INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS

Informatics (Lecture)  Introduced in the

Unit I 1960s
 Microminiature
HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT  Speed is measured in
 1943 – First digital computer was nanoseconds
developed (Colossus Mark I) (billionths)
 1946 – First general purpose computer  Only 110 K of memory
was developed (ENIAC)  Hard disks are not
 1951 – First commercial computer. encased.
(UNIVAC-1)
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS  November 1972 - Intel
 UNIVAC-I was used to process payroll of 8008 is introduced
General Electric  This invention allowed
 They ran on vacuum tubes. the personal computer,
 Access speed is milliseconds or the microcomputer,
is possible.
 Less the 10 KB of storage.

BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS

Informatics (Lecture)
Unit II

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
 Automatic – self-instructed
 Electronic – components are made of
silicon chips
 General purpose – can be modified
according to need.
 Speed - the pace of processing
information
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
 Reliability – consistency of producing
 Developed in the 1950s the same result
 IBM 1401 and IBM 1620  Storage – the ability to store data.
 Transistors were used
 Microseconds were used to measure A computer…
access speed.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS  PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT
 Small and lightweight
 SUPERCOMPUTERS  Accept handwriting.
 Designed for  Access data from servers
complex scientific anywhere.
calculations.
 Expensive and  HYBRID/ SMARTPHONES
bulky.  Combines text messaging,
e-mail messaging and
 MAINFRAME other internet services.
 Support  Small keys and screen
organizational
information  EMBEDDED COMPUTER
systems  Integral part of
 Large storage devices/special
capacity purposes
 Expensive  Limited functionality

 MINICOMPUTER
 Smaller version of IMPACT OF COMPUTER TO SOCIETY
mainframe
computers
 Less complex
processes
 Relatively
expensive

 PERSONAL COMPUTER
 Designed for a
single user
 Can connect to
other users.
 Personalized
capabilities.

 LAPTOP/NOTEBOOK
 Portable version of
the PC
 More expensive than
PC

 TABLET COMPUTERS
 Smaller than notebook
computers
 More expensive than
laptop
 If in deadzone, can’t
receive transmission
MAJOR HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF  Smaller and faster computers
NURSING AND COMPUTERS  LAN & WAN
Informatics (Lecture)  Internet usage has emerged.
Unit III  Communication is transferred
instantly.
ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT
 Post-2000
 Time periods
 Wireless point-of-care
 Four major nursing areas  Development of PDA’s, tablets
 Nursing Practice and smartphones
 Nursing Administration  VoIP for communication
 Nursing Education
 Smart cards
 Nursing Research  Monitoring patient status thru
Internet
TIME PERIOD ANALYSIS
 Prior to 1960s DEVELOPMENT IN MAJOR NURSING AREAS
 Growth of computer industry
 Major changes in nursing and IT is
 NURSING PRACTICE
occurring.
 Documentation
 Few experts to pioneer this practice.
 Tracking progress
 Computers are used only for business
functions.  Used for analyzing trends in
nursing care.
 1960s
 “Why computers?”  NURSING ADMINISTRATION
 “What to computerize?”  Tracking workload
 Advent of hospital information system  Patient classification
(HIS)  Access of digital libraries and
 Progress was slow online resources.

 1970s  NURSING EDUCATION

 Start of  Online courses
computerization of  Teleconferencing
nursing records  Communication
 Involvement in  Virtual skills lab
designing HIS  Records Management
 Management
information  NURSING RESEARCH
systems were also  Primarily used to analyze data.
developed.  NCSS, SPSS, MS Excel
 Data retrieval
 1980s  EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect,
 Nursing Informatics became a specialty JStor
 Need for nursing software has evolved.  Web resources
 HIS has incorporated nursing
subsystems.
 PCs have reached the workplace.

 1990s
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD SYSTEM MOTHERBOARD
 A number of interconnected HIS.  The motherboard, also referred to
 Integrate all healthcare data of all as system board or main board, is the
patients. primary circuit board within a personal
 Improves patient care, reduces computer.
overwork.  Other major system components plug
 Features: directly onto or cable into the
 Wide scale computer-based motherboard.
patient record
 Complete collection of CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
individual’s health record.  The central
 Database format processing unit, or
 Stored in clinical repository CPU, is the part of a
 Data can be computer which
integrated/consolidated. executes
software program
instructions.
 Benefits of EHRS:
 Fetch, decode
 Alerts clinicians if an order execute and store
they are entering could cause
problem.
 Notify physicians of clinically
MEMORY
significant events.  Read-Only
Memory (ROM) –
 Template for automatic
can only be read
generation of reports.
by computer and
 Remote data viewing. cannot be
erased/altered.
 Random Access
Memory (RAM) –
temporary/volatile

INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
 INPUT
 Receive information from
outside the system.
 Keyboard, mouse, light pen,
COMPUTER HARDWARE scanners, cameras,
 Physical components of the machine microphones.
itself.  OUTPUT
 When grouped together, it is called  Generate report outside its
the configuration system
 Housed inside a case/box.  Printers, monitors, speakers

STORAGE MEDIA
 Devices on which data is stored.
 Hard drives
 Diskettes
 CD-ROMs/DVDs
 Flash drive/USB disk
TYPES OF SOFTWARE COMPUTER SYSTEM ELEMENTS
 Input – any external factor
taken in the system.
 Process – activity of the system.
 Output – product or waste of the
system.
 Control – any component of the
process that corrects/prevents error.
 Feedback – output from a
process that can serve as input.

COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Interaction between the
peripherals, software and the computer
box to perform a specific function.

DOS (DISK OPERATING SYSTEM)

 is an operating
system that
runs from a
hard disk drive
 Later called
common short
for disk-based INFORMATION SYSTEM
operating  Management Information
systems on IBM System
PC compatibles.  Bibliographic Retrieval Systems
 Transaction Systems
GUI (GRAPHICAL USER IMTERFACE)  Stand-Alone System
 Is a system of interactive visual  Hospital Information System
components for  Administrative module
computer  Clinical module
software. 
 Displays objects OPEN SOURCE AND FREE SOFTWARE
that convey
information, and
represent actions
that can be taken
by user.
 the objects
change color,
size, or visibility when the user
interacts with them
DATA PROCESSING
 Organized collection of related data.
 Example: Phonebook, Medical Chart
 The systematic approach in finding the data in
a database has an impact on ease of access.
 The Internet has no centralized
governance in either technological
implementation or policies for access and
usage; each constituent network sets its
own policies

THE INTERNET AS SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE

 Evaluating Information from the Web
 Credibility – sources?
 Content – originality?
 Disclosure – purpose of the site?
 Links – is it working?
 Design – navigation issues?
FIELDS, RECORDS AND FILES  Interactivity – does it allow
feedback?
 Caveats – is it trying to sell
products?

ADVANTAGE OF DBMs
 Reduces data redundancy.
 Decreases data inconsistency.
 Eliminates inefficient data gathering.

THE INTERNET
 The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks that
use the standard Internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide.
 It is a network of networks that consists
of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless and
optical networking technologies.
 The Internet carries an extensive range of
information resources and services, such
as the inter-linked hypertext documents of
the World Wide Web (WWW) and
the infrastructure to support email.