HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH The human body is organized into structural and

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY functional level of increasing complexity

Subdivisions of Anatomy Atom

Chemical Level Molecule
1.) Embryology (Embry= embryo; logy=study of) Macromolecule
- structure that emerged from the time of the
Cellular Level Organelles
fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero
(uterus) Cell
2.) Developmental Biology Tissue Level Tissue
- structure that emerged from the time of the Organ Level Organ
fertilized egg to the adult form Organ System Level Organ System
3.) Histology (hist=tissue)
Organism Level Organism
- Microscopic structure of tissue
4.) Surface Anatomy
- Anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body Human Organ System
through visualization and palpation
5.) Gross Anatomy 1.) Integumentary System
- Structures that can be examined without using a Components:
microscope  Skin and structure derived from it;
6.) Systemic Anatomy  Hair
- Structure of specific systems of the body such as  Skin associated glands
the nervous and respiratory system  Fingernail and toenails
7.) Regional Anatomy Functions:
- Specific region of the body such as the head or  Protects the body
chest  Regulates body temperature
8.) Radiographic Anatomy (radio=ray; graphic-to  Eliminates wastes
write)  Synthesize vitamin D
- Body structures that can be visualized with x rays  Sensors (touch, cold, pain and warmth)
9.) Pathological anatomy (path=disease)
- Structural changes from gross to microscopic 2.) Skeletal System
associated with disease Components:
10.) Neurophysiology (neuro=nerve)  Bones
- Functional properties of nerve cells  Joints
11.) Endocrinology (endo=within; crin=secretion)  Cartilage
- Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and Functions:
how they control body function  Supports and protects the body
12.) Cardiovascular Physiology (cardi=heart;  Aids movement
vascular=blood vessels)  Houses cells that produce blood cells
- Function of the heart and blood vessels  Stores minerals and lipids
13.) Immunology (immune=not susceptible)
- How the body defends itself against disease- 3.) Muscular Tissue
causing agents Components:
14.) Respiratory Physiology (respira=to breathe)  Skeletal muscles – muscles attached to the
- Functions of the air passageways and lungs bone
15.) Renal physiology (ren=kidney  Tendons
- Functions of the kidney Functions:
16.) Exercise physiology  Produces body movement
- Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of  Stabilizes body position (Posture)
muscular activity  Generates heat
17.) Pathophysiology
- Functional changes associated with disease and 4.) Nervous System
aging Components:
 Brain
Levels of Organization  Spinal cord
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  Nerves helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature
 Special sense organs such as the eye and ear and water content of body fluids
Functions:
 Generates nerve impulses (action potentials) to 8.) Digestive System
regulate body activities Components:
 Detects changes in the body’s internal and Organs of gastrointestinal tract
external environment  Mouth
 Interprets changes and responds by causing  Esophagus
muscular contractions or glandular secretion  Stomach
 Small and Large Intestines
5.) Endocrine System  Anus
Components: Accessory Organs
Hormone producing glands  Salivary glands
 Pineal gland  Liver
 Hypothalamus  Gall bladder
 Pituitary gland  Pancreas
 Thymus Functions:
 Thyroid gland  Breakdown of foods
 Parathyroid gland  Absorbs nutrients
 Adrenal gland  Eliminates solid wastes
 Pancreas
 Ovaries 9.) Respiratory System
 Testes Components:
Hormone producing cells in several organs  Nose
Functions:  Nasal cavity
 Regulates body activities by releasing  Pharynx
hormones (chemical messengers transported  Larynx
in blood from an endocrine gland to target  Trachea
organ)  Bronchi
 Bronchioles
6.) Lymphatic and Immune System Functions:
Components:  Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
 Lymphatic fluid and vessel between air and blood
 Spleen
 Thymus 10.) Urinary System
 Lymph node Components:
 Tonsil  Kidneys
 Thoracic duct  Ureters
Functions:  Urinary bladder
 Returns proteins and fluid to blood  Urethra
 Carries lipid from gastrointestinal tract to Functions
blood  Produces, stores and eliminates urine
 Includes structures were lymphocytes that  Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and
protect against disease causing organisms chemical composition of blood
mature and proliferate  Helps maintain acid-base balance of body fluids
7.) Cardiovascular System  Maintains mineral balance
Components:  Help regulates production of red blood cells
 Heart
 Blood 11.) Reproductive Systems
 Blood vessels Components:
Functions: Gonads
 Heart Pumps blood through blood vessels and  testes in males
blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and  ovaries in females
carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and Associated organs
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Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, penis,
seminal vesicle, prostate in males
 Uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary gland in females
Functions:
 Produce gametes Control of Homeostasis

Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

I.) Basic Life Processes

1. Metabolism Types of Feedback System
- Anabolic (build) or Catabolic (breakdown)
2. Responsiveness Negative Feedback System
- Irritability - It is usually inhibitory, or produce an action
3. Movement opposite to the change
- motion (in place) or locomotion (from one place to - reverses a change in a controlled condition
another
4. Growth  A stimulus disrupts homeostasis by altering a
- intussusceptions (growth start within the body) controlled condition
- Increase in size  Receptors detect the change and send input to the
5. Differentiation control center
- Ability to change structure  Control center evaluates the input and, if
6. Reproduction necessary, issues output commands to an effector
- Increase in size  Effector produces a physiological response that is
II.) Homeostasis able to return the controlled condition to its
- It refers to a condition in which internal normal state
environment of body remains within certain
physiological limit. - Examples: thermoregulation, blood sugar
- The body’s internal environment is the regulation
extracellular fluid surrounding cells.
- The function of organ systems is to maintain the Positive Feedback System
internal environment relatively constant- - Usually stimulatory in action often harmful even
HOMEOSTASIS. disastrous to survival
- A state of reasonably stable balance between the - tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of
physiological variables the body’s controlled conditions
- Numerous variables within the body must be
maintained homeostatically. When homeostasis is  a stimulus alters a controlled condition, which is
lost for one variable, it may trigger a series of monitored by receptors that send input to a
changes in other variables control center
 the control center provides commands to an
effector
Control of Homeostasis  the effector produces a physiological response
that reinforces the initial change in the controlled
condition
 the action of a positive feedback system continues
until it is interrupted by some mechanism outside
the system

- Examples: contractions in child birth, blood

clothing, lactation, fever

Other Processes Associated with Homeostasis

1.) Acclimatization

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 - is an improved ability to respond to an Body Membranes
environmental stress - are composed of thin layers of connective and
2.) Biological Rhythms epithelial tissues
- provide a feed forward component to homeostatic - they serve to cover, protect, lubricate, separate, or
control systems support visceral organs or to line body cavities
3.) Apoptosis
- Regulated cell death, plays an important role in
homeostasis by helping to regulate cell numbers
and eliminating undesirable cells
- The balance of substances in the body is achieved 1.) Mucous Membrane
by a matching of inputs and outputs. Total body - Secrete a thick, viscid substance, called mucus, that
balance of a substance may be negative, positive, lubricates and protects the body organs where it is
or stable secreted
(Necrosis – cell death due to diseases)
2.) Pleura
Intercellular Chemical Messengers - It covers the organs of the trunk cavities & line the
Intercellular communication is essential to reflexes trunk cavities.
and local responses  Visceral
 Parietal
3 Categories: hormones, neurotransmitters, paracrine
agents Types of Body Build

1.) Hormones 1.) Ectomorph

- enable the hormone-secreting cells to - Definitive "Hard Gainer"
communicate with cells acted upon by the - Delicate Built Body
hormone (target cells) with the blood acting as the - Flat Chest
delivery system - Fragile
2.) Neurotransmitters - Lean
- chemical messengers that allow nerve cells to - Lightly Muscled
communicate with each other and with effector - Small Shouldered
cells - Takes Longer to Gain Muscle
3.) Paracrine Agents - Thin
- chemical messengers involved in local
communication between cells 2.) Mesomorph
- Athletic
Body Fluids - Hard Body
1. Intracellular fluid - Hourglass Shaped (Female)
- the fluid inside the cells - Rectangular Shaped (Male)
2. Extracellular fluid - Mature Muscle Mass
- the fluid outside body cells - Muscular Body
3. Interstitial fluid - Excellent Posture
- the ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells - Gains Muscle Easily
of tissues - Gains Fat More Easily Than Ectomorphs
4. Blood plasma - Thick Skin
- the ECF within blood vessels
5. Lymph 3.) Endomorph
- the ECF within lymphatic vessels - Soft Body
6. Cerebrospinal fluid - Underdeveloped Muscles
- the ECF around the brain and spinal cord - Round Physique
7. Synovial fluid - Weight Loss is Difficult
- the ECF in joints - Gains muscle easily like the Mesomorph
8. Aqueous humor and Vitreous body
- the ECF in the eyes