permeability : 0.67 perm-cm
236
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2.03 PVC WATERSTOPS
D. Material
5. All waterstops shall have reinforced fixing eyes or clips for fixing in place.
6. Physical Properties:
TABLE 2
Property Test Method Minimum Requirements
Tensile Strength ASTM D 638 12 MPa
Ultimate Elongation ASTM D 638 250%
Tear Resistance ASTM D 624 50 kN/m
Stiffness in Flexure ASTM D 747 4.0 MPa
Hardness, shore A/15 ASTM D 2240 70 to 80
E. External Waterstops
1. For Base Slab Expansion Joints:
a. Minimum 250 mm wide.
b. Center bulb shall be 25 mm wide and shall be flat to accept a filler board.
2. For Base Slab Construction and Contraction Joints: Minimum 250 mm wide
3. Angle Guard: Minimum 125 mm horizontally and vertically.
F. Internal Waterstops
1. For Wall and Roof Expansion Joints:
a. Minimum 250 mm wide with four ribs.
b. Shall have a center bulb to accommodate movement.
c. Web shall be 10 mm thick with a thickened central section to transfer
stresses to the center bulbs.
2. For Wall and Roof Construction and Contraction Joints:
a. Minimum 250 mm wide.
b. Web shall be 10 mm thick with a thickened central section to transfer
stresses to the center bulbs.
237
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
INSTALLATION OF WATERSTOPS
A. Examination
1. Inspect waterstop and field splices for defects immediately before placing of
formwork and again before placing concrete.
2. Replace damaged waterstop and unacceptable defective waterstop splice
fabrications. Remove from site and dispose of defective material.
B. Preparation
1. Ensure steel reinforcing bars do not interfere with proper position of
waterstop.
2. Protect waterstops during progress of work.
3. Uncoil waterstop 24 hours before installation to ease handling, installation
and fabrication.
4. Clean joints of dirt and construction debris.
5. Do not pile material on top of a protruding waterstop.
C. Waterstop splicing defects, which are unacceptable, include, but are not limited to:
D. Field Joints
a. All heating irons shall be Teflon coated and fixed with variable
temperature control.
b. Special purpose clamps or jigs must be used to hold the waterstop in
place.
E. Installation
2.04 SEALNTES
A. Samples
B. Storage
MATERIALS - GENERAL
A. Product Variations: If more than one of the manufacturer's products comply with the
requirements for any item specified herein, provide the specific product
recommended by the manufacturer for the particular condition of use in each case.
B. Manufacturers
1. Products and manufacturers specified hereinafter are specified for the purpose of
establishing minimum quality standards.
2. Products equal in quality to, or better that those specified, may be considered
acceptable subject to the Employer’s approval.
3. The manufacturer shall operate a Quality System which is registered to ISO 9000
series or approved equal.
C. Compatibility
1. Provide only sealants and joint primers which are compatible with the joint
surfaces and backing or filler materials as stated in the manufacturer's published
data or as certified by the manufacturer for each application.
2. Confirm compatibility of sealants that may be in contact with each other.
239
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Shore
Exposure for Joints Subject to the Following Conditions
A Hardness
Maximum movement, nominal weather exposure and abrasion. 15 to 25
Moderate movement, severe weather exposure and moderate 25 to 40
abrasion.
Minimum movement and severe abrasion 35 to 60
F. Modulus of Elasticity
1. In general, for elastomeric sealants, provide sealants having the lowest modulus
of elasticity which is consistent with the degree of exposure to wear and abrasion.
2. Any sealant exposed to traffic must have strength and modulus sufficiently high to
resist damage by traffic.
G. Color
1. For fully concealed joints, provide the manufacturer's standard colour of sealant
which has the best overall performance characteristics for the application shown.
2. For exposed joints, provide the colour shown. If the colour is not shown, the
Employer will select the colour from the manufacturer's standard colours.
SEALANTS
240
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
1. GENERAL
B. Size and Shape: Provide joint fillers and gaskets as shown or, if not shown, consult
the manufacturer and determine the proper size and shape considering joint
movement and conditions at time of installation.
C. Hardness and Compressibility: Provide joint fillers and gaskets as specified and as
recommended by the manufacturer for proper performance in each specific condition
of use.
D. Compatibility: Provide only the type of joint filler which is compatible with the joint
surfaces and sealant or caulking compound, as stated in the data published by the
sealant or caulking manufacturers.
F. Colour: For exposed gaskets or joint fillers, provide the colour shown or, if the colour
is not shown, it will be selected by the Employer from the manufacturer's standard
colours. For concealed joints, provide the manufacturer's standard colour which has
the best overall performance characteristics.
2. EXPANSION JOINTS
A. Joint Materials
1. Non-absorbent, semi rigid, cross linked closed cell, cellular polyethylene filler
board.
2. Non-tainting and rot proof in accordance with BS 6920.
241
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. Fully compatible with the surface sealants and if elastomeric sealants are used
the joint filler shall act as a bond breaker.
4. Sheet form in one layer to the thickness as detailed on the Drawings.
5. Performance Properties:
C. Backing Rod
5. GASKET LUBRICANT
A. Non-staining gasket lubricant shall be used which bonds and seals the gasket in
place when cured as recommended by the gasket manufacturer.
6. INSTALLATION
A. Comply with manufacturer's instructions for the installation of each type of joint filler
or gasket.
C. Do not puncture the surface or self-skin on moulded or extruded types of cellular joint
fillers.
D. Depress face edge of joint fillers accurately, wherever used as backup for sealant as
shown or as specified by sealant manufacturer for proper application of sealant.
E. Recess exposed edges of joint fillers and gaskets slightly behind face of adjoining
surfaces unless shown otherwise.
END OF SECTION
242
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
NOTE
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………...
243
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DIVISION 7
FINSHING
244
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 1 – BRICK
1.01 QUALITY :
Brick shall be of the best quality available, manufactured by any well - known and
approved process. They shall be mechanically processed and properly burnt.
Bricks shall conform to the requirements of IQS 25 - 1988.
A. Classes
Class A: used for structure parts and foundations loaded and exposed to erosion
because of climatic effects and for external walls exposed to erosion.
Class B: used for bearing structure parts un exposed to erosion or for internal
walls protected from moisture.
Class C: used for structure parts unexposed to climatic effects and unloaded as
partitions.
B. General Appearance
The brick shape should be .regular with right angles and straight sides within the
limits of allowable differences. If there is a crack or notch it should not cause
weakness. If the brick properties and the notch should not be more than more
10% from the brick size. The brick should be homogenous, good burning, free of
gravel stone and lime knobs, the ratio of sound and free of defects bricks should
not be less than 90% from the consignment.
D. Tolerances
Maximum limit of tolerances
Length and width ± 3%
Thickness ± 4%
Surface flatness 5 mm
Min limit of
Max. limit of
compressive Strength
Absorption
(N/mm2) Efflorescence
Class Average Strength Average Absorption of (Max. limit)
of 10 of one of 10 one brick
bricks brick bricks (max. limit)
245
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
1.02 SAMPLING AND TESTING :
Sampling of brick shall be down according to the IQS 24 -1988 with the sample
size specified by this standard. Samples shall be submitted to the Engineer for
his approval and any consignment delivered to the work shall conform to the
quality of samples approved by the Engineers.
Testing of brick shall be carried out according to IQS24-19 and shall conform to
the requirements of IQS 25-19.
Otherwise, the Engineer has the right to reject any consignment that fails to
possess the aforementioned properties .
2.01 QUALITY
Concrete (hollow or solid) blocks shall be of best quality available, manufactured
by a well- known approved process. They shall be manufactured mechanically by
both pressure and vibration. Blocks shall not be used with age less than (7)
seven days from the date of manufacturing.
2.02 TESTING :
3.01 QUALITY:
Tiles that are used in flooring of buildings shall be of best available quality.
Ordinary and terrazzo tiles shall be manufactured mechanically.
4.01 QUALITY
Concrete flags that are used for roofing of building or for finishing sidewalks shall
be of best available quality they shall be manufactured by pressure or vibration or
both.
These flags shall not be used with age less than [7] seven days from the date of
manufacturing.
246
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
4.02 SAMPLING AND TESTING:
Sampling shall be taken by the Engineer randomly according to the method
specified by the IQS 1107-1987 and with sample sizes specified by this standard.
Testing shall be carried out according to the IQS 1107-1988. Test results shall
conform to the requirement of IQS 1107-1988.
PART 5 – JUSS
5.01 QUALITY:
The juss used shall be factory product and shall be of the ordinary type , hot and
well burnt . The juss shall be clean, free of any foreign matter, and the contractor
shall take necessary measures to protect the juss during transportation and
storage from rain humidity and other factors which are likely to cause damage to
it.
PART 6 – TIMBER
6.01 GENERAL:
All timber shall be of best duality, free from defects, as specified below and
appropriate to its place and use .
All timber which shows sign of being infected with white ant , beetle or other pests
shall be rejected by the engineer and at once removed from the site .
PART 7 – WINDOWS
7.01 GENERAL:
The window frames can be constructed of steel , wood or aluminum .
The frame shall be provided with evacuation of condensed water.
The name of the maker of the window should be stated in the tender. The
constructional section , type , frames , hardware fittings should be described in
the tender .
248
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
7.04 WOOD WINDOWS:
The windows frames shall be constructed of best quality of wood. sound, round or
swan square straight sections and shall conform to B.S.1860 of Iraqi Standards
(717/1989 , 145/1990 and 155/1990) DOORS
PART 8 – DOORS
8.01 GENERAL:
The sizes and numbers of doors are specified for the various buildings The
engineer may alter the location of doors to suit the final layout of the buildings
and no extra payment shall be charged for this alteration.
The doors could be constructed of steel , wood or aluminum .
Ail steel doors and frames shall be made of mild steel welded without
deposition of metals and properly reinforced. Corners shall be welded with all
joints face welded and grind smooth. Welds must develop the full strength of the
section and all joints in face to occur over reinforcing members.
Main members shall be designed to carry the dead load with an extreme fiber
stress not exceeding that allowable for the type of steel used.
Exterior doors shall be designed to resist a wind load of 75 kg / m . deflection
under the above wind load shall not exceed 1/ 120 of the span .
After assembly , doors shall be thoroughly cleaned of rust , oil and grease
and given a coat of an approved rust resisting metallic primer with filler as
required .
Doors and frames shall be painted with two coats of an approved oil paint the
colours of which shall be according to the instructions of the Engineer.
Shop drawings of doors , including, the method of hanging doors on frames
shall be Submitted for the written approval of the Engineer before beginning of
fabrication .
249
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Doors shall consist of 1/8 thick mild steel single plate sheets welded to mild steel
angle iron framing and bracing, or double plate sheets welded to mild steel
channel sections and bracing of suitable sizes .
The leaves of sliding, doors shall be hung from four wheel ball bearing hangers
operating in an overhead corrosion box type track of adequate size fixed by
brackets to the lintels. Also provide corrosion resisting floor channel and guides,
stops handles, hasp and staple and bolts for fastening track brackets and other
hardware to walls.
Doors when required shall be equipped with small hinged pass doors for use by
pedestrians.
250
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART 9 – PAINT
9.01 GENERAL:
All prepared paints shall be the product of a reputable manufacturer and applied
in strict accordance with the paint manufacturer's directions and according to the
following specifications.
Red lead B.S.2523 Linseed oil B.S.242 or TT-E-206C, Turpentine, B,S, 244 &
290,white spirit B.S. 245 Varnishes BS. 256 Red oxides of iron B,S,272,306
&370,Ready - mixed paints B.S.277-8 ,leaded chromes and Wizen chromes
B.S282 black and purple oxides of iron , B.S.306 &339 , paste and liquid dryers
B.S.331,tung oil ;B.S.391 , linseed oil putty , B.S.544 Manufactured oxides and
Hydrated oxides of iron ,B.S. 851 Lac . B.S. 954. knotting, B.S.1336 white oil
pastes, B.S.2029 Ready mixed oil based priming Paints, B.S 2521 , Ready mixed
oil based undercoat and finishing paints external quality , B.S.2525. Pigments :
white : B.S.239 , blue , B.S283,black , B.S.284
green ,B.S.303 sienna umber and ocher , B.S.313 & 337 ultramarine B.S.314,
colour for ready mixed paints, B.S.381C pigments for colouring cement and
concrete, B.S.
1014 colour or building and decorative paints. B.S2660. the specification at main
building paints shall be according to the following tables
251
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
TABLE (3): TESTS OF RED LEAD PAINT ACCORDING TO BS 2523
TEST REQUIRED SPECIFICATION LIMITS
3.1 mineral material and pigment 70 - 75 lower limit
3.2 volatile material 6% upper limit
3.3 oil content Remain
3.4 flow 20 min lower limit
3.5 Painting Liability
3.6 Odor The odor shall not be disagreeable
3.7 Drying time set to touch Drying hard.
10.01 GENERAL:
All glass shall be of quality and thickness appropriate to its place use .
The glass shall be free from bubbles, scratches or flaws and not less than
4mm.thick and shall confirm to BS. (9529) or Iraqi Standard (1316).
Glass for glazing: classification and its specific weight shall be 2.OOOkg per
square meter and per millimeter thickness .
The surface shall be flat and parallel so that they fit perfectly on one another as
well as on the frames.
253
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
10.02 SHEET GLASS
Sheet -lass shall be of the ordinary quality suitable for general glazing
prepossess. Its thickness varying from 3 mm up to 6 mm .
11.01 LEAD:
Lead shall not contain more than 1% of impurities and shall be without any traces
of oxidation.
Sheet lead shall be soft and malleable uniform in thickness and texture and free
from cracks and other defects.
11.02 ZINC:
Zinc shall be of uniformed blue-grey coloring the surface shall be smooth it shall
be free from cracks , dross overlaps , scales excess blisters , or any other
detrimental defects .
It shall not contain more than 1.5% of Impurities. Each zinc sheet shall be
marked with its standard gauge number and trade mark of the manufacturer .
The checking of the gauge of a sheet is based on its weight . The agreed
density being 7 .
Here under the table of gauge numbers giving the theoretical weight of sheets
and the corresponding mean thickness:
APPROX THICKNESS
(NO. ZINC SHEETS) I MEAN WEIGHT (kg/m)
(mm.)
8 2.8 0.4
9 3.15 0.45
10 3.5 0.5
11 4.6 0.58
12 4.62 0.66
13 5.18 0.74
14 5.7 0.82
15 6.65 0.95
16 7.569 1.08
Samples taken from the sheet shall fold without cracking, when the folios are
folded around a bar of a diameter equal to twice the thickness of the sheet itself.
254
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
11.03 COPPER
All copper used shall be pure perfectly malleable , free from impurities and show
no more but traces of oxidation Its density shall be 8.88 .
Copper material shall be neatly cut flawless. Thin cooper sheets shall be of
uniform thickness.
Strips cut in whatever direction out of the sheets whether cold or heated to dark
red, shall fold till the edges are in contact over the whole length without cracking
All copper used shall confirm in composition of the metal to B.S.899.
11.04 BRONZE:
Bronze use for ornamental articles shall be of an alloy containing in weight :27
parts of copper , 6 parts of tin and 5 parts of zinc .
Other alloys will be accepted for small articles of commercial use.
11.06 BITUMEN:
The softening point of the bitumen shall be tip to at least 85C.
The softening point is measured by the ring and ball method.
The Bitumen according to B.S.525 or Iraqi Standards (1196/1988, 1173 / 1988)
B. PRODUCTS
1. STEEL FRAMING COMPONENTS FOR SUSPENDED AND FURRED
CEILINGS
a. Provide in maximum lengths and widths available that will minimize joints
in each area and correspond with support system indicated.
b. Gypsum Board: ASTM C 36 and as follows:
1. Type: Water resistant type in areas where indicated on drawings.
2. Edges: Tapered and featured (rounded or bevelled) for prefilling.
3. Thickness: 12.5 mm, unless otherwise indicated on drawings.
255
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
3. TRIM ACCESSORIES
5. ACOUSTICAL SEALANT
6. AUXILIARY MATERIALS
256
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
C. EXECUTION
1. Install hangers plumb and free from contact with insulation or other
objects within ceiling plenum that are not part of supporting
structural or ceiling suspension system. Splay hangers only where
required to miss obstructions and offset resulting horizontal forces
by bracing, counters playing, or other equally effective means.
2. Where width of ducts and other construction within ceiling plenum
produces hanger spacing’s that interfere with the location of
hangers required to support standard suspension system members,
install supplemental suspension members and hangers in form of
trapezes or equivalent devices.
Size supplemental suspension members and hangers to support
ceiling loads within performance limits established by referenced
standards.
3. Secure hangers either directly to structures or to inserts, eye
screws, or other devices and fasteners that are secure and
appropriate for substrate, and in a manner that will not cause them
to deteriorate or otherwise fail.
c. Install gypsum panels with face side out. Do not install imperfect,
damaged, or damp panels. Butt panels together for a light contact at
edges and ends with not more than 1.5 mm of open space between
panels. Do not force into place.
257
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
d. Locate both edge or end joints over supports, except in ceiling
applications where intermediate supports or gypsum board back-
blocking is provided behind end joints. Do not place tapered edges
against cut edges or ends. Stagger vertical joints on opposite sides of
partitions. Avoid joints other than control joints at corners of framed
openings where possible.
g. Fasten gypsum board to furring channels at not more than 300 mm O.C.
END OF SECTION
258
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
NOTE
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………...
259
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DIVISION 8
MECHANICAL
260
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
EXCLUDE (ACORDING TO PROJECT)
261
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
DIVISION 9
ELECTRICAL
262
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
EXCLUDE (ACORDING TO PROJECT)
263
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
REFERENCES
8. Iraqi Standard Specifications and Guidance Reference Bringing out from (SCCQ)
9. Standard Specification for Roads & Bridges, Republic of Iraq Ministry of-
Housing & Construction State Organization of Roads &Bridges .
264
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
CONVERSION FACTORS-INCH-POUND TO SI (METRIC)*
Length
ʄ
inch Millimeter (mm) 25.4E
foot Meter (m) 0.3048E
yard Meter (m) 0.9144E
Mile (ststute) Kilometers (km) 1.609
Area
Volume (capacity)
Force
265
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Bending moment or torque
Mass
Temperatures
* This selected list gives practical conversion factors of units found in concrete technology. The reference source for
information on SI units and more exact conversion factors is of "Standard for Metric Practice" ASTM E 380.
(Symbols of metric tie units are given in parentheses.)
ʄ E Indicates that the factor given is exact.
ʈ One liter (cubic decimeter) equals 0.001 m3 or 1000 bars cm3.
ʇ These equation convert one temperature reading to another and include the necessary scale corrections. To convert
a difference in temperature from Fahrenheit degrees to Celsius degrees, divided by 1.8 only, i.e., a change from 70
to 88 F represents a change of 18 F or 18/1.8 = 10 C deg.
266
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS WORKMANSHIP
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
ﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ -ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ
ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻫﺫ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺗﻌﻠﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻭﺻﻑ ﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ
ﻟﺗﺷﻳﻳﺩ )ﺍﻻﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻻﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ
ﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ .
ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻻﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﺻﻑ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺷﻳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ
ﺍﺧﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﻗﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ .
ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻳﻳﺱ
ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺗﺑﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﻳﺔ )ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ
ﻭﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎء( ﻭﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﻣﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻛﺎﻥ )ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﻛﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﻣﻳﺭ( ،ﻛﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻗﺳﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﺋﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺩﺍﻥ .
ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ ﻟﻛﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺩ ﺛﻡ ﺗﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﻁﺎﻧﻳﺔ )(BS
ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻳﺭﻛﻳﺔ ) (AASHTO & ASTMﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻳﺎﺏ ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻭ
ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﻛﻣﻠﺣﻕ ﻷﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻳﺔ .
ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ
ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ،ﻭﺗﻭﻓﺭﻟﻪ ﻭﻟﺻﺎﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ،ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻡ ﺗﺑﻭﻳﺏ ﻭﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء
ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻲ )ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﺧﺹ ﺍﻻﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﻳﺔ( ﻛﺄﺣﺩ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺛﺎﺋﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ
ﺍﻻﺷﻐﺎﻝ ) (STANDARD BIDDING DOCUMENTSﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
ﻟﻠﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﻔﻲ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻗﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻡ .
ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﻣﻔﻳﺩ ﻟﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﻭﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ...ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺟﺎﺡ ﻫﻭ ﻫﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﷲ.