jrefrmEdik if v

H w
G v
f yfonfo
h wif;at*sipf D owif;pOf
trSwf (56) c&pfESpf 2004 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm(15) · jrefrmouU&mZf 1366 ckEpS f ( 15-1-99 )&ufae@wGif pwifwnfaxmifonf

ppfAkdvfcsKyfrsm;tm%mvkr+a-umifh wkdif;jynfysufokOf;Ekdif vl@abmiftzG@J tpnf;aumif;rGerf #wa&;aqmif&uG rf +

etz 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; Adv
}uD;cif!eG @f ukd trde@f zq
Akdvfa&$ref; 0efcHajym-um; trsK;d om;'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKyf aiGpifEiS ;f qDqck s;D jri‡ chf &H
k cf sKyf óu;d pm;cJjh cif;a=umifh jzpfa=umif;/ ajym r_rsm;udkvnf; tjrefazmfxkwf&rnf[k b,fv*f sD,EH ikd if H tajcpdu
k t
f pd;k & ESi;f qDquk kd ESppf OfcsD;jri‡ chf jhJ cif; jzpfonf?
D efr/_ Edik if aH wmf qdkomG ;cJo h nf? axmufvrS ;f a&; ESihf epuwyfrsm;udk r[k w f o nf h


qka&G;cs,af &;tzG@J wiG f Oa&my

   

ykeu f ef&ef óu;d pm;r_w@kd twGuf zrf;qD; vmbfpm;r_EiS hf ywfoufI &Si;f vif; wefjyeftrde@f ay;cJah =umif;/ ,ckvkd ðyrl (ac:) w&m;r#waom or*~rS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;yg0if+y;D qk&
ppfaq; aejcif;jzpf+yD;/ xdk ajymqk d & mwG i f aqmif&u G rf o _ nf wyfrawmf òyduo JG mG ; vl@abmifazmfaqmif &Sd aomtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk Oa&m
udpu P kd jyif;xefpmG t wm0efodjynfol Edki+f yD;/ rar#mrf Se;f Edkio f nfh tusKd;quf a&;tzG@J u 2004 yor*~omru urBmuyg txl;
a&;,loGm;rnf jzpf wOD;u erfzh wf rsm; jzpfay:vmEdik o f nft h wGuf Adv k cf sKyf ck E S p f twG u f tm\kpH u kd af p &ef&nf&f , G If ay;
a=umif; wyfrawmf um;*d w f }uD; cif!eG @f ukd &mxl;rSz,f&mS ;+y;D ta&; 

     

tyf&jcif;jzpfa=umif; tzG@J .jyef

=unf;/ a&/ av yl;wGJ vmbfpm; ,l&jcif;jzpfa=umif; ajymqk&d iS ;f vif;oGm; aiG p if E S i f ; qD q k =um;a&;wm0efcH rpPum\kv d ikd ;f em;
n‡Ed id_ ;f a&;rª; Adv k cf sKyf}uD; r_ r sm;ud k cJoh nf? udk jrefrmh'Drkdu u qdo k nf?
ol&a&$ref;u xkwfazmf 0ef}u;D csKyf Adv k cf sKyf Adv
k cf sKyf}u;D cif!eG @f onf etz0ef}u;D a&pD a &;twG u f trsK;dom;'Drdkua&pD
ajym=um;vdu k o f nf? }u;D cif!eG @f / ta&S@ csKyftjzpf (14)v=um wm0ef,cl chJ sed w f iG f pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif tzG@J csKyfonf “jrefrmh
atmufwb dk m(24) ajrmufyikd ;f ppfXm !$e=f um;a&;rª;tjzpf ‚wm0ef,x l m; &Guaf e 'Dru kd a&pDta&;
&ufae@u ðyvkyo f nfh ecsKyfwik d ;f rª; Adv k cf sKyf onfh uu(vSr;f ) ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf onf h twGuf r#w
&efuke&f Sd pD;yGm;a&; jrifvh i_d Ef iS fh twGi;f a&; uu (=unf;) umuG,af &;wyfrsm; t aom
vkyfief;ydkif&Sifrsm; rª;(1) Adkvcf sKyf =um; tm%mESit hf usKd;pD;yGm; tm;òydif
ESihf awG@qyHk w JG iG f Adv k f }uD; pk;d r_}uD; jzpfaea=umif; owif;rsm;xGuf
csKyf } uD ; a&$ r ef ; u 0if;wdk@ ay:vm+y;D aemuf ,ckvkd &mxl;rSz,f&mS ;
,ckvkd ajym=um; xHpma&; cHvu kd &f +yD;aemuf zrf;qD;ta&;,lr;_ yg
vdkufjcif;jzpf+yD; tem*wf p pf O D ; pD ; csKyf a vmif ; wdkif=um; cHvu kd &f jcif; jzpfonf? vpfvyfomG ;onfh
tajctaerS m Ak d v f a &$ r ef ; cJah omfvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfae&mwGif 'Dy, J if;vky}f uHr_
wyfrawmf òyduo JG mG ;Edik \f rHk #ru rar#mrf eS ;f wdkifpmrsm;rSm =um;jzwfcHvdkuf&onhf }uD;wGif t"duóu;d udik o f t l jzpf vlod
Ekid of nfh tusK;d qufrsm; jzpfay:vmEdik If twGuf ppf\kH;csKyfodk@a&muf&Sdvmjcif; rsm;ausm=f um;ol twGi;f a&;rª; (1)
,ckvkd tcsderf zD rf;qD; vdu k &f jcif;jzpf r&Sad =umif;/ xdu k pd u P kd wdik ;f rª; Adv k cf sKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD; pd;k 0if;udk tpm;xd;k cef@ qd y f u rf ; òrd @ e,f jynf o l @ vG w f a wmf u k d , f p m;vS , f
a=umif; xnfo h iG ;f ajym=um;cJo h nf? tqdk jrifv h id_ u f ppfaq;cJo h nft h cg tr_rSm vdu k o f nf? a':prf ; prf ;
yg ajymqkcd sufrsm;udk Ed0k ifbm (7)&uf xifxm;onfxuf tvGe}f uD;rm;aeonfh (22)ae@u zsuo f rd ;f vduk o
f nfh trsK;d
ae@wiG f pmrsuEf mS (18) rsuEf mS yg txl; twGuf uu(=unf;) \k;H csKyfEiS hf pm&if; om; axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J EiS hf ywfoufI trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyftm; *k%f vlabmiftzG@J tpnf;twGuf ta&;}uD;
pmapmiftjzpf xkwaf 0+yD; jrefrmhtvif;/ ppfcsKyf\;Hk wk@d yl;aygif;+yD; Edik if aH wmftqifh 2003 atmufwb kd mvurS Adv ðyay;tyfvu
k cf sKyf}uD; kd o f nf? w,f” vd, k ql wJt h wGuf ,ckvkd qkay;
a=u;rko H wif;pmrsm;ESit hf wl wEdik if v H ;Hk jzifh ppfaq;a&;0ifcahJ =umif; ajymqdk &m xl; xdq
wdk;jr‡ifhcHcJh&+yD; k ak y;yGt J crf;tem;udk Oa&my tyf&jcif; jzpfa=umif; ‚uqdo k nf?
od@k jzef@a0cJo h nf? onf? xkpd pfaq;awG@&cdS sut f & usyaf iG xdyf or*~taqmuftOD;wGif Edk0ifbm(9)
ydkif;ae&m ,ckEpS t f wGuf aiGpifEiS ;f qD qkukd
xdak jymqdck surf sm;wGif atmufwb dk m ode;f (25˜000)ESpaf omif;cGu J kd aiGom; &ufae@u usi;f ycJ+h y;D / trsK;d om;'Dru
a&mufvm k d a&pD trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS t hf wl/
'kw, d ywfu jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh w\kw-f jrefrm tjzpford ;f qnf;&rd+yD;/ wefz;kd rjzwf& tzG@J csKyfu,
onfh etz kd pf m; jynfya&muf qdyu f rf; ,lu&de;f Edik if rH S ulnaD xmufyahH &;tzG@J /
e,fpy/f rlq,f (105)rdik f erfzh wfum;*dwf ao;onfh ypPn;f rsKd;pkH ode;f (30˜000) òrd@e,f jynfol@vw
OuUÏ. $ af wmfuk, d pf m;vS,f rd;k qrf;bpfrS trsKd;orD;ESihf uav;ol
wGif wm0ef,x l m;onfh e,fpyfa'opnf; ok;H aomif;cef@EiS hf ausmufprd ;f (42)wef/ a':pef;pef;u qkwufa&muf,cl o
vuf&kH; hJ nf? i,fta&;aqmif&u G o
f l *&pf&iS rf ,f&, S f
urf;xde;f odr;f a&;pcef; (epc)rS axmuf ykvv J ;Hk aygif; (1300). wefz;kd wk@d ukd wqltjzpf xktd crf;tem;wGif Oa&myEdik if rH sm; ESihf tDwvDEikd if rH S vlrt _ zG@J tpnf; OD;
vSr;f a&;wyfrª; Adv k rf ª;=unfZifEiS hf epc odr;f qnf;&rdcahJ =umif;/ pkpak ygif; yrm% rS 'kw, d 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;rsm;/ Oa&my aqmifol wGezf ,fe,fu\kd w dk @kd ukd a&G;cs,f
tzG@J 0ifrsm;. t*wdvu kd pf m;r_/ vmbfpm; cef@rSef;&yifcufaea=umif;/ &Sif;jy aumfr&Sif 'kwd,OuUÏa[mif;rsm;/ ay;tyfco hJ nf?
r_w@kd wiG f pnf;urf;wusaqmif&u G &f ef ajym=um;onf? Oa&my ygvDrefu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;tyg  

tzG@J . 'g\ku
 

d w f m *sefbD
Adv k cf sKyfcif!eG @f u wm0efysuu f uG cf o hJ nfh xd k a wG @ &S d c suf r sm;a=umif h t0ify&dowf (300)cef@ wufa&mufc+hJ y;D ,uf\u kd jrefrmh'rD ku
d a&pDa&;udk OD;
tjyif/ etz0ef}uD;csKyfae&mESihf wyfr epu/ uu (vSr;f )ESihf v0u/ trskK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu, kd pf m; aqmifaeonfh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J
awmfaxmufvrS ;f a&;/ !¸e=f um;a&;rª; jynfxJa&;wdk@rS 0efxrf;trsm; a':prf;prf;u tcrf;tem;tzGirhf ed @f ceG ;f csKyfuo hJ @kd aom tzG@J tpnf;wckukd qkay;
wm0efw@kd ukd yl;wGu J ikd x f m;ojzifh etz tjym;uk&d mxl;rS xkwyf ,fc+hJ yD;/ ajym=um;cJo h nf? &onft h wGuf auseyftm;&rda=umif;ESihf
'D y J , if ; tm%myg;uG y f o m;
OuUÏAdv k cf sKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$u axmuf tenf;qk;H (186)OD;udk jypf'%f tqkyd gtzG@J onf urBmvl@abmiftzG@J jrefrmEdik if w H iG f jynforl sm;u a&G;aumuf
Akdvfpkd;0if;
vSr;f a&;wm0efudk v$aJ jymif;ay;&ef ajym rsm; csrw S cf +hJ yD;jzpfa=umif;/ xdo k @kd tpnf;twGuf aumif;rGerf #wpGm xl;xl; wifajr‡mufxm;onfh jynfol@udk,fpm;
qdrk u _ kd remcHbJ oD;jcm;vlpIk ppfaxmuf jzpfymG ;r_ukd puFmylrjS yefvmonfh Adv k cf sKyf owfrw S jf cif;cH&ol Adv k cf sKyf}uD; a&$ref;u c|efc|efaqmif&u G cf =hJ uonfh vlwOD;csif; vS,rf sm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom tpdk;&
vSr;f a&;rS Adkvrf ª;csKyfrsm;/ Adkvrf ª;}uD; }uD; cif!eG @f u rauseyfonft h wGut f qufvufajym=um;&mwGif vmbf,l udjk zpfap/ tzG@J tpnf;wckujkd zpfap a&G; w&yf tjrefq;kH ay:aygufrnf[k ,H=k unf
rsm;udk ac:,lawG@qu Hk m awmfveS &f ef jcm;wdik ;f rª;rsm;/ Adv k cf sKyfrsm;. vmbfpm; +yD; pmrs
tusifufEyh Smsuf(10)/
aer_raumf
sm;/ v H (4)okd@ærsm;/ cs,f+yD; (2000)ckEpS rf pS wifum aiGpif
jcpm;aer_ a=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf? Ð
Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0on
0onf
á owif;pOf (2) trSwf (56)

rif;qd;k udk ~
á
~
ypf+yD trsK;d om;'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKyuf etztm%mydik rf sm;ESihf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siuf kd w&m;pGqJ kd
zsuf u sL;vG e f & ma&muf o nf h t wG u f
tzG@J csKyfOuUÏ OD;atmifa&$u w&m;vdk
ðyvkyu f m ,ckvw kd &m;pGq J jkd cif;jzpfonf
“jynfwiG ;f ppfukd wm;qD;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;udk OD;wnf” [k qko d nf?
od@k &mwGif tqdyk g tr_EpS rf v _ ;Hk udk
0ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf ifneG @f ukd atmufwb kd mv (19)&ufae@u use;f rma&;tajc
w&m;\k;H csKyfjypfrq _ ikd &f m wm0ef&o dS u l
taet&[kazmfjyum Adv k o f ef;a&$vufrw S x f ;kd I wm0efrt S em;,lciG ahf y;vdu k o f nf[k
jypfrq _ ikd &f musix hf ;Hk Oya'yk'rf 561(u)
qdo k nf? atmufwb kd m (24)&ufae@wiG f Adv k af &$ref;u Adv k cf ifneG @f ukd xkwyf pf&onfh
ESihf tusK;H r0ifonft h wGuf vufcaH y;&ef
t"duta=umif;&if;rSm trde@f emcHrr_ &Sjd cif;ESihf t*wdvu kd pf m;r_/ vmbf,rl r_ sm;ESihf
rjzpfEdkifa=umif; ta=umif;jycsufjzifh
ywfoufqufpyf wm0ef&jSd cif;wdk@a=umifjh zpfa=umif; ajymif;vJajym=um;cJo h nf?
y,fcscJo h nf?
x@t kd jyif wyfrawmfòydurGJ t _ EW&m,f jzpfay:apEkid o f nft h jyif Edik if aH wmftwGuyf g
xdu k pd EP iS yfh wfoufI tzG@J csKyfOya'
vGepf mG tEW&m,f}uD;onft h ajctaeudk OD;wnfaeojzifh Adv k cf ifneG @f tm; wm0efrS trsKd ; om;'D r k d u a&pD t zJ G J @ csKyf OuU Ï OD ; atmif a &$ E S i f h taxmuftulðytzG@J 0if OD;ode;f !Ge@f u
tem;ay;vdkujf cif;jzpfa=umif; ajym=um;cJo h nf? ydkrkI d yGiu hf svmonfh tcsufu taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rª ; a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf ‘usix hf ;Hk yk'rf (200)qdw k m w&m;vdu k , kd f
rnfr#twdik ;f twmtxd tEW&m,f}uD;onfuakd jym&ef tcsed af &mufygu ajymoifyh gu
a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf OD;wifO;D csKyf'Ok uUÏ OD;wifO;D ESihf taxGaxGtwGi;f wdik f OD;wdu k af v#mufxm; pGq J w kd t
hJ r_rmS
xyfrI H ajymOD;rnf[k qdkvmjcif;jzpfonf?
wk@d tm; rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;r_/ tzG@J csKyf\;Hk a&;rª; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@udk w&m;ol}uD;u OD;wdu k af v#mufxm;wJh
ppftyk pf t k m%m,lvmonfh 1962ckEpS rf pS I ESpaf ygif; 42ESpt f wGi;f Tumv
rsm; ydwyf ifcx H m;&r_w@kd EiS hf ywfoufI zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;onft h ay: v#K@d 0uS f oludk csufcsif;usrf;udik pf pfaq;I xGuf
ppftyk pf t k uJt G +yJonf jrefrmjynfvòkH cHa&;ESihf zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;udo k mru a'o
etz tm%mydik rf sm;ESifh ygwDpt Hk axGaxG xm;onft h jyif ,ae@wikd f aetdrt f oD; qdck sufukd a&;rSw&f r,f/ aemufwcsuf
wnf+idraf &;ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;tm; ppftyk pf q k ufvufwnf&rdS u _ }uD;rm;pGmtEW&m,f
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f kd trsK;d om;'Drkd oD;wGif rw&m;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;wd@k t u OD;wdu k af v#mufxm;wJv h u l vufrw S f
ðyvsu&f o dS nfqo kd nft h csuu f kd oufaoxlvu kd jf cif;jzpfonf? 1997-ckEpS f Adv k x f eG ;f
ua&pDtzG@J csKyfu +y;D cJo h nfh atmufwb kd m wGu‚ f / jypfrq _ ikd &f musixhf ;Hk Oya'yk'rf a&;xd;k r,f? +y;D &if w&m;ol}uD;uk, d w f ikd f
=unf/ Adv k af usmb f (14)OD;*d% k ;f tm; jzKwfypfjcif;/ Adv k w f ifO;D tm; vky}f uHjcif;wd@k xuf
v(14)&ufae@wiG f w&m;pGq J v
kd u k d af =umif; (200)wd@k t& &efuek òf rd@ w&m;\k;H csKyf vufrw S af &;xd;k &r,f/ tck y,fvu kd w f m
ydkrkdeuf&id_ ;f pGm ppftkypf ktwGi;f aphpyfn‡dEi_d ;f r&awmhonfh yËdyuQ.oauFw
od&onf? wGif OD;wduk af v#mufxm;jcif;jzpfa=umif; u tJ't D csurf sm;eJ@rnD!w G w f mudk awG@&
vuQ%mvnf; jzpfayonf? ppftyk pf t k wGi;f *d% k ;f w*d% k ;f ESiw hf *d% k ;f t=um;omr
xdo k @kd w&m;pGq J &kd mwGif tzG@J csKyf\;Hk od&onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfESihf ygw,f’[k rSwcf sucf sajymqdck o hJ nf? quf
u wOD;ESiw hf OD;=um; ,H=k unfr_ (Trust) uG,af ysmufomG ;jcif;u ppftyk pf u k sq;kH jcif;
rsm;tm; ,m,Dcsw d yf w
d x f m;onft h wGuf OD;wifO;D wd@k ukd csKyfaESmifxm;&mwGif rnf vufI xdyk ,fcscsufonf w&m;Oya'
. a&S@ajy;edrw d jf zpfonf? txl;ojzifh ppftyk pf . k &mxl;*k%o f rd rf sm;onf a&yGuf
ygwDpt Hk axGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&; onhyf 'k rf rnfonfw h &m;0if ta=umif;jy t& nD!w G jf cif;&Srd &Su d kd jyefvnfo;Hk oyf
yrmr#om jzpfonf[kcpH m;&ojzifh trsm;pkrSm wm0ef}uD;}uD; ay;jcif;cH&v#if
aumfr&Siu f kd (2000)jynfEh pS f w&m;pD&if csufrrS &Sb d J zrf;qD;xm;jcif;onf etz +yD; tzG@J csKyfA[kt d vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J udk
jrefjreftðzwfc&H zd@k aocsmoavmuf&adS e+yD [laompd;k &drrf u _ }uD;pd;k vsu&f adS eonf?
a&;tufOya' yk'rf 5(u)ESi‚ hf / etz tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh jypfr_qdkif&m wifjyoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; 'Dru dk &ufwpf
rdru d k,
d rf rd v d nf; r,Hk/ rdrv d kyof nft h vkyu f kv d nf;r,Hk/ ppftkypf ktwGi;f tcsif;
tm%mydik w f @kd tm; w&m;pGq J &dk mwGif tzG@J Oya'yk'rf (344)ESihf (346)wd@k ukd azmuf jrefrmhtoHok@d ajym=um;cJo h nf? Ð
csif;udv k nf;r,H/k ponfjzifh r,H=k unfjcif; 0J=oCoHo&m. tusKd;quftjzpf
pdwfusa0'emudkcHpm;ae=u&onfh ,ae@umvwyfrawmfom;rsm;. b0rSm
tqd;k qH;k umvod@k qdu k af &mufvsuf&o dS nf? “wdik ;f &if;om;Edifk if aH &;ygwrD sm;u jyefvnfa¶G;aumufc&H onfh orwbk&xfS H o0%fvm$ yd@k ”
wzufu=unfjh yefv#iv f nf; tm%mudk tmomirf;irf;wyfrufvsuf tm%mESihf
tar&duef orwa&G;aumufyw JG iG f jyefvnfa&G;cs,fcH&onfhtwGuf 0rf; taeeJ@ urBmrSm&Sw d hJ tm%m&Si[ f o
l r#ukd
t&if;tES;D udk aygif;pyfvakd om ppfwyfukd ud, k u f sK;d twGuf toH;k csI ighjrif;igpdik ;f
vuf&o Sd rw a*smh'AvsLbk&Sf jyefvnf ajrmufóuq d akd =umif;ESihf jrefrmjynf 'Drkd olu=unfrh &bl;” [kajymqdck +hJ yD; “tm
ppfuikd ;f a&mufa&mufvrf;pOfjzifh aoG;em;xifa&mufaeaom ppfAv kd vf ufopfrsm;.
ta&G;cH&onft h wGuf jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pD ua&pDa&;twGuf txl;óu;d yrf;aqmif %m&SifawGudkz,f&Sm;zdk@ olqufvuf
tm%mvkyrGJ mS a&SmifvI $J r&Edik af wmhay? Tod@k jzpfvmv#if ppfwyfum; 0g;tpnf;
a&;udk ,cifuxuf ydrk t kd ultnDay; &Guaf y;Edik v
f rd rhf nf[k ar#mv f ifah =umif; aqmif&u G rf ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd ar#mv f ifyh g
ajyouJo h @kd &Srd nf? e,fajrtvdu k f ppfwikd ;f rª;trnfcH ppfb&k ifw@kd t=um; "eESihf
Edkifvdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; wdkif;&if;om; azmfjyxm;onf[k qdo k nf? xd@k jyif wdik ;f w,f”[k 'DAb GD u
D kd ajym=um;cJoh nf?
tm%mcJaG 0yHrk oifw h ifyh gu wdik ;f jynfrmS tqH;k pGeaf rSmifru kd af om acsmufurf;yg;od@k
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u o0%fv$may;ydk@ &if;om;tm;vH;k wd@k .qENt& z,f'&,f tvm;wl trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD
a&muf&rdS nf? Adv k af e0if;/ Adv k af pmarmif/ Adv k o f ef;a&$paom ppftm%m&l;wd@k u
vdkuaf =umif; od&onf? jynfaxmifpk ay:aygufvma&;udk 'Dru kd tzG@J csKyfuvnf; o0%fvm$ wapmifay;
ppfwyfu/kd tm%mudk t=urf;enf;jzifh &,la&;tarGq;kd udk ay;cJo h nf? igodigwwf
xdo k 0%fvm$ udk wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if H a&pDenf;vrf;wus ulnED ikd v f rd rhf nf[k ydk@ zG,&f aSd =umif; ygwDajymcGi&hf yk*Kd~ vf
b0ifjrifph w d x f m;rsKd;omru vlwumvuftyk cf sDrS aeomxdik o f m&So d nfph w d x f m;
a&;ygwD (21)ckjzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom ar#mvf ifah =umif; azmfjyxm;onf? OD;vGiu f qdo k nf? a&G;aumufyJG tEkid &f
rsKd;oGwo f iG ;f ay;cJo h nf? tpGe;f a&mufvrl sKd;a&;0g' oGwo f iG ;f cHxm;&vsuf wvJ$
jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pD ,ltJeft,fvf'D ajymcGifh&yk*~dKvf ygwDrsm;u orwbk&x fS H o0%fvm$ rsm;
qHyifaumif; rsK;d csppf w d jf zifh ajymif;vJaeonfh Edik if w H umtajctaeudk odjrifEikd pf rG ;f
tzG@J csKyf (,lteJ t
f ,fv'f )D u &efuek òf rd@&dS OD;axmifux kd ef;u“bmvd@k 'v D t kd m;ay; ay;yd@k aeaomfvnf; ppftyk pf u k orw
r&Sad om EGm;ajc&mcGux f rJ zS m;oli,f vuQ%maqmifaevsuf&o dS nfh ppfAv kd cf sKyf
tar&duefo\H ;Hk od@k oGm;a&mufay;tyfchJ =uwmvJq&kd if a*sm'h AvsLbk&[ fS m jy± a&G;aumufy&JG v'ftwGuf ,cktcsed t f xd
rsm;.vufwiG f wdik ;f jynf.uH=urRmudk 0uGut f yfxm;&onft h jzpfrmS &ifeifzh , G f
jcif; jzpfonf[q k o
kd nf? emawGukd qH;k jzwfwahJ e&mrSm jywfjywf wpHkw&majymqdkjcif; r&Sad o;a=umif;
jzpfonf? ppfwyftwGi;f Adv k cf ifneG @f vufopfrsm;&Sad eovdk Adv k af &$ref;aygufprsm;u
o0%fv$mwGif a*smh'AvsLbk&Sf om;om; &J&0J 0hH hH qH;k jzwfw,f? eHygwf(2) od&onf?
wef;pDaeonf? TonfrmS jrefrmppfwyf. xl;jcm;aomvuQ%mjzpfonf? olw@kd .
yËdyuQrmS ydrk jkdyif;xefvmvsuf aygufurGJ nft h ajctaeod@k OD;wnfaeonf? wyfrawmf
udk tcsed rf ðD yjyifajymif;vJEikd o f nft h ajctaersK;d jzpfay:rvmygu wdik ;f jynf. a&S@a&;
rSm rawG;0Hph &m tEW&m,fjzpfonf? Adv k af &$ref;.rSwcf suu f kd qifyh mG ;teufaumuf
aomf ppfAv kd rf sm; tm%mvkra_ =umifh ppfwyfwiG ;f òyduv JG suf jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfvmawmh
rnf[o l nfh t"dym` ,fjzpfonf?
,if;uJo h @kd aom wrsKd;om;vH;k ab;tEW&m,f óuaH wG@&awmhrnft h ajctae/
wenf;tm;jzifh ppftyk pf w k iG ;f tm%mvkyaGJ =umifh jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpf&awmhrnfu h mvudk
umuG,w f m;qD;a&;onf wrsKd;om;vH;k . ordik ;f wm0efjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh
ppfwyfwiG ;f wdik ;f cspjf ynfcspyf *k K~ v d rf sm;wGif wm0ef&o dS nf? zdvpfyikd u f o hJ @kd yif jrefrm
Adkvcf sKyf zD',f&mrdk@paf y:aygufa&;udk tcsderf v D kyEf kid rf nfvm;? odk@wnf;r[kwf
,ae@wyfrawmfonf jynfo@l wyfrawmfvm;/ tm%m&l;Adv k w f pk. vufuikd 'f w k f
(wkw)f wyfrawmfvm; qdo k nfukd ordik ;f upum;ajymvdrrhf nf? ta&;}uD;onfrmS
jynfov l x l }k uD;.pkpnf;nDnw G af omtiftm;jzifh jynfwiG ;f ppfukd wm;qD;Edik &f eftwGuf
ppfwyfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk tcsderf aD qmif&u G &f efESihf aemifacwftqufquf
rnfonft h m%m&Sipf epfqk;d r# ray:aygufaprnfh 'Drku d a&pDjynfaxmifpkpepfukd
wnfaqmuf&eftcsdef jzpfyga=umif;? Ð
jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0onf Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf
trSwf (56) á owif;pOf (3)

&Jabmfo;Hk usyd 0f if Advk rf ;ª atmif uG,vf eG &f mS _yD a':atmifqef;pk-unfvwG af jrmufa&; tzG@J csKy0f ifrsm;qkawmif;yGuJ si;f y
u owfrw S =f uw,fav/ tJ'v D kd owfrw S f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf Edik if aH &;
wunf;u oluwu,fvnf;vkycf w hJ hJ tusO;f om;tm;vk;H vGwaf jrmufa&; qk
twGuf vGwv f yfa&;twGuf ol&aJ umif; awmif;yGrJ s;udk tzG@J csKyfvil ,frsm;pkaygif;
tmZmenftrSeyf ”J [k trSww f & rSwf I a&$w*d b Hk &k m;t*Fgaxmifw h iG f vpOf
wrf;wif ajym=um;oGm;cJo h nf? tywfpOf ðyvkyaf ea=umif; od&onf?
w&k w f - jref r me,f p yf w ae&m tqdyk gqkawmif;yGrJ sm;udk rnfol
a&muf Adv k rf ª;csKyfa[mif; ausmaf Zmu wOD; wa,mufurS OD;aqmifjcif;r[kwf
vnf; ‘ Adv k rf ª;atmif&,f/ Adv k &f efatmif bJ tywfpOft*Fgae@wikd ;f tzG@J csKyf0if
&,f/ Adkvf&JxGËf&,f/ usaemfwdk@[m rsm;u ud, k t hf odpw d "f mwfEiS f u
h , dk o
f mG ;
tawmf&if;ED;S wJh &Jabmf&b J ufrsm; jzpf a&mufum qkawmif;=ujcif; jzpfonf[k
=uygw,f? ArmhwyfrawmfrSmvnf; ouFe;f u|ef;òrd@e,frS tzG@J csKyf0ifvil ,f tzG J @ csKyf v l i ,f r sm;. t*F gaxmif h qk a wmif ; yG J u d k a wG @ &pOf
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwl tr_xrf;cJh=uwJh wOD;u 'DAb GD o D @kd ajym=um;onf?
&JabmfokH;usdyf0if Akdvfrª;atmif olrsm;jzpf=uygw,f ’[k ajym=um;cJ+h yD; xkq
d ak wmif;yGw J iG f Ak'b
< mom0ifw@kd. ,k=H unfcsufa=umifh rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif; tvm;wl rauG;wkid ;f / acsmufòrd@e,f
vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG if 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &; ‘ ol@b0rSm wdik ;f jynftay:vlrsK;d tay: "avhx;H k pHrsm;t& ig;yg;oDvcH,Il bk&m; cHxm;&onfh Edik if aH &;tusOf;om;rsm; rS tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;uvnf; a':atmifqef;
orm;}uD; Adv k rf ª;atmifac: ocifpv H i_d f wm0efauscJyh g+yD ’[k *k%ðf yajym=um; 0wfðyqkawmif;cJh=ujcif;jzpfa=umif;/ tm;vk;H tjrefq;Hk vGwaf jrmufa&;udk qk pk=unfEiS hf Edik if aH &;tusOf;om;tm;vk;H
touf(95)ESpfonf Edk0ifbm(9)&uf cJo
h nf? acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh a':atmifqef; awmif; =ujcif;jzpfa=umif; tqdyk gvli,f vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf òrd@e,fyÏmef;yGo J @kd
ae@naeydik ;f u vl}u;D a&m*gjzifh &efuek òf rd@ Advk rf ª;atmifonf jrefrmhvw G vf yf pk=unfEiS hf OD;wifO;D wd@k tygt0if Edik if aH &; u qufvufajym=um;cJo h nf? ya'omyifvLS 'gef;cJah =umif; od&onf?Ð
aetdrw f iG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;+yDjzpfa=umif; a&;twGuf e,fcs@J awmfveS af &;/ zufqpf
od&onf?
ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sdaeonfh &Jabmf
awmfveS af &;wd@k wiG f vGwv
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl &Gwf&Gwf
f yfa&;zcif}u;D
aygufpa&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;ygtcsufrsm; rSefuefr+r&Sd[k ref;wdkif;tzGJ@csKyfwk@Hjyef
ok;H usdy0f if(3)OD;wd@k teuf Adv k rf ª;atmif c|efc|ef pGe@f pmG ;ay;qyfyg0ifc+hJ yD; ,ae@
uG , f v G e f o G m ;onf h t wG u f ,ck t cg uG,v f eG cf sdet f xd jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDa&; rEWav;wdkif;/ tr&yl&òrd@e,fu csKyfu atmufwb kd m (18)&ufae@wiG f 'DADGbDESifhar;jref;cef;wGif ajym=um;
vGwv f yfa&;wdkuyf 0JG if &Jabmfo;kH usdyf 'kw, d vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf }JG uD;wGiv f nf; a&ab;'kuo Q nfrsm;udk tcrJah q;0g;uk wH@k jyefajymqdv k u kd o f nf? cJo
h nf?
tzG@J 0if Adv k &f x J ËG Ef iS hf Advk rf ª;csKyfausmaf Zm tzG@J 0if (23)OD;yg vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG if oay;+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwf “,ckvakd &ab;'kuo Q nfawG/ zsm; Zlvikd v f twGi;f a&}uD;r_rsm;wGif
wd@k om ouf&x dS if&mS ; use&f adS wmhonf? 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD;rsm;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf; tm%mydik rf sm;u tultnDray;aom
Adkvfrª;atmif uG,fvGefoGm;onfh I trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;/ wdik ;f a=umifh rEWav;wdkif;tzGJ@csKyfOuUÏ
twGuf touf(83)ESpft&G,f&Sd+yDjzpf jynf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;wd@k twGuf OD;vSjrifEh Sihf a'gufwma':,kk,karwdk@u
onfh Adv k &f xJ ËG u f “vGwv f yfa&;twGuf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf ppftyk pf k a&ab;'k u Q o nf r sm;ud k tul t nD
oufpeG @f qzH sm;vkyw f m&,f/ owW&d pdS mG vkyf acgif;aqmifrsm; tjrefq;Hk awG@qaHk qG; ay;cJhjcif;omjzpfa=umif;/ odk@&mwGif
wm&,f/ 'Dvv kd yk wf t hJ wGuf vGwv f yfa&; aEG;&ef t}udr}f udro f wday; awmif;qdck hJ aqmif;yg;&Sif aygufpajymovdk vufrw S f
twGuf ol&aJ umif;tmZmenfv@kd trsm; oljzpfonf? Ð xd;k cdik ;f cJjh cif; r&Sad =umif;/ a'ocHrsm;.
ajymqdck sufukd ud;k um;I 'DAb GD uD xkwf

tzG@J csKy0f ifrsm;.v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; ydrk akd pmif-h unfch aH e& v$io hf mG ;cJo h nf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwaf jrmuf
a&; vufrw S xf ;kd aom jynfov l x
l o
k nf
tm%mykid Ef iS hf }uH@z@HG tzG@J 0ifrsm;u +cdr;f
Edk0ifbm(3)&uf?( 'DAGDbD ) &efwm;jrpfonft h wGuf &yfqikd ;f vdu k &f ajcmufrt _ rsKd;rsKd; ðyvkyaf eaomfvnf;
etzppftyk pf t k wGi;f tuGt J jyEJ iS hf a=umif; od&onf? xd@k aemuf xdak =unm tzGJ@csKyfA[kd\Hk;csKyfwGif vma&muf
&mxl;tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:aeaomf csufukd &JurdwLW ul;+yD;awmhrS jyefay; tzG J @ csKyf r S a&ab;'k u Q o nf r sm;tm; tul t nD r sm;ay;aepOf vufrSwfvmxdk;olrsm; ,ae@wdkif&Sdae
vnf; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G f jcif; jzpfa=umif;udkvnf; a':0if;jrjr ajrmufa&; vlxo k abmxm; vufrw S f emaewJh vlawGtay:rSm toH;k cs+y;D awmh qJjzpfa=umif; tJet f ,fv'f D ajymcGi&hf
ae=uonfh tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tay: zdEySd f u qufvufajym=um;oGm;onf? xd;k cdik ;f aeol[al om aygufp. jrefrmh vufrw S xf ;kd cdik ;f zd@k vH;k 0rvkyb kd m OD;vGiu
f ;l qdw f owif;Xmersm;udk ajym=um;
csKyfjc,frr_ sm;rSm ajymif;vJomG ;jcif;r&Sd ,ckvkd vma&mufwm;jrpfcsdew f iG f tvif;aqmif;yg;onf rSefuefr_r&Sd usrwdk@taeESifh ajymEdkifygw,f”[k cJ
o h nf ?
onft h jyif aESmif, h Surf r_ sm; ykrd kw d ;kd jr‡ihf rnfonft h a=umif;a=umifq h o dk nfudk rod a=umif; rEWav;wdik ;f / tJet f ,fv'f tD zG@J rEWav;wdik ;f pnf;tzG@J 0if a':0if;jrjru Ð
vma=umif; jynfwiG ;f owif;rsm;t& od vku
d &f onft h wGuf òrd@e,ftzJ@G csKyf acgif;
&onf?
rEœav;wkdif;/ pOfhul;òrd@e,fwGif
aqmifrsm;u oGm;a&mufppHk rf;onft
OuU Ï OD ; ausmf p G m qd k o l u óud w if t
h cg
a':0if;jrjru ok;H oyfajym=um;&mwGif
tzG@J csKy&f efuek wf ikd ;f pnf;&k;H a&;aumfrwD jyefvnfz@JG pnf;_y;D
atmufwb dk mv (31)&ufae@u ðyvkyf a=umif;=um;jcif;r&Sb d J aqG;aEG;yJv G kyf r,uudk =uH@z@HG tzG@J u rrSerf uefowif; Ed0k ifbmvqef;ydik ;f u usi;f ycJo h nfh rsK;d atmif/ OD;wifa&$/ OD;0if;aomif;/ OD;pk;d
onfh tzJ@G csKyfòrd@e,fpnf;/ tzJ@G 0ifrsm;. onfhtwGuf ,ckvkdwm;jrpfjcif;jzpf rsm;ydk@onfhtwGuf r,utqifhuyg trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf wdik ;f tpnf; [ef(tusO;f usaeqJ)/ a'gufwm a':ar
awG@qyHk YGJ tzJ@G csKyfA[k. d a=unmcsurf sm; a=umif;jyefvnfajymqd+k yD; pmESióhf uw d if ,ckvkd apmif=h unfjh cif;jzpfa=umif; ok;H oyf ta0;rSaeI &efukefwdkif;pnf;&kH;a&; 0if;jrifh (tusO;f usaeqJ)ESihf trsK;d orD;
ukd zwf=um;aqG;aEG;aepOf e,fajrcH ta=umif;=um;rS cGiðhf yEdik rf nf[q k cdk o
hJ nf? cJo
h nf? aumfrwDtopfukd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJ&h m ud, k pf m;vS,f vpfvyfaeqJEiS h f vli,fu, kd f
&Jwyfz@JG rS 'k&t J yk Ef idk af tmifEiS hf &Jwyf=uyf rEœav;wkid ;f &Sd òrd@e,ftzJ@G csKyf0if tqdyk gudpu P kd tzG@J csKyfA[do k @kd tpD (8)&ufae@wiG f tzG@J csKyfOuUÏ OD;atmifa&$ pm;vS,f vpfvyfaeqJ ESpaf e&mwd@k jzpf
oef;aZmfw@dk tzJ@G 0ifa&mufvm+yD; pm&Guf rsm;rSm 'Dy, J if;ta&;tcif; +yD;uwnf; &ifcpH myd@k rnfjzpfa=umif;udv k nf; a':0if; u pm&if;xkwjf yefvu kd o
f nf? a=umif;od&onf?
pmwrf;rsm;ukd vk,lonftxd \kid ;f jypGm u vpOfyrkH Seaf wG@qykH GJ ðyvkyv f mcJjh cif; 0if;jru qufvufajym=um;cJo h nf? tzG@J 0if(21)OD;yg tqdyk gaumfrwDopf ,ckvkd topfjyefvnfz@JG pnf;
ðyrlc+hJ yD;/ aqG;aEGyu GJ kd csufcsif;&yfqikd ;f jzpf&m tm%mykdifrsm;ukd óudwift tvm;wl rauG;wkid ;f yGijhf zLòrd@e,f wGif OuUÏtjzpf ocifp;kd jrif/h 'k-OuUÏ(1) vdu k jf cif;twGuf tzG@J csKyfvyk if ef;rsm;udk
ay;&efajymqkcd ahJ =umif; od&onf? a=umif;=um;&jcif; w}urd rf S r&Scd [ hJ vk nf; tzG@J csKyf0if jynfo@l vw$ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f tjzpf a'gufwmoef;+idr;f (tusO;f usae wufnv D ufnD t&Sed jf ri‡ v hf yk af qmifomG ;
rEœav;wkid ;f tzJ@G csKyf pnf;tzJ@G 0if a':0if;jrjru ajymqko d nf? ,ckvdk aqG; a'gufwm atmifr;kd ndKudv k nf; a'ocH&J qJ)/ 'k-OuUÏ(2)vpfvyfaeqJ/ twGi;f Edik rf nfjzpfa=umif; wkid ;f pnf;wm0efcw H OD;
a':0if;jrjr. ajymqdkcsuft& xdkae@ aEG;yJG wm;jrpfc&H onfuh pd u P kd wkid ;f tzJ@G csKyf tzG@J u aemufrw S csed vf ;Hk vduk u
f m apmifh a&;rª; a'gufwm0if;Edik /f wGb J uftwGi;f u ajymqdo k nf? ,ckvkd jyefvnfziG phf nf;Edik f
(11)em&Dtcsed u f tzG@J csKyf0if (22)OD;wd@k xH Ed0k ifbm (1)&ufae@u ta=umif;=um; =unfah eonft h wGuf a'guw f matmifr;k d ndK a&;rª;tjzpf a'gufwmoef;0if;ESihf b¾m jcif;rSm ,ckEpS yf ikd ;f twGi;f yxrqk;H t}urd f
aqG;aEG;yJðG yvkyaf epOf tqkyd g&JtkyEf Sifh onft h cg a':0if;jrjr.aetdru f dk òrd@e,f u ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;xufyif &Ju ydrk kd a&;rª;tjzpf OD;vSoed ;f / tr_aqmifrsm; jyefvnfz@JG pnf;r_jzpf+yD; tjcm;jynfe,fEiS hf
&,u tzG@J 0ifrsm;a&muf&v dS m+y;D A[d. k r,uOuUÏtygt0if =uH@z@GH tzJ@G 0ift aESmif, h Suaf ea=umif; xkwaf zmfajymqkd tjzpf ajrmif;jrbaqG/ OD;bpdik ;f / OD;jrifh wdik ;f rsm;wGiv f nf; tvm;wlz@JG pnf;+yD;
a=unmcsuu f kd &Je,fxed ;f armifvq S odk u l rsm;tjym; vma&mufapmif=h unfah ecJh cJoh nf? atmif/ OD;cspfcif/ OD;armifarmifav;/ vkyif ef;rsm;udk t&Sed jf ri‡ ah f qmifomG ;rnfjzpf
twif;vk,cl +hJ yD; aqG;aEG;yGu J kd qufrvkyf a=umif; od&onf? xku d pd EP iS yhf wfoufI Ð OD;cifv/S / OD;pk;d jrif(h omauw)/ a'gufwm a=umif;/ tqkyd gy*k Kd ~ vfu ajym=um;cJo h nf?
Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0on
0onf
á owif;pOf (4) trSwf (56)

uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m t,f'wD m armifatmifyiG Ehf iS hf _ird ;f opf

Edik if wH umowif;vGwvf yfciG qhf &k &dS 0g&ifoh wif;pmq&m}u;D OD;xdevf if;uG,vf eG &f mS _yD
0g&ifo h wif;pmq&mESihf Edkiif aH &; wyfaygif;pkwiG yf g0ifc+hJ yD; Edkiif aH &;v_yf a&;awmfyw Hk iG f yg0ifcohJ nft h wGuf zrf;
orm;}uD; Adv k w f axmifowif;pmt,f'D &Sm;r_rsm; qufvufvyk af qmifco hJ nf? qD;r_cHcJhao;aomfvnf; jyefvnfvGwf
wmcsKyfa[mif;OD;xdev f if; touf(79- xd@k aemuf 1958 wGif Adv k w f axmif ajrmufvmcsderf S uG,v f eG cf sdet
f xd 'Drkd
ESp)f onf Ed0k ifbm (4)&ufae@ eHeuf owif;pmwGif 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd cf ohJ nf? ua&pDa&;twGuf rm;rm;&yfwnfomG ;
apmapmydik ;f u &efuek f aq;\k}H uD;wGif (1960)wGif ajrmif;jròrd@e,f/ yrnw cJo
h nf?
ESv;Hk a&m*gjzifh uG,v f eG f oGm;+yjD zpfa=umif; trwftjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cH+yD; 1964 ruG,fvGefrD tarmazmufaepOf
od&onf? wGif Advk wf axmifowif;pm t,f'w D m &efuek af q;\kH ta&;ay:Xmeod@k yd@k aqmif
OD;xdev f if;onf zufqpfawmfveS f csKyftjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? &ef pDpOfcahJ omfvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;u
pma&;q&m t,f ' D w m armif a tmif y G i f h E S i f h +id r f ; opf
a&;wGif aq;wyf=uyftjzpf yg0ifxrf; 1965wG i f taemuf * smreD o d k @ aetdrw f ,fvzD ek ;f udk jzwfawmufxm;
tar&duefEikd if H e,l;a,muftajc usaemfajym&if +idr;f csr;f a&;ta=umif;yJ aqmifc+hJ yD; 1947 wGif jynfol@&aJ bmf owif; pmud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J 0if taejzifh ojzifh tcsderf D rqufo, G Ef kid cf ahJ =umif;
pdu
k f pDyaD *s (ac: )owif;orm; umuG,f ajyrSmyg? ArmjynfrmS tjrefq;kH 'Dru kd a& tzG@J o@kd 0ifa&mufc+hJ yD;aemuf 1949 ckEpS f oGm;a&mufc+hJ y;D 1966 wGi‘f taemuf. od&onf?
apmifah &Smufa&;tzG@J }uD;u axmif'%f pDEikd if eH @J vGwv f yf+idr;f csr;f wJEh ikd if eH @J wdik ;fwGif awmckcd o hJ nf? 1953 ckwiG f zrf;qD; wpGe;f wp’ trnf&dS pmtkyw f tkyu f kd OD;xdev f if; uG,v f eG o f mG ;jcif;twGuf
ESpf &Snu f scHae&onfh jrefrmEdkiif o H m; oljynfom;awGtukev f ;kH +ird ;f +ird ;f csr;f csr;f
jcif;cH&+yD;aemuf 1954-57 wGif ajrmif; a&;om; cJo h nf? vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD;
uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m/ t,f'w D mrsm; aeEdik w f hJ b0rsK;d udk olvckd siw f mud;k tJ'D jraxmif/ &efuek af xmifw@dk Y tusOf;us 1970 wGizf rf;qD;jcif;cH&+yD; 1972 ocifcsefxeG ;f u Edik if t H wGuf 'Dru kd a&pD
jzpf=uonfh q&marmifatmifyiG Ehf iS hf q&m npmpm;yGrJ Sm +idr;f csrf;a&;pum;awGyJ cHc&hJ onf? jyefvGwfvmcsdefrSpI owif;pmt,f'D wduk yf 0JG ifaeoltwGuf qk;H &_;H r_}uD;w&yf
+idr;f opfw@kd EpS Of ;D udk ,ckEpS t f wGuf “Edik if H usaemfajymrSmyg ”[k 'DAb GD D owif;Xme axmifrv S w G cf sed w
f iG f (yrnw) jynf wmcsKyfb0rS xkwfy,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? jzpfa=umif; rSwcf sufðyajymqdck o hJ nf?
wum owif;vGwv f yfciG q hf ”k cs;D jriS v hf u kd f od@k ajym=um;cJo h nf? axmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;nD!w G af &; OD;xdevf if;onf 1988 ck 'Dru kd a&pD t Ð
a=umif; od&onf? q&marmifatmifyiG Ehf iS hf q&m+idr;f
q&marmifatmifyiG Eh f iS h f q&m+ird ;f opf opfwd@k . ZeD;rsm;uvnf; tusO;f usc&H
(c) OD;aomif;xGe;f wd@k onf Edik if w
vlxw k @kd . ae@pOfaexdik rf b
tajctaeudk AD', D rkd wS w f rf;rsm; \du
H iG ;f jynfol
_ 0 taxGaxG
k u f ;l
onfh ‚wd@k . cifyeG ;f onfrsm;twGuf
0rf;om*k%,
armifatmifyiG Z
f al =umif; ajym=um;cJ=h u&m
hf eD;jzpfol a':eef;!$e@f
uAsmq&m}u;D OD;wifr;kd e,fomvef pmayxl;c|eqf &k &Sd
jcif;/ jynfe,ftoD;oD;ESihf e,fpyfa'o a\$u “olw@kd \ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;ae&wJh b0 qdik &f m qkwqkjzpfonfh z&ifph u f avmhqk 1988-ckEpS f 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyw kH iG f
rsm;wGif aexdik o f nfh wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d tajctaeawGukd todtrSwðf yay;wJh udk csD;jr‡iv hf ukd af =umif; od&onf? wufºupGmyg0ifco hJ nft
h jyif a':atmif
pkrsm;. \k;d &m,Ofaus;r_"avhx;kH wrf; twGuf txl;0rf;omw,f”[k xkwaf zmf urBmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;rS tjcm;pmay qef;pk=unfO;D aqmifonfh trsKd;om;'Drkd
tpOfvmrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif\kduful; ajymqdkcJhovdk/ q&m+idrf;opf. ZeD; ESihf tEkynm\Si(f 9)OD;wk@d EiS t hf wl pmay ua&pDtzG@J csKyfwiG f wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;
wnf;jzwfcjhJ cif;wd@k a=umifh ppftm%mydik f a':cifrmvmuvnf; “usrwd@k Eikd if rH mkS qkid &f mqkukd yl;wGcJ sD;jr‡ichf &H jcif;jzpf+yD; tzGJ@Y yg0ifcJhonf? ayzl;v$mr*~Zif;
rsm;u w&m;r0ifA'D , D \dk ukd u f ;l r_EiS hf 1999 wu,fhEdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awG&Sdae jrefrmEkid if o H m;wOD;taejzifh yxrqk;H t,f'w D mb0wGif etz qef@usifaom
ckEpS f atmufwb k d mwGif zrf;qD;cJ+h y;D axmif w,fqw kd mudk rD;armif;xd;k jyovdjk zpfwhJ t}udrq f k qkcsD;jr‡ichf &H jcif;jzpfonf? uAsmrsm;azmfjyojzifh touf58-ESpf
'%f (8)ESppf D csrSwjf cif;cHc&hJ olrsm; jzpf twGuf 0rf;omygw,f”[k ajymqdck o hJ nf? z&ifhpfuavmhqkukd (1997)ckESpf t&G,f 1991 rS 1995 azazmf0g&Dtxd
onf? qkcsD;jr‡ifhcH&ol(5)OD;wdk@teuf qkcs;D jri‡ chf &H olEpS Of ;D wd@k teuf q&m up+y;D xl;c|eaf ompmaytEkynm&Sirf sm;/ tif;pdefaxmifwGif tusOf;uscHcJh&+yD;
b&Ge'f ED ikd if rH w
S OD;/ bDvm&kEikd if rH w S OD;ESifh armifatmifyiG o hf nf (2001)ckEpS u f vnf; awG;ac:ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qidk f q&ma&;om;onfh pmrsm;tm;vHk;udk
tar&duefEdkifiHrS pme,fZif;orm;wdk@ [,fvrf ef[v J rf uf vl@tcGit hf a&;qkukd &m tzG@t J pnf;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fay;tyf vnf; ydwyf ifccH &hJ onf?
vnf; yg0ifa=umif; od&onf? csD;jr‡ichf cH &hJ onf? uAsmq&m}uD ; OD ; wif r d k ; jcif;jzpf+yD; trfpwmòrd@&dS bk&ifeh ef;awmf OD;wifr;kd onf (1959)ckEpS wf iG f ‘zef
qkay;yGu J kd Edik 0f ifbm (23) &ufae@ r=umao;rD&uftwGi;f uvnf; jynf wGif ESppf Oftcrf;tem; usif;ya=umif; rD;tdr’f uAsmpmtkyjf zifh pmayAdrmefqk/
wGif tar&duefEikd if H e,l;a,mufòrd@wiG f ol@pmqdk uAsmq&m}uD;OD;wifr;kd udk e,f e,fomvefEidk if /H ,Ofaus;r_EiS zhf @HG òzd; od&onf? (1970)wGi‘f xD;uav;ESirhf eD’uAsmpmtkyf
usi;f yoGm;rnfjzpf&m xdq k ak y;yGo J @kd qk&iS f omvefEikd if H ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf zG@H òzd;a&;qdik f a&;qkid &f mtzG@J}u;D u jrefrmuAsmq&m}u;D OD;wifr;kd onf touf 15 ESpt f &G,f jzifh trsKd;om;pmayqkrsm; &&Scd o hJ nf?
rsm;ud, k pf m; q&marmifatmifyiG hf om; &mtzGJ@}uD;u (2004)ckESpftwGuf OD;wifr;dk ukd 2004-ckEpS t f wGuf pmay rSpI uAsmrsm;udk pwifa&;om;cJ+h yD; Ð
jzpfol zifvefEik d if aH &muf armif}u;D +ird ;f csr;f pmayqk wqkcsD;jri‡ jhf cif;cHc&hJ onf?
u wufa&mufvufcrH nfjzpfonf? jyifopftajcpdu k f e,fjcm;rJo h wif;

yGw
armif}uD;+ird ;f csr;f u tqdyk g qkay;
J iG f zcifu,
jzpf&m‚u “usaemft
kd pf m; pum;ajymcGi&hf rnf
h azu woufv;kH
axmuftzG@J }u;D . ,ckEpS t
pmwGif jrefrmEdik if o
cGihf r&Sq
f wGuf tpD&ifcH
H nf owif;vGwv
d ;kH aomEdik if pH m&if;wGif xdyq
f yf
f ;kH
owif;pmvGwvf yfciG hf r&Sqd ;kH Edik if tH jzpf jrefrmEdik if oH wfrwS cf &H
+idr;f csrf;a&;udck spfw,fcifAs? 'ga=umifh (3)Edik if YH yg0ifaeqJjzpfonf? Ð jrefrmEdik if o H nf owif;pmvGwv f yf emrnf}uD;aom etz. pmaypdppfa&; ausmv f nf; tydwyf ifcv H u
k d +f yD;aemufyidk ;f
r_ r&Sq
d ;kH aom Edik if jH zpfaeqJjzpfa=umif; tzG@J vufatmufwiG x f w k af 0jzef@csda&; wkud w f ukd q
f ikd q
f ikd yf if tqdyk gtpD&ifcpH m

a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk jyefv$wf&ef tD;,l xyfrHawmif;qdk jyifopftajcpdu

wGuf wifoiG ;f onft

k f vGwv f yfaome,fjcm;
rJhowif;axmufrsm;tzGJ@u ,ckESpft
h pD&ifcpH mwGif owf
om;ae&r_rsm;rSm aiGriS o f w k jf cif;/ qkw+f zJ
jcif;/ uef@owfcaH e&jcif;rsm;jzifh pme,f
Zif;vGwv f yfciG hf vk;H 0qH;k \_;H v#u&f o dS nf[k
xGuaf y:vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf?
,ck&ufyikd ;f twGi;f wGiv
csKyfaemifcsKòd rd@e,f v$waf wmftrwfjzpfol
f nf; tzG@J

tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;taejzifh jrefrmh jzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkiif EH Siyhf wfoufI tD;,l rSwaf zmfjyvdu k o f nf? qdok nf? OD;xGe;f xGe;f OD;. orD;jzpfol t,f'w D m
'Dru kd a&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef; .oabmxm;&yfwnfcsuu f v kd nf; ajym Edik if aH ygif;(167)Edik if w
H iG f jrefrmEdik if H xd@k tjyif a=u;rHEk iS hf jrefrmhtvif; csKyftjzpf wm0ef,x l w k af 0aeonfh a&$
pk=unfudk jyefv$wfay;&ef jrefrmppf jycJah =umif;od&onf? u trSwpf Of(165)jzpfonf? ppftyk pf k owif;pmrsm;udk etzu wdu k \f ukd x f ed ;f ykpeG rf *~Zif;ESihf ‚.uavmif aro}uFef
tkypf u k kd zdtm;ay;oGm;=uzd@k vt kd yfa=umif; tD;,ltaejzifh jrefrmEdik if w H iG f Edik if H onf pme,fZif;rsm;udk rxifv#irf xif csKyfxm;+yD;/ jrefrmwdkif;rf*sme,frSm [de;f jzifah &;onfh pmtm;vH;k udpk maypdppf
tD;,l (Oa&myor*~)u +yD;cJo h nfv h a&;wk;d wufajymif;vJrr_ sm; jzpfay:vm ovdk ydwyf ifavh&+dS yD;/ pme,fZif;orm; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufr_&Sd a&;u xkwaf 0cGihf ydwyf ifvu kd o
f nf[k
(28)&ufae@wiG f xyfraH wmif;qdv k u dk f jcif;r&Sad o;oI ppftyk pf t k ay:'%fcwf rsm;udkvnf; zdESdyfaxmifcsavh&Sdaom ojzifx h w k af 0cGihf ydwyf ifc&H awmhrnf[k owif;rsm;uqko d nf? jrefrmEdik if o H nf
onf? ydwfyifxm;r_rsm;udk qufvufzdtm; a=umifh[k xdktpD&ifcHpmu qdkonf? tapmydik ;f owif;rsm; xGuaf y:cJo h nf? e,fjcm;rJh owif;orm;rsm;tzG@J . ,ref
tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if o H @kd a&muf&adS eonfh ay;vkyaf qmifomG ;rnf[v k nf; bm;euf qufvufI etztusOf;axmifwiG ;f Y etztwG i f ; Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; cif!Gef@ ESpf tpD&ifcpH mwGiv f nf; pmayvGwv f yf
e,fomvefEikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; bm;euf awmu owif;axmufrsm;udk ajym=um; 0g&ifhowif;pmq&m}uD; [Hom0wD tzrf;cH&+yD;aemufydkif; ppfaxmuf cGihf tqd;k &Gm;qH;k urBm(h 10)Edik if pH m&if;
awmu tif'ekd ;D &Sm; Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; cJah =umifh tif'ked ;D &Sm;Edkiif H *smumwmrS OD;0if;wiftygt0if pme,fZif;orm; vSr;f a&;rsm;udk tqufrjywfzrf;qD;cJ+h y;D 0if pk;d &drzf ,
G Ef ikd if wH Edik if tH jzpf pm&if;0if
ESihf awG@qpHk Of xko d @kd awmif;qdv k u kd jf cif; vmonfh owif;rsm;t&od&onf? Ð rsm;pGmwdk@ ESpf&SnftusOf;uscHae+yD;/ ‚wd@k EiS hf ywfowfaompme,fZif; (30) cJo
h nf? Ð
jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0onf Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf
trSwf (56) á owif;pOf (5)
a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd *k%jf yKonhf vl@tcGithf a&;tajctaeaumif;atmift&ifrvkybf J toGiuf ;l ajymif;a&;rjzpfEikd f
urBmausmf tqdak wmfrsm; oDcsi;f acGxwk f ukvor*~wwd,aumfrwDnvD mcHo@kd yifa[;¶k;d tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f
Clapton, Bono, Pearl Jam, Michael jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f vltcGit hf ajctae vmjcif;jzifh Edik if jH yefvnfxal xmifa&;ESihf
StipeESihf rGe;f atmifw@kd yg0if oDqx kd m;+yD; rsm; qd;k &Gm;vsuf&adS eao;a=umif; vl@ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf
,lw;l tzG@J acgif;aqmif. Walk On oDcsi;f / tcGit hf a&;txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f rpPwm ,H=k unfra_ wGy&kd vmr,f”[k xdt k pD&if
rGe;f atmif. aoG;rkew f ikd ;f oDcsi;f a[mif; yifa[;\d;k u =um;jzwftpD&ifcpH mwapmif cHpmu qdo k nf?
rsm;ESihf tjcm;oDcsif;topfrsm; yg0if wifoiG ;f cJo
h nf? rpPwmyifa[;\d;k u xdo k @kda0zefrr_ sm;
onf? Walk On oDcsif;rSm (2002) yifa[;\k;d u etzwyftwGi;f &mxl; ðyvkycf ahJ omfvnf; rdrt d aejzifh jrefrmh'rD kd
*&rfrq D k& oDcsif;jzpf+yD; rGe;f atmif. tajymif;tvJðyvkyI f tqif(h 7)qifyh g ua&pDa&;twGuf vdt k yfonft h ultnD
aoG;rkew f ikd ;f rSm ESp&f n S af xmif'%fuscH aom vrf;jyajryHt k wdik ;f qufvuf vkyf rsm; qufvufay;oGm;rnf[k qdo k nf?
For The Lady oDcsif;acG. ae&onfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif aqmifonfjzpfap/ trsKd;om;nDvmcH pdwfwdkif;us a&G;cs,fxm;aom
rsuf E S m zk H ; rif;udEk ikd .
f uAsm[k od&onf? vrf;a=umif;udk qufvufðyvkyrf nfjzpfap/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzifh etz u usif;y
jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDacgif;aqmif +idr;f “*Dwqdw k m oHuefvefumudk qkwf vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeaumif;rGef cJah om trsKd;om;nDvmcHonf ,cktcg
csr;f a&;Edbk ,fq&k iS f a':atmifqef;pk jzzJ @kd taxmuftyhyH g? jrefrmawGvw G f atmif vkyEf kid jf cif;r&Syd gu atmifjrif &yfwef@xm;&+yD; vmrnfah EGO;D &moDwiG f
=unf. owWu d *kd %
k ðf y&if;/ jrefrmjynf ajrmufz@kdun l yD gvdrrhf ,f”[k Eric Clapton onfh toGiu f l;ajymif;a&; jzpfvmrnf jyefvnfusif;yrnfjzpfa=umif; etz
r[kwaf =umif; tqdyk gtpD&ifcpH mwGif rpP w m yif a [;¶d k ; twGi;f a&;rª; (1) 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
olrsm;vGwaf jrmufa&;ukd &nf&, G If urBm u ajym=um;cJo h nf? xdak cGukd Edik if w H iG ;f
ausmftqdak wmf (27)OD; yg0ifoq D x
kd m; r0ifa&mufa&;twGuf etzue,fpyf axmufjyxm;onf? awGukd wqif+h yD;wqifh vkyaf qmifomG ; ode;f pdeu f anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcHusi;f ya&;
aom For The Lady oDcsif;tacGudk *dwrf sm;wGif ppfaq;aeonf[k od&onf? xdk@tjyif “etztm%mydkifawG zd@k vykd gw,f? yxrtqifu
h awmh Edik if aH &; aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif r=umcifu
pufwifbm (26)ae@rpS I tar&duefEiS h f For The Lady t,fvb f rf a&mif;&aiG )g&ifhowif;pmq&m OD;xdefvif;uG,fvGef&Sm+yD
taeeJ@trsK;d om; jyefvnfoihjf rwfa&;eJ@ tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vH;k jyefvw $ af y;& ajym=um;cJah omfvnf; ae@&uftwdtus
uae'gEdik if rH sm;wGif pwifjzef@csda&mif;cs udk tar&dueftajcpdu k f US Campaign 'Dru
kd a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;pOf rSmjzpf+yD;/ tusOf;om;awG vGwaf jrmuf owf rSwEf kid jf cif;r&Sad o;ay? Ð
ae+yDjzpfa=umif; od&onf? For Burma udk vSL'gef;rnfjzpfa=umif;

Paul
pD'D (2)csyfyg tqdyk goDcsif;acGwiG f
Mecartney, Sting, Eric
od&+yD; jrefrmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;
twGuf toH;k csomG ;rnf[o k &d onf? Ð
awmif;qdrk r+ vduk af vsmI etzESiyhf ;l aygi;f aqmif¶uG &f ef cufc[J k tdik tf ,fvtf ukd qdk
tdik tf ,fvt f u kd kd owif;ay;r_jzifh cdik ;f apr_rsm;udk tdik t f ,fvt f okd @kd owif; t,fvftdktaejzifh etzESifh yl;aygif;
etzudk tmqD,uH xkwyf ,f&ef tzG@J 0if (9)Edik if wH @kd rS tusOf;uscHae&ol (3) OD;udk csufcsif;
jyefvw $ af y;&ef tm%mydik rf sm;xH awmif;
ay;cJrh j_ zifh OD;rif;=unf/ OD;at;jrifEh Sihf
OD;a&$ref;wk@d ukd tjypfr&So d jzifh csucf si;f
aqmif&u
rnfr[kw[
G af &;tajctaerSm vG,u
f k xnfo h iG ;f ajymqdo
f v
l rd hf
k mG ;onf?
'Drukd &ufrsm;u awmif;qdk qdx k m;aomfvnf; ,ae@tcsdet f xd jyef
v$waf y;jcif;r&SId pdwyf surf ad =umif; tdik f
v$waf y;&ef tdik t f ,fvt
rwfv (18)&ufae@EiS hf (29)&ufae@rsm;
f t kd zG@J u ,ckEpS f oDwif;(2)ywf=umðyvkyrf nfh tqdk
ygtpnf;ta0;wGif etztm%mydik rf sm;
t,fvt f tkd &m&S}d uD;wOD;u ajymqdv k u kd f wGif etz OuUX Akv d cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D oef;a&$ u ,cktcsed t f xd usL;vGeaf eonfh t"rR
onf? ESihf ppftyk pf u k kd ta&;awmif;qdck o hJ nf? vkyt f m;cdik ;f apr_rsm;udk tao;pdwaf qG;
Ed0k ifbm (4)&ufae@u qGZZf mvef xdo
k @k d awmif;qdck o h J nft h wGuf ao'%f aEG;=urnfjzpf+yD; tpnf;ta0;+yD;qH;k csed f
Edik if H *seAD mwGif pwifusi;f yae+yjD zpfonfh tjypfay;jcif;cHae&&mrS wOD;udk axmif wGif qH;k jzwfcsufcsEdik v f rd rhf nf[k ‚u
tdik t f ,fvt f kd (Edik if w
H umtvkyo f rm; '%f(5)ESpEf iS hf tjcm;(2) OD;udk axmif qdo
k nf?
tzG@J csKyf}uD;) tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J . tpnf; '%f (2)ESppf D avsmch sco hJ nft h wGuf tdik f tusOf;uscHae&ol (3)OD;wdk@udk
ta0;wGif tr_aqmif!e$ =f um;a&;rSL; t,fvt f u kd óuq d akd omfvnf;/ ‚wd@k tm; tm%mydik rf sm;u Edik if aH wmfyek u f efrj_ zifh
um&Dwmyg'Duu dk ,ckvakd jym =um;vdu k f vH;k tjypfr&So d nft h wGuf vH;k 0csufcsif; w&m;pGJqdkI &efukefajrmufydkif;c\dkif
jcif; jzpfonf? v$waf y;&rnf[k rpPwmwmyg'u D u d k ajym w&m;cHu 2003 Ed0k ifbm(28)&ufwiG f
ppftm%mydik rf sm;. t"rRvyk t f m; =um;onf? jyefvw $ af y;jcif;r&Syd gu tdik f ao'%ftjypfay;cJjh cif; jzpfonf?

etz ppftyk pf u
tmqD , H p nf ; a0;yG J jrif u G i f ;
k kd tmqD,t H zG@J rS óuaH wG@ae&jcif;jzpfa=umif; ajym=um;cJh
etztay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwqf @kd &ef tmqrfq;kH jzwfcsuf tar&duefóuqd dk
xkwaf y;&ef tzG@J 0if(9)Edik if w H @kd rS 'Dru kd onf? tD;,l-tmqD,H (38)Edik if H acgif; wd@k . rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm; jynf0ifciG Ahf ZD m
a&pDaxmufct H m;ay;olrsm;u Ed0k ifbm od@k &mwGif vufawG@xw k yf ,fjcif;/ aqmifrsm;. oD;jcm;xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf ydwfyifjcif;/ tD;,ltzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;rS
(2)&ufae@wiG f awmif;qdv k ukd af =umif;od rxkwfy,fjcif;xuf vkyfoifhonfhenf; tay: tar&duefu axmufcóH uq d vkd u kd f ukr`%Drsm;tm;vHk; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;
&onf? vrf;udk rdrw d @kd ajymqkjd cif;omjzpfonf[k +yD; ydkrdkjyif;xefonfh ta&;,lr_rsm; xyfrrH ðyvkyaf &;ESihf jrefrmEdik if u H kd vuf
jrefrm/ tdE, Nd / tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/ *syef/ rpP',fbpD awm[wfu qufvufajym aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef tar&duefEikd if jH cm; euf ra&mif;csa&;wd@k twnfðyqH;k jzwf
rav;&Sm;/ zdvpfyikd /f puFmylEiS hf xdik ;f wk@d rS qdck +hJ yD; tmqD,t H zG@J rS jrefrmEdik if x H wk f a&;0ef}uD;Xme ajymcGi&hf yk*Kd~ vf &pfcsuf csufcscJo h nf?
'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;u y,fa&;udk vufcv H ma&;twGuf pnf;&k;H abmufcsmu atmufwb kd m (18)&uf od@k aomf *syef0ef}uD;csKyf udt k ZD rl .
D
xdkif;EdkifiH/ befaumufwGifðyvkyfonfh v_aH qmfrr_ sm;ESihf aqmf=or_rsm;udk quf ae@wiG f xyfrw H u
kd wf eG ;f ajym=um;vdu k f tm&S-Oa&my xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;rS
tpnf;ta0;wckwGif awmif;qdkvdkuf wdkuf vkyfaqmifoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;/ onf? rpPwm&pfcswaf bmifcsmu 'Dy, J if; tjyef owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J iG f Tod@k
jcif;jzpfonf[k pifòydit f mqD,t H zG@J ac: xdvk y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udv k mrnhf oDwif; (2)ywf vky=f uHr+_ yD;uwnf;upI jrefrmEdik if w H iG f pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f @kd rr_ sm;onf etztm;
atmhwt f mqD,t H zG@. J a=unmcsuw f iG f rS pwifum ydrk jkd yif;xefonfh zdtm;ay; vl@tcGit hf &;qH;k \_;H r_rsm; ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;vm wdu k \f u
dk x f cd u kd rf r_ &Sbd J omrefvw l ef;pm;
azmfjyxm;onf? r_rsm;jzifh ðyvkyo f mG ;rnf[k od&onf? a=umif;ESihf pk;d &dryf yl efz, G t
f ajctaersm; udo k m xdcu kd af ponf[x k ifjrifa=umif;/
xdtk zG@J . wm0efcjH zpfol rpP',f qufvufI etz ppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD; &Sad ea=umif;rsm;udyk g xnfo h iG ;f ajym=um; xkad =umifh etzppftyk pf u k kd ajzmif;zsajym tar&d u ef E d k i f i H j cm;a&;0ef } uD ; Xme
bDpawm[wfu jrefrmEdik if u H kd Edik if aH &; rsm;. vrf;jyajryk(H 7)csufonf 'Drku d oGm;cJo h nf? qdkro _ m ðyvkyo f ifah =umif; ajym=um;cJh ajymcG i f h & yk * ~ d K vf &pf c suf a bmuf c sm
tajctaeaumif;vmonft h xd tmqD,H a&pDvrf;a=umif;udo k mG ;&mwGif tcsed q f JG a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tD;,l- onf? wufrw _ pHw k &m rawG@&ao;oI ppf
rS xkwyf pfoifah =umif;/ etz ppftyk pf . k &efenf;vrf;tjzpfom vkyaf qmifaeonfh tmqD,H tpnf;ta0;rprD jyefvw $ af y; tar&duefEikd if u H jrefrmppftpd;k & tpk;d &tay: qufvufzt d m;ay; ta&;
Edik if w
H iG ;f vl@tcGit hf a&;tajctae ydwf twGuf tm;&p&mr&S[ d k qkv d u kd of nf? &efEiS hf tD;,lu awmif;qdck ahJ omfvnf; tay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f @kd rr_ sm;udk ,ckEpS f ,laqmif&Gufr_rsm; ðyvkyfoGm;rnf[k
yifxm;r_onf ,cifuxuf ykq d ;dk &Gm;vm rpP',fbu D tmqD,t H zG@J wiG jf refrm xl;jcm;r_wpHw k &m r&Scd o hJ nft h wGuf etz Zlvikd f (28)&ufuwnf;u ðyvkycf +hJ yD; tif'ekd ;D &Sm;a&muf 'wfcsf Edik if jH cm;a&;
a=umif;/ a'owGi;f Edik if rH sm;tm; uwd udk qufvufcx H m;rnfqykd gu wkid ;f jynf tm;'%fcwfonft h aejzifh ydwq f @kd rt
_ csK@d tD;,lu atmufwb dk m(26)&ufae@wiG f 0ef}uD;u atmufwb kd m (28) &ufae@
rsm;trsK;d rsK;d ay;I r=umc%vdrv f nfae rSm ykrd q kd ;kd 0g;vmEdik o f nft h wGuf csucf si;f udk ðyvkycf o hJ nf? ‚wd@k wiG f Akv d rf ª;csKyf pwifI ta&;,lawmhrnfjzpfonf? tif'edk ;D &Sm;Edik if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;ESiafh wG@
onft h wGuf jrefrmjynfjy±emrsm; ydrk kd xkwyf pfoifah e+yD[k ajymqdo k mG ;cJo h nf?Ð tqifEh iS t hf xuf tpk;d &t&m&SEd iS hf ‚ tD;,ltaejzifh jrefrmhEikd if aH &;wGif wd;k qHkpOf ajym=um;cJo h nf?Ð
Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0on
0onf
 á owif;pOf (6) trSwf (56)

ar;
ar;? ? Adv k cf sKyfcif!eG @f ukd 0ef}uD; vlxkvy_ &f Sm;r_rsm;udk axmufvSr;f a&; vnf;rodb;l ? tJ'v
D kd xGuaf ygufyw d af ewJh 0ef,al &;’qkw d mudk usaemfw@dk vk;H 0vuf rJay;cJ=h uwm[m jrifomxifomwJh om"
csKyfwm0efua&m/ wyfrawmfaxmuf uGe&f ufe@J rsufajcrjywfapmif=h unf+h yD; taetxm;uae 'Dy, J if;rSm t=urf;zuf rcHEidk yf gbl;? 'g[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd u awGyg? tJ'ga=umifh 'Dae@tajctae[m
vSrf;a&;rª;wm0efuyg z,f&Sm;vkduf òzdczGJ sufq;D zk@d }uHpnfaewm/ oydwu f ikd f owfjzwfjy+yD; acgif;aqmifawG zrf;/ oufq;dk &Snaf pzk@d zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajc wyfrawmf &JŒ orkid ;f tpOftvmudk jyef
+yD ; / vlopfawGeJ@ tpm;xkd;vdkufwJh aqmif=uwJh q&mawmf/ oHCmawmfawG axmufco
H al wGzrf;/ \k;H cef;awG ydwyf pf+y;D cHOya'xJrmS udyk J tmrcH twnfðyay;zk@d vnfq,fwifz@dk twGuf tcGit hf cgaumif;
'Duae@jzpf&yfawGtay: vl@abmifopf udk ouFe;f qJcG |w/f vl0wfvcJ idk ;f / ppfa=um ppftyk pf pk wd w f id k ;f us avmbw}uD; awmif;qkdvu kd w f m jzpfyg jzpfygw,f? 'DtcGit hf cgaumif;udk t&
'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD ygwD&JŒtjrifudk odyg& a&;pcef;rSm *|rf;xk;d ckid ;f / ESp&f n S af xmif a&;qJv G udk w f m w,f? 'gha=umifh tJet f ,fv'f t D ygt0if ,l=uygvdk@ wkid ;f cspfjynfcspfpw d &f =Sd uwJh
ap? bm&nf&, G cf sufe@J 'Dvt kd ajymif; csypf/ wcsK@d ukd &Jbufxw k +f y;D taoowf jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyEG J id k f ygwaD wGu rwufa&muf wyfrª;/ wyfom;rsm;udk usaemfw@dk taeeJ@
tvJvkyfvdkufwmvdk@ ,lqygovJ? cJw
h m/ wdyËd uwfq&mawmf OD;okr*Fvvdk 90-ckESpf Ekid af =umif; jiif;qkcd =hJ uwm jzpfygw,f? yef=um;vdyk gw,f? vlx}k uD;eJ@vufw+GJ yD;
ajz
ajz? ? 'g[m ppftm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ q&mawmf}uD;udak wmif ouFe;f qJcG |w+f y;D a&G;aumuf anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcH[m uae@tajct uae@tajctaeudk tm;vk;H yg0ifaqG;
orkid ;f rSmawmh odyx f ;l qef;wJu h pd aP wG r jrpf}uD;em;axmify@kd 'kuaQ y;cJw h m? tJ'D yGJ &v'f aetwGuf b,fvt kd ajzaumif;rS xGuf aEG;tajz&Sm ausmv f m$ ;=uygpk@d v@kd t}uHðy
[kwyf gbl;? jzpf\;dk jzpfpOfawGxu J wck vkv d lrsKd;udk aysmhajymif;ol/ 'Dru kd a&pD udk ypf vmEkid rf mS r[kwb f J qk;d oxufom qk;d oGm; ajym=um;vdyk gw,f?
ygyJ? tJet f ,fv'f &D ŒJ ajyma&;qkcd iG &hf o dS l ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk pdwt f m;xufoef y,f aprSm jzpfygw,f? Akv d cf if!eG @f yJ vkyv f yk /f ar;? ? typftcwf&yfa&; vkyf
tefu,fvOf ;D vGif ajymovdyk gyJ? Akv d cf sKyf olv@kd b,fvv kd yk +f y;D owfrw
S v f @kd &rvJAsm? Akv
d f pk;d 0if;yJvyk v f yk /f b,foyl v J yk v
f yk yf g? xm;wJh vufeufudkiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;
oef;a&$twGuf tpOfrajywJhol (In- usaemfwk@d ygwDtaeeJ@awmh ol@yk&H yd u f jynfov l x l }k uD;&JŒqENe@J qef@usif eJ@ywfoufwo hJ abmxm;udk odyg&ap?
convenient) jzpfwo hJ u l kd z,f&mS ;+yD; ol@ bmvJqw dk m &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; odjrifae wJht&mrSefor# usaemfwkd@ ajz? ??usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS jynfwiG ;f
twGuf tpOfajywJhol (Convenient) ygw,f? ygwDu qef@usifoGm;rSm ppf}uD;u vGwv f yfa&;eJ@tr# &Sn=f umcJh
jzpfwo hJ el @J tpm;xk;d vdu k w f myg? \k;d \k;d ar;
ar;? ?0ef 0ef}uD;csKyftopf Akv d cf sKyf jzpfygw,f? yg+yD? tckqk&d if ESp(f 50)ausmfc+hJ yD?
av;ygyJ? ppftyk pf t k wGi;f tm%mvGef pdk;0if;wkd@/ twGif;a&;rSL;(1) t ar;
ar;? ? uae@tajc jynfwiG ;f ppf bmha=umifjh zpf&ovJ?
qJGyJG (Power Struggle)wyJyG gyJ? Akv d f opf Ak d v f c sKyf o d e f ; pd e f w k d @ u taerSm wyfrawmfudk bmha=umifh 'Davmuf&n S =f umae&wmvJ?
cif!eG @f &ŒJ vufwaH wG yd&k n S v f mw,f? olw@dk 

 

(7)

b,fvdkoabmxm;ay; enf;enf; pOf;pm;=unfch siyf gw,f? usaemf

udak wmif ausmaf umif; ausmo f mG ;Ekid wf ,f csuf u d k a &m/ csif y govJ ? wd@k ygwD&@J tjrifuawmh æ 'Dru kd a&pD
vd@k Akv d o f ef;a&$/ Akv d af rmifat; tkypf u k trsKd ; om; ajz? ? uae@widk ;f ESihf wef;wlciG ahf wGuif;rJah evd@k / tpd;k &
,lqvmwJt h wGuf tckvkd vufO;D r_&&dS dS nDvmcHudk jynfu &ifqidk óf uaH wG@ tqufqufu vufeufuikd +f yD; t=urf;
z,f&Sm;vdkuw f myg? z,fr,fh z,fawmh a&m/ typf ae&wJh pD;yGm;a&;t zufzEd ydS af evd@k / Edik if aH &;t& vGwv f w G f
vnf; trde@f remcHr/_ ppfpnf;urf;azmuf t cwf & yf p J usyftwnf;[m b,f vyfvyf &yfwnfciG /hf ajz&Si;f cGihf ray;cJv h @kd/
zsurf /_ tusiyhf suf t*wdvu kd pf m;r_ pwJh a&;qk d i f &m &m tcguxufrqkd tqk;d rdru d ,kd u f ukd muG,zf @dk rv$rJ a&Smifom vuf
pJcG sufawGe@J wdwu d sus jywfjywfom; ay:vpD u d k qk;H tajctaexd usqif;ae eufuikd cf =hJ u&wm jzpfygw,f? tpd;k &
om;udk z,f&mS ;vdu k w f myg? a&m rajymif; yg+y?D wyfrawmf[mvnf; b,f tqufqufu jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/
1992 ckESpfu Akdvfapmarmifudk jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;tay:rSm \d;k \d;k ajzmifh
“'D a e@tajctaeud k wygwD c sif ; / tzJ G @ tpnf ; wck c sif ; &if q d k i f z d k @ qd k wmrjzpf E d k i f y gbl ; ? q&m
z,f&mS ;vdu k +f yD; 1997 ckEpS u f Akv d cf sKyf ajzmifh oabmxm;rSeu f efpmG rcsO;f uyfchJ
(14)a,mufukd wòydief ufwnf; acsmifx;dk '*k e f w m&mwk d @ / tarvl x k a ':trmwd k @ /trsKd ; om;a&; OD ; 0if ; Ed k i f w d k @ / vl x k O D ; pd e f 0 if ; wd k @ vd@k / rajz&Si;f cJv h @kd / Edik if aH &;t& tjrwf&
z,f&mS ;ypfczhJ ;l ygw,f? (16)ESpv f ;Hk vk;H axmuf j yaqG ; aEG ; =uovd k tif t m;pk a wG t m;vH k ; yg0if w J h }uD ; rm;us,f j yef @ wJ h trsKd ; om; a&;avmufuo kd m tm\Hx k m;+yD;vkycf =hJ u
wyfrawmf axmufvrS ;f a&;rª;csKyftjzpf nD ! G w f a &;wyf a ygif ; pk } uD ; wck z J G @ pnf ; +yD ; ajz&S i f ; ausmf v $ m ;oG m ;&rS m jzpf y gw,f ? 0g&if h E d k i f i H vd@k 'Davmufx&d n S =f umcJ&h wmjzpfygw,f?
twdtusajym&&if tESp(f 20)qufwu dk f a&;orm;}uD ; rsm; axmuf j yovk d ud k 0ef ; &H w J h wyf a ygif ; pk } uD ; wck zJ G @ pnf ; +yD ; tajr‡ m f t jrif



'DtwGuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
wm0ef,v l molukd \kww f &ufqðGJ zwfcs }uD ; pG m ajz&S i f ; =u&rS m jzpf y gw,f ” tppftrSe&f zk@d q&kd if Edik if aH &;t& tao
vdkuf&w,fqkdwmudku ppftkyfpkxJrSm tcsm pum;ajym=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd
pnf;\k;H a&;awG b,favmuf z\kzd &Jjzpf vJblb;l ? 'Dt wkid ;f qufomG ;;r,f r,fvdk@ ajym +yD; Ekid if aH &;t& awG@qaHk qG;aEG; tajz tcgxufrqkd vlx&k ŒJ cspcf ifr/_ ,k=H unftm; ajymEdkifzkd@twGuf vufeufudkiftzJG@t
ae+yDvq J w dk m awmfawmfjrifomygw,f? qkdaeygw,f? tJ'gawGeJ@ywfouf+yD +yD; &Sma&;qkdwJh wifjyawmif;\qkdcsufudk ud;k cH&r_awG/ vufvw G f tqk;H \_;H &qk;H pnf;awG[m yxrajcvSr;f tjzpf typf
ar;
ar;? ? Akv d cf sKyfcif!eG @f ukd   
oabmxm;av; ajymjyay;apcsif vnf;rod usK;d u|eðf yvku d w
f m jzpfw,f? tajctaeudk usqif;aeyg+y?D wu,fqdk tcwf&yfpaJ &;udpk +yD; vkycf =hJ u&wmyg?
  

jzpfw,f/ aysmhajymif;oljzp


w,f/ 'Drkdua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
rSm pdwftm;xufoefoljzpfw,f po
j zif h wcsKd @ ajymae=uygw,f ? tJ ' D
tay:
tay:rSrS m b,f v d k a jymcsif y govJ ?
ajz
ajz? ? usaemfwkd@ygwDtaeeJ@u
awmh 'Dt,ltqudk vk;H 0vufrcHygbl;?
90-ckEpS f a&G;aumufy&GJ v'fukd tck
xd ypfy,fxm;wm/ tEkid &f ygwDukd enf;
rsK;d pkeH @J uef@owfcsKyfaESmifxm;wm/ a':
atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifO;D tygt0if
Ekid if aH &;tusOf;om; (1˜400)ausmfukd
zrf;qD;xm;wm/ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;tajz
&Sma&;udk tJet f ,fv'f t
toD;oD;ua&m/ ukvor*~e@J rpPwm
udzk t D meef tygt0if Ekid if w
aqmif&u G zf @dk wifjywku
wmudk rodusK;d u|eðf yxm;+y;D bmrStajz
rxGuEf idk w f hJ anmifEpS yf ifnv
usif;yaewm/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_/
jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0onf
zpff ygw,f ? b,fEidk if aH &;ygwD/ b,ftzJ@G tpnf;udrk S &if wyfrawmfqw dk m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ tJ'u D rSwqifh Edik if aH &;t& pum;ajym
ajz
ajz? ? Road Map (7)csuf/ t n‡Ed id_ ;f wkid yf ifjcif;/ oabmxm; &,ljcif; zufqpfqef@usifa&;/ trsKd;om;vGwf =uzd@k / e0w§etz ppftpd;k &udk awmuf
rsKd;om;nDvmcH/ typftcwf&yfpaJ &; r&Sb d J ppftyk pf w k pkwnf;tvdu k s wzuf ajrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D twGi;f rSm jynfol av#uw f ifjy awmif;qdck =hJ uygw,f? 'gay
ay:vpDawG[m Akv d cf if!eG @f wOD;wnf;ydik f owfa&;qJGxm;wmvnf; jzpfygw,f? awGtwGuf toufay;umuG,cf w h J h J orkid ;f r,fh 'DtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;&JΠwifjycsufawG
r[kwb f ;l ? etz ppftyk pf yk ikd jf zpfw,f/ 'gha=umifh usaemfw@dk ygwDtaeeJ@ Road tpOftvm}uD;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? Akv d f udk ppftpd;k &u tcsdeq f w JG ehJ nf;eJ@ jiif;
'ga=umifh olwkd@'Dtwkdif;yJqufoGm;rSm Map (7)csufukd vufrcHygbl;? anmif ae0if; umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvm+yD; y,fxm;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; anmif
ygvd@k ajymqko d mG ;=uwm usaemfw@dk vnf; ESpyf if trsK;d om; nDvmcH[m 1996 ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f rS Akv d af e0if;&J@ wvufuikd f ESpyf ifnv D mcH[m trsKd;om;nDvmcH&@J
=um;&ygw,f? u&yfomG ;wJh trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd quf wyftjzpf \kyzf sufc&H vd@k wefz;dk usvm vuQ%mawG rjynfph b kH ;l vk@d odjrif=uay
'g[m ºum;p&mr[kww f mudk ºum; vkyw f m jzpf+yD; tajccHrl (104)csufe@J cJ&h wmyg? 'Dae@q&dk if ppftyk pf w k pkukd r,fh tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;&JŒ oabmxm;rsm;
aewJv h v l kd jzpfaew,f? aemufwcku OD;wnf csu(f 6)&yf&ŒJ atmufrmS usi;f y tumtuG,fay;zkd@twGuf jynfoludk udk wifjyp&mpifjriht f jzpf oabmxm;+y;D
olw@dk rmS ay:vpDtopfr&Sb d ;l / ta[mif; aewm jzpfygw,f? wkid ;f jynfEiS hf jynfol &uf&ufpufpuf zdEydS af e&wJh wyftjzpf nDvmcHukd wufa&mufc=hJ uwmyg? 'gudk
twkid ;f yJ qufomG ;r,fqw dk m a=unm vlx}k uD;. tusK;d udak &S@\+_ yD; tJet f ,fvf *k%o f u d mQ t}u;D tus,u f sqif; ae&yg+yD? usaemfw@kd ygwDtaeeJ@ tjynft h 0 em;
vduk w f mvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Du oabmxm;}uD;pGmjzifh tvdu k af vsm 'DwyfxrJ mS yJæ wkid ;f cspjf ynf/csppf w d f vnfygw,f?
D ygt0if tiftm;pk Road Map (7)csuf[m æ EkdifqkH;txd !d‡E_dif;cJhwmudkawmify,f &Sw d /hJ *k%o f u
d mQ &S&d Sd &yfwnfomG ;csifwhJ typftcwf&yfpx J m;wJh tzJ@G tpnf;
1995 Ek0d ifbmrSm trsK;d om;nDvmcH cscJ+h yD; b,fol ygyg/ rygyg wufwo hJ el @J wyfrª;/ wyfom;awG &Sad ew,fqw dk m us rsm;u trsKd;om;nDvmcHrmS tm;vH;k yg
H umuyg eJ@ywfouf+yD; tJet f ,fv'f u D jyefvnf usi;f yoGm;r,fq+dk yD; wzufowf ZGww f aemfw@dk em;vnfygw,f? 88 ta&;awmf oifw h ,f/ tJet f ,fv'f D pwJh a&G;aumufyGJ
d w f eG ;f awmif;qkd n‡Ed id_ ;f zk@d pmwifcw hJ ,f? 'DtwGuf Akv d f &Gwf usi;f ycJw h m jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh yk}H uD;twGi;f rSm vlx}k uD;ESihf yl;aygif; tEdkif&ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg wuf
cif!eG @f rmS tajzr&Sb d ;l ? 'geJ@yJ 1993 OD;wnfcsuf (6)&yfteuf eHygwf(6) vufwv GJ mwm/ 90-ckEpS f a&G;aumufyGJ a&mufrS nDvmcH&@J t"dym` ,fjynf0h r,fv@dk
D mcHukd ZGwf u pwifusi;f ycJw h hJ nDvmcH[m a&S@quf tcsufjzpfwJh ‘tem*wf EkdifiHa&;OD; rSm wyf{&d,m rJqENe,fajrawGrmS udyk J ppftpd;k &udk pmwrf;wifawmif;qdck w hJ m
oGm;vd@k r&awmhb;l ? bmqufvyk &f rSe;f aqmifrt _ cef;rSm wyfrawmfrS yg0ifwm tJet f ,fv'f u D kd tjywftowfEidk af tmif udv k nf; usaemfw@dk wefz;kd xm;ygw,f?
Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf
trSwf (56) á owif;pOf (7)
nDvmcHtwGi;f rSmvnf; wef;wla&;ESihf ðyygw,f?
ud,k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu
&G,w
hf kd tmrcHEikd af &;udk &nf
f /hJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk ppfppf
0g&if h E d k i f i H a &;orm;}uD ; rsm;&J Œ
&yfwnfcsufe@J vdt k yf&if vdt k yfovdk
ar;? ? vlxv
& tquf q uf u a=umuf v ef @ =u
k y_ &f mS ;r_ukd ppftpd;k
etz.urBmhAk'<bmomnDvmcH EdkifiHrsm;pGmu oydwfarSmuf
wnfaqmufa&;udk &nf&, G w f hJ (7)csuyf g tjrifoabmxm;awGukd &J&0J 0hH hH xkwf w,f? ray:aygufatmifvnf; trsK;d
pmwrf;udk wifc=hJ uw,f? 'gayr,fh nD azmfajymqdak e=uwmudk usaemfw@dk rsm;pGm rsKd;wm;qD;zdk@ tm;xkwf=uw,f? bm 'DZifbm (4)&ufae@wiG f jrefrmu pdkuf EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;ulnDapmifh
vmcHvyk if ef;aumfrwDu ta=umif;t wefz;kd xm;ygw,f? 1998 ckEpS /f pufwif a=umif h v k d @ xif y govJ ? tdr&f Sit f jzpfusif;yrnfh pwkwœt}udrf a&Smufa&;toif; (AAPP)uvnf;
rsK;d rsK;d jy y,fcsc+hJ yD;/ aemufq;kH rSm ‘rSwf bm(16)&ufae@rSm pwifzJG@pnf;cJh+yD; urBmhxdyfoD;nDvmcH}uD;tm; *syefESifh jrefrmEkid if w H iG f Ak'b< mombke;f awmf}uD;
wrf;wifygonf’qdw k hJ tqifu h ykd J wk@H jyefchJ ,ae@umv vkdtyfcsuft& ydkrdktm; ajz? ? vlxk}uD;udk zdESdyfaeor#/ tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS Ak'b M momacgif;aqmif rsm; rw&m;zrf;qD;axmifcscHae&jcif;/
w,f? 'gu nDvmcH yxrydik ;f yg? aumif;vmatmif wdk;csJŒpkpnf;xm;wJh vlx}k uD;u rvGwaf jrmufao;or# vlxk rsm; rwufa&mufawmh[k od&onf? !SO;f yrf;ESyd pf ufcaH e&jcif;ESihf ywfouf
tckvnf; 2005 ckEpS f Zefe0g&DrmS CRPP udv k nf; usaemfw@dk ygwDu rsm;pGm wdu k yf /GJ vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_awGqw kd m ay:ae xd@k tjyif nDvmcH}uD;tm; tukef aom/ tpD&ifcpH mxkwaf 0&ef pDpOfvsuf
jyefpr,fvk@d qdkvmjyefyg+yD? 'D=um;xJ wefz;kd xm;ygw,f? rSmyg? a&Smifvv J$ @kd r&ygbl;? 88 vlxv k y_ f tuscH aqmif&u G af y;rnfh tpDtpOfrsm; &So d nf?
rSmvnf; typftcwf&yfpx J m;wJh tzJ@G ar;? ?'Duae@tajctaeudk ygwD &Sm;r_}uD;u (rqv)wygwDtm%m&Sif tm;vHk;uvnf; *syef(eefylql&k) Ak'M Ak'b < momxdyo f ;D yxrnDvmcHukd
tpnf;awGukd ppfa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tzJG@tpnf;awGtaeeJ@ wyfaygif;pk pepfukd zsuo f rd ;f Edik cf +hJ y;D / 90 a&G;aumufyGJ bmomtoif;}uD;u zsuo f rd ;f vdu k +f yDjzpf (1998)wGif *syefEdkifiHY usif;ycJh+yD;/
trsK;d rsK;d +cdr;f ajcmufwm/ t=uyfuikd w f m/ wckzJG@pnf;+yD; &ifqdkifausmfjzwfoifh &v'ftygt0if tajctaeopfwck onf? (2000)wGif xdik ;fEidk if YH 'kw, d t}udrf
tcGit hf vrf;wcsKd@ay;+yD; aoG;cJo G yfv#Kd w,fvkd@qdkwJhtcsufay:rSm vl@abmif ordik ;f a&;tqifo h pfwckukd zefw;D ay;Edik f Edkiif aH ygif;(40)ausmfrS Ak'b M mom (2002)wGif uarBm'D;,m;Ekid if YH wwd,
wmawGudk qufwu kd v f yk af e=uygw,f? opf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD&J@ oabmxm; cJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; ppftpdk;& bke;f awmf}uD;tyg; (3000)ausmf wuf t}udrf toD;oD;usif;ycJ=h uonf?
'Dae@umv[m tzG@J tpnf;wGi;f nD udk odyg&ap? tqufqufu a=umufvef@w=um; wm; a&muf&ef&adS om tqdyk gnDvmcHukd 2002 urBmx h yd o f ;D Ak'b < momacgif;aqmif
!Gwaf &;/ tzJ@G tpnf; tcsi;f csi;f nD!w G f ajz? ? 'Dajymqdck suf[m tvGerf eS f qD;ae=uwmyg? ckEpS u f wnf;u pDpOfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? rsm; rwufa&mufawmhaomfvnf; urBmh
a&;/ tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ ud, k jfh ynfot l =um; uefygw,f? 'Dae@tajctaeudk wygwD uae@ jrefrmEdik if &H @J tajctae[m eefyq l &l k Ak'b < momtoif;}uD;onf xdyo f ;D nDvmcHukd ,Qit f pDtpOftwdik ;f
nD ! G w f a &;awG u d k tpG r f ; uk e f w nf csif;/ tzJ@G tpnf;wckcsif; &ifqikd zf @kd qkd tarvlxka':trm ajymovkd wnf; etz0ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG @f ukd usif;yoGm;rnf[k t*Fgae@xw k f jrefrm@
aqmuf+yD; rdr, d =kH unfcsu/f rdr&d yfccH suf wm rjzpfEikd yf gbl;? q&m '*kew f m&mwk@d / wnf;av;yJ vdyk gawmhw,f? tcsed rf a&G; &mxl;rSz,f&mS ;vdu k +f y;D aemufyikd ;f nDvmcH tvif; owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;aomf
awGtay:rSm tcdik t f rm&yf=u&r,fu h m tarvlxak ':trmwd@k / trsKd;om;a&; aygufuo GJ mG ;Edik w f ,f? (etz)ppftyk pf u k rwufa&muf&ef xdo k @kd q;Hk jzwfvu kd jf cif; vnf; wdu k sKdòrd@&dS etzoH\;kH t&m&Srd sm;
v jzpfygw,f? wef;wla&;eJ@ ud, k yf ikd f OD;0if;Edik w f @kd / vlxOk ;D pde0f if;wd@k axmufjy acgif;rmaer,f/ avmb}u;D +rJ }u;D aer,f/ jzpf+y;D zdw=f um;cH&onfh Edik if (H 40)teuf onf *syefA'k b < momtzGEJ iS hf oGm;a&muf
jyÏmef;cGiq hf w
kd hJ tajccHvt kd yfcsuaf wGukd aqG;aEG;=uovdk tiftm;pkawG tm;vH;k vlxq k ENukd qufvufypfy,faer,fq&kd if (10)Edik if cH ef@uom wufa&muf=uawmh awG@q+kH yD; nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef aqG;
usaemfw@dk taotcsm qkyu f ikd x f m;zk@d yg0ifwhJ }uD;rm;us,fjyef@whJ trsKd;om; vlx}k uD;&J@ '%fcwfwmudk rkcscH&ygvdrhf rnf[k od&onf? aEG;aea=umif; 'DAb GD o D wif;t& od&
vkyd gw,f? 'gudk ta=umif;wpHkw&m nD!w G af &;wyfaygif;pk}uD;wck zJ@G pnf;+yD; r,f? 'Dtcsed rf mS usaemfw@dk ygwD[m vlxk TtawmtwGi;f xdik ;f Edik if t H ajc onf? Ð
a=umifh av#mah y;vdu k &f +yDq&kd if ppftyk f ajz&Si;f ausmfvm$ ;oGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f? }uD;eJ@twl [efcsun f D aygif;pyfvy_ &f mS ;
pk&@J jynfaxmifpt k rnfcH wjynfaxmif 0g&ifEh kid if aH &;orm;}uD;rsm; axmufjy oGm;Edik zf @dk jyifqifaqmif&u G af eygw,f? pmrsuEf mS (9)rS tqufæ
pepfatmufrmS jynfwiG ;f ppfoo H &m}u;D qD ovkd NLD ud0k ef;&HwhJ wyfaygif;pk}uD; a':aroef;qDomG ;+y;D ‘*sK;d jzL,dr;f ’twGuf tulno D mG ;awmif;cJ=h uwmawG? +y;D awmh æ
jyefa&mufomG ;Edik yf gw,f? wckz@GJ pnf;+yD; tajr‡mt f jrif}uD;pGm ajz ar;? ? aemuf q H k ; taeeJ @ vl @ - wuUov kd &f @J txdr;f trSwaf e@ rsm;pGm æ
trsKd;om;rsm;&JΠwef;wla&;eJ@ &Si;f =u&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvyk if ef;pOf}uD; abmif o pf ' D r d k u &uf w pf y gwD & J @ - trsK;d om;ae@/ Adv k af tmifausmaf e@/ tmZmenfae@/ vGwv f yfa&;ae@/ urBmh
ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu hf kd tmrcHEidk af &;twGuf twGuf usaemfw@dk ygwDu tm;pdu k +f yD; tajccHrlawGeJ@ tem*wf&nfrSef;csuf ausmif;om;rsm;ae@/ [D\&kd ;DS rm;ae@/ ponfrsm;ærsm;ærsm;æ
usaemfw@dk ygwD[m 0ef;&H/ axmufc/H vuf aqmif&u G o f mG ;rSmyg? awGudk tusOf;avmufaqG;aEG;ay; - ckawmhou l E_wq f w d v f @kd
wJG wdu k yf 0GJ ifomG ;rSm jzpfygw,f? ar;? ? awG@qHkaqG;aEG; tajz apcsif y gw,f ? - ol@&ifbwfay:rSm/ ol@cE<mud, k f ay:rSmawmh py,fyiG jhf zLjzLrsm;/ ESi;f qDyiG zhf wf/
ar;? ? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G &S m a&;enf ; eJ @ ywf o uf w J h tjrif o yGichf syf/ yGiv hf m$ eDe&D &J rJ sm;u jyef@}uJvk@d tjzLeJ@teD&&J J vdkuzf ufvk@d ygyJ?
csKyf e J @ jynf w G i f ; utzJ G @ tpnf ; awG abmxm;ud k v nf ; ajymjyay;ygOD ; ? ajz
ajz? ? usaemfw@kd ygwD[m æ - tjzLeJ@teD/ teDe@J tjzL udn k Kd 0if;
tay:tjrifvnf; enf;enf;avmuf · ppftm%m&Sipf epf tuket f pif oç*[fcsed ef ;D +yrD @kd ol@\yk t f avmif;udk tat;cef;uae owfrw S x f m;wJch ef;rqDweG ;f
ajymjyapcsif y gw,f ? ajz? ? Edkiif aH &;t& awG@qkaH qG; zsuo f rd ;f a&; ,lvmawmhh ol@ZeD;eJ@ro d m;pkuapmifóh u+d yD; \kyt f avmif;udk 0dik ;f ulweG ;f ,l=uygw,f?
ajz? ? tJe, f v f 'f [ D m 1990 ckEpS f tajz&Sma&;qdw k m usaemfw@dk awmuf · 'Dru kd a&pDa&; cef;rxJrmS awmh vGr;f ol@yef;acGrsm;/ vGr;f ol@yef;jcif;rsm;/ vGr;f ol@yef;pnf;rsm;eJ@twl
a&G;aumufyrGJ Sm 82 &mcdkiEf e_ ;f ausmfe@J av#mufawmif;qdkaewJh enf;emjzpfyg · jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csrf;a&; rdwaf qGtaygif;toif;rsm; &Jabmf&b J ufrsm;u apmifóh uad e=uygw,f? ndK‡ ;EGr;f wJh
tEdik &f &Sx d m;wJh ygwjD zpfygw,f? w&m;0if w,f? aoG;ajrusrt _ enf;qH;k / trsK;d om; · trsKd;om;rsm;. wef;wla&;ESihf rsufEmS a=uuGw J EhJ v S ;kH om;rsm;eJ@/ \kyt f avmif;udk aemufq;kH taeeJ@ 0dik ;f 0ef;tok
ygwDwck&J@ Oya'wGif;wkdufyJGawGudk ausðyef;r_ tenf;qH;k enf;emjzpf+y;D ,ae@ ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu hf kd tmrcHEikd af om jynf b\_=uygw,f?
(etz)ppftpd;k &&JΠtrsK;d rsK;d aom zdEydS rf _ urBm}uD;wckv;kH &J@ wdr;f !$wrf v _ nf;jzpf e,faygif;pk jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; vlwa,mufuawmh csw d qf x J G m;wJh yef;acG/ yef;jcif;rsm;rSma&;xm;wJh pmwef;awGuk d
rsm;=um;rSmudyk J usm;ukw/f usm;cJ vkyu f ik d f ygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; NLD tygt0if Edik if H qdw k hJ tajccHr(l 4)csuu f kd tcdik t f rmudik f vdu k v f zH wf\/_ wckcsi;f =unfah eygw,f? tJ'v D u l wcsed w f ek ;f u‘&uo’&efuek cf \dik f ausmif;
aewJh ygwDjzpfygw,f? &yfwnfcsuv f nf; a&;tiftm;pktm;vH;k ua&m ukvor*~ pJ+G yD; “jynfoo l m trd/ jynfoo l m tz” om;rsm;or*~) acgif;aqmifwa,muf/ ol@rsuEf mS uwnf+ird f r_erf id_ ;f vk@d ? ol@rsu0f ef;
rSeu f ef+yD;/ &J&0J 0hH hH jywfjywfom;om; csD tygt0if Edik if w H umua&m awG@qakH qG; qdw k phJ w d "f mwfe@J jynfou l kd xm0& tvkyf awGupl;pku d +f yD; tav;teuf cHpm;xdcu kd ef musnf;aeyH&k w,f? ‘ausmif;om;or*~
wufEdkifcJhwJhtwGuf tJeft,fvf'D[m aEG;tajz&Sm=uzd@k xyfwvJvJ awmif;qdk tau|;ðyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? &Jabmfa[mif; rsm;’pmwef;ygwJh ESi;f qDeeD yD ef;acGa&S@rmS t=um}uD;&yf=unfah ew,f?
uae@tajctae&J@ wyfO;D ygwDjzpfvm+yD;/ aecJ=h uwmyg? (etz)ppftpd;k &uawmh usaemfw@kd ygwD&@J tvHawmfrmS =u,f pum;wcGe;f rSrajymEkid b f J a=uuGaJ e&Smw,f? tckawmh olvnf;r&S&d mS awmhygb;l ? cef;r
a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; vlxk acgif;rm+rJacgif;rm+yD; anmifESpfyif av;vH;k yg0ifygw,f? tJ'D =u,fav;vH;k }uD;wckv;kH wdwq f w d +f idro f ufv@kd aew,f? wdwq f w d +f idro f ufjcif;[m r=umygbl;?
acgif;aqmifjzpfvmcJyh g+y?D vlx&k @J axmuf nDvmcHuykd yJ x GJ w k zf @dk óu;d pm;aejyefyg+yD? [m tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ vlvwf ‘taza&æ t&ifuqdk tazwae@jyefvmEd;k eJ@ orD;wd@k apmifah r#maf eEdik af o;
cHr/_ r[mrdwt f iftm;pktoD;oD;&JŒ axmuf wu,fq&kd if vkaH vmufwEhJ ikd if aH &; wef;pm;eJ@ trsK;d om;"e&Siq f w kd hJ vlwef; w,faemf? tckawmh tazhuo kd rD;wd@k ar#mv f @kd r&awmhb;l aygh tazh&@J æ
cHr/_ Edik if w H um&J@ axmufcrH u _ kd &&Sx d m; 0ef;usifwckukd zefw;D +yD; æ pm;(4)&yfukd ud, k pf m;ðyxm;wmyg? tJ'g wOD;wnf;aom orD;jzpfol&@J v_u d v f u d_ v f vSJ SJ atmf[pfikad u|;oHu +idro f uf
wJh ygwDjzpfygw,f? usaemfw@dk taeeJ@ · a':atmifqef;pk=unf acgi;f aqmif a=umifh usaemfw@dk ygwD[m vlxv k wl ef; jcif;udk v_yEf ;d_ vdkuyf gw,f? orD;jzpfol&@J rcsdwifuiJ kad ºu;oHu =um;&oltaygif;
vnf; wdkif;jynfeJ@ jynfolvlxk}uD;&J@ wJh NLDESihf (etz)ppftpd;k &wd@k Edik if aH &; pm;tv$mtoD;oD;ESihf vlrsK;d aygif;pkH jynf &J@ &ifukd xdrSeaf =uuGaJ pwm trSeyf gyJ?
tusKd;udk a&S@\+_ yD; tJet f ,fv'f u D rSef t& awG@qakH qG;aEG;=u&ygr,f? olvx l }k u;D udk b,fumvrSmrqdk umuG,f udn k Kd 0if;qH;k wJah e@rmS 'DuAsmav;udk cHpm;a&;rdygw,f?
uefpmG csw D ufaeor# 0ef;&Haxmufco H mG ; ·wqufwnf;rSm tiftm;pktoD; tultnDay;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? jynfol ‘OD;yef;cif;’
rSm jzpfygw,f? oD;yg0if+y;D vGwv f w G vf yfvyf wef;wl&nf vlx}k uD;bufu &J0jhH ywfom;pGm xm0& wyGiahf c|vnf; ESpyf iG ahf 0jrJ
OD;cGefxGef;OD;wdk@ acgif;aqmifwJh wl awG@qakH qG;aEG; tajz&Sm=u&rSm jzpf &yfwnfomG ;rSm jzpfygw,f? wzl;ac|vnf; ESpzf ;l a0jrJ
SNLD / (9)ygwD pkpnf;xm;wJh UNA/ ygw,f? 'DavmufygyJ? rdk;óu;d owif;pOfukd zl;yGiifh akH 0 b,fvakd c|vnf;
(21) ygwD pkpnf;xm;wJh UNLD wd@k &@J 'Dtwdik ;f aqmif&u G o
f mG ;Edik zf @dk usaemf trsm;}uD; aus;Zl;wifygw,f? aºuysurf ukef
&yfwnfcsufawGe@J anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcH wk@d ygwD[m tjcm;aomr[mrdwrf sm;eJ@ Ð yGiv hf ef;xHo k if; wd@k yef;cif;onf
udrk wufbJ NLD ESit hf wl wnDw!Gwf twl/ vlx}k uD;eJ@twl Edik if w H um&J@ 0ef;&H udak iGvif; urBmwnfoa&G@ ar$;vdrrhf nfæ
wnf; awmifhcH&yfwnfae=uwmudk axmufcrH e_ @J twl enf;o¿mefaygif;pHk wGzJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;(2) trSeyf gyJ urBmavmu}uD;udk tvSqifrnfh ar$;&eH@ysH@oif;aom ‘'d@k yef;cif;’
usaemfw@dk ygwDu rsm;pGmtav;tjrwf jzifh awmif;qdw k u kd yf 0GJ ifomG ;rSmyg? vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygwD [m ode;f oef;ukaÉqufv@dk qufv@dk zl;yGiafh 0qmaeygvdrrfh ,f? Ð
Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0on
0onf
á owif;pOf (8) trSwf (56)

puULESihf tm%mvkyrJG wdik rf D Advk cf sKyrf ;ª }u;D uawmf ,-umacsyvJG yk f

ESi;f qD
a=umif; òrdcw H OD;. tqkt d &od&onf? owif;ayguf=um;oGm;onft h wGuf ,ck
tjzLpifq;Hk Adv
k cf sKyfrª;}uD;uawmf a':óuid óf uid f vdt k a&;ay: aetdraf jymif;a&$@cjhJ cif; jzpf
yef;cif;&J@vufxrJ mS ESihf orD;rsm;onf tqkyd gae@u yJc;l òrd@&dS onf[k qko d nf?
n‡pD @dk p@dk bed ;f eH@rygbl;? bk&m;wqlwiG f xd, k =wmacsyu JG kd ðyvkycf hJ etzppftyk pf t k wGi;f oabmxm;
jcif;jzpfa=umif; bk&m;a*gyu0ifwOD;u uGv J rJ r_ sm;t}uD; tus,fay:aygufae
acgif;wcg xkwaf zmfajymqdkco hJ nf[k qko d nf? onf[k owif;rsm;xGufay:aecsdefESifh
vnfwarmh ,=wmacsyGJwGif a':óudifóudifudk wòydiw f nf;wGif a':óuid óf uid Ef iS hf Adv
k cf sKyf
a=umhviG ahf ewJh yef;wcsKd@ r,fawmf[ak c:qd&k ef !$e=f um;cJah =umif; cif!eG @f uawmf a'gufwma':cif0if;a&$w@kd
yGizhf wfw@dk yiG chf syfw@dk ESihf orD;jzpforl sm;udk orD;awmf[k ac:&ef =um;wGiv f nf; ESpbf uftm;òydirf r_ sm; jzpf
Ak d v f c sKyf r ª ; }uD ; oef ; a&$ . ZeD ;
wcsyfjcif;/ wxyfjcif; !$e=f um;cJo h nf[k qko d nf? ay:aea=umif; apmapmykid ;f owif;rsm;
a': óud i f ó ud i f
wzkwzf w k ef @J txufiif/ toufiif yJc;l rStjyefwiG f uke;f jrifo h m,mtdrrf S t& od&onf?
Akid ;f &yfp0f ifaewJh puULyef; Advk cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG @f ukd &mxl;rS r vkòH cHa&;tjynfjh zifh ta&;ay: aetdrf ,cktcg Adv k cf sKyfcif!eG @f ud;k uG,af e
vGr;f p&mr&S?d z,f&mS ;rD (14)&ufae@u etzOuUÏ ajymif;a&$cahJ =umif;vnf; rsufjrifouf onfh bd;k awmfw=ö um;oef;vSEiS hf bke;f awmf
&J&ifw
h ud s/ eufjzeftvS
Adv
k cf sKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$. ZeD;ESihf orD; aoawG@&o dS rl sm;. tqkt d &od&onf? }uD;rsm;udyk g wyfu ac:,lxed ;f odr;f xm;
owdw&/ todusus
rsm;onf yJc;l òrd@o@kd ta&;ay:v#K@d 0u S f trnfrazmfvo kd l ppf\;Hk csKyfrS t&m +y;D ppfaq;r_rsm;ðyvkyaf ea=umif; tjcm;
odumQ vS
oGm;a&mufum aiGoed ;f aygif;rsm;pGm &SdwOD;uvnf; Adv k cf if!eG @f bufom;rsm;u owif;rsm;t& od&onf?
b0eJ@ESif;qD
tukeu f scHI ,=wmacsyGw J ck ðyvkycf hJ 0ifa&mufp;D eif;wdu k cf u kd rf nf[k óuw d if Ð
ql;eJ@ESif;qD
eDvGifESif;qD
xm0&oif;=unf
trsK;d orD;rsm; vdiyf ikd ;f qdidk &f mt-urf;zufc&H r+ vHòk caH &;aumifpwD iG f yxrqk;H t}urd f aqG;aEG;
*g&0ESi;f qDqwdk m etz ppfwyfu Edik if t H EStH jym;&Sd ,lEkid if rH sm;u OD;aqmifwifjycJjh cif;jzpf rsm;udk q,fpEk iS chf sDI vdirf q _ ikd &f m apmf
ææ ? ? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: vdiyf kid ;f qdki&f m onf? vHðk cHa&;aumifpt D zG@J 0if *smr%D um;rlrsm;ðyvkycf o hJ nf[al om tpD&ifcH
t=urf;zufrr_ sm; usL;vGeaf eonfu h pd u
P kd EdkifiHuvnf; ,if;udpPESifhywfoufI pmrsm;xGufay:cJhaomfvnf; xdkudpPudk
pk;d ausmf atmufwb kd m (28)&ufae@u usif;y oD;oef@xyfrH aqG;aEG;cJo h nf[k qdo k nf? pHpk rf;&efvwG vf yfonhf aumfr&Siw f &yf
onfh ukvor*~vðk HcHa&;aumifpD tpnf; vHðk cHa&;aumifp. D (2000)ckEpS q f ;kH jzwf ,cktcsed t f xd ay:aygufvmjcif; r&Sad o;
ta0;wGif xnfo h iG ;f aqG;aEG;cJah =umif; csut f & trsK;d orD;rsm;b0 +ird ;f csr;f a&; onft h ay: jrefrmEdik if q
H ikd &f m ukvor*~
owif;rsm;t& od&onf? ESihf vHðk cHa&;wd@k twGuf ,ckvakd qG;aEG;cJh vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f yif
trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd vmrnfZh efe0g&vD wGif jrefrmtrsK;d orD;rsm;tay: ppfwyf
u t=urf;zufjcif;/ vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mapmf
=ujcif;jzpf+yD; jrefrm/ tD&wf/ a[wDEiS hf
tmz*efEikd if rH sm;wGif jzpfay:aer_rsm;t
a[;\dk;uvnf; +yD;cJhonhfvuusif;y
onfh ukvor*~taxGaxG nDvmcHo@kd
um;jcif;ESiyhf wfoufI vHðk cHa&;aumifpD
jyefvnfusi;f yzG,&f adS -umif; etzajymqdk tpnf;ta0;Y ,ckt}udro f nf yxr
ay: tav;teufaqG;aEG;oGm;a=umif;
od&onf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ppfwyfu
wifoiG ;f onft
cJo
h nf?
h pD&ifcpH mwGiv f nf; azmfjy

t}udraf qG;aEG;jcif;jzpf+yD; xduk pd uP kd tD; wdik ;f &if;ol (&Sr;f ESihf u&if)trsKd;orD; Ð

,ckEpS Zf v l ikd vf u &yfem;xm;&onfh trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk arv(17)&uf
trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd vmrnfEh pS q
Zefe0g&DvwGif jyefvnfusif;yEdkifzG,f
f ef;ydik ;f ae@wiG f pwifco hJ nf? od@k &mwGif tqdyk g
nDvmcHo@kd 1990 jynfh a&G;aumufyt JG Edik f
Advk cf if!eG @f ZeD; a':cif0if;a&$ &mxl;rSz,f&mS ;cH&
&m&Sad =umif; nDvmcHusi;f ya&;aumfrwD &ygwDjzpfonfh trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J ,ae@usif;yonfh trsKd;orD;a&; &mxl;rS z,f&mS ;cHc&hJ onfh Adv k rf LS ;
OuUÏ 'kAv kd cf sKyf}uD;oef;pdeu f Edik if jcH m; csKyfESihf 'kw, d ae&mrS tEdki&f onfh &Sr;f &m tzG@J tpnf;ta0;wGif Adv k cf sKyf}uD; }uD;wifv_dif.ZeD;a':cifvSvSudkvnf;
owif;axmufrsm;tm; ajym=um;vdu k f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfw@dk cif!eG @f .ZeD; a'gufwma':cif0if;a&$ukd vlarSmifcrkd E_ iS hf vluek u f ;l r_ wm;qD;um
onf? u wufa&mufjcif;rðycJah y? ‚,lxm;onfh jrefrmEdkiif t H rsKd;orD; uG,af &;tzG@J t}uHay;yk*Kd~ vf&mxl;rSz,f
etz0ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG @f etzu nDvmcHukd OD;wnfcsuf(6) a&;&mtzG@JEiS h f rdcifEiS h f cav;apmifah &Smuf &Sm;vdu k +f yD; Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;a[mif;
udk &mxl;rSz,f&mS ;t+yD; (3)&uft=um &yfESihf tajccH&rnfrh lrsm;tjzpf tcsuf a&; OuUÏ &mxl;ae&mrS z,f&mS ;vdu k f OD;0if;atmif.ZeD;a':pH,u kH v
kd nf; trsK;d
wGiðf yvkyo f nfh Edik if aH &;tajctae&Si;f (104)csuf csrSwx f m;&m tkycf sKyfa&;/ a=umif; od&onf? orD;a&;&mtjynfjynfqikd &f m qufo, G f
vif;yGYJ &efuek &f dS Edik if jH cm;owif;axmuf w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf Oya'ðya&; r¾dKif trsKd ; a&;&m OuU Ï a[mif ;
trsK;d orD;a&;&m OuUÏae&mwGif a&;t}uHay;ae&mrS xkwyf ,fvu kd of nf?
a'guf w m a':cif 0 if ; a&$
rsm; ESiahf wG@qpHk Of 'kAv kd cf sKyf}uD;ode;f pdef }uD; (3)&yfwiG f ppfwyfu 25-&mcdik Ef e_ ;f Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyfopf.ZeD; a':oef; tvm;wlppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; t&m
u xdo k @dk ajym=um;cJjh cif;jzpf+yD; etzu yg0ifciG ðhf ya&;ESihf wyfrawmfonf tem oef;EG@J ukd cef@tyfvu kd +f y;D rdcifEiS fh cav; &Srd sm;. ZeD;tm;vH;k udk trsK;d orD;a&;&m rsm;tmvH;k udv
k nf; rd;\_@d zsufq;D ypf&ef
a=unmxm;onfh vrf;jyajrajryHk (7) *wfEdkifiHawmfwGif trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;Y apmifah &Smufa&;toif; OuUÏae&mwGif tzG@J rsm;rS z,f&mS ;vdu k +f yD; wEkid if vH ;kH &Sd xdt
k pnf;ta0;u qH;k jzwfvu kd af =umif;
csufEiS hf trsdK;om;nDvmcHonf vlwOD; OD;aqmifonfhtcef;u¾rS yg0ifEdkif& etztwGi;f a&;rª;(1).ZeD; a':cifcif trsK;d orD;a&;&m\H;k rsm;rS a':cif0if;a&$ trnfrazmfvo kd l wOD;.tqdu k kd ud;k um;
wa,mufu csrw S xf m;aom rl0g'r[kwf rnf[k qdkxm;onf? 0if;ESihf tpm;xd;k vdu k o f nf[k qdo k nf? . "mwfykrH sm;/ ajym=um;cJo h nfrh ed @f ceG ;f I 'DAb
GD o
D wif;wGif xkwv f i$ o hf mG ;onf?
bJ etzppftpd;k &. rl0g'omjzpfonf[k typftcwf&yfpx J m;onfh +idr;f csrf;
‚u ajymqdak =umif; &ku
qdo k nf?
d w f mowif;u a&;tzGJ@rsm;udk nDvmcHjyefvnfusif;y
a&;ESihf ywfoufI ,cktcsed t f xd w&m; a':cif0if;a&$.udik ;f zsm;udik ;f em;rsm;yg zdtm;ay;cHae&
'k Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ode;f pdeu f vufeuf 0if ta=umif;=um;xm;jcif;r&Sdao; Ed k 0 if b m?(2)&uf ? tvGe&f if;ESD;onfhtwGuf urf;\kd;wef; wyfom;rsm; a&S@wef;xGuaf &;/ rxGuf
ukdif vlrsKd;pktzGJ@rsm;ESifh ywfoufI a=umif; od&onf? Advk cf sKyf}u;D cif!eG @f EiS Zhf eD; a'gufwm wdik ;f / wdik ;f wm0ef&o
dS rl sm;u rajym&Jrqdk a&;udprP sm;wGiyf g pDrcH ef@ccJG o hJ jl zpfonf[k
etzwGif rl0g'ajymif;vJjcif; r&Sad =umif; trsK;d om;nDvmcHwiG f a&G;aumufyJG a':cif0if;a&$w@kd zrf;qD;cH&+yD;aemuf &Jjzpfc=hJ uoljzpf&m ,cktcg a':0if;0if; qdo k nf? ,cktcg Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG @f
udvk nf; rdrw d @kd &Si;f jyxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif; tEdik &f trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf a':cif0if;a&$ESifheD;pyfol atmufajc oef;udk trsKd;orD;a&;&mudprP sm;rSvI JG ESiZhf eD; a':cif0if;a&$w@kd zrf;qD;cH&+yD;
ESihf trsKd;om;nDvmcH qufvufusif;y wkid ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; tpkt H vif tqifh wyf&if;rª;uawmfrsm;yg vkyyf ikd f wyf&if;pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk vk;H 0 aemufyikd ;f ‚udk trsK;d orD;a&;&mudpP
onht f cg yg0ifwufa&mufa&;udv k nf; wufa&mufciG ðhf ya&;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG ajym cGirh f sm;ydwyf if+y;D zdtm;ay;cHae&a=umif; 0ifa&muf zufpu G cf iG rhf vky&f ef puc(8) ESihf arp}umF 0wftoif;ESihf wyf&if;pnf;\k;H
xkdtzGJ@rsm;ESifh !d‡Ed_if;+yD;jzpfonf[k qkad qG;aEG;Edik cf iG ðhf ya&;wk@d udk ukvor*~ od&onf? wdik ;f rª;uawmfu wm;jrpfxm;onf[k a&;/ pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;wdk@wGif
ajymqkad =umif; tqdyk gowif;wGif azmfjy tzG@J csKyf}uD;u awmif;qdx k m;aomfvnf; urf;\k;d wef; wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf puc od&onf? om wm0ef,l&ef ac:,lwm;jrpfcHcJh&
xm;onf? ppftkypf ku vlyk*K~d vfwOD;twGujf zpfap/ (8)vufatmufcH weoFm&Dwikd ;f / a&jzL ,cifu a':oef;oef;0if;onf cr& a=umif; tqkyd gppfwyfEiS hf eD;pyforl sm;
etzonf +yD;cJo h nfEh pS f =o*kwv f u ygwDwcktwGujf zpfap vkyaf qmifjcif;r òrd@e,ftajcpdu k f cr&(406)rS wyf&if; (406). wyf&if;rª;uawmfjzpfonfh tm; tqdu k kd ud;k um;I 'DAb
GD oD wif;wGif xkwf
tcsu(f 7)csuyf g Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryku H kd [kwfbJ EdkifiHawmftusKd;twGuf vkyf rª; 'kAv kd rf ª;}uD;xGe;f 0if;.ZeD; a':0if; avsmfpGm etzwyfwGif; xkH;pHtwdkif; v$io hf mG ;cJo
h nf?
a=unmcJh+yD; yxrqkH;tqifhjzpfonfh aqmifaejcif;jzpfonf[k qkx d m;onf? Ð 0if;oef;onf ,cifu a':cif0if;a&$EiS hf wyfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru Ð
jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0onf Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf
trSwf (56) á owif;pOf (9)
rwfv waygif;va&muf+yDr@kd aeu awG@qckH iG hf &&Scd yhJ gw,f? wmr[kwb f ;l ? wk@d ped 0f if;/ &ef}uD;atmif ae@rmS zrf;ac:oGm;=uw,f? tJ't D csdef zl;w,f? xkad cwfu ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;
tawmfyal e+y?D waygif;v[m jrefrmjynf usaemfu h akd wG@awG@csif; udn k Kd 0if; udak jymwm’vk@d tvdrk us[efe@J jyefajym up+yD; awG@ciG rhf &cJyh gbl;? axmifxrJ mS r_rsm;rSm udn k Kd 0if;[m OD;aqmifrt _ cef;
twGuf rarhaumif;wJh ordik ;f 0iftrSwf tH=h o0rf;omoGm;yH&k w,f? usaemfuawmh ygw,f? xnfx h m;+yD; axmif0ifpmawG@ciG rhf &S?d w u¾rS yg0ifcw hJ o hJ jl zpfygw,f? ausmif;
w& vwv/ zufqpfukd awmfveS w f v hJ / 0rf;romEdik yf gbl;? ajcxdy/f vufxyd cf wf wu,fawmh usaemfu oH;k cGupkd ed 0f if; vw}udrf tif;pdeaf xmifb;l 0rSm ygq,f om;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;/ wdu k yf rJG sm;rSm tawG@
wrsKd;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfcJhwJhv/ cHxm;&wJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifw qH;k oGm;wm ol@urkd odapcsiv f @dk vS;D v$aJ jym oGm;yd@k &ygw,f? use;f rma&;tajctae tóu}H uD;ol/ tpOftvm}uD;olwa,muf
rwfv? 'DvrSm trSw&f p&mwck xyf a,muf&@J y&kH yd u f a=uuGpJ &maumif;vS vdkuw f mjzpfygw,f? oluawmh jzpf&yf vnf; odciG rhf &S?d bmaq;/ bmtpm; jzpfw,f? qufqaH &;ajyjypf+yD; pdw&f n S f
wd;k vmcJ+h yD? 'guawmh OD;ndK0if;eJ@ ywf ygw,f?f usaemfu h kjd rifawmh vSaJ e&mu tm;vH;k udk od+y;D aeyg+y?D ‘wd@k ped 0f if; a[m'D tpm vkt d yfreS ;f rod? aumif;Ed;k &m&m onf;cHwwfow l a,mufvnf; jzpfw,f?
oufygw,f? vGecf w hJ hJ 13 ESpf 1991 tm;,l x&Smw,f? ol rxEdik &f mS ygbl;? aq;\H/k a[m'Dae&mrSmwuf+yD; aooGm; rSe;f q+yD;om ygq,fy@kd c&hJ w,f? 1991 'ga=umifyh J ausmif;om;rsm;&J@ cspfcif
ckEpS /f rwfv 8 &ufae@rmS OD;ndK0if; usaemfu az;rwGx J +l yD; xkid af y;&w,f? +yD? tJ'g rif;odvm;? ol@ukd bmvkyv f u kd f ckEpS /f rwfv (1)&ufae@ tif;pdeaf q;\Hk av;pm;r_udk cH,l&&Sdoljzpfw,f? ol@
uG,v f eG cf w hJ ,f? etz ppftpd;k &&J@ Edik if H acgif;u rxlEikd af wmh? Zufu usKd;us vJ’æ wJ?h zH;k uG,zf @dk usaemf róu;d pm; xkwfvmrSyJ awG@cGifh&ygawmhw,f? oGijf yifu &nfreG , f Ofaus; aysmah ysmif;[ef
a&;tusO;f orm;b0eJ@ tif;pdet f usO;f ae+yD? yg;pyfu c|Jovdyef @J oGm;&nfawG awmhyg? tkwfusif;tdrfuae ac:oGm;wkef;u &Sad yr,hf vufawG@rmS ‘wH;k qdk wdu k -f
axmifrmS csKyfaESmifcx H m;&mu uG,v f eG f ,dpk rd u
hf saew,f? puULEkEak v;awGe@J 'v ‘[kwu f hJ odygw,f? ol@ukd }uHawm use;f rma&;aumif;aeao;wJh udn k Kd 0if; usm;qkd udu k ’f r,hf vlpm;rsKd;jzpfw,f?
cJw h mjzpfw,f? pyf wd@k ow k af y;ae&w,f? pum;udk us,f rSmoç*[f+yD; ol@òrd@o;kH cGrmS t\d;k td;k *loiG ;f [m vaygi;f 20 avmuft=umrSm aq;\Hk 88 ta&;awmfyu kH mvrSm ‘ppf+yD;
tck 2004 ckEpS /f rwfv 8 &ufae@ us,f rajymEdik &f mS yg? pum;vH;k awG oJuJG xm;ygw,f’vd@k yJ ajz&ygawmhw,f? a&mufvm+yD; aoqH;k oGm;&awmhw,f? acwfEiS v hf w G v f yfa&;acwf ausmif;om;
qk&d if OD;ndK0if;uG,v f eG w f m 13 ESpjf ynfh yDor_ r&Sad wmhb;l ? ol@v#mudk rxde;f ole@J pum;ajymwJt h cgrSm ol@yg;pyf a&m*guawmh tom;0geJ@ yg;apmif a[mif;rsm;’tzG@J rmS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJw h ,f?
cJ+h yD? OD;ndK0if;twGuf tvGr;f pm tvGr;f ausmif;om;awG&@J 'Dru kd a&pDawmif;qdrk _
uAsmzG@J & a0&ygr,f? OD;ndK0if;[m 'Dru kd udk axmufct H m;ay;cJw h ,f? &yfuu G f
a&pD&&Sad &;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&if; uG,f
nHZH
awGrmS ppftm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &;w&m;
vGefoGm;cJhwmjzpfw,f? OD;ndK0if;u yGaJ wG vSnv fh nfa[majymcJw h ,f? Ekid if H
a&$usi+f rdK@ Zmwd? tz OD;usipf rG ;f / trd a&;ygwDawG zG@J ciG &hf wJt h cgrSm ‘jynfol@
a':pef;&ifw@kd uae 1932 ckEpS /f rwfv wd;k wufa&;ygwD’ wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rª;eJ@
24 &ufae@u a&$usiòf rd@rmS arG;zGm;w,f? ‘'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyf ('rz)’
arG;csif;oH;k a,mufxrJ mS t}uD;qH;k om; &J@ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;wm0efawGukd
jzpfw,f? a&$usiòf rd@ tpd;k &txufwef; xrf;aqmifcw hJ ,f?
ausmif;uae owWrwef; atmifjrifchJ 1991 ckEpS /f rwfv 10 &ufae@rmS
w,f? aemuf yJc;l òrd@ukd ajymif;a&$@c+hJ yD;/ udn k Kd 0if;udk aemufq;kH awG@jrifc&hJ w,f?
yJc;l òrd@ trsK;d om;txufwef;ausmif;rSm }uHawmocsKôi;f a&cJwu kd rf mS jzpfygw,f?
ynmqufvufoif=um;w,f? 1953 ckEpS f touf&iS v f suaf wmhr[kw?f \kyt f avmif;
rSm wuUov kd 0f ifwef; atmifjrifcw hJ ,f? udk oGm;a&mufjyifqifay;jcif;om? &Syjf zL
&efukefwuUodkvfrSm qufvufynm vuf&n S /f wdu k yf /kH a,mykq;kd tndK/ om;
qnf;yl;cJw h ,f? &efuek w f uUov kd f ‘tif;0’ a&zdeyfw@kd EiS hf udn k Kd 0if;[m wnf+idrcf ef@
ausmif;aqmifrmS aexdik cf w hJ ,f? taqmif nm;oyf&yfaeygw,f? ol@cspZf eD; a':pef;
‘o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;’ tr_aqmif E$@J (pma&;q&mr rpef;yGi)fh &J@ qENt&
tjzpfaqmif&u G cf whJ ,f? ‘wuo’twGi;f tvGr;f yef;yGiahf wGukd ol@\yk cf E<may: jzef@
a&;rª;wm0efuv kd nf; ,lczhJ ;l w,f? }uJ ac|csay;cJ&h w,f? aºuvGi&hf mS ol&@J
udn k Kd0if;udk touf&iS v f suf aemuf \kyt f avmif;ay:udk py,fyiG jfh zLjzLawGe@J
qH;k awG@cw hJ m[m ‘tif;pde’f aq;\H}k uD;rSm ESi;f qD yGizhf w/f yGichf syfawG ac|csjzef@}uJ
jzpfygw,f? 1991 ckESpf/ rwfv 3 odr;f Edik af wmhb;l ? wHawG;eJ@a&udak wmif em;uyf+yD; renf; em;pdu k af xmifc&hJ yg uifqmygwJ?h yk'rf uawmh 10(u)ygwJ?h &if; ol@rsuEf mS udk aemufq;kH taeeJ@ w0
&ufae@/ udn k Kd 0if; aq;\Hak &mufvmyHu k rsKdrcsEdik ?f tpmeJ@a&udk ESmacgif;ydu k ef @J w,f? olu quf+yD; æ udkndK0if;[m usaemfhxuf ESpf }uD; pl;pku d =f unfah erdw,f? oluawmh
rxl;qef;vSyg? a&m*gu|rf;rS tif;pdef oGif;ay;ae&+yD? jrifuGif;u =unfhr ‘ig wywftwGi;f 'Dvjkd zpfomG ;wm trsm;}uD;apm+yD; wuUov kd af &mufae rod&mS awmh? ole@J usaemfe@J ESpaf ,muf
aq;\Hu k kd xkwv f mwmjzpfw,f? tJ'aD e@ aumif;awmh? tqd;k 0g;qH;k tajctaeudk yJ? vnfacsmif;em+y;D yg;apmifrmS tusw d f oljzpfw,f? tpfu}kd uD;eJ@ nDi,fozG,f xJom }uaH wmtat;cef;xJrmS ? vdrq fh if;
rSmyJ udn k Kd 0if;udk jrifawG@o&d zdS ;l ol aq;\Hk azmfjyaew,f? wcsed u f 0if;vufawmuf jzpfw,f? a&00 rcsKd;&/ roHk;&awmh qufqaH &;&So d vdk usaemfw@kd &@J ausmif; vmwJrh su&f nfwaygufukd odr;f qnf;&if;
0efxrf; q&m0efav;wa,mufu ol@ ycJw h hJ rsufvk;H tpHk[m r_e&f aD zsmhawmh tylawGatmif;+y;D jzpfwm? bmaq;0g;rS om;acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfw,f? usaemf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifb0wkef;u
rdom;pkukd ta=umif;=um;ay;cJw h ,f? ppf tm;enf;ae=u+yD? ryGiw hf yGihf tòyH;csKcd sKd r&Sb d ;l ? tusdwu f temjzpf jynfw,f/ wuUov kd af &mufawmh udn k Kd 0if;u xif tm%mydik t f yk pf ;kd olrsm;udk pdeaf c:wJh &J&J
tpk;d &&J@ ‘wm0ef&o dS ’l qdo k rl sm;u b,f av;awG rzl;yGiEhf ikd af wmh? i,f\yk af ysmuf tpma& r0ifawmh 'Duakd &mufvmwmyJ’ &Sm;wJah cgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfae+y?D xdpk Ofu awmufred @f ceG ;f awGajymcJw h hJ udknKd 0if;
aomtcgurS wm0efoo d d ta=umif; +yD; tom;t&nfu yGa,mif;a,mif;/ udn k Kd 0if;wa,muf a&wdref pf&mS ‘wuo’ (&efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om; yH&k yd af wGukd jrifa,mifvmrdygw,f? yH&k yd f
=um;ay;wm r&Scd yhJ gbl;? jynfo@l tusKd; jzL0g0g/ qHyifawGu azG;azG;v_yv f @kd ? vl awmhr,fqw dk mudk usaemfoabmayguf rsm;or*~)eJ@ udn k Kd 0if;u qufpyfae awGu tajy;tv$m;0ifa&mufv@kd æ?
aqmifoal wGukd jynforl sm;u ulnaD vh acsmwa,mufjzpfcw hJ hJ udn k Kd 0if;vk@d ajym vdkufyg+yD? cktajctaea&mufrSawmh w,f? udv k ekd yD nma&;pepf qef@usiaf &;/ - 1958 ckEpS f ‘ynma&;ES;D aESm
&Syd gw,f? wm0efoo d w l a,muf&@J ulnrD _ &if ,HkEkid pf &m r&S?d &S&d if;pGt J oufe@J bmrS rwwfEikd af wmhyg? uarmufur ynma&;pepf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ zvS,yf ’JG jrifuiG ;f æ
a=umifh ol@ro d m;pku odcd iG &hf cJo h nf? udn k Kd \ky&f nfu rvdu k zf uf/ tdpk mvGe;f aew,f? ‘igh&ifx/J 0rf;xJu ylvu kd wf m? z&J trsKd;om;ynma&;pepf ay:xGe;f a&;eJ@ - 'dk;ywfoòH rdiòf rdief @J wuo a&G;
0if;&J@ aemufq;kH ae@ukd vufrwifav;/ &ifxrJ mS eifah eatmif/h rcsad tmifcpH m;ae oD; csKcd sKad t;at;av; pm;csiv f ukd wf m? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJ aumufyjJG rifuiG ;f æ
tcsed rf aD v; touf&iS v f suf aemufq;kH &wJ=h um;u usaemf tm;wif;[efaqmif a[m'Davmuf tvH;k }uD;udk pm;csiw f m’ a&;udk ausmif;om;xku wcJeufawmif; - wuUokv d af umifpv D l}uD; a&G;
qHak wG@ciG &hf cJyh gw,f? uHaumif;w,fv@dk +yD; òyH;jyrdw,f? tòyH;wku yDjyifrmS r[kwf vufe@J yHko¿mefvkyjf y&Smonf? rwfv qkad ewJt h csde/f ‘wuo’ udk udn k Kd 0if; aumufyjJG rifuiG ;f æ
ajym&rvm; rod? ygbl;? vufeufuikd f tapmifph pfom;awG aEGtylxuf ol@&ifxu J tylu yd+k yD; jyif; wd@k O;D aqmifr_ ay;aecsdejf zpfw,f? - armfvòrdiaf umvdyaf ygif;pHk aqG;
ol@ro d m;pku tif;pdeaf q;\Hu k o dk mG ; u udn k Kd 0if;udk apmif=h uyfae&muae xefaevdrrhf ,f? udnk Kd 0if;[m 1954 ckEpS u f p+yD; aEG;yGjJ rifuiG ;f æ
+yD; tm%mydik t f apmifah wGukd twif; usaemfw@kd ajympum;awGukd tm\Hpk u kd ef m; udnk Kd 0if;b0 ae0ifawmhrmS udk od 1960 ckEpS t f xd ‘Auo’(ArmEdik if v H ;kH - 1960 ckEpS f (6) }udraf jrmuf
t=uyfajymqdk+yD;rS awG@qkcH iG /hf ðypkciG hf axmif rSwo f m;ae=uw,f? ayr,fh óu;d pm;tm;ay;+y;D jyefc&hJ ygw,f? qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzG@J csKyf) ‘Auo’ nDvmcHjrifuiG ;f æ
awmif;cJ&h w,f? ‘b,fvo kd wd mvJ/ b,f uknd Kd 0if;u ol@use;f rma&;ta=umif; tJ'jD rifuiG ;f udk usaemft h aeeJ@ 'Dwouf tr_aqmifjzpfcw hJ ,f? ‘wuo’ taxGaxG - 1961 ckEpS f ‘wuo’ESpf 30
olajymwmvJ’qkdwJhar;cGef;awGeJ@ ppf rajymbJ ‘pdef0if;b,fa&mufoGm;vJ arhEikd af wmhrmS r[kwyf gbl;? twGi;f a&;rª;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&u G cf zhJ ;l jynfheJ@ yOPrt}udrfausmif;om;yGJawmf
aq;=uao;w,f? rdom;pkuvGv J @dk awG@qkH odvm;’ qkw d ahJ r;cGe;f eJ@ pwifcw hJ ,f? ol@rdom;pkuawmh ol@uG,f&mrSm w,f? udn k Kd 0if;wk@d ‘wuo’a&G;aumufyJG jrifuiG ;f rsm; æ
cGirhf ðya=umif;/ w}udru f kd wOD;omawG@ usaemfu a'gufwmpde0f if; Edik if jH cm; usdw+f yD; rsuf&nfusae=u+yD? udpk ed 0f if; 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydiw f EhJ pS u
f olw@kd atmifEikd f onfwek ;f u udn k Kd 0if;u yGaJ wmf
qHEk ikd af =umif; bmnmeJ@ aemufq;kH rv$J xGuo f mG ;+yDv@dk =um;&wJt h a=umif; ajz qH;k wJo h wif;=um;xJu ol@ro d m;pku ol@ a&;twGuf usaemfw@kd u ulnóD u;d yrf; twGuf ‘uyGaJ umfrwD’OuUÏ? at0rf;
omawmhrS awG@qckH iG ahf y;cJyh gw,f? usaemf awmh æ twGuf pd;k &drpf w d ef @J usw
d if akd e=u&wmyg? ay;cJ=h uw,f? ‘SUF’ ausmif;om;nD!w G f
uHaumif;pGm rdom;pk0iftjzpfe@J w}udrf ‘[m tJ'D a'gufwmpde0f if;udk ajym udnk Kd 0if;udk 1989 ckEpS /f ZGev f 18 &uf a&;wyfO;D OuUÏtjzpfvnf; wm0ef,cl hJ pmrsuEf mS (7) aumfvH (4)odŒk æ

Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0on

0onf
á owif;pOf (10) trSwf (56)

88 rwfvausmif;om;ta&;tcif;ESihf &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyuHk Okd ;D aqmifcohJ l ausmif;om;acgiaf qmif rif;udEk ikd .f (42)ESpjf ynfah rG;ae@
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif ukad X;ºu,G jf yefvnfvwG af jrmuf Edik if wH umwGiuf si;f y
om,m0wD tusOf;axmiftwGi;f
ESp&f n S af xmif'%fuscaH e&aom ukad X;ºu,f etz tusOf;axmift
('k-OuUÏ jrefrmEkid if v H ;H k qkid &f m ausmif;om; wGi;f (15) ESp=f um tusOf;cs
or*~ jyefvnfz@JG pnf;a&;aumfrwD r- xm;jcif;cHxm;&aom ArmEdkif
u-o-z) onf atmufwb dk mv (26) vHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;
&ufae@ ae@vnfyidk ;f wGif tif;pdeAf [kd or*~ OuUÏudrk if;udEk ikd f (ac:)
tusOf ; axmif } uD ; rS jyefvnfvGwf udkay:OD;xGe;f . (42)ajrmuf
ajrmufvmcJah =umif;ukd owif;&&So d nf? arG;ae@ukd atmufwb kd m (18)
ukad X;ºu,fonf 1988 ckEpS rf wfv &ufae@u urBmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;&Sd
(16)&uf &efukef0dZ…m-ody`HwuUokdvf tzG J @ tpnf ; toD ; oD ; wd k @ wG i f
ausmif;om;qENjyr_EiS hf wHwm;eDta&; trSww f &crf;em;pGm usif;ychJ
tcif;udk OD;aqmifco hJ w l OD;jzpf+yD;/ rwf =ua=umif; od&onf? udrk if;
v(17)&uf &efuek w f uUov dk w f iG f oydwf udEk ikd o
f nf 1988 pufrw _ uU
ES p f & S n f a xmif ' %f u scH c J h & aom ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif uk d a X;ºuG , f
pcef;zGiu hf m rqvtpk;d &tm; oydwf odv
k Yf pwifay:aygufchJ aom
arSmufru _ Odk ;D aqmifco hJ nfh wk;d wufaom tm%modr;f +yD;aemuf 'DZifbmv (28) axmifwiG f tusO;f usaepOftwGi;f ,ck rwfv zke;f armfta&;awmfykH ausmif ; om;rsm;or*~
wuUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;tzG@J (wwz) &ufwiG ðf yvkyo f nfh e0wESih f ausmif;om; ESp/f azazmf0g&Dv (24)&ufae@u om t+yD; qufwu dk jf zpfay:cJah om OuUÏrif;ukdEkdif
.wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&u G f rsm;awG@qkHyGJwGifukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ,m0wDaq;\kH}uD;okd@ ta&;ay:wuf ausmif;om;ta&; tcif;rsm;
cJo h lvnf; jzpfonf? wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1989 Zefe0g&DvwGif a&mufum (tpmtdr/f tlr}uD;ESihf tl wGif ausmif;om;xkw&yfvk;H udk &J&ifh cJo h lvnf; jzpfonf?
1988-rwfv (22) &ufae@wiG f ppf jrefrmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*~ twufw@kd ukd tcsuaf ygif;&mausmf cJpG w d f wufºupGm acgif;aqmifyg0ifvy_ &f Sm;cJh udrk if;udEk ikd t
f m; ppftyk pf u k 1989
axmufvrS ;f a&; wk@d . zrf;qD;jcif;cH&+yD; jyefvnfz@J G pnf;a&;aumfrwD (All Burma ukor_ccH &hJ +yD;/ tajctaeykrd dk qk;d &Gm;vm olwOD;jzpfonf? rwfv(23)&ufae@wiG f zrf;qD;cJ+h yD; yk'rf
Zlvidk f (7)&ufwiG f jyefvnfvw G af jrmuf Students' Union Re-establishment ojzifh azazmf0g&D (28) &ufwiG f tif;pdef 1988 ta&;awmfyakH y:aygufcsdef (124)jzifh axmif'%f 15 ESpf csrSwcf hJ
vm+yD; Ekid if v H ;Hk u|wf taxGaxG oydwf Committee) jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&mwGif aq;\k}H uD;ok@d ajymif;a&G@uo k cJ&h ol jzpf wGif udrk if;ukEd idk o f nf &efuek w f uUov kd f onf? xd@k aemuf ,cktcsdet f xd yk'rf
qifEEJ$ idk af &;twGuf jrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m 'k O uU Ï tjzpf w m0ef , l c J h o nf ? 1989 onf? owWaA' wwd,ESpf ausmif;om;wOD; 10-u jzifh &ckid jf ynfe,f/ bl;oD;awmif
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru dk a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ; tm%mzDqefa&; vlxw k u dk yf rJG sm;/ 1990 use;f rma&;tajctae qk;d &Gm;ae jzpf+yD; yxrt}udrjf yefvnfz@JG pnf;aom tusO;f axmifwiG f qufvuf zrf;qD;xm;
r_tpnf;t&k;H (ru')udk 1988 Zlvidk f ppfreS af oma&G;aumufyJG jzpfajrmufa&; pOf ukad X;ºu,f.rdom;pku ppftyk pf u k kd jrefrmEdkiif v
H k;H qdki&f m ausmif;om;rsm; qJjzpfonf?
(28)&ufae@wGifzGJ@pnf;um ru'. ESihf 'Dru
dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm; atmifEid k af &; jyefvw $ af y;&ef arwWm&yfccH ahJ omfvnf; or*~wiG f OuUÏtjzpf a&G;aumufwif rif;udkEdkifonf ,ae@tcsdeftxd
'kOuUÏtjzpf &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyHk wd@k twGuf óu;d yrf;aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? rnfo@dkraS qmif&u G jf cif;rðybJ yk'rf 10(u) ajrm‡ ufjcif; cHc&hJ onf? wygwDtm%m&Sif Edik if w
H umrScs;D jri‡ o hf nfh *k%x
f ;l aqmifqk
twGuf wkdif;jynfudk v_H@aqmfpnf;\kH; 1991 ZGev f wGif ppftyk pf . k zrf;qD; jzifh qufvufxed ;f odr;f xm;cJo h nf? pepfðzwfcsa&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pD&iS o
f efazmf (4)qkukd &&Sx d m;onf?
cJo h nf? jcif;ukcd &H +yD; 'DZifbm (30)wGif yk'rf ,cktcg yk'rf 10(u) Oya't& aqmifa&;wdu k yf rJG sm;udk t"du OD;aqmif Ð
xd@k aemuf ausmif;om;xk nD!w G f 5(n)/ 19(u) jzifh axmif'%f (15)ESpf axmif'%fEpS af phI jyefvnf vGwaf jrmuf
a&;ESit hf a&;awmfyt Hk &Sed jf riS hf vkyaf qmif tjypfay;cHc&hJ onf? 1§93 t& axmif vma=umif; od&onf? a&SŒzk;H pmrsuEf mS (1)rS tqufæ
Ekid af &;twGuf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif '%f(10) ajymif;vJcI hJ 1999 {+yDv udak X;ºu,fonf 1988 rwfv ravsmu f efaomenf;vrf;jzifh =oZmv$r;f csuf pojzifh 'gawGtay:rSm tajccHwm
119 OD; aumfrwDz@JGpnf;cJ+h y;D aumfrwD. (30) &ufae@wiG f vGwaf jrmuf&rnf jzpf wHwm;eD ta&;tcif;ESih f pyfvsO;f I bDbpD D rd k ; +cd r f ; ajcmuf j cif ; wk d @ rvk y f E d k i f & ef yg? vly*k Kd~ vftay:rSm tajcrcHygbl;?
OD;aqmiftzG@J 0ifwOD;tjzpf trsKd;om; aomfvnf; Ekid if aH wmfvòkH cHa&; Oya' owif;axmufc&pPwzdk m*g;eufEiS hf awG@ jzpfonf[q k cdk +hJ y;D trsK;d om;nDvmcH tyg 'gayr,fv h @kd tck wdik ;f &if;om;awGe@J ywf
=um;jzwftpk;d &zG@J pnf;a&; aqmif&u G rf _ yk'rf 10(u)jzifh ig;ESpcf x JG yfrH uscHc&hJ qkHum rqvtm%m&Sifwkd@.,kwfrm t0if etzua&;qGJxm;onfh 'Drdku oufv@kd qv kd @dk&&dS ifvnf; vly*k Kd~ vftay:rSm
wGif OD;aqmifyg0ifco hJ nf? onf? =urf;ñuwfyw Hk @dk udk a&'D,rdk wS qifh jynfol a&pDazmfaqmifa&; rl0g'vrf;pOf (7) tajccHwhJ tydik ;f awG&w dS ,f? olw@kdu odyf
pufwifbmv (18)&uf ppfwyfu uk d a X;ºu,f o nf om,m0wD vlxu k dk today;wifjycJo h v
l nf; jzpfonf? &yfukd qufvuftaumiftxnfazmf +yD;awmh tpGt J vef;=uD;w,f? 'golw@kd e@J
oGm;rnf[k qko d nf? xd@k tjyif typf cifrif&if;ESD;+yD;awmh tvkyfjzpfaewJh
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udok uf0if;atmifukd tcwf&yfpx J m;onfh wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J tydik ;f uae+yD;awmh vlpm;wa,muf0if
tpnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf; rl0g'ajymif;vJjcif;r vm&if vG,v f ,G ef @J jy\em&Si;f Edik w
f hJ tydik ;f
t*FvefEikd if uH *k%ðf y a&;qGxJ m;+yD; w&m;0ifziG vhf pS cf ohJ nf? ðybJ qufvufvuf wGo
oGi;f ajym=um; cJo h nf?
J mG ;rnf[k xnfh awGvnf;&So d vd/k &Si;f vd@k rvG,w
vnf; &S&d if&rdS ,f? txmodz@kd vw
f mawG
kd maygh?
,leAD mpDwrD S a'gufwm&St0kd vDu 0ef}uD;csKKyftopfcef@tyf+yD; ppf ol@bufu, kd b hf ufu/kd tJ'g txmysuo f mG ;
,ckv*kd % k ðf y&jcif;rSm 'Dru kd a&pDta&; aumifpt D wGi;f &mxl;ae&mtajymif; wJt h ydik ;f yg ’[k ajym=um;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif
wkud yf 0JG ifaeolrsm;tm; urBmu vspv f sL tvJrsm; jzpfay:cJah omfvnf; etz. etz xdyfydkif;AdkvfcsKyfrsm;jzpfvmol
\_xm;jcif;r&So d nfukd jyor_jzpfa=umif; EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'udk ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd Adv
k cf sKyfa&$ref;/ Adv k cf sKyf pk;d 0if;/ Adv k cf sKyf
ajym=um;cJo h nf? qufvufusifo h ;Hk oGm;rnf[k qko d nf? ode;f pde/f Akv d cf sKyf wifatmifjrihOf ;D / Adv k f
tcrf;tem;od@k wuUov kd rf S ygarmuQ 0ef}uD;csKyfopf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;pk;d 0if;u csKyf ausm0f if;ESihf Adv k cf sKyf wifat;wk@d
rsm;/ v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;/ vl@tcGihf vnf; etzppftpd;k &udk usif0h wfou d mQ onf Adv k cf sKyfrª;}uD; oef;a&$. pdwóf uu d f
ta&;v_y&f mS ;olrsm; wufa&mufc=hJ u csK;d azmufr/_ azmufvaJ$ zmfjyefrE_ iS hf vmbf vuf&;Hk rsm;jzpfonft h wGuf olcikd ;f or#
a=umif; od&onf? ay;vmbf,rl r_ sm;ESifh jynfot l ay:zdEydS rf _ vky=f urnfo h rl sm;omjzpfa=umif; owif;
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ukdouf0if;atmif. *k%fðyyGJtrSwfw&rSwfwrf;"mwfykH ud k o uf 0 if ; atmif o nf 9wef ; rsm; rusL;vGeo f nfh oef@&iS ;f xufjruf at*sifprD sm;ESifh ar;jref;cef;wGif ajym
ausmif;om;t&G,f 1998 pufwifbm onfh tpd;k &w&yftjzpf OD;wnftaumif =um;oGm;onf?
etz ppftusO;f axmifwiG f rw&m; ESi'hf rD u
dk a&pDtwGuf pGe@f vw $ tf epfemcH ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_Y a&G;aumufyGJ txnfazmfomG ;rnf[k qko d nf? 0ef}uD;csKyfopfjzpfvmol Adkvcf sKyf
zrf;qD;cHae&onfh ausmif;om;acgif; wduk yf 0JG ifco hJ nfh udo k uf0ifa;tmiftm; tEdkif&trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk ,ckvkd ppftyk pf t k wGi;f tuGt J +yJ }uD;pk;d 0if;. etztwGi;f a&;rª; (1)
aqmif udo k uf0if;atmifukd *k%ðf yonft h *k%ðf yonft h aejzifh &D'if;,leAD mpDw. D tm%mv$aJ y;&efEiS hf trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd }uD;rm;pGmjzpfay:vm+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf t ae&mwGif twGi;f a&;rª;(2) Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
aejzifh t*FvefEikd if H &D'if;,leAD mpDwuD ausmif;om;or*~ 'k-OuUÏtjzpf wif qef @ usif o nf h pm&G u f p mwrf ; rsm; ajymif;tvJ jzpfco hJ nft h ay: trsK;d om; ode;f pdeu f kd wm0efay;vdu k af =umif; etz
atmufwb k d m(28)&ufae@wiG f tcrf;tem; ajrm‡ ufco h J nf? tcrf;tem;wGif ,leAD mpDwD jzef@a0r_w@kd jzifh xdEk pS af tmufwb kd mwGif 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf ajymcGi&hf yk*Kd~ vf OD;vGif tzG@J . owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzG@J . a=unm
w&yf usif;ycJah =umif;od&onf? ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftOD;eH&YH udk tzrf;cHc&hJ +yd; axmif'%ftESp(f 60 ) u ‘t=urf;zsif;ajymvdk@&&Sd ifwmh 'gu csufwiG f azmfjyxm;onf?
xdt k crf;tem;wGif vl@tcGit hf a&; ouf0if;atmif.ykw H yl ef;csu
D m;}u;D udk ykaH zmf csrSwjf cif;cHc&hJ oljzpfonf?Ð awmh tpd;k &&J@ay:vpD/ tpd;k &&J@&nf&, G f Ð
jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0onf Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf
trSwf (56) áowif;pOf (11)
q,fESpfausmf a0;uGmae&onfh onfh abmfaiGa&mifa&jyifu oHviG u f kd a=umifyh gvm;[k avhvmtwk,&l onf?
oHviG u f adk wG@&awmh usaemfEh v
vd@k jrefvmonf? urf;pyfo@dk cyfou
S ;Hk ckeo

uav;vSr;f oGm;cg vufcyk jf zifh oHviG af &

G o
f H ykd
f uG f
ykrd v
dk @dk EkysLdaponf[k xif&onf? tJ'g
&efopl cef;yJ[k &JabmfwOD;u ajymvm
awmh jrpfqyd w f iG af &csK;d aeonfh t&m&Sd
Tc&D;um; tzk;d wefvo
&JabmfawGwnf&adS er_u awmfveS af &;
S nf? onfvdk

atmify&GJ @J tmrcHcsufjzpfw,fv@dk vnf; usaemfwkd@avxk&J@

&eH@
ukd tm;&yg;&cyf,+l yD; rsuEf mS qDo@dk tyf jzpf[efwo l wl OD;ESihf ol@uadk pmifah eonfh tcdkiftrm,kH=unfaerdonf? nbuf
vkud rf o d nf? ESp&f n
S vf rsm; uGu J mG aeonfh aoewfv, G xf m;onfh ppfom;wOD;ukd 0kid ;f zJ@G pum;ajym=uawmh rme,fyavm
v_id ;f awGudk
aqGrsKd;&if;jcmwOD;ESifh jyefawG@&onfh avSay:rS twdik ;f om;vSr;f jrifae&onf? rSm twlaecJzh ;l wJ@ &JabmfwOD;u OD;
ai;&if;eJ@om
&ifcrkH r_ sKd; cHpm;vku d &f onf? yg;jyifw EkysKrd E_ iS t
hf wl tusn;f wefwmawGvnf; onfa&mufawmh b,fvcdk pH m;&ovJv@kd
urf;yg;[m
av#muf at;jrr_ESit hf wl ESv;kH om;rSm &Sad eygayghvm;[k awG;rdonf? ar;vmonf? ol[molar;&if;/ ol[mol
ESpqf jrifv h mcJw
h ,f?
aEG;vmaeonfukd owdxm;rdonf? 0J,m pufavSum;a&jyifrmS &Syw f udk If ajzonf? usaemfw@dk rmS rme,fyavmawG
wavsmuf oHviG . f tqkeEf iS hf tqefudk ajy;qJ? ,cifausmif;om; wyfrawmf trsm;}uD;yg? rme,fyavmwckus&if
a=omf
vSr;f ar#m=f unfrh od nf? oHviG u f awmh pD;+rJ XmecsKyf a'gif;*Gi/f tJet f ,fv'f D tv,f ESpcf kjzpfatmif vkyrf ,f? aemufq;kH rSm
uHiifyrHk sm;
pD;aeygvm;qko d nft h odu rSwrf w S x f if ykdif;wkdif; carmufawmifpcef;wkd@um; wEkid if v H ;kH ukd rme,fyavm jzpfap&r,f
*vkyb f ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f 0if;ycsderf S
xif &S&d onf? vloal exkid cf zhJ ;l onfqo dk nfh o\kyo f uef ajymaecku d rf mS ol@rsuEf mS u wnf=unf+y;D
vljzpfcw hJ ahJ umif
Ek0d ifbmv (1)&ufae@rmS ausmif;om; trSwftom; bmwckrSrusefawmh? av;eufaeonf?
“rGejf rwfwhJ txD;useq f efr”_ eJ@ aew,f?
wyfrawmf zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifonfh (16) awmtwd jyefjzpfae+yD? ukad rmifarmif nbuftyd &f m0ifawmh c&D;OD;yef;
ESpaf jrmufae@ jzpfonf? vl@abmifopfygwD wdwu f twdwu f \kyyf v
Hk m$ awGudk a&&Gwf vmayr,fh awmfawmfe@J tyd rf aysm/f rkid ;f xd
ta[mif;tjrif;}uD;yg qkw
d hJ
,kx
H ifa=umifxift=unfh
cspfoal wmif arG;wwfvmw,f?

rdwaf qG
a[m'Db0rSm
ae&if;xkdif&if;
tapmfum;cHczhJ ;l ygovm;
'D wwd,v_id ;f acwfu

&JxÉG f odyvf ,
G wf ,f uk,

a[m'DumvrSm
d v
hf ?l

ajymcsifovkad jym+yD;
eufuwkid f pD;wwfwmu
“ru'wonf awmfvSefa&;wnf;[laom yef;yJzkdwGif wpxuf rk;d cg;a&awGyg? ?
wp/ xkom;ayom;usvsuf oHr%dtoGif ul;ajymif;vmcJhonf?”
yGio
hf pf (u&deu
f ef)

rS uk, d OfaxG;/ ukad iGvif;wk@d EiS t fh wl arG; jrnfwrf;aecku d rf Sm ru'wqufo, G f +y;D ajcjywfaewJh ru'w &Jabmfav;rsm;
ae@tcrf;tem;wufa&mufz@dk ausmif; a&;wm0efcH uk[ d ef0if;atmifu usaemfh ajympum;ukd owd&aerdonf? 1992 'Da'orSmyJ wku d yf 0JG if&if; usqk;H cJ&h wJh twGi;f a&;rª; &Jabmfausmu f t dk m; csw D uf
om;wyfrawmfXmecsKyfo@dk oHviG jf rpfudk tem; òyH;òyH;/ òyH;òyH;ESihf wk;d vmonf? ckEpS u f aemfaw;cHppfa=umif;rSm ajcw &Jabmf qef;vif;atmifEiS h f &Jabmf0if;ausmf tav;ðyawmh usaemfu uifr&mwvk;H
usaemfw@dk qefwuf=u&onf? vGecf ahJ om wckck ajymcsirf eS ;f odI uk[ d ef0if;atmif zufay;vku d &f wJh 212 wyf&if;u &Jabmf wk@d udk usaemfarhr&? i,fysKd&, G Ef ak om jzifh tcrf;tem;udk rSww f rf;wifaerd
q,fpkESpaf usmfu 'Dae&mrSm v_y&f Sm; bm ajymcsiv f @dkv[ J k ar;rdonf? tuk}d u;D urfy;l csm;ac: armifarmifoef;/ 1998 olw@dk rsuEf mS av;awG wa&;a&;ay:vm onf? *k%ðf ywyfz@JG rª;u opPm"dÏmef (4)
oGm;vmcJ=h uwmawGudk owdr&bJraeEkid ?f [krd mS =unfph rf;qkv d @dk vSr;f =unfv h u dk af wmh a'gif;cGiw f u dk yf rJG mS &Jabmfr;kd rif;? 2002 aeonf? xGyD g;bD;G usK;d wku d yf u
JG mvwke;f csufq&dk ef wyfut dk rde@f ay;vdu k o f nf?
rme,fyavm/ jrpfq/Hk awmfvx J / a'gif;*Gi/f Arm bufurf;aomifjyifay:rSm 0g;vk;H {+yDvrSm &Jabmf&efEkid pf k;d ? ylylaEG;aEG; u oò*ôvcf o hJ nfh ru'wtvHawmf v$r;f 1? igwd@k onf Edik if aH wmfEiS hf wkid ;f &if;
carmufawmifpcef; 0J}u;D ponf ponf? wkad v;rsm;ukid +f yD; ajyv$m;ppfwu dk w f rf; tckEpS f 2004 rwfvrSm ajcjzwfvu dk &f òcHxm;wJh olw@dk \yk u f vyfrsm;. oef@pifreG f om;jynforl sm;tay: opPm&Syd grnf?
wcsK@d vyk af zmfuidk zf ufrsm;vnf; r&Sad wmh upm;ae=uwJh uav;wodu k u f d k awG@vu dk f wJh wyf&if;(9)u touf (19)om&Sd jrwfru _ v
dk nf; tav;tjrwfðy&onf? 2? igwdk@onf 'Drku d a&pDawmfvSef
usq;Hk uke+f yD? ukv d aS z (aysmzf , G t f rwf)/ onf? rJaqmufw@dk / csi;f rkid w f @dk rmS uav; ao;wJh &Jabmfav;atmifo&l ? olw@dk ru'w (16)ESpo f ufwrf;twGi;f us a&;wGif usq;Hk oGm;aom tmZmenfo&l J
ukjd rifah Zmf (vl@abmifopfOuUÏ) wk@d ESihf awGu wDA*DG rd ;f upm;w,f? 'DrmS awmh av;awG. pOfqufrjywftepfemcHr_/ qk;H §aoqk;H §'%f&m&olaygif;(942)OD; aumif;rsm;tay: opPm&Syd grnf?
twl 0J}uD;udk uvvw 'kOuUÏESihf oGm; 0g;vk;H eJ@ppfwu dk w f ,f[ak jym+yD; csucf si;f uk, d cf ENmay;vSLr_u ausmif;om;wyfr &S+dS yD? eufjzefusif;yrnfh tcrf;tem;rSm 3? igwdk@onf 'Drku d a&pDawmfvSef
awG@wm rSwfrSwfxifxif &SdvSonf? yJ jyefvn S x hf u G o f mG ;onf? uk[ d ef0if; awmf. udk,fusKd;pGef@tepfemcHaom olw@dk av;awG&@J 0dnmOfawG[m a&muf a&;tay: opPm&SI d txufraS y;tyf
ukv d aS zu befaumufrmS usq;Hk +y;D / ukjd rihf atmifu 1991 ckEpS u f wyfr[m (3) ol&aJ umif;yDoaom ydki;f jzwfr&_ aSd om av&mt&yfu yso H ef;vm=u+y;D ru'w aomtrde@f EiS hf wm0efrsm;udk ausyGepf mG
aZmfu r,faumhrkdifrSm usqkH;onf? EGm;av;ckpd cef;rSm usaemfe@J twl wm0ef oauFwtrSwt f om;rsm; jzpfonf? tvHawmfuv dk i$ xhf =l u&mrSm opPmt"dÏmef xrf;aqmifygrnf?
uvvw 'kOuUÏuawmh vGKd ifaumfrSm usz;l onfu h dk rarh/ ol@qufqaH &;u aEG; tcuftcJ b,favmuf}uD;rm;ygap? ðy&mrSm csDwuftav;ðy=u&mrSmyg0if 4? igwdk@onf 'Drku d a&pDawmfvSef
etzESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;ukd OD;aqmif axG; v_u d v f v SJ Sonf? ,H=k unfru _ d k rpGe@f vw $ ?f zdtm;b,favmuf ae=urSmtrSeyf gyJ[k ,k=H unfaerdonf? a&; atmifjrifonftxd toufpGef@
aeonf? wcsdeu f &Jabmf&b J ufrsm;ay ru'w A[kad &mufawmh/ rme,f rsm;ygap }uH@}uH@c&H yfwnfq?J ru'w eHeuf tcrf;tem;pawmh ESi;f ruJG wduk yf oJG mG ;&ef opPmt"dÏmefðyygonf?
r,fh b0awGujcm;oGm;+y?D wcsK@d u &Siu f /JG yavm aexkid rf b _ 0ukd rvGr;f b/J rwrf; onf awmfveS af &;wnf;[laom yef;yJzdk ao;? pOfjrifah y:u cGyaf 'gif;tvHum; owdq&JG if; opPm"dÏmefqadk eaom
wcsKd@u aouG?J wbJ raeEkid ?f aEG;axG;ysLiSmaom/ [ef wGif wpxufwp xkom;ayom;usvsuf avrSmwvlv0l v J su?f ppfa&;jyuGi;f 0J,m &Jabmfav;. rsufEmS ay:&Sd ckid rf mjywf
oHviG &f @J a&qefvrf;av;wavsmuf aqmifru _ if;aom/ v_u d v f yJS iG v hf if; aom oHr%dtoGif ul;ajymif;vmcJo h nf? ,lteJ f wavsmufrmS r[mrdwrf sm;&Gm ol&mG om; om;r_/ wnf=unfav;eufrr_ sm;u us
avSp;D &onfu oufawmifh oufom qufqaH &;awGu cGet f m;opfrsm; wk;d av#mufwu hJ pd aP wGqD pum;a&mufomG ; rsm;/ &Jabmf&aJ rrsm;jzifh jynfah eonf? aemhf tm\kt H m;vk;H ukd pkpnf;xm;vku d f
&Spd +rJ? aeyl&eSd jf yif;ayr,fh !if;nH@n@H yGm;vmaponf? b,foal wG bmyJajym awmh pkdif;xD;qkdif&J@ raecsifoGm;aygh txl;ojzifh jzLeDjym0g oifwikd ;f ud, k pf ED iS hf ovkd &So d nf? ol@rsuEf mS uGuu f uG u f dk rdrd
avajyat;. pGrJ ufz, G tf xdtawG@u ajym/ bmyJvyk v f yk f olw@dk wawGu vuf rwm;ygbl; qkw d mvkyd gyJw?hJ b,fo@l udk u&ifysKdjzLwd@k . v_y&f mS ;[efu tcrf; &&csed ,f &l if; uifr&mcvkwu f dk ESyd cf svu dk f
,cifuvkd ,pfr;l apEkid w f ek ;f yif? 0J,m awG@u, dk u f sL;d pGe@f tepfemcHaeonf? puUe@f rS ruef@uu G yf gbl;wJ?h olw@kduawmh olw@dk tem;udk ykrd o kd pfviG af wmufyaponf? rdonf?
wavsmuf pdr;f pkad eonfah wmtkyrf sm;/ wkid ;f rdepfwidk ;f rSm olw@dk &@J awmfveS af &; vkyEf idk wf b hJ ufu qufvyk af eOD;r,f[k aq;wHuckd +J yD; vG,t f wd af b;wapmif; cGyaf 'gif;um;avrSm 0JaeqJ
&pfoidk ;f auG@0idk ;f aeonfh jrpfw\k;d / a&tus b0u t"dym` ,f&adS eonf? Ttcsuf qko d nf? wyfr[m(2) txl;a'o tajc vG,x f m;aom zxD;wd@k tiftm;rSmvnf; oHviG af &um; pD;aeqJ?
wGif ay:vmpðyae+yDjzpfonfh ausmuf rsm;u olw@dkwawG&@J uk, d u hf , dk u f , dk =kH unf cHa'oazmfxw k af &;rSm 1996 ckEpS u f renf;? uGr;f wòrH@òrH@0g;aewwfaom trd;k
aqmifausmufwef;ESifh aea&mifjcnf r_udk wk;d yGm;aponf? onfvdk vkyaf qmif &efozl rf;rdomG ;+yD;&uf&ufpuf towfcH wdk@ESihf tòydit f qdkif a&mufae=uonf? &JxÉG f
atmufwGif wvufvufawmufyae Ekid af er_rsm;rSm jynfoluckd spfjrwfE;kd pdwf cJ&h wJh &Jabmf =unfpef;/ 1998ckEpS rf mS *k%ðf ywyfz@JG u ru'wtaxGaxG (3-11-2004)
Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0on
0onf
á owif;pOf (12) trSwf (56)

owif;wdx
k mG xkid ;f Ekid if aH wmifyidk ;f t-urf;zufrr+ sm;tay: tar&duefrS pk;d &drf
attuf z f y D ?
tD&ufppfytJG wGi;f tustqH;k pm&if; xkid ;f rGwpf vif (78)OD; aoqk;H cJ+h yD;
aemuf xkid ;f Ekid if aH wmifyidk ;f t=urf;zuf
wku d cf u dk rf r_ sm;ESiyhf wfoufI tar&duef
2004 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m(30)&ufae@txd usqH;k oGm;aom tar&duefEiS hf
jynfaxmifpt k aejzifh pk;d &drrf ad =umif;ESihf
!Ge@f aygif;wyfz@JG rsm;rS twnfðy+y;D ppfom;OD;a&rSm pkpak ygif;(1261)OD; &So
d mG ;+yjD zpf+y;D
befaumuf&dS xkid ;f tm%mykid rf sm;tae
‚wd@k rmS tar&duefppfom;(1120)OD;/ +Adwo d #ppfom; (69)OD;/ tDwvDppfom;
ESifh tajctaersm;ukd at;aq;wnf+idrf
(19)OD;/ ydkvefppfom;(13)OD;/ pydefppfom; (11)OD;/ ,lu&def;ppfom;(9)OD;/
pGm xde;f csKyfEid k v f rd rh f nf[k ar#mv f ifah =umif;
bla*;&D;,m;ppfom;(7)OD;/ qvdAk ufppfom;(3)OD;/ xdik ;f ppfom;(2)OD;/ 'wfcsf ppfom;
atmufwb kd m(29)&ufu ajym=um;cJh
(2)OD;/ 'de;f rwfppfom;(1)OD;/ tufpw f ;kd eD;,m;ppfom;(2)OD;/ [efa*&Dppfom;(1)OD;/
onf?
vwfA;D ,ef;ppfom;(1)OD;/ qmaA'd;k ppfom;(1)OD;wd@k jzpf=uonf? yifw*Gef owif;Xme
xkid ;f Ekid if aH wmifyidk ;f em&moD0yfjynf
t&ppfyt JG wGi;f '%f&m&&Sad om tar&duefppfom;OD;a&rSm (8150)OD; &S+d y;D jzpfonf?
¡pD t J e f t J e f ¢ e,fwiG f +yD;cJo h nfh atmufwb dk m (25)
&ufae@u jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh t"du\k%;f wGif um;ay:wG i f touf ± S L rG e f ; =uyf u m aoqk H ; cJ h & aom xd k i f ; rG w f p vif r sm;
xkid ;f pDymG ;a&; xkid ;f rGwpf vif (80)aoqk;H cJ+h y;D / (3)OD;rSm
ypfcwfr_a=umifhjzpf+yD; usef(78)OD;rSm
jzpfonhf nD!Gwfaom ywfxeDvGwf
ajrmufa&;tzJ@G u urBmvSnchf &D;onf
bmom0ifrsm;jzpf+yD; awmifyidk ;f jynfe,f
(3)ckY aexkid o f rl sm;rSm rGwpf vifrsm;
xkid ;f pD;yGm;a&; e,fy,ftoD;oD;Y &Sio f ef}uD;xGm;aer_tm; axmufjyajymqk+d yD; ppfwyfu um;rsm;jzifzh rf;qD;ac:aqmif rsm;tm; &Jpef;rsm;/ uyJ\G rkH sm;/ aumfzD jzpfonf?
‚. pD;yGm;a&;qkid &f mrl0g'rsm;twGuf xkid ;f 0ef}uD;csKyfxyfpif. pD;yGm;a&;tjriftm; oGm;pOftwGi;f um;ay:wGif touf&LS qkid rf sm;/ t&ufqidk rf sm;ESihf nuyJrG sm; xkid ;f Ekid if aH wmifyidk ;f ykeu
f efxºur_
Ekid if w
H umaiGa=u;&efyakH iGtzJ@G u csDusL;cJo h nf? wkid ;f jynf.Oaya'ESihf pDymG ;a&; rGe;f =uyfum aoqk;H cJ&h jcif;jzpfonf? T ok@d roGm;&efvnf; ‚wk@d . 0ufq'dk f rSm q,fpEk pS af ygif;rsm;pGm =umjrif+h yjD zpf+y;D
taqmufttkw H ckv;Hk tm; jyifqif&eftcGit hf vrf;rsm;ukd ykid yf idk Ef idk Ef idk f aqmif&uG f tjzpftysuaf emufyidk ;f wGif Ak;H cJw G u
dk cf u
dk rf _ ay:wGif owday;xm;onf? xk@d jyif &JXme +yD;cJo
h nfh Zefe0g&Dvu ykeu f eforl sm;u
&efuv dk nf; awmif;qkv d u
dk o
f nf?xk@d jyif tkid tf rftufzf bkwt f zJ@G u aiGa=u;azmif;yG rsm;pGmESifh ypfcwfra_ jrmufjrm;pGm quf ok@d a&muf&v dS monfh vufrw S xf ;dk rxm; tpk;d & wyfrawmfppfpcef;wcktm; 0if
r_r&Sb d J xkid ;f pD;yGm;a&; ykrH eS wf ajy;nDw;dk wufru k_ dk tmrcHa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&; vufjzpfay:vmcJo h nf? +yD;cJo
h nf&h ufyidk ;f onfph mrsm;wGiv f nf; a'otwGi;f &Sd Ak'< a&mufp;D eif;um vufeufrsm;,laqmif
taqmufttkrH sm;ESihf Oya'rsm;ukd wk;d wufap&ef tpk;d &.óu;d yrf;r_uv dk nf; t}uHðy Ak;H cGw
J udk cf u dk rf r_ sm;twGi;f t&yfom; (3) bmom0ifrsm; tjrefq;Hk xGuo f mG ;&efudk oGm;onfrSpI jyefvnfxºuvmcJhjcif;
cJo h nf? OD; aoqk;H cJ+h yD; (40)cef@ '%f&m&cJo h nf? vnf; awmif;qkx d m;onf? jzpfonf?
Oya'jyify&Sd cJx G u
G af &;tkypf k wpk xkid ;f Ekid if H vlO;D a&. (90µ)rSm Ak'< Ð

a[eefjynfe,ft-urf;zufr+ tar&duefr[mAsL[mtay: w±kwjf ynftjrif 'k 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif;rS xkwaf zmfajymqkd
w\kwjf ynf/ a[eefjynfe,f. a'otcsKd@Y vlrsKd;pk t"du\k%;f rsm;jzpfymG ;&m
atmufwb dk m(31)&ufae@u ppfOya' xkwjf yefvu dk &f onf? vltrsm;aoqk;H a=umif; tar&duef.r[mAsL[m qk;d qk;d vmjyefa=umif; Tajymqkrd a_ tmufwiG f
rsufjrifoufaorsm;u ajymqko d nf? t"du\ke;f jzpfymG ;r_rmS vlrsm;pkjzpfonfh [ef 0g;0g;rSm;,Gi;f aea=umif; w\kwjf ynf. (2)ESpt f wGi;f tmz*efepPwefEiS hf tD&ef
vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh rGwpf vif a[Gvrl sKd;pkrsm;t=um; jzpfymG ;jcif;jzpfonf? T=urf;zufr_ 'k-0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;ESihf Ekid if jH cm;a&; wGif ppfa&;t& usL;ausm0f ifwu dk cf o
hJ nf/
rsm;twGi;f aetdrrf sm; rD;\_@d c&H onf? tcif;jzpfymG ;ykrH mS rGwpf vifa[G wkid ;f &if;om; 0ef}uD;a[mif;wOD;jzpfol csefcsif;u yifv,f &yfjcm;Y tiftm;rsm; jzef@usuf
um;armif;orm;wOD;u [efred ;f uav;wOD;tm; owfjzwfypfjcif;rS pwifcjhJ cif; w\kwjf ynf ae@pOfowif;pmwGif atmuf vmonf? tv,ftm&S/ ta&S@awmif
jzpfonf? ¡bDbDpD¢ wkb d m(1)&ufae@u xkwaf zmfajym=um; tm&S/ tm&Sta&S@ajrmufyidk ;f ESifh ta&S@
vkud o f nf? ppfat;acwft+yD;wGif tar tv,fyidk ;f ponfw@dkwiG f ‚. xde;f csKyfr_
acscsiaf cgi;f qmif. _crd ;f ajcmufrt+ opf &duefjynfaxmifpo k nf ‚.t"du pGr;f
tm;rsm;ukd vufeufopfrsm; wk;d cs@J xw k f
ukd wif;wif;usyfusyf vkyv
tar&duef. r[mAsL[m tajymif;tvJ
f monf[k

\k&SEikd if /H bufpvefòrd@&Sd pmoifausmif;wausmif;ukd odr;f yku d cf o

hJ l acscsif vkyfjcif;ESifh ‚.òydifzufrsm;tay: ukd xkwaf zmfajymqkcd o hJ nf?
tpGe;f a&mufacgif;aqmifu \k&mS ;jynforl sm;tm; aemufxyfwu dk cf u
dk rf r_ sm; ðyvkyrf nf tiftm;omvGe&f ef 'k;H ysHumuG,af &;wH Oyrm/ yifv,fauG@ppfy/GJ ukq d Akd kd
[k xyfr+H cdr;f ajcmufvu dk o f nf? pufwifbmvtwGi;f u Tpmoifausmif;twGi;f wkid ;f rsm; wnfaqmufxm;r_tay:wGif ppfyrG J sm;ukjd yef=unhrf nfqv d k #if oabmxm; 0ef } uD ; csKyf a [mif ; csef c sif ;
0ifa&mufp;D eif; wku d cf ukd rf u
_ uav;/ vl}uD;aygif; (330)ausmf aoqk;H cJo h nf? tav;xm; vkyaf qmifaeonf[v k nf; vk;H 0 ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sad =umif;/ bk&. Sf
acgif;aqmif &SmrDvb f mqm,ufonf &k&ES idk if u
H 0&rf;xkwx f m;aom tvkcd sifq;Hk a0zefvu dk o
f nf/ xk@d jyif pufwifbm(11) tbd"rRmrSm tiftm;omv#if t"du xk@d jyif T&mpkESpYf urBmt h iftm;
olwOD;jzpfonf? ppfaoG;ºursm;u csufnmorwEkid if v H w
G v
f yfa&;ukd awmif;qkd &uf tjzpftysuaf emufyidk ;f Y tar&duef jzpf+yD; urBm}uD;ukv d r$ ;f rk;d &ef tvk;H pkH }uD;Ekid if rH sm;onf ppfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;
aeonf? bmqm,uftm;zrf;qD;ay;Ekid o f t
l m; qkaiGa':vm(10)oef;ay;rnf[k jynfaxmifpo k nf ‚. urBmvk;H qkid &f m tiftm; txl;ojzifh ppfa&;tiftm; tpm; +ird ;f csr;f onfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifo h m
tm%mykid rf sm;u a=unmxm;onf? ¡bDbDpD¢ r[mAsL[mukd ajymif;vJum rdp>mEkid if /H uko d m ok;H a&;jzpfa=umif;ukd axmufjy òydiq
f idk of ihaf =umif; xyfrx
H w
k af zmfajymqkd
vlq;dk Ekid if H ponfjzift h rnfwyf+y;D v_y&f mS ; ajymqkv d u
dk of nf? cJo
h nf? Ð

eDaygta&;tcif; tD&wfrxS uG cf mG &ef ykvd ef"m;pmcHrsm;u ‚if;wk@d .tpk;d &tm; awmif;yef

taemufajrmufyikd ;f / rl*l;c\kid &f aSd rmf0g'Dajymufusm;rsm;. t"duwku d cf u kd rf _ attuf z f y D ?
}uD;wckudk vkòH cHa&;wyfz@GJ rsm;u wGe;f vSev f udk of nf[k eDaygtm%mykid rf sm;u ajym atmufwkdbmv (30)&ufae@u “usr toufuu dk ,fz@dk aemufxyf tpk;d &eJ@ ykv d efjynfoal wGudk 'kw,d t
qko d nf? wku d yf t
GJ wGi;f xdcu dk uf sq;Hk r_rsm;ukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; rod&ao;aomfvnf; t,fv*f smZD;&m; \kyjf rifo=H um;tpDtpOf w}udrfyef=um;ygw,f/ usrtouf }udrf tultnDawmif;cHygw,f/ usr[m
tpk;d &\k;H trsm;tjym; ysuq f ;D cJo
h nf? TonfrmS vGecf o hJ nftywfu ukeq f ;Hk cJoh nfh wckY tD&wfcck o H rl sm;. jyefay;qJx G m; tEW&m,fawG@ae&ygw,f/ usrukd u,f ykdvefEkdifiHolwOD;yg/ b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf
(9)&uf=um typftcwf&yfpaJ &; t+yD;aemufyidk ;f Y jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh ajymufusm;wk@d . jcif;cHae&onfyh v dk ef trsK;d orD; "m;pmcH q,fEidk rf ,fh t&mwckuawmh tD&wfawG tD&wfajray:rSm ykv d efppfom;awG &Sad e
yxrqk;H t"duwku d cf u
dk rf }_ uD;jzpfonf? a0;vHaomawmifay:c\kid af 'o&Sd tkycf sKyfa&; wOD;jzpfol touf(54)ESpt f &G,&f /dS ykv
d ef awmif;qko d r#udk vku
d af vsm ay;zk@d ygyJ/ wJt h wGuf usrwd@k rmS wm0ef&adS eygw,f”
\k;H pku
d &f mae&mrsm;ukd &maygif;rsm;pGmaom ajymufusm;rsm;u rkew f idk ;f qifwu dk cf udk f ESit
hf &D wf ESpEf ikd if o
H m;jzpfol x&ufZm yxru tD&wfuae ykv d efppfom;awG [k ‚uajym=um;cJo h nf? tD&wf tv,f
cJah =umif; tm%mykid rf sm;u ajymqko d nf? (8)ESp=f um eDaygjynfwiG f ppftwGi;f t&yfom; abmhcgvDzmu olr. Toufcsrf;om xGucf mG zk@d / 'kw,
d u tD&wfrmS &Sw d hJ tar ykid ;f Y ykv
d efppfom; (2400)tygt0if
(9000)ausmf aoqk;H cJo h nf? bDpD¢ ¡bD a&;twGuf tD&wfrS ykv d efppfonfrsm;ukd &duef tusOf;axmifawGxu J tD&wf (15)Ekifd if rH S ppfonf (6000)cef@tm;
z,f&mS ;ay;yg&ef ykv d eftpd;k &tm; yef trsKd;orD;tusOf;om;awGudk v$waf y; ykv
d efu trde@f ay;uGyu f aJ eonf?
=um;cJo h nf? zk@d ygyJ”[k ‚u ajymqkcd o hJ nf? “ykvd ef Ð
jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0onf Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf
trSwf (56) áowif;pOf (13)

tv,ftvwfoabmxm;&Sod nfh rGwpf vifEidk if jH zpfa&; tm;ay;rnfjzpfa-umif; tif'odk rwopfu ajym-um; usL;bm;tay: ydwqf @dk ru+ tdk qk;H owf&ef
rl ajym=um;cJo h nf? 1999 ckEpS /f ta&S@
atmufwb dk m(30)? ¡attufzyf ¢D
+ird ;f csr;f a&;jri‡ w
hf if+y;D urBmESiv hf udk f wDarmok@d ppfom;rsm;apv$wo f nfth csdef tar&dueftm; ukvor*~awmif;qkd
avsmnDaxGjzpfrnfh tv,ftvwfoabm u ysujf y,fomG ;cJo h nfh oabmwlncD suf
xm;&So d nfh tpPvmrfEidk if jH zpfvma&;ukd ukd tpm;xk;d &eftwGuf =opa=w;vsEidk if H
atmufwkdbm(28)?
pOf;pm;rnf[k topfa&G;cs,fc&H onfh jcm;a&;0ef}uD; tvufZENm;a'gifemu
¡atyD ¢
tif'ed k ;D &Sm;orw qlqv D bd k efbrf;u ajym =opa=w;vs-tif'edk ;D &Sm; pmcsKyfopfwck
zD',fvfupfx\kdonf
=um;cJo h nf? ‚taejzihf urBmt h }u;D qk;H jyefvnfcsKyfqadk &;ukd vGecf o hJ nftywfu
usL;bm; Ekid if o H m;rsm;.
tpPvmrfEidk if jH zpfonfh tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if u H dk xkwaf zmfajym=um;cJo h nf?
tajccH vl@tcGit hf a&;ukd
tv,ftvwfvrf;vku d o f nfh pHjytpPvmrf “usaemfw@dk tckvadk ewmuawmh
orwopf ql q D v k d b ef b rf ; jiif;y,fonfh &ufpufol
'Dru
dk a&pDEidk if jH zpfvadk =umif; orwopf vkòH cHa&;udpaP wGe@J qidk w f hJ jy±emawGudk
wa,mufjzpfonfqkdonfh
u xyfavmif; ajym=um;vku d of nf? csuu
f v
dk nf; orwopfu y,fcsco hJ nf? aqG;aEG;Ekid rf ,fh ndE‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yJrG sKd;yg”
ajymqkrd u _ dk y,fcsvku d +f yD;
xk@d jyif vkòH cHa&;pmcsKyfopfcsKyfqadk &; ok@d aomf =opa=w;vstpk;d &ESifh vkòH cHa&; [k orwopfu \kyjfrifo=H um;ok@d ajym=um;
usL;bm;tay: ESp(f 40)
twGuf =opa=w;vstpd;k &. urf;vSr;f qkid &f maqG;aEG;yJrG sm; ðyvkyv f adk =umif;ukd cJo
h nf? Ð
ausm=f um ukeo f , G af &; ydwf
EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; z,fvDyJ&uf0kd;cf
qk@d ta&;,lrt _ m; tqk;H
O±ka*G;a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'f awmiftar&duwkud f vuf0,J rd ;f oGm;_yaD vm owf&ef ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcHu rsm; r&Sad &;vly&f mS ;r_tzJ@G wckuv dk nf;
tar&dueftm; wcJeufawmif;qkdcJh xlaxmifum vkyfaqmifaeonf? xkd@
bDbDpD?
onf? ydwq f @kd rt _ m; jrefEikd of r#jrefjref a=umifh jynfwiG ;f Y tar&duefa':vmtpm;
O\ka*G; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyYGJ u ajymqkad e=uonf? xkt d xJY ukv d rf ukd rauseyf/ rESpo f uf=uaoma=umihf
y,fzsuf&efawmif;qko d nfh qk;H jzwfcsuf usL;bm; yDqkdjzihf tpm;xkd;okH;pGJ&ef
qk&d S,vf pfygwDrS a'gufwm wmhba& bD,m orwwOD;om ¹cif;csut f aeESihf jzpfonf? AifeZD v GJ m;wGif [l;*k;d tEkid &f cJh
ukd axmufcrH (J 179)rJ/ uef@uu G rf J (4)rJ upfx\ku d qk;H jzwfcsucf scjhJ cif; jzpfonf?
Am;uGuZf f tEkid &f &Su d m orw jzpfvmcJh usefae+yD; ‚rSm tar&duefvv dk m;ol jcif;rSmvnf; Tta=umif;a=umihyf ifjzpf
ESifh rJray;ol(1)rJjzifh twnfðycJo h nf? nDvmcHwiG f tar&duefEiS t hf wl tpPa&;/
onf? TonfrmS awmiftar&duwku d f wOD;jzpf+y;D / vGwv f yfonhf aps;uGurf 0l g' onf?
,refEpS u f vnf; axmufcrH J (179)rJ/ rm&S,fu|ef;ESihf ygavmufEkdifiHrsm;u
wGif vuf0, J rd ;f acgif;aqmifrsm; v$r;f rk;d ukd usifo h ;kH olvnf; jzpfonf? O\ka*G;/ AifeZ D v GJ m;/ b&mZD;vf/
uef@uu G rf (J 2)rJESifh rJray;ol (2)rJjzifh uef@uu G rf aJ y;cJ=h u+yD; rku d cf \ked ;D &Sm;u
vmjcif;jzpfa=umif; tuJcwfrsm;u O\ka*G;onf tdr;f eD;csif; tm*sif tm*sifw;D em;ESifh tDauGa'g Ekid if rH sm;&Sd
twnfðycJo h nf? “tar&duefjynfaxmif rJray;bJaeonf? t"du zG@òH zd;qJEidk if rH sm;
axmufjy=uonf? b&mZDv;f / tm*sif wD;em;uJo h @dk vku
d yf gvkyaf qmifEidk af =umif; r=umao;rDuðyvkycf o hJ nhf a&G;aumuf
pktwGi;f rSm 'Dvydk w f @dk wmukd wk;d wk;d +yD; ESihf w\kwEf idk if u
d q H dk uk,d pf m;ðyonfh (77)
wD;em;ESihf AifeZD v GJ m; ponhf pD;yGm;a&; tuJcwftrsm;pku ajymqkd=uonf? yJrG sm;wGif tEkid &f oltm;vk;H Y wlno D nhf
qef@usiv f maew,f”[k usL;bm;Ekid if jH cm; Ekid if t H yk pf .
k OuUÏjzpfo/l umwmEkid if . H
tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; vuf0J O\ka*G;Ekid if . H Ekid if aH &;wGif q,fpEk pS =f um tcsuw f ckrmS vuf&t dS pk;d &rsm;u ausm
a&;0ef}u;D z,fvyD &J uf0;dk cfu ajym=um;cJh ukvor*~qidk &f m oHtrwf}u;D tAŠ'v l m
,dr;f orwrsm; tm%m&ae=u+yD; ,ck v$r;f rk;d aeonfh aumfv&dk m'kEd iS hf bvefudk axmufaemufcðH yxm;onfh tar&duef
onf? avmavmq,fwiG f tar&duef Zpf t ,f v f e uf q m;u yd w f q k d @ r_ o nf
O\ka*G;uyg qk&d , S v f pfwOD;u orw jzpf [kac:onfh tpOftvm Ekid if aH &;ygwD}uD; taxmuftyHch H vGwv f yfonhaf ps;uGuf
onf usL;bm;tay: c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyf tjynfjynfqidk &f mOya'ukd csK;d azmuf+yD;
vmaoma=umifh awmiftar&du wwku d f (2)ck&+dS yD; TygwD}uD;rsm;ukd Am;uGuZf f rl0g'tm; jywfom;pGm uef@uu G v
f u
dk jf cif;
ief;ESifh ywfoufonhf uef@owfrr_ sm;/ vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f ,
G af &;ESihf &if;ES;D jr‡KyfESH
vk;H wGi;f vuf0EJ ikd if aH &; v$r;f rk;d onfh taejzifh tvG,w f ultEkid &f onfh t yifjzpfonf?
td w f p f a &m*guk o a&; aq;ES p f r sKd ; r_udk jyif;xefpmG ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif; jzpf
taetxm;ok@d a&muf&adS e+yD[k trsm; a=umif;wcsurf mS vlxu k xkyd gwD}uD;rsm; Ð
wify@dk jcif;ukd wm;jrpfxm;jcif;ESifh aiGrm onf[k ajymqkcd o hJ nf?Ð

*syef"m;pmcHEiS wfh ol nhf ±kytf avmif; tD&wfY jyefvnfawG@&dS -opa-w;vs tpk;d & v$waf wmfEpS &f yfv;Hk wGif xde;f csKyf
\kdufwm? towfc&H r_u tD&efY *syefppfonfrsm;
tD&wf&Sd *syefppfonfrsm;tm; qufvufxm;&Sda&;ESihf ywfoufI bDbDpD? vmayonf? twku d t f cHOya'ðyorm;
jyefvnf\yk o f rd ;f ay;&ef zrf;xm;olrsm; 'DZifbmvv,fwiG f ðyvkyrf nft h pk;d &. atmufwkdbm(28)&ufae@/ a&G; rsm;u Ta&mif;csru _ dk 0efaqmifr_ vkyf
.awmif;qkrd t _ m; *syeftpk;d &u jiif; qkH;jzwfcsufukd \_yfaxG;apEkdifonf? aumufyaGJ emufq;Hk &v'ft& *|eaf [mif; ief;rsm; qkw, f w
k yf sufjym;aprnf [k
y,f+yD;aemufykdif;Y acgif;jzwftowf tavmif;ukd b*~'ufEiS fh wDu&pft=um;Y 0yf'o f nf (24)ESpt f wGi;f ygvDrefvw $ f apm'u wufajymqk+d y;D qef@usiaf eonf
cHvu dk &f onfh *syefvrl sKd;"m;pmcHwOD;. tar&duefppfwyfu awG@&jdS cif;jzpf+yD; awmf(2)&yfpvk;H wGif trsm;pktEkid &f cJh rSm umv=um+yDjzpfonf? txufvw $ f
\kyt f avmif;ukd tD&wfYawG@&+dS y;D twnf uk'd g [kwrf [kwq f o
dk nfurdk l ajymqkcd jhJ cif; onfh yxrqk;H 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;jzpfvm awmfwiG ;f ‚wk@d trwfrsm; trsm;pk
ðy&eftwGuf umwmok@d yk@d aqmifcahJ =umif; r&Sad cs? uk'd gESiyfh wfoufI *syeftpk;d &u onf? jzpfvmjcif;a=umihf =opa=w;vs rD', D m
atmufwb dk m (30)&ufae@u *syeft&m tar&duefjynfaxmifp/k +Adwed Ef iS fh ta&S@ ‚onf =opa=w;vsEkid if . H (4) rsm;tm; EkdifiHjcm;om;ykdifqkdifr_tay:
&Srd sm;u ajymqkcd o hJ nf? atmufwb dk m tv,fyidk ;f Ekid if rH sm;tygt0if Ekid if (H 25) }udrq f ufwu dk f 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfta&G;cH& uef@owfcsurf sm; av#mch sa&;ukd txuf
(27)&ufae@u tifwmeufwiG f tD&wfrS Ekid if o
H @dk tultnDrsm;awmif;cHc+hJ yD; a*smf olvnf;jzpfonf? txufv$wfawmf. v$wfawmfwGif; qufvufwm;qD;Ekdif
*syefppfonfrsm; rqkwcf mG v#if zrf;qD; 'efo@dk vnf; txl;oHwrefwOD; apv$wcf hJ *syef " m;pmcH ±S d L aqud k ' g trwf(79)ae&mwGif a[mif;0yf'f. awmhrnf r[kwaf cs? pme,fZif;ykid q f idk f
xm;ol touf(24)ESpt f &G,&f d S \SLad quk'd g onf? +yD;cJo h nf {+yDvrSpI tD&wf&dS vpfb&,fygwDonf (39)ae&m tEkid &f r_Oya'rsm;ukv d nf; av#mch sco hJ nf? ,cif
tm; (48)em&DtwGi;f acgif;jzwfypfrnf ckcHa&;tkyfpkrsm;u EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; twGi;f tD&wfY *syefvrl sKd; oHtrwf &Scd ohJ nf? +yD;cJo h nf tm%m&oufwrf; tpk;d &oufwef;(3)}udru f vkyo f m;aps;
[k t,fvcf idk 'f gtzJ@G . r[mrdwf tblrl tm;jyefay;qJ+G yD; tar&duefO;D aqmif (2)OD;ESihf owif;axmuf(2)OD; towfc&H (3)}urd u f ‚.uGeq f maA;wpf r[mrdwf uGuq f idk &f mOya'rsm; zsuford ;f jcif;ESifh
qbft,fvfZmum0D. ckcHa&;tzJG@u onfh wyfz@GJ rsm;ESiEfh ikd if jH cm;om; tvkyf +yD;jzpfonf? {+yDvwGif owif;axmufEiS fh !Ge@f aygif;rsm;onf txufvw $ af wmfY vkyif ef;i,fav;rsm;tay: xde;f csKyfrr_ sm;
ajym=um;cJo h nf? T"m;pmcHtjzpftysuf orm;rsm; wkid ;f jynfrS xGucf mG oGm;&ef ulnaD &;vkyo f m;rsm; tygt0if *syef trwfae&mtrsm;pk r&cJah oma=umifh av#mch sjcif;ukd txufvw $ af wmfu y,fcs
onf 0ef}u;D csKyf ukt d Zd rk t
d wGuf pdeaf c:r_ zdtm;ay;onfh v_y&f mS ;r_w&yf ðyvkycf hJ t&yfom;(5)OD;jyefay;qJG cHcJh&onf? ‚if;. OD;pm;ay;vkyif ef;rsm; ydwyf ifcH cJo
h nf?
w&yfjzpfonf? ‚onf tar&duef onf? b*~'ufawmifbuf rkdif(170) *syefppfonfrsm; r\kyo f rd ;f v#if ‚wk@d cJ&h onf? ok@d aomf ,ckatmifyu GJ ‚. TonfrmS 1970 pkEpS rf sm;upk;d rk;d cJh
orw a*smhb&k . fS &if;ES;D onhrf [mrdwf tuGm&Sd qrm;0gwGif *syefppfonf(550) txJrS (3)OD;ukd owfypfrnf[k tD&wf pDru H ed ;f rsm;xJrS trsK;d om;a=u;eef; quf onfh r,fvcf t dk pk;d &vufxufrpS I ,ck
wOD;jzpf+yD; jynfot l rsm;u jyif;xefpmG cef@onf aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;rsm;ESifh ckco H rl sm;u +cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf? ok@d aomf oG,af &; vkyif ef;}uD;wckjzpfonfh wJvpf f xd,ckuo hJ @dk v$waf wmf ESp&f yfpvk;H wGif
qef@usifuef@uu G af eonf=h um;rS tD&wf vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif vkyu f idk af e=u ckco H rl sm;u *syef"m;pmcH tm;vk;H ukd x&m&Sd tpk;d &. a':vmoef;aygif; tpk;d &u v$r;f rk;d Ekid o f nfrmS yxrqk;H
okd@ wkdufckdufa&;twGuf r[kwfonfh onf? 2003 ckEpS rf wfvrS pwifco hJ nfh jyefvw $ af y;cJo
h nf? (22 'or 4)bDvsH wefz;dk &So d nfh ykid q
f idk f t}udrjf zpfvrd rhf nf?
ppfonfrsm; apv$wcf o hJ l jzpfonf? uk'd g tar&duef. tD&wfusL;ausmpf pfumv Ð r_tm;a&mif;csa&;rSm atmifjrif&efrsm; Ð
Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0on
0onf
á owif;pOf (14) trSwf (56)
(1) orD; vHkr+idr;f csrf;a& æ olu oJorJ rJ v J u dk +f y;D 'kuaQ y;ae&wmvJ/ vkud w f m? usaemfu h \kd u
dk rf ,ft
h ar b,frmS axmifxrJ mS odyq f ef;vSwm r[kwaf o;
‘rk;d csKyfp jrifvu kd &f wm 'DrmS orD;t&G,f rde;f rom;av; q&mh&if[m touf\_vdk@r&avmuf vJ? usaemf b,fvrkd S pOf;pm;vk@d r&awmh ygb;l ? xrf;vmwJh vlEpS af ,mufurS qef;
a&=unf=unf zefwa*gif;xJ wa,muf atmif wif;=uyfjynfo h yd v
f mw,f? wJah emuf i0efjrpfxcJ ek cf s/ a&atmufiw k f wm? wa,mufrmS u b,fzufajcaxmuf
rifeufawG arSucf svdu k o f vkrd sKd; 'kuq Q u
kd yf akH wmh q&m[m ol@uAsmawGukd &Gwjf y/ +yD; tara&vk@d toHuek af tmf[pfypf r&Sb d ;l ? aemufwa,mufrmS u nmzuf
rnf;eufoxuf rnf;euf awm\dik ;f oHr%d vufo;D csuf uAsmawGukd cHpm;jyeJ@ olu, kd w
f ikd u
f u
kd vku d rf wd ,f? b,fEpS }f udrf atmfvu dk rf rd eS ;f ajcaxmufr&Sb d ;l ? axmifuvkyaf y;wJh
vH;k 0arSmifomG ;a&m?’ w&pyf zGwzf w G af cs uAsmjzpfomG ;ygawmhw,f? awmif rodEidk af wmhb;l ?’ royfr&yf *sKdi;f axmufu, kd pf eD @J ?
rifeufawGarSmufcsvu kd o f vdrk sKd ; vH;k t0wfErG ;f wp yHck sxm;wJt h wdik ;f ’ (3) +yD;awmh q&mu qufajymjyjyef q&mudk usaemfvn S =hf unfv h u kd af wmh
vH;k }uD;arSmifyed ;f aewJt h &yfrmS q&mhukd 'Dtnmol tysdKaygufrav;[m ‘a[m'Dv[ l m ygw,f? usaemfcef@reS ;f xm;wmxufawmif q&mh
usaemfpawG@c&hJ wmyg? jrLawGqikd ;f aewJh bma=umifrh sm; 'Dae&mrSmtdyaf ysmfae& uav;b0 tpuwnf;u ‘usaemfh ykord u f tdr&f ŒJ ajc&if;ysOf rsufESmysufae+yD? tJ'Daemufydkif;rSm
wreufrmS aygh? ‘tif;pdeaf xmifajymif;awG &Smygvdr?hf t0wfErG ;f wpfp yHck sxm;ovkd tarvd@k ac:r,f}uHum&Sad o; axmifrSm ajrjzLeJ@ a&;xm;wJh ae@pJG q&mhukd aq;\kaH c:vd@k r&awmhb;l ?
a&mufaevd@k’wJ?h ‘tck bl;a&SŒrSm &SmazGa&; rsKd;/ rif;[m orD;vHrk +idr;f csrf;t&G,f ta0; æ aysmufq;kH oGm; ESpcf &k w dS ,f/ 22-8-67 eJ@ 6-8-78/ om,m0wD tusOf;axmifxJrSm
vkyaf ew,f/ 5(n) awG’wJ?h wu,fqdk uav;ygyJvm;? b,fv'dk u k rQ sK;d awGe@J rsm; &nf;pm;OD;eJ@ uGzJ ;l usaemfu 67 ckEpS rf mS wcg/ 78 ckEpS rf mS r=um;csifvnf; =um;&/ rjrifcsifvnf;
&if usaemfw@kd ae&m[m {nfo h nfuókd uq d kd óuq H akH e&ovJu, G ?f atmifjrifra_ wGe@J tcgcgvGzJ l; wpfcg txJuakd &mufc&hJ w,f? tdref @J jrifae=u&wJh 'DjrifuiG ;f awGuae q&mh
aumif;wJah e&mrS r[kww f m? 'gayr,fh ‘orD;av;a& æ q,fEpS w f pf}udrf a0;cJ&h wJh &ufawGayghAsm? aemuf&Spf udk uAsmawGxyfay;jyefygw,f? 'D&if
vdk@vnf; {nfo h nfawG[m r=umr=um xx t\l;rom;arG;w,f tdro f wd& c&D;&Snf q,f&h pS f ppfwyfu tm%modr;f vku d w f hJ ckeo f aH wGa=umifh ‘r[mumv i&J’ uAsm
a&mufa&mufvmwwfw,f? xx uav;&,f ’ yHrk eS xf u
G cf &hJ ’ tcg tdrEf iS w hf cga0;cJ&h jyefw,f? tck &Sn}f uD;udk a&;jzpfw,f? ‘jynfvrf;’udk
axmifziG w h f meJ@ usaemfw@kv d nf;tajy; t\l;rawmif 'kurQ sm;oGm;Ekid w f h J 'Dacwf q&m[m ol@b0ta=umif; tar vnf; 98/ 99 tdrEf iS hf a0;cJ&h jyef+yD?’ a&;jzpfw,f? ‘EGm;ausmif;om;’ukd a&;
tv$m;xGuv f m+y;D usaemfw@k d wdu k 0f if;wHcg; \dik ;f }uD;twGi;f rSm tdyaf ysmaf ewJh 'Dtnm ae@ tcrf;tem;wckrmS 'Dvakd jymjyyg ‘=umawmhvnf; 'Dv@l tonf; jzpfw,f? ‘rufwmrufazmqpf’udak &;jzpf
=um;ubl;qDukd acsmif;=unf=h uw,f? eH olrav;udk q&mb,fvrk d S pdwrf csEik d af wmh w,f? ‘usaemf oH;k av;ESpo f m;rSm jynf wJwaJ v;rS wJwaJ v;&,f w,f? ‘jrpf’udk a&;jzpfw,f? ‘r[mumv
ygww f w k u f ik d f axmif0g'gawG&ŒJ tv,frmS jzL bl;? wGi;f ppf}uD; pjzpfw,f? usaemfw@dk ykord f rsuv f ;kH tdr[ f m i&J’eJ@ ‘jrpf’ uawmhq&m &JŒ Master
npfnpfvw l tkyu f kd awG@&w,f? tJ'x D rJ mS u jynfwGif;ppf awmfawmfonf;oef tvGr;f zG@J prd f Piece (tajymifajrmufq;kH vuf&m)awG
rS &SmazGa&;tvkycf aH e&if; axmif&ŒJ tcif; w,f? wae@rmS ykq;kd pkwu f av; acgif; tcsdew f idk ;f &Da0vd@k ’ jzpfc&hJ yg+yD?
tusi;f opfukd cyfai;ai;vku d =f unfah ewJh ay:wif+yD; aps;0,fxu G o f mG ;wJh tar? 'DtvGr;f awGe@J yJ q&m[m tvGr;f (4)
vlwa,muf? tif;pdex f uG f axmifypkH H naexdjyefrvmbl;? aemufae@vnf; yifawmawG jzpfc/hJ 0gusifu h sifh ae@cif; ‘usaemf
tusõ ykrH us/ yef;rus}uD;udk 0wfxm;+yD; jyefrvmbl;? aemufwpfae@vnf; jyef &SSnaf wGjzpfc/hJ rdk;&dyf av&dyef @J rwfv usaemfh t&dyx f uf vGwv f yf
ol@ajcaxmufuajcusi;f }u;D udk pdwrf ouf usaemfh t&dyaf vmuf riwfrw G f
romeJ@ iH@k =unfah eol? usaemfh t&dyx f uf ajymqdkEikd &f ŒJ ?’
‘tJ'g armifatmifyiG /fh tdyrf ufzl; q&m[mol @ &J Œ Documentary
vkyw f hJ uAsmq&m armifatmifyiG ahf v’ (rSww f rf;AD'G , D )kd \kud &f wJh tawG@tóuu H kd
em&D0ufavmuf t=umrSmawmh ajc
usif;oHwc|ifc|ife@J usaemfw@kd wdu k zf uf
ZGefrid_ f; ajymjyygw,f? wcgwcg ol@ukd axmuf
vSr;f a&;vd@k txifc&H wwf+y;D r=umr=um
qDukd av#mufvmae=u+yD? ajcusi;f cwf axmufvrS ;f a&;&JΠ'kuaQ y;wm cH&wwf
xm;wJh uAsmq&mawG @ @ @ ygowJ?h tif;0om; uAsmq&mESpaf ,muf
q&m armifatmifyiG &hf ,f/ q&m udk rSwfwrf;ADG'D,dk\dkufaewkef;rSmawmh
armifviG rf eG (f uom)&,f/ q&m a'gif;a0 bmta=umif;jycsurf rS ay;bJ \du k af ewJh
aZmf&,f? q&mudka&m/ òrd@cH q&m=unfatmife@J
(2) udak v; (tif;0*k%&f nf)wd@k uykd g zrf;qD;
‘va&mifukd pkxyk f Documentary (rSww
f rf;AD'G ,
D )kd \du
k f rvmbl;? usaemfw@kd vnf; ES@H aeatmif t&dyaf wGjzpfc/hJ aumif;uifawmf wrf;csi;f cJhygw,f? ADG'D,dk\dkufpufudkyg odr;f +y;D
yDbd tarSmif}uD;usaewJh &if; &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f udak &mufawmh t &Sm=u/ b,frmS rS&mS vk@d rawG@awmhb;l ? awGjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? wHwm;OD;tcsKyfcef;rSm oH;k a,mufom; xnfh
yk&u G q f w d w f iG ;f awGxJ rSwrf xif romvSn;f wpD;eJ@óujH zpfw,f? AH;k xJrsm; ygoGm;avovm;? rdik ;f eif;rd+yD; q&m[m cHpm;p&m&S&d if olrsm; csKyfxm;ygw,f? oH;k / av;v csKyfxm;+y;D
va&mifukd uJu h +hJ yD; tJ'rD mS q&mh&ifxJ ar;cGe;f awGjynf=h uyf wppD wzJph jD zpfomG ;avovm;? bufeuf xuf ydk+yD;cHpm;wwf+yD; vGr;f p&m&S&d if axmifcsypfz@kd wJwaJ v;rSmrS tarvlxk
xnfx h nfh ay;csifw,f?’ vmwmeJ@ 'DuAsmudk a&;jzpfcyhJ gowJ?h '%f&m/ aoewf'%f&meJ@ i0efjrpfxyJ J olrsm;xuf ydv k rG ;f wwfw,f? wae@rmS a':trm0ifu,fv@kd vGwaf jrmufvmcJh
yk&u G q f w d w f iG ;f vdk arSmifaewJh us ‘ææææææ arsmygoGm;avovm;? usaemfhtar q&m qD;csKpd pfz@kd usaemfw@dk aq;\kv H u dk f &wJt h a=umif; tarrmharG;ae@ trSwf
aemfwk@d wku d [ f m q&myGihf uJu h +hJ yD;xnfh odraf wmifvkd at;pufawmifch aJ ewJh b,fa&mufomG ;wmvJ? usaemfe@J tar jzpf=uw,f? usaemfw@k du wywfuEk d pS }f urd f w&pum;0dkif;rSm q&muajymjycJhyg
ay;vku d w f h J va&mifawGe@J uAsmawG zl;yGih f ouf}uD;yk aq;\kaH v;xJuae [m aouGu J wGJ mvm;/ &Siu f JG uGw J mvm;? tajctaeqd;k &ifq;kd ovdk q&m0efe@J jy w,f?
vm=uw,f? uAsmawGa&;=u/ uAsmawG vrf;ay:xGuu f svmwm jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; &yfapcsiv f yS g+yD? &yf=u cGi&hf ydS gw,f? usaemfw@dk q&m0efe@J awG@ q&m&JŒ uruxðyr_awGe@J yJ usaemf
&Gw=f u/ uAsm0kid ;f / pm0dik ;f awGz@JG =ueJ@ om ypfwifvu kd yf &kH wJh tavmif; ygawmh/ +idr;f =uygawmh?’ &r,fhae&meJ@ rvSrf;rurf;rSm tdkem wk@d paeaqG;aEG;yGaJ wG/ we*FaEGpum;
,m0wDaxmif[m avxefuek ;f jzpfomG ; vSn;f ay:rSm apGapmif;apmif;}uD; ‘usaemf 10 ESpo f m;avmufrmS us aqmif qdw k m&Sw d ,f? tdek maqmifqw kd m 0kid ;f awG yHkrSev f kyEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f? 'Dpum;
ygawmhw,f? q&meJ@ pum;awGajym&if; apmif=urf;ESpx f nfe@J aemf oli,fcsi;f av;eJ@ i0efjrpfxJ a&ul; u touf(70)0ef;usif tusO;f om;awG 0dki;f awGuae uAsmawG jzpfvmw,f/
ajym&if;eJ@ q&m&JŒuAsmaA'udk jrnf;prf; ajcqHk;acgif;zsm; aecJ=h uw,f? uav;awGqakd wmh vl}uD; xm;wJh taqmifyg? axmif0ifpmuvnf; 0wˆKwdak wG jzpfvmw,f? aqmif;yg;awG
cGihf &vmw,f? òcHywfxm;wJh 'Dtavmif;[m awG ylaevk@d ylaerSe;f rod/ ae@v,f}uD;u rvm=u/ a&m*guvnf;onf;/ axmifu jzpfvmw,f?
‘usaemfh tvkyfu Documentary usm;vm;/ rvm; wnf;u ul;aevku d =f uwm? naeapmif; vnf; wm0efr,lEidk q f akd wmh wu,fu h kd vGwv f yf+idr;f csr;f pGmuJv G cJG iG u hf kd yd+k yD;
Video (rSww f rf; AD'G , D )kd vku d \f u kd &f wJh vli,fvm;/ vl}uD;vm; a&mufvmawmh usaemfehJ a&ul;aewJh *Dvmeaqmif}uD; jzpfaewmyg? cspw f wf/ yd+k yD; wefz;kd xm;wwfvmw,f?
tvkyq f akd wmh c&D;awGtrsm;}uD;xGu&f &Sr;f vm;/ "Ekvm; oli,fcsi;f &JŒtar vku d v f mw,f? ol pdwyf l ‘=unfhprf;ygOD;Asm/ urBmausmf q&m&Sad ewJah e&m[m arSmifcsiaf rSmifr,f/
w,f? {&m0wDjrpf\;kd wav#muf pkecf snf awmif\;kd vm; yavmifvm; ae&wJt h a=umif;/ rodwwfwt hJ a=umif; 'g\kdufwm pwDAifpyD;bwfomawG@&if vif;csiv f if;r,f? b,fvt kd ae txm;rSm
qefcsnfe@J t}udr}f udro f mG ;&w,f? yk*H rda0; za0;/ aqGa0; rsK;d a0; qlyal igufief;+yD; ol@om;ukd vufxu J \ky&f iS rf \ku
d bf J aeEkid rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? aoae@ jzpfjzpfq&m[m atmifjrifpGmyJ uAsm
qdv k nf; tacgufacgufy/J 'Dvekd @J 'DuAsm tdraf jy;vm; bmajy;vJ æ toifyh gvmwJh 0g;jcrf;jym;uav;eJ@ \ku d f raphbaJ pm+yD; w0ufaoae=uwJo h al wG/ omoem ðyEdik cf yhJ gw,f?
udk a&;jzpfcw hJ ,f?’ ydki&f Sirf hJ 'Dtavmif;udk rJav;vdk@ +y;D ac:oGm;w,f? 'Daumifuvnf; usaemfh b,fo@l tazawGrsm; jzpfavrvJ?’ ‘bmyJjzpfjzpf
a&$pnf;cHk bk&m;yGu J kd q&mcHpm;jyyHk ac:wJh romvSn;f av;ay:wif+y;D t&uf udk vSn=hf unfh vSn=hf unfeh @J i+kd yD; ol@tar tJ'hD tcsed af v;rSmrS Zmwfwu kd x f m; cspfwhJ eef;a& æ
uvnf; =unfyh gOD;? rl;rl;eJ@qv JG mwJh jrifuiG ;f ? aemufukd vku d o f mG ;w,f? usaemfavæ ovdk rdvm† pOft h ;kd xrf;vmwJh vlEpS af ,muf pdw"f mwfukd jrm;rrSeEf ikd b f ;l av?’
‘tvdk æ tnmol tysKdaygufr vlwa,muf&JŒ aojcif;[m 'D b,fvakd evk@d aecJ&h rSe;f rodawmhb;l ? usaemfw@k dab;u jzwfomG ;=uw,f? tcsed f [kwyf gw,fq&m// q&m&JŒ vlx}k u;D
av;ygvm; avmufyJ crf;em;oifhygovm;? b0 usaemfu h kd ylyefr,f/h qlr,f/h aigufirf;r,h/f tpdw0f ifpOft h ;kd udk oGyq f ;l óu;d eJ@oikd ;f +yD; udck spw f /hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk cspw f /hJ vGwv f yf
jcaoF}h uD; vufEpS zf uf=um; wck&JŒwefzdk;qdkwmu bmvJ/ olu 0g;jcrf;jym;eJ@ \ku d rf ,fh tar æ b,frmS oH;k -ESpf xrf;yd;k eJ@ v#K+d yD;xrf;vm=uwm? r_uckd spw f hJ pdw"f mwfudk b,fvjkd rm;rsK;d rS
acGacGav; tdyaf evdkuw f m? bma=umifh ajy;ae&wmvJ/ ol@ukd b,f vJ/ b,frmS vJAsm? usaemf t\ku d cf cH sif tdk;xJrSmu rdv†mtjynfheJ@? 'Dtxdu rrSeEf ikd b f ;l qdw k m aocsmcJyh g+yD?Ð
jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0onf Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf
trSwf (56) áowif;pOf (15)

ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@opfjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&efjyifqif
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@opf jyef atmifjrifxm;olrsm;udk a&G;cs,f+yD; ppf
vnfz@JG pnf;&ef &efuek w f ikd ;f / wdik ;f rSL; axmufvrS ;f a&;topf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;
AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqGudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol& awmhrnfjzpfa=umif; ppf\;kH csKyfEiS hf eD;pyf

A-o &Smpm;=uwJt h xJrmS axmufvrS ;f a&;wyf

a&$ref;u trde@f ay;xm;a=umif; od&
onf?
atmufwdkbm (22)&ufae@wGif
onfh owif;rsm;t&od&onf?
,cifaxmufvrS ;f a&; 'kw,
tuJ Adv
d t}uD;
k cf sKyfausm0f if;udk ,ckxzd rf;qD;
awGvnf; ygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;u
ol@x;l jcm;csufe@J orl @kd olu olrsm;awGe@J trsK;d om; axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J (teftikd f jcif;r&Sb
d J qufvufwm0efay;xm;onfh
ya'o&mZfrif;rsm; ,SO+f yD;vkpm;awmh tcGit hf a&; yd&k ae bD)udk zsuford ;f cJ+h yD;aemuf ppfaxmuf twGuf rauseyfrr_ sm;jzpfay:aeonfh
Adv
k af e0if;&J@ tºuif; w,f? 'Dvekd @J awmifusa& EGm;ESpaf umif vSr;f a&;wm0efukd oufqikd &f m ppfwidk ;f tjyif ‚onf ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; t
tuseaf wGxu J tckawmh ol r0ovdjk zpfvmwmyJ? rSL;rsm;u v$aJ jymif;,lco hJ nf? ,cktcg wGi;f azmfaumifvyk cf o hJ t
l jzpf a0zefjcif;
wifxm;cJw h hJ axmufvrS ;f a&; tck tm%mudk udik x f m;olawG[m =unf;/ a&/ av wyfrsm;wGif axmufvrS ;f cHae&a=umif; od&onf?
wm0efcH Adv k cf if!eG @f a&m/ olwD axmufvSrf;a&;udk olwdk@vufatmuf a&;ESifhvHkòcHa&;oifwef; wufa&muf Ð
xGizf @JG pnf;cJw h hJ trsK;d om;axmuf a&mufatmif vkyrf Sjzpfr,f qdkwmudk
vSr;f a&;qdw
ppftm%m&Sipf epfqw
k ma&m r&Sad wmhb;l ?
kd myJ usef
oabmayguf=uw,f? vkyf=unfhawmh
yHrk eS ef nf;eJ@ vkyrf &wmawG@&w,f? 'geJ@
um;vrf;vHòk caH &;*dwrf sm; ydwyf if
aew,f? 'gudk ppftyk pf o k pfu tckvv kd yk &f awmhwmyJ? 'Dwcg Adv k cf if!eG @f etz ppftyk pf t k wGi;f tuGt J +yJ taumufcGefXmewkd@rS tr_xrf;rsm;
xde;f odr;f o,faqmifaewm udk xde;f csKyfyekH @J t&ifu Adv k af usmfb/ tzrf;tqD;rsm; jzpfay:cJ+h yD;aemuf Ekid if H trsm;qk;H pk&mjzpf+yD; c&D;oGm;rsm;tay:
jzpfw,f? Adkv0f if;jrifh polawGukd xde;f csKyfykjH cif; tES@H tjym;wGif vHòk cHa&;ta=umif;jycsuf ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jyum aiG!pS af wmif;cH
Adkvfoef;a&$/ Adkvf rwlb;l qdw k m owdxm;oifw h ,f? wcsuf jzifh zGixhf m;onfh ppfaq;a&;*dwf toD; cJo
h nfh emrnf}uD;*dwrf sm;jzpfonf?
armifat;/ Adv k cf if!eG @f u tðzwfcH&olcsif; tqifhrwlwm? oD;ukd atmufwb dk mvukeyf idk ;f rS pwifum tvm;wl w&kwfe,fpyfokd@oGm;
wd@k [m wwd,rsK;d quf tck tðzwfc&H wJv h [ l m &Spaf v;vH;k +yD; ydwx f m;vku d +f yDjzpfa=umif; c&D;oGm;jynf a&mufonfh rEWav;-rlq,fvrf;ESihf xkid ;f
ppftyk pf u k vlawG/ rsK;d uxJu wtlxq kH if;vkd ppftpd;k &qdw k hJ olrsm; tqkt d &od&onf? e,fpyf&Sd &efukef-jr0wDvrf;rsm;wGif
qufa[mif;awG? 'DrsK;d qufxu J vlawG xrf;yd;k udk twlxrf;cJo h jl zpfw,f? 'kw, d &efuek -f rEWav;/ rEWav;-aròrd@/ vnf; ,cifu =oZm}uD;cJo h nf(h epc)
Adv k cf if!eG @f ðywfwahJ emuf &Si;f oGm;wJh avsmo h mG ;av rsK;d qufopfawGu oabm wcsufu 'Dwcgajz&Si;f &yHu k yd=k urf; &efuek -f armfvòrdiw f @dk t=um;&Sd vHòk cHa&; ppfaq;a&;*dwrf sm;ukd zsuford ;f vku d +f yD
udpaP wG renf;ygbl;? usavjzpfrmS ? Adv k o f ef;a&$/ Adv k af rmifat; w,f? ,m,Dyq J Okd ;D awmh axmifxu J kd *dwrf sm;tygt0if &efuek -f rEWav;vrf; jzpfa=umif; od&onf?
t"dutusq;kH tcsuu f awmh etz wd@k u Adv k cf if!eG @f uq kd uf vufcx H m;cJh trsm;}uD; yd@k xm;&w,f? ay:&Sd yJc;l wk;d *dw(f vrf;tcGeaf umuf*w d )f ok@d &mwGif tajctaerSm wnf+idrf
twGi;f uGv J aJG e=uwm[m Edik if aH &;vrf; wm[m olw@kdcsi;f nD!w G af =umif;jyzd@k / Adv k f tck'v D v kd yk f vdu k w f t hJ wGuf ppftpd;k ESihf rEWav;wk;d *dww f @dk uydk g ydwyf pfvudk +f yD jcif;r&Sad o;onft h wGuf ukepf nfp;D qif;r_
pOfqikd &f m r[kwb f ;l qdwk myJ? t&ifu cif!eG @f vufatmufu axmufvrS ;f a&; &[m ydt k m;aumif;oGm;ovm;/ tm;enf; [k qko d nf? wk@H aES;oGm;I ukeaf ps;E_e;f rsm; 10 &mckid f
jynfwiG ;f / jynfyu vlwcsK@d [m anmifEpS f vkyif ef;udk acsmacsmarG@arG@ v$aJ jymif;,l oGm;ovm;? 'gudk vG,v f , G ef @J tajzr &efuek -f bm;tHvrf;wav#muf ,cif E_e;f rS 20 &mckid Ef e_ ;f txd wufomG ;a=umif;
yifw@kd / (104)csuw f @kd [m Adv k cf if!eG @f wOD; Edkizf k@d jzpfr,f? axmufvSr;f a&;vkyif ef; ay;oifb h ;l xifw,f? tcsdew f ck apmifh c&D;onfrsm; qif;av#muf&onfh a0g*dw/f od&+yD; txl;ojzifh xkid ;f ESihf w&kww f @kd rS
wnf;&J@vuf&mvd@k qdck sif=uw,f? Adv k f qdk&mrSm ‘+idr;f ’tzG@J awGupd yP g ygw,f? =unf&h OD;r,f? aocsmwm wyfrawmfom; oxH*k w d rf sm;ukv d nf; ,cktcg ydwyf pfvu dk f ukeyf pPn;f rsm; aps;E_e;f jrifw h ufomG ;onf
cif!eG @f r&Sad wmh&if 'Dv&kd pdS rk phJ k‘ðyjyifa&;’ Advk pf ;kd 0if;wd@k / Adv k af &$ref;wd@k xdyo f ;D awG awG[m olwdk@acgif;aqmifawGtay: +yD[k od&onf? tqkyd g*w d rf sm;onf axmuf [k qko d nf?
vkyif ef;av;awGawmif awG@&awmhrmS jzpfvm+yD;wJah emuf &ufyikd ;f twGi;f rSmyJ ,H=k unfr_ ydek nf;oGm;r,f? jynfov l x l k vSrf;a&;/ v0u/ &JESifht&HrD;owf Ð
r[kwb f ;l vd@k pdwrf aumif;jzpfaeolawG 'D‘+idr;f ’tzG@J awGukd vdu k af wG@wm rSwrf d rsupf x d rJ mS vnf; ydpk w d yf suo f mG ;r,f? 'g
awG@&w,f? tckawmh Adkvfpdk;0if;eJ@ =ur,fxifw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f uawmh omref odyt f c&m usw,f? ppfwyfwwyf[m 'DaubDatukdvufeufðzwfodrf;v#if autJef,lESifh jyefyl;aygif;rnf[kqdk
Adkvaf &$ref;wdk@u vljyufajymif;ayr,fh awG@qHkr_vdk@yJ xifcJh&w,f/ tckawmh ud, k v hf x l ek @J ud, k ahf tmufajc&J@ axmufcrH _
Zmwfxyk rf ajymif;ygbl;vd@k a=ujimvku d f 'gawG[m axmufvrS ;f a&;vufxu J ae r&&if tajcrcdik Ef ikd b f ;l ? tck[mu tJ'D 'DaubDatac: wd;k wufaomu&if u&ifjynfe,f &JtoGiu f akd qmifr,f qdw k hJ
awmh &Si;f oGm;a&m? 'DajcvSr;f awG[m ‘+idr;f ’tzG@J e@J qikd w f v hJ yk if ef;awGukd vk,zl @kd tajcudk ES@J vu kd w f mrsKd;jzpfw,f? Ak'b< momtpnf;t&k;H udv k ufeuf ðzwf oabmrsKd; jyefvyk rf vm;awmh/ usaemf
Adv
k cf if!eG @f wOD;wnf; armifyikd f r[kwf ajcvSr;f qdw k m awG@vm&w,f? etzppfwyf[m vlx, k =kH unfru _ kd odr;f I &Jwyfz@JG atmufwiG f xm;&Sad wmh tJ'v D jkd zpfr,fav’[k ajym=um;onf?
bl;? 'ga=umifh Adv k cf if!eG @f [maysmah ysmif; ppftm%m&Sifqdkwm udk,fhwyfudk ody*f \krpdu k w f muawmh trSeyf ?J urBmh rnf[k owif;rsm;jzpfay:ae&m 'DaubD od&k mwGif 'DaubDatu xdt k pDt
olqdkwJhtajymvnf; &yfoGm;oifh+yD? EdkifiHa&;eJ@ xdef;wmr[kwfbl;? aiGeJ@/ tmabmfyikd ;f qdw k mudv k nf; ol@p;D yGm;a&; atuvufrcHbJ autJe, f El iS jhf yefvnf pOfukd vufcrH nfyh rHk ay:a=umif;/ vuf&dS
rarhoifw h mu ppftyk pf /k ppftm%m&Sif tcGit hf a&;eJ@ xde;f wm? wu,fu h kd a=u; udk xdcu kd w f u hJ pd u P vG&J if wjcm;bmrS*\kr aygif;pnf;awmhrnfqo kd nfh owif;rsm; taetxm;wGif etzESi'hf aD ubDatwd@k
pepfwcktxJrmS t,ltqESpcf /k vrf;pOf pm;wyf qefqefy?J 'gayr,fh tckow l @kdrmS pdu
k yf gbl;? tmqrf (ASEM) rSm acgif;iH@k xGuaf y:vmaea=umif; od&onf? =um;wGif ,k=H unfry_ sujf ym; ae+y;D / 'Dau
ESpcf k wòydiw f nf;rwnf&EdS ikd b f ;l ? eHygwf0rf; wyfukd 00vifvifau|;zd@k aiGr&Sb d ;l ? wyf wuf&wmrsKd;udk olw@kd r&Suyf gbl;? u&ifjynfe,fom;wOD;. tqkt d & bDatuvnf; olw@kd vufeuf/ olw@kd vuf
ajymor# wnfapjzpf&wm? ppftyk pf x k J udk pm;usux f rJ mS EGm;awGvw $ o f vdk ud, k hf b,fvdkyJjzpfyap 'Dtjzpftysuf jynfe,fòrd@awmf bm;tHwiG u f sif;yrnfh xJwiG &f adS &;udk jyefawmif;qkrd ,fv@dk =um;
rSm b,fawmhrS avS}uD;ay: avSi,fxyf [mudk,f&Smpm;=uvdk@ v$wfxm;&wm a=umifh vlxk&@J rsufvk;H xJrSm 'Dppfwyf u&ifjynfe,fae@yaJG wmf+yDv#if 'DaubD ae&a=umif;udv k nf;xnfo h iG ;f ajym=um;
vkyv f @kd r&bl;? =um+yDy?J tJ'v D kd a&=unf&m jrufEk&m vnf; pnf;vH;k nD!w G v f w S m r[kwb f ;l / atudk vufeufrsm;ðzwford ;f awmhrnfh cJoh nf?
&SmEdik &f if xdyyf ikd ;f rSmawmif tufa=umif; owif;rsm; xGuaf y:aeonf[k qdo k nf? wcsdefwnf;wGif etztrdef@rem
awG awG@Eikd w f ,fqw kd m xif&mS ;oGm;w,f? xdok @kd vufeufrsm;odr;f rnfo h wif; cHbJ 'DaubDatujyefwu kd vf #if autJef
áowif;pOf ‘+idr;f ’tzG@J awG taeeJ@vnf; b,fo@l urkd S
yH+k yD;,Hv k @kd r&bl;qdw k m odomG ;w,f?
udk u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t&k;H Edik if jHcm;a&;
wm0efcH y'dak pma';Apfaxmuvnf;=um;
,lwyfr[m(6)u jyefvnfvufcrH nfqdk
onfh pmrsm;xkwo f nf[k owif;rsm;
odŒk 'g[maumif;wJh tcsufy?J ae&a=umif;/ 'DaubDatudk u&ifjynf xGuaf y:ae&m tqkyd gudpu P kd vmrnfh
jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfonfhowif;at*sifpDrS
xkwfa0jzef‹csdonf? pmrlrsm;/ 'Daumif;wJt h csuu f kd tiftm;tjzpf e,f &JtzGJ@vufatmufwGifxm;&Sd+yD; oDwif;ywfwiG ðf yvkyrf nfh ta&;ay: aumf
ajymif;zd@k vdw k ,f? tiftm;tjzpf ajymif; aemufydkif;wGif u&ifjynfe,f&Jtjzpf rwD. tpnf;ta0;wGif qk;H jzwfcsufcs
a0zeft}uðH ypmrsm; toGifajymif;ypfrnfh tvm;tvm&Sd Edkirf nfjzpfa=umif; qufvufajym=um;
zdk@qdkwm vufawG@eJ@aygif;pyfay;a&;
t,f'Dwm qufoG,f a=umif;/ ,ckvnf; 'DaubDattzG@J onf oGm;onf?
cifvGef;
yJjzpfw,f? &nfreS ;f csuf yef;wdik o f m&S+d yD;
ay;yd‹k Eikd o
f nf? vufawG@vyk &f r,fh a&S@ajcvSr;f / a&S@vyk f ,cifvkd vGwv f wG v f yfvyfvy_ &f Sm;oGm; etzESihf ðyvkyaf eonfh ,cifwm0ef
pmrsuEf mS zGŒJ pnf;r+

     
ief;pOfr&S&d if bmrSjzpfrvmbl;? wyfom; vmcGirhf &bJ &JvufatmufwiG o f m v_yf ,laqG;aeonfh etzaxmufvSr;f a&;

         

r&Sw d hJ ppfwyfyjJ zpfaerSm? 'gqd&k if ajryHk &Sm;vd@k &awmha=umif; ajym=um;cJo h nf? rsm; zrf;qD;cHae&ojzifh qufvufðyvkyf
armifarmifOD;
ay:rSmwif ppfwu kd af eaya&mhy?J qufvufI Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG @f ajymwJh &ef tajctaerxl;ao;a=umif; y'kad ';
           

              
  

Ð twkid ;f 'DaubDatudk vufeufcs+yD;&if Apfaxmu xnfo h iG ;f ajym=um;cJo h nf?Ð

Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0on
0onf
á owif;pOf (16) trSwf (56)

trsKd;om;axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@ òydvJ vufeufuikd wf ukd yf EJG iS hf vlxwk ukd yf aJG ygi;f pyfatmifycJG rH nfah usmif;om;wyfrawmf(16)ESpf ajrmufarG;ae@usi;f y
onf? (16)ESpu f mv vufeufuikd af wmf
vGefcJhonfh ESpf(20)cef@upwif trsK;d om;zG@H òzd;a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pD okaw
vSeaf &;tawG@tóut H wGi;f Y '%f&m&ol/
zG@J pnf;cJo h nfh trsK;d om;axmufvrS ;f a&; oeXmerS jrefrmhppfa&;avhvmol 'g\du k f
(377)OD;ESifh usqkH;§aoqkH;olaygif;
tzG@J ‘tJet f ikd b
f ’D udk qufvufxm; &S&d ef wmOD;aX;atmifu etz taeESihf uu
(565)OD; &Sdonf[kod&onf? ru
rvdt k yfawmhonft h wGuf zsuo f rd ;f vdu k f (vSr;f )ESihf uu (=unf;)wd@k t=um;jzpf
'w taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; &Jabmf
a=umif; etzOuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfrª;}uD;oef; ay:aeaomjy±emrsm;a=umifh tJet f ikd bf D
ausmfuu kd ru'w jzwfoef;r_twGi;f
a&$u atmufwdkbm(22)&ufae@wGif udk topfjyefvnfz@JG pnf;&ef vdt k yfaeI
taumif;qkH; vkyfudkifcJhwmuawmh
trde@f xkwjf yefvu kd o
f nf? zsuford ;f vduk jf cif;jzpfEikd af =umif; a0zef
trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; vkyif ef;
vuf&t dS ajctaet& axmufvrS ;f cJo
h nf? vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygwD
yifjzpfa=umif; ausmif;om;rsm;u Arm
a&;tzG@J ukd qufvufxm;&S&d ef rvdt k yf url Adkvfcif!Gef@.=oZmt&Sdeft0gESifh
vlrsK;d pkrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;t=um;
awmhonft h wGuf ,ckvkd zsuford ;f vdu k f =oZmcHrsm;udck sypf&ef trsK;d om;axmuf
vlrsK;d a&;t&uGm[r_ukd avsmyh g; atmif
jcif;jzpfonf[k etz.a=unmcsufwiG f vSr;f a&;tzG@J ukd zsuo f rd ;f jcif;jzpfonf[k
aqmif&u G Ef kid cf ahJ =umif; xkwaf zmfajym
azmfjyxm;onf? 1983 ckEpS u f jyÏmef;cJh ok;H oyfcohJ nf?
=um;cJ h o nf ? trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD
onfh ‘tJet f ikd bf ’D Oya't& ppfbuf 1983 ckESpf rqvvufxufu jref r mEk d i f i H v k H ; qk d i f & mausmif ; om;rsm;'D r k d u &uf w pf w yf O D ; .
tzG@J csKyf vGwaf jrmufe,fajr. tzG@J 0if
axmufvrS ;f a&;udk tm%mukeaf y;tyf axmufvrS ;f a&;rª;csKyf Adv k rf ª;csKyf wifO;D taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rª ; &J a bmf a usmf u k d a jym=um;pOf
wOD;url trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;
um ‘tJet f ikd b f ’D . vufatmufwiG f &J/ tm; vmbfpm;r_jzifh OD;ae0if;uta=umif;
jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om; a=umif;vnf; od&&Sd onf? vrf;a=umif;udk 'DbufrmS awmxGiv f rf;
txl;owif;wyfz@JG EiS hf r_cif;&Jwyfz@JG w@kd jzifh jy zrf;qD;um axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J tm;
'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D ru'wzG@J pnf;r_. jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om; azmufwm ausmif;om;awGyg? usaemfw@dk
zG@J pnf;um 0ef}uD;rsm;\k;H wGif \H;k pdu k cf hJ jyifqifz@JG pnf;cJ+h yD;aemufyikd ;f ,ck etz
(16)ESpaf jrmuf tcrf;tem;rsm;udk ru
onf? vufxufwiG f Adv k cf sKyf}uD; cif!eG @f ukd
'wXmecsKyf tygt0ifwyfz@JG wyfpcef;
,ckvkd tJet f ikd b f D ac: trsKd;om; wyfrawmfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rª;csKyf &mxl;
toD;oD;Y ouU&mZf 2004ckEpS f Ed0k if
axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J uzkd suo f rd ;f vduk jf cif; rSz,f&mS ;um wEdik if v H ;Hk &Sd axmufvrS ;f
bmv(1)&ufae@Yusif;y&m vufeuf
ESifhywfoufI Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; a'oqdik &f mppfwyf
udik w f u kd yf EJG iS hf vlxw k ukd yf JG aygif;pyfvsuf
t+idr;f pm; t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;xdev f if;u uzrf;qD;r_rsm;ðyvkyIf trsK;d om;axmuf
atmif y G J c H a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf t ay:wG i f
‘tJet f ikd bf ’D r&Sad omfvnf; ppftm%m\Sif vSr;f a&;tzG@J ukd zsuford ;f vdkujf cif;jzpf
ru'wrS tcdkiftrm&yfwnfvsuf&Sd
pepf&adS ev#if 'Dru kd a&pDr&or# umv onf? ‘tJet f ikd b
f ’D onf OD;ae0if;vuf
a=umif; wyfO;D .OuUÏ &JabmfocH rJ S xkwf
ywfv;Hk qd;k usK;d rsm; jzpfaeOD;rnf jzpfonf xuf wygwDpepfxal xmif&mwGif tvGef
azmfajymqdck o hJ nf?
[k a0zefajymqdck o hJ nf? jynfy tajcpdu k f =oZm}uD;onfh tzG@J tpnf;jzpfonf? Ð
OuUÏrS ‘vwfwavmtm%mESifh
ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;tm;òydirf t _ ay: tajccHwhJ

&efukefòrd@vnf ykZGefawmif}uH@zGH@&kH; rD;wif±+d@ jcif;cH& etz ppfacgif;aqmifawG=um;u ajymif;

vJra_ wG&cdS ahJ yr,fh udik pf x JG m;wJh Edik if aH &; jref r mEk d i f i H v k H ; qk d i f & mausmif ; om;rsm;'D r k d u &uf w pf w yf O D ;
OD;wnfcsufawGuawmh e*kdtwkdif;yJ? (16)ES p f a jrmuf t crf ; tem;usif ; yaepOf
atmufwdkbm(3)&ufae@ nu rª;}uD;oef;a&$. vrf;n$erf j_ zifh pwif 'g[m wdik ;f jynfe@J vx l u k kd tm%m&Sipf epf
&efuk ek òf rd@vnf ykZeG af wmifòrd@e,f &yfuu G f zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzpf+yD; ppftm%mwnf+rJa&; ykpH eH @J qufvufomG ;r,fqw dk mudk tcdik f 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D udk vGecf ahJ om (16) u aemufuvdu k +f yD; av#muf&wmyg [k
(18)&Sd }uH@cikd zf @G òH zd;a&;&k;H udk trnfrod twGuf vufuikd w f w k tf jzpf tok;H cscaH e& trmjyaewmjzpfw,f ’[k ,ae@tajc ES
p u
f mvu (8) av;vk ;
H ta&;tcif ; ajy m=um;cJ o
h nf ?
vli,fwpku rD;wif&@_d omG ;a=umif; jynf onfh tzG@J jzpfonf? 2003 ckEpS pf m&if; taeESiphf yfv f sO;f I &Jabmfxw k &yfv;Hk od@k }uD;. r+yD;qkH;ao;aom 'Drkdua&pD vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD 'k
wGi;f owif;rsm;t& od&onf? rsm;t& tzG@J 0if (19)oef; cef@&o dS nf[k today; ajym=um;cJo h nf? wduk yf . JG qufww JG m0efxrf;aqmifa&;udk OuUÏ ud, k OfaxG;url vl@abmifopfEiS hf
xdak e@n 10 em&DEiS hf 11 em&D=um; qkad om xdt k zG@J wiG f ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;twGuf jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS jrefrmjynfov l xl k &nf&, G If vli,fausmif;om;trsm;pkjzifh ru'wqdw k m cGrJ &wJt h pdwt f ydik ;f yg?
tcsdecf ef@u tqkyd g }uH@z@HG &;Hk taemuf toif;0ifjzpfvmolrsm;ESihf zdtm;ay;r_ }uD;w&yfv;Hk taejzifh wku d yf 0JG ifEikd af &; zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tckvnf; usaemfwdk@ vkyfief;awGudk
bufjcrf;udk trnfrodvli,fwpku trsK;d rsK;d cHc&hJ I 0ifa&muforl sm;u ydrk sm; twGuv f nf; ru'wrS Ed;k aqmfwu kd w f eG ;f vrf;pOfudk csrSwfusifhokH;cJhonfh wck wom;wnf; vkyu f ikd af eygw,f[k rk;d óu;d
rD;wif&@_d co hJ nft
h wGuf &yfuu G t f wGi;f &Sd jym;a=umif; avhvmapmif=h unfah eolrsm; csufw&yfukd ,if;ae@Yyif xkwjf yefchJ wnf;aom 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk jzpf odk@ xkwaf zmfajym=um;cJo h nf? Ð
vlrsm;u 0dik ;f 0ef;+idr;f owfvu kd &f a=umif; u qko d nf?
rsujf rifoufaowOD;. tqku
I 'DAb
cJo
h nf?
GD tD oHvi$ Xhf meu xkwv
d kd ud;k um;
f i$ ohf mG ;
}uH@z@HG tzG@J onf etzua&;qGx
onfh Edik if aH &;vrf;!$eaf jrykH (7)csut
topfjyefvnfusif;yrnfh a&G;aumufyJG
J m;
f &
¹³
xdkodk@jzpfyGm;&jcif;rSm }uH@zGH@tzGJ@
0ifrsm;onf &yfuu
rsm;tay: wvGt
G t
J cGit
f wGi;f &Sd jynfol
hf m%mok;H aejcif;
a=umifh rauseyfrr_ sm;jzpfymG ;ae&rS ,ck
vdkjzpfymG ;&jcif; jzpfEkid af =umif;udkvnf;
wGif Edik if aH &;ygwDtjzpf a&G;aumufy0JG if
&efvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm; ajymifajymifwif;wif;
ðyvkyaf ea=umif; owif;rsm;xGuaf y:
vmae+yD; jynfolvlxkukd jzm;a,mif;r_
enf;vrf; trsKd;rsKd;ok;H I pnf;&k;H a&;
µ ud k , f w d k i f \ d k u f u l ; rS w f w rf ; wif /
wnf ; jzwf j cif ; / pmwrf ; xd k ; jcif ; /
tqkyd g rsufjrifoufaou ajym=um;cJh vkyaf qmifaeonft h jyif trsKd;om;'Drkd
ua&pDtzG@J csKyf. v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk tpD
aemuf c H p um;ajymES i f h
onf?
,ckvkd }uH@z@HG &;Hk w&k;H rD;wif&@_d cH & tpOf&&dS dS aESmif, h uS af eonfh tzG@J tpnf; aw;*D w xnf h o G i f ; jcif ; wd k Πud k
jcif;rSm jynfaxmifpk}uH@ckid zf @HG òzd;a&; t vnf;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif 2003 ckarvwGif t&nf t aoG ; aumif ; rG e f p G m jzif h
oif;ac: }uH@z@HG toif;zG@J pnf;cJo h nfh (10) jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh 'Dy, J if;vky}f uHr}_ uD;wGif ADpD'DESifh 'DAD'Drsm; tvsiftjref*\kwpdkuf
ESpaf usmfumvtwGi;f yxrqk;H t}udrf t"dutcef;u yg0ifco hJ nfh tzG@J tpnf; ðyvk y f a y;aeyg+yD
jzpf+yD; jynforl sm;u tqdyk gtoif;t vnf;jzpfonf?
     ! "   #

     $
 %  & $

ay: rvdkvm;r_rsm;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; tzG@J ukd pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu Edik if aH &; '  ( $ '       )

jyovmjcif;jzpfa=umif; Edik if aH &;avhvm ryg0ifonfh vlra_ &;oufouf vkyif ef;

vl x k v uf ± H k ; pwl ' D , d k
olrsm;u qdo k nf? rsm;om vkyaf qmifrnf[k a=unmcJo h nfh
       
                   

}u@H z@HGtoif;udk 1993 ck pufwifbm tzG@J vnf; jzpfonf?
             

(15)&ufae@u etzOuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf Ð

         

jref r mEd k i f i H vG w f v yf o nf h o wif ; at*sif p D r S xk w f a 0onf Ekd0ifbm/ 2004 ckESpf