I.

Method of Dependent Pressures

The pressure acting on a deformed structure is given by:

σ = σa for: σ < σa
σ = σp for: σ > σp
where:
σr pressure at rest
kh modulus of subsoil reaction
deformation of structure
σa active earth pressure
σp passive earth pressure
The computational procedure is as follows:
The modulus of subsoil reaction kh is assigned to all elements and the structure is loaded by the pressure at rest - see figure:

Scheme of structure before first iteration

The analysis is carried out and the condition for allowable magnitudes of pressures acting on the wall is checked. In locations at which these
conditions are violated the program assigns the value of kh = 0 and the wall is loaded by active or passive pressure, respectively - see figure:
 Scheme of structure during the iteration process
The above iteration procedure continues until all required conditions are satisfied.
In analyses of subsequent stages of construction the program accounts for plastic deformation of the wall. This is also the reason for specifying
individual stages of construction that comply with the actual construction process.

II. Earth Pressure at Rest

Earth pressure at rest rest is the horizontal pressure acting on the rigid structure. It is usually assumed in cases, when it is necessary to
minimize the lateral and horizontal deformation of the sheeted soil (e.g. when laterally supporting a structure in the excavation pit up to depth
below the current foundation or in general when casing soil with structures sensitive to non-uniform settlement), or when structures loaded by
earth pressures are due to some technological reasons extremely rigid and do not allow for deformation in the direction of load necessary to
mobilize the active earth pressure.

For cohesive soils the Terzaghi formula for computing Kr is implemented in the program:

where:
ν Poisson's ratio
For cohesionless soils the Jáky expression is used:

where:
φ angle of internal friction of soil
When computing the pressure at rest for cohesive soils σr using the Jáky formula for the determination of coefficient of earth pressure at rest K r,
it is recommended to use the alternate angle of internal friction φn.
The way of computing the earth pressure at rest can be therefore influenced by the selection of the type of soil (cohesive, cohesionless) when
inputting its parameters. Even typically cohesionless soil (sand, gravel) must be introduced as cohesive if we wish to compute the pressure at
rest with the help of the Poisson ratio and vice versa.
For overconsolidated soils the expression proposed by Schmertmann to compute the coefficient of earth pressure at rest Kr is used:

where: Kr coefficient of earth pressure at rest

OCR overconsolidation ratio
The value of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest can be input also directly.
The program calculates the influence of the inclined ground surface or the back of structure and increase of pressure at rest from the surcharge.

III. Active Earth Pressure

Active earth pressure is the smallest limiting lateral pressure developed at the onset of shear failure by wall moving away from the soil in the
direction of the acting earth pressure (minimal wall rotation necessary for the evolution of active earth pressure is about 2 mrad, i.e. 2
mm/mofthe wall height).
The following theories and approaches are implemented for the computation of active earth pressure assuming effective stress state:
The Mazindrani theory (Rankine)
The Coulomb theory
The Müller-Breslau theory
The Caquot theory
The Absi theory