Statistical formulas

Arithmetic mean:
∑𝑥
𝑋= {for ungrouped data}
𝑛
∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑋= ∑𝑓
(Grouped data)

Median:
ℎ 𝑛
𝑋̃ = 𝑙 + [ − 𝑐]
𝑓 2

Mode:
𝑓𝑚−𝑓1
𝑙 + (𝑓𝑚−𝑓1)+(𝑓𝑚−𝑓2) × ℎ

Variance:
∑(𝑥−𝑥)2
(𝜎2,s2) =
𝑛

∑(𝑥−𝑥)2
s2 = (for sample)
𝑛

∑(𝑥−𝑥)2
𝜎2= (for population)
𝑛

Standard deviation:
∑(𝑥−𝑥)
𝑠. 𝑑 = √
𝑛

Measures of skewness:
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛−𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
S.K=
𝑆.𝐷

Geometric mean:
Geometric mean= (x1, x2, x3, x4 …xn)1/n

Compound rate of interest:

Pn=po(1+r)n

©usama malik
Statistical formulas

Regression
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦−∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
Slope of line = b=
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −(∑ 𝑥)2
Regression line:

𝑦́ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥

Correlation:
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦−∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
𝒓=
√{(𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −(∑ 𝑥)2 }{(𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 −(∑ 𝑦)2 }

Rank correlation:
1 − 6 ∑ 𝑑𝑖 2
𝑟𝑠 =
𝑛(𝑛2 − 1)
Normal distribution:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
if p(z>a)=1-𝜑(𝑎)
if p(z<a)= 𝜑(𝑎)
if p(a<z<b)= 𝜑(𝑏)- 𝜑(𝑎)
critical region for testing hypothesis:
𝑧𝑐 > 𝑧𝛼

𝑧𝑐 < −𝑧𝛼 |𝑧 | 𝑐 > 𝑧 𝛼

2

©usama malik
Statistical formulas

Testing hypothesis for one population:

𝑋−𝜇
𝑧𝑐 = 𝜎
⁄ 𝑛
√
Confidence interval for one population:
𝑋 ± 𝑧𝛼 𝑠
2 √𝑛

Testing hypothesis for two population:

(𝑋1 − 𝑋2 ) − 𝜇1 − 𝜇2
𝑧𝑐 =
𝜎12 𝜎22
√ +
𝑛1 𝑛2

Confidence interval for two population:

𝜎12 𝜎22
𝑋1 − 𝑋2 ± 𝑧 𝛼 √ +
2 𝑛1 𝑛2
ANOVA:
2
𝑠𝑏/𝑤
𝐹= 2
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛
Critical region:
𝐹𝑐 ≥ 𝐹𝛼 (𝑣𝑣)

©usama malik
Statistical formulas

TSS:

∑ ∑(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋. . )
(𝑋𝑖𝑗 )
𝑋. . =
𝑁

BSS:
∑ 𝑛𝑗 (𝑋𝑗 − 𝑋. .)2
WSS:
∑ ∑(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋𝑗 )2
Testing hypothesis related to association:
2 (𝑂−𝐸 )2
chi = Χ 𝑖 = ∑ ∑[ ]
𝐸
𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙×𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
E=
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Critical region for association:

chi = Χ 𝑖2 ≥ Χ 𝛼 (𝑑. 𝑓)
d.f=(r-1)(c-1)
Hypothesis related to proportion:
𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃̂
𝑧=
̂ ̂
√𝑃(1 − 𝑃)
𝑛

©usama malik
Statistical formulas

Critical region:
𝑧𝑐 > 𝑧𝛼

𝑧𝑐 < −𝑧𝛼 |𝑧 | 𝑐 > 𝑧 𝛼

2

𝑋
𝑃̂ =
𝑛

©usama malik