Chapter 16: Industrial America, 1877†1900 “

Topic: America Industrializes

books:

The New Industrial Economy

Innovation and Inventions
Building a New South
Industrial Consolidation
The Growth of Corporations

Question: What was the impact of industrialization on the U.S. economy in the late 1800s?

A. Industrialization expanded the U.S. gross domestic product but had little effect on how people lived. Industrialization expanded the U.S.
gross domestic product but also transformed how people lived.

B. Industrialization had a negative impact on the gross domestic product because of frequent recessions. Industrialization helped the gross
domestic product grow.

*C. Industrialization quadrupled the U.S. gross domestic product and spurred an urban boom. Industrialization quadrupled the U.S. gross
domestic product and cities grew as a result of a massive migration of American workers from farms to cities and immigrants flooding in from overseas to fill
newly created industrial jobs.

D. Industrialization only impacted people on the east coast; those in the Midwest and South were unaffected. Building on advantages
developed over the course of the nineteenth century, the Northeast and Midwest led the way in the new economy.

Question: How did industrialization in the late 1800s transform the nature of American industry?

*A. Small factories were replaced by large-scale firms. Industrialization transformed American industry as small factories catering to local markets
were replaced by large-scale firms catering to the national and international markets.

B. More Americans moved to farms to find jobs in newly invented industrial farming. Industrialization encouraged movement to cities to work in
factories.

C. Small factories catering to local markets spread across the country. Small factories catering to local markets did not grow because of
industrialization.

D. The number of American industrial workers fell as machines replaced human labor. The number of industrial workers grew because of
industrialization.

Question: How did the rate of industrialization in the United States compare to the rate in northern Europe in the late 1800s?

A. America industrialized faster at first but then northern Europe caught up. Industrialization began in northern Europe.

B. Northern Europe industrialized much faster than America. Industrialization in northern Europe lagged in the late 1800s.

*C. America industrialized much faster than northern Europe. America industrialized much faster than northern Europe and surged ahead of that
region to become the world's manufacturing center.

D. America and northern Europe industrialized at about the same pace. Industrial growth varied across the two regions.

Question: What was the role of the railroads in American industrialization in the late 1800s?

*A. The railroads made industrialization possible by creating national markets. The railroads were at the heart of American industrialization
because they created a national market for raw materials and finished products.

B. The railroads played a fundamental part in industrialization by decreasing shipping costs. The railroads played a more central role in
American industrialization.

C. The railroads were central to industrialization because they were the chief growth industry. The railroads played a significant role in
industrialization by affecting fundamental conditions.

D. The railroads' only contribution to industrialization was to make it easier for workers to reach cities. The railroads played a major role in
American industrialization.

Question: What obstacles impeded the creation of a national railroad system in the late 1800s?
*A. The fragmented early rail system The creation of a national railroad system was impeded by the fact that local railroads had different track gauges
and the lack of standardized time made scheduling difficult.

B. Unwillingness of the government to direct the effort The national rail system developed without the government directing the effort.

C. Lack of cooperation among railroad companies Railroad companies saw the benefit in the creation of a national railroad system.

D. Inability of trains to reach major cities Major cities were most likely to have train lines, as they would produce the most traffic and thus generate
revenue.

Question: Which of the following explains why American gross domestic product (GDP) increased from 9 billion in 1860 to 37 billion in
1890?

*A. The settlement of the West over this period was driven by industrialization, which favored large producers over small businesses.
The growth in GDP is directly tied to industrialization, as the number of Americans employed in the industry doubled over the same period, most of whom were
employed by large corporations.

B. The growth in GDP was tied to the sale of Native American lands, which brought in tremendous revenue. Lands obtained from Native
American tribes were not a major source of revenue; many were granted to large corporations as subsidies.

C. GDP growth came largely from expanded trade with Mexico, which was made possible by the settlement of the West. While America
traded with Mexico, the growth in GDP was tied to national and overseas markets.

D. The growth in GDP reflected changes in government tax policy. The late nineteenth century was characterized by few regulatory policies at the
federal level.

Question: What is the connection between industrialization and the creation of four standard time zones?

A. Industrialization increased the mobility of workers, creating a demand for standardized time zones. While workers were able to move to
find industrial work, this had no impact on the decision to create standard time zones.

*B. Industrialization led to the creation of transcontinental railroads, which created a demand for a standardized time zone for cargo
and trains moving across the country. Standardized time zones eliminated confusion in train schedules as trains with different origin points converged on
the same location.

C. The standardized time zones were a product of the Plains wars as soldiers needed to develop more efficient systems of
communication. The time zones were not created during the Plains wars, and the answer does not make a connection to industrialization.

D. Industrialization meant that workers in different states needed to be able to communicate in real time with one another, making
standard time zones necessary. While telephones and telegraphs were important components of industrialization, they were not the cause for standardized
time zones.

Question: How was the United States able to catch up to and compete with European manufacturing?

*A. By conquering the West, the United States tapped into a vast array of new resources that allowed for rapid industrialization. As
Europeans tapped resources in Africa and Asia, the U.S. government facilitated the acquisition of new resources by confining Indians to small reservations.

B. The rise of industrial unions created better working conditions, which led to higher productivity. Labor unions did not fare well in the
nineteenth century, as large corporations used their political influence to stifle union development and crack down on strikers.

C. By successfully assimilating more Native Americans, the U.S. labor force increased to produce goods on the same scale as
Europeans. While assimilation programs for native people were ongoing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they were hardly successful and
were not aimed at increasing the industrial labor force.

D. By covertly attacking European trade vessels, Americans were able to undermine the competitors. The United States was still a largely
isolationist nation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and had a long history of avoiding trade wars.

Question: What was the importance of the telephone in the late 1800s?

A. Improving emergency communications The telephone made other important contributions in this period.

B. Allowing families to live at a greater distance from one another In the late 1800s, the chief contribution of the telephone did not involve people's
personal lives.

*C. Allowing businesses to communicate more efficiently The telephone allowed business customers to communicate more efficiently.
D. Helping housewives talk to each other more easily In the late 1800s, the chief contribution of the telephone did not involve people's personal lives.

Question: What was the significance of the "open hearth" process?"

A. Cutting the cost of brickmaking The "open hearth" process had an impact on an industry other than brickmaking.

B. Made fueling locomotives safer The "open hearth" method did not have to do with operating locomotives.
C. Automating iron production The "open hearth" process had an effect on production of a different material.

*D. Improving the quality of steel The "open hearth" process made steel light, strong, and more durable than iron, giving a boost to steel production.
Question: Why was expansion of steel production important in the late 1800s?

A. Steel became the chief metal used in making weapons, a key factor in industrialization. While steel may have been used for weapons, that
industry was not central to the push to industrialize.

*B. Because it was cheaper and lasted longer than iron, steel became widely used. Railroads replaced iron rails with steel because it was lighter,
stronger, and more durable than iron. Steel became the major building block of industry, furnishing girders and cables to construct manufacturing plants and
office structures.

C. Steel made possible the construction of cheap housing for urban dwellers. Steel played a role in building construction, but its impact was much
more far-reaching.

D. Prior to the manufacture of steel, industrialists lacked a heavy-duty material. Iron was in widespread use before steel production became
significant in the late 1800s.

Question: Why did the demand for oil increase as industrialization occurred in the late 1800s?

A. Oil was used in farm equipment. While farm machinery may have needed oil for lubrication, another factor was the chief cause for the increase in
demand in this period.

B. The railroads used oil as fuel. The railroads tended to burn coal; they did not need oil for fuel.

*C. Factory machinery needed constant lubrication. The demand for oil increased primarily because factory machinery needed constant lubrication to
function properly.

D. Americans used oil to lubricate machines in their homes. Home use of oil products was primarily a matter of burning kerosene or paraffin for light.

Question: How was technological discovery in the late 1800s different from that in earlier eras?

A. Inventors like Bell and Edison always became very wealthy. Some inventors, like Bell, became very wealthy, but others did not.

*B. The process became an organized, collaborative effort. In the late 1800s, technological discovery changed and became an organized,
collaborative rather than an individual effort.

C. Large corporations sponsored research labs. Large corporations did not begin sponsoring research labs in the late 1800s.

D. Inventors worked alone in the hopes of profiting from their discoveries. Inventors working alone had been the hallmark of technological change
in earlier periods.

Question: How did electric lights revolutionize American life in the late 1800s?

*A. City streets became brighter and available for outdoor activities and factories could operate all night long. The electric light illuminated
people's homes and made them safer by eliminating the need for candles and gas lamps. It also brightened city streets, making them available for outdoor
evening activities, and lit up factories so they could operate all night long.

B. Home fires increased as people used electric lights. Homes became safer as a result of the spread of electric lights.

C. Rural areas became easier to travel to because of street lighting. The major impact of electric lights came in cities.

D. People moved from cities to rural areas to avoid the new bright lights. Electrification of cities came at the same time as massive urban growth.

Question: What factors caused steel production to increase from 13,000 tons in 1860 to 28 million tons in the first decade of the
twentieth century?

A. Massive European investment in U.S. steel production stimulated production. Steel was a predominantly American-owned enterprise in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

*B. As the steel production process became more efficient, it replaced iron, the primary ingredient in railroad construction. Railroads
replaced iron rails with steel because it was lighter, stronger, and more durable than iron. Steel became the major building block of industry, furnishing girders
and cables to construct manufacturing plants and office structures.

C. American steel companies were forced to produce steel to support American war efforts in the Spanish-American War. American
companies were not forced to produce steel during this war.

D. The U.S. government heavily subsidized the steel industry, thereby artificially stimulating production. The U.S. government did not
directly subsidize the steel industry; rather, global demand for goods coupled with the building of the railroads stimulated production.

Question: Why did southern business leaders view industrialization as key to the creation of a "New South" in the late 1800s?
A. They hoped to industrialize before the North so that the South could be dominant economically. The North had already begun industrializing
when the "New South" push began.

B. Industrialization would bolster the region's agriculture by providing a market for cotton. Southern business leaders thought the region
needed to move away from its reliance on agriculture.

C. Industrialization would allow them to enslave African Americans to work in factories. Southern whites created a virtual slave system through
the convict lease system, but that was not the focus of the push for an industrialized "New South."

*D. Industrialization would allow the region to be fully integrated into the national economy. Southern business leaders hoped industrialization
would put the regional separatism of the antebellum past behind the South and fully integrate it into the national economy.

Question: What industry dominated southern manufacturing in the late 1800s?

A. The steel industry The steel industry was concentrated primarily in the North, although it was important in Birmingham, Alabama.

*B. The textile industry Seeking to take advantage of plentiful cotton, cheap labor, and the improved transportation system, investors built textile mills
throughout the South, especially in the Carolinas and Georgia.

C. The coal industry Coal mining was significant in Alabama but not generally across the South.

D. The oil industry The South was not a major location for the oil industry.

Question: What opportunities did African Americans have in southern manufacturing in the late 1800s?

A. African Americans found many jobs in black-owned manufacturing plants. Black ownership of factories was not widespread in the South.

B. African Americans found better paid positions in agriculture as whites took manufacturing jobs. While African Americans concentrated in
farming in the late 1800s, they worked chiefly as sharecroppers rather than wage laborers, and they struggled mightily.

C. African Americans found work in textile mills but not other industries. African Americans did not find significant numbers of jobs in textile mills in
the late 1800s.

*D. African Americans were hired for the most menial industrial jobs. African Americans found employment only in the most menial jobs, and few
were hired in manufacturing positions.

Question: What was the purpose of the convict lease system used in the South in the late 1800s?

A. To allow debtors to repay money owed a creditor. The convict lease system was set up for the benefit of debtors.

B. To allow state governments to lease convicts to the military. The convict lease system did benefit state governments, but they collected lease fees
from private businesses.

*C. To give private companies free labor by hiring convicts who were imprisoned for minor offenses. The convict lease system allowed
private companies to hire convicts imprisoned for minor offenses and was a primary force behind providing laborers to build railroads in the South.

D. To help white mill owners hire black convicts to work in their factories. In the late 1800s, southern textile mill owners primarily hired white
workers.

Question: What was the impact of the convict lease system of the late 1800s?

*A. The system provided cheap labor for white-owned businesses but left African Americans poor. The convict lease system provided cheap
labor to the railroads and planters but left African American convict laborers impoverished.

B. The system provided cheap labor to the textile, tobacco, and timber industries. The convict lease system primarily helped railroad companies
and large planters.

C. The system allowed African Americans to get around the unofficial ban on hiring them for factory work. The convict lease system was not
devised to benefit African Americans but to exploit them.

D. The system provided a path for convicts to gain training and eventually economic self-sufficiency. The convict lease system did not have
the goal of serving as a job-training program.

Question: What was the impact of the sharecropping system on the New South's economy in the late 1800s?

*A. To prevent diversification of southern agriculture beyond tobacco and cotton The sharecropping system prevented the diversification of
southern agriculture beyond tobacco and cotton because the system was based on working small, inefficient plots of land.

B. To discourage African Americans from seeking factor jobs because crop prices were high Sharecropping tied African Americans to the land
and to poverty.

C. To provide a pathway for blacks to earn enough money to buy their own land Sharecropping worked to tie African Americans to the land in a
system of forced labor.
D. To encourage black and white sharecroppers to cooperate The sharecropping system did not encourage black and white sharecroppers to
cooperate with one another.

Question: Which of the following statements describes the overall impact of industrialization in the South?

A. The southern economy was quickly revitalized and completely transformed by industrialization. Economic recovery in the South was slow
despite industrialization.

B. Industrialization had a minimal impact on the South. While the South remained largely agricultural, there was significant industrial investment,
particularly in the railroads.

*C. Industrial development altered some industries in the South, but racial hierarchies persisted and agriculture was the predominant
industry. Most industries in the South remained segregated, and African Americans in factories worked for lower wages than whites.

D. Industrialization helped desegregate the southern labor force. Most industries in the South remained segregated.

Question: Why did cotton and tobacco farming remain the predominant industries in the South after the Civil War?

*A. The small plots created by sharecropping and the low wages in the South allowed tobacco and cotton production to dominate.
Efforts to diversify agriculture beyond tobacco and cotton were constrained by a sharecropping system based on small, inefficient plots. Low wages also meant
that southern workers remained poor and, in many cases, unable to buy the manufactured goods produced by industry.

B. Large corporations invested heavily in both cotton and tobacco, which kept the industries viable. Most cotton and tobacco farms were
privately owned by individuals, not corporations.

C. The federal government mandated high levels of cotton and tobacco production. There were no federal mandates for any crops.

D. African American workers formed unions to protect the industries from collapse. Most African American farmers were sharecroppers and did
not form unions.

Question: What spurred the move to industrial consolidation in the late 1800s?

A. New government regulations that favored large companies The absence of government rules promoted consolidation, but the government did not
actively promote it.

*B. The desire to minimize competition and maximize profits Nineteenth-century industrialists strove to minimize or extinguish competition. To gain
competitive advantages and increase profits, entrepreneurs concentrated on reducing production costs, charging lower prices, and outselling the competition.
Successful firms could then acquire rival companies that could no longer afford to compete.

C. To minimize risk by limiting exposure to the market Industrialists sought to increase their involvement in the market, although they did hope to
minimize risk.

D. To fund philanthropic activities Some industrialists became generous philanthropists, but that was not their primary motive in devising business
strategies.

Question: What was the goal of vertical integration in the late 1800s?

A. To diversify into new industries The purpose of vertical integration was to increase a firm's control of its core industry.

B. To pay higher wages to attract able workers Business owners of the late 1800s worried about controlling costs and hoped to keep wages low.

C. To better understand business processes to manage them better Vertical integration focused on financial matters.

*D. To reduce costs and undersell the competition A major organizational technique for reducing costs and underselling the competition was vertical
integration, in which business leaders created a network of firms, each contributing to the final product.

Question: What was the goal of horizontal integration in the late 1800s?

A. To find new techniques for marketing products Horizontal integration did address marketing concerns but did not focus on marketing techniques.

*B. To gain greater control over the market Horizontal integration focused on gaining greater control over the market by acquiring firms that sold the
same products.

C. To save money by controlling all aspects of production Horizontal integration was aimed at marketing rather than production.

D. To become the dominant business in a region Horizontal integration was focused on controlling an industry rather than a region.

Question: How did bankers support industrial consolidation in the late 1800s?

A. By securing government-backed loans to fund the consolidation Consolidation was funded by private capital.

B. By lobbying for federal laws allowing for consolidation The government initially placed no limits on consolidation, although it did pass antitrust laws
in response to the trend.
*C. By channeling funds from abroad to finance consolidation Bankers support industrial consolidation by channeling funds from foreign investors
with spare capital.

D. By becoming CEOs of the consolidated firms Bankers played a financial role in promoting industrial consolidation, although they could also serve on
the new firms' boards of directors.

Question: What was John Pierpont Morgan's role in industrialization in the late 1800s?

*A. He headed an investment house that engineered industrial consolidation. John Pierpont Morgan headed an investment house that engineered
industrial consolidation.

B. He headed the largest oil firm, Standard Oil, in the world. John D. Rockefeller headed Standard Oil.

C. He was a railroad tycoon. Cornelius Vanderbilt was a railroad tycoon.

D. He acquired Western Union, the largest telegraph company in the United States. John Jay Gould obtained control of Western Union.

Question: How did manufacturers respond to the high fixed costs, or overhead, of investment in heavy machinery that did not change
much over time?

A. By requesting direct government subsides to offset the fixed costs Manufacturers did not receive direct subsidies for heavy machinery.

B. By increasing workers' wages to encourage higher production Workers' wages were more likely to be reduced to cut variable costs.

C. By reducing the price of their goods Reducing the price without increasing production does not offset fixed costs.

*D. By increasing production Because overhead costs remained stable manufacturers could reduce the per-unit cost of production by increasing the output
of a product—what economists call "economy of scale."

Question: What was the predominant form of business ownership before the boom in forming corporations during the late 1800s?

A. Franchises Franchises were a later development and are employed by corporations.

B. Family-owned businesses The predominant form of business ownership before corporations was not family-owned businesses.

*C. Partnerships The predominant form of business ownership before corporations was partnerships.
D. Cooperatives Cooperatives were not a significant form of organizing businesses prior to the corporate boom of the late 1800s.

Question: What was the primary difference between partnerships and the new corporations formed in the late 1800s?

A. Corporations could not raise as much money as partnerships. Corporations can raise far more capital than partnerships can.

*B. Corporations provided investors with limited liability and had a perpetual life. Corporations provided investors with "limited liability" and had
a perpetual life, while partnerships dissolved upon the death of a partner and the shareholders had full liability.

C. Corporations could operate in more than one state. Partnerships could operate in more than one state as well.

D. Corporations limited the number of investors to concentrate control. Corporations allow for more investors than partnerships do.

Question: What was the purpose of forming a trust in the late 1800s?

*A. To evade monopoly laws while stifling competition Forming a trust allowed business owners to avoid state laws and gain more control over an
industry by limiting competition.

B. To gain the confidence of investors by showing trustworthiness A trust was not aimed at building investor confidence but at strengthening a firm's
hold on an industry.

C. To provide more accountability to the government and investors Business leaders seeking to form trusts had little interest in providing
accountability for their actions to outsiders.

D. To operate internationally by gaining control of shipping firms Trusts were formed to control industries rather than to initiate entry into
international markets.

Question: What is the significance of the Slaughterhouse Cases decided by the Supreme Court in 1873?

A. To limit the rights of corporations The Slaughterhouse Cases actually expanded the rights of corporations.

B. To limit the lifespan of corporations The Slaughterhouse Cases did not affect the rule that corporations could exist in perpetuity.

*C. To view corporations as a person with due process rights The Slaughterhouse Cases were significant because the Supreme Court ruled that
corporations were considered a person under the Fourteenth Amendment. This provided corporations the right of due process.

D. To allow corporations to operate in more than one state Corporations could operate in more than one state prior to the Court's ruling.

Question: Why did Congress pass the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890?

*A. To try to ensure free competition Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to outlaw monopolies that prevented free competition in interstate
commerce.

B. To provide rules for the formation of corporations Rules already existed to regulate the formation of corporations.

C. To cap the size of corporate assets to limit their power The Sherman Anti-Trust Act did not place limits on the size of the assets of corporations.

D. To allow corporations more rights in interstate commerce The Sherman Anti-Trust Act affected interstate commerce by determining that some
corporate actions were illegal.

Question: What was the role of managerial specialists in large corporations in the late 1800s?

A. To provide corporations with greater legal power Managerial specialists focused on operations rather than legal issues.

B. To improve corporate accountability to shareholders Managerial specialists focused on corporate operations rather than shareholder issues.

C. To cut operating costs by divesting corporations of poorly performing units Managerial specialists addressed corporate operations but had a
broader mandate than focus on divesting poorly performing units.

*D. To oversee and coordinate far-flung operations Managerial specialists oversaw and coordinated the various steps of production under one roof.
Comptrollers and accountants poured over financial records, for example, while marketing executives planned how to advertise goods and find new markets.

Question: What was Frederick Taylor's contribution to increased efficiency in industrial production in the late 1800s?

A. He devised strategies for avoiding antitrust action. Frederick Taylor focused on how a business carried out its core functions of making goods.

B. He developed new ways to more effectively advertise to new markets. Frederick Taylor focused on how a business carried out its core functions
of making goods.

*C. He developed principles to promote efficient operations. Frederick Taylor developed the principles of scientific management, reducing manual
labor into its simplest components to make it more efficient and ensure workers' productivity.

D. He developed a new system for financial oversight. Frederick Taylor focused on how a business carried out its core functions of making goods.

Question: How did Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management reduce costs in the late 1800s?

A. By reducing the cost of raw materials through vertical integration Taylor's scientific management principles aimed at labor costs rather than the
cost of raw materials.

B. By convincing corporations to reduce wages for employees Taylor's principles of scientific management addressed how workers worked rather than
what they were paid.

C. By increasing training for workers to make them more skilled Taylor's principles of scientific management involved controlling the way workers
worked.

*D. By making tasks more efficient so workers could work more quickly Taylor's principles of scientific management reduced labor costs by
calculating how to break down a job into the fewest movements that could be performed in the least amount of time.

Question: What innovation changed retailing in the late 1800s?

A. Discount stores Discount stores were a later development in marketing.

B. General stores General stores had existed before the late 1800s.

*C. Department stores Waited upon by a growing army of congenial sales clerks, customers could visit department stores to buy the enormous volume of
goods pouring out of factories.

D. Phone marketing Telephone marketing came much later than the late 1800s.

Question: Refer to the image 1899 Sears, Roebuck Catalog

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What message does the Sears Roebuck Catalog cover from 1899 convey?

A. American products are produced more cheaply than anywhere else in the world. The catalog promotes consumerism, not manufacturing.

*B. American companies can buy products from all over the world for American consumption. The catalog celebrates the fact that products
come from all over the globe.

C. It is cheaper to buy from local stores than big corporations. The cover implies that it is cheaper to buy from big corporations than from local
stores.

D. Consumers should buy American-made products. The catalog celebrates the fact that the products are from all over the globe.

Question: Refer to the image What a Funny Little Government, 1900

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

In what ways does the illustration critique the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890?

A. The illustration depicts government having too much control over private industry. The illustration does not contain any imagery that suggests
too much government control.

B. The illustration depicts a disconnect between government and industry. The illustration contains many images showing a strong connection
between government and business.

C. The illustration is critical of the women's movement and its effect on industry. There is nothing in the image critical of the women's movement.

*D. The illustration is critical of corporate influence in government. The illustration depicts several images that imply the government is controlled
by industry.

Topic: Laissez-Faire, Social Darwinism, and Their Critics

books:

The Doctrine of Success

Challenges to Laissez-Faire

Question: What describes the ideas of the British economist Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations?

*A. Self-interest guaranteed economic success. Smith believed that an "Invisible Hand" guided by natural law guaranteed the greatest economic
success if the government let individuals pursue their own self-interest.

B. The government must regulate monopolies. Smith wanted the government to refrain from regulation of the marketplace.

C. The government should support labor unions. Smith was interested in the factors that promoted competition and economic growth; labor unions were
not among them.

D. The government should act to prevent social inequality. Smith wanted the economy to operate relatively free of government regulation.

Question: How did the McGuffey Reader reinforce the doctrine of success?

A. By teaching children that economic inequality did not exist in America The McGuffey Reader made no claim that economic inequality did not
exist.

*B. By promoting hard work, individual initiative, reliability, and thrift The McGuffey Reader reinforced the doctrine of success by teaching children
the moral lessons of hard work, individual initiative, reliability, and thrift.

C. By providing biographies of self-made men who became very wealthy The McGuffey Reader focused on teaching moral lessons rather than
describing the lives of successful businessmen.

D. By teaching children that poverty did not exist in America The McGuffey Reader did not claim that poverty did not exist in America.

Question: Whose "Acres of Diamonds" sermon equated godliness with riches and argued that ordinary people had an obligation to
strive for material wealth?

*A. Russell Cronwell Cronwell was a pastor at the Grace Baptist Church in Philadelphia, and he preached a gospel of wealth.
B. Roger Williams Williams was a seventeenth-century New England theologian.

C. Joseph Smith Smith was the founder of the Mormon religion.

D. Frank Castle Frank Castle is the Punisher, a different kind of preacher.

Question: In his 1889 essay "Gospel of Wealth," what activity did Andrew Carnegie urge the wealthy to undertake?

A. Charity Carnegie deplored charity, which he thought would not help the poor.

B. Hoarding Carnegie argued that the person who died wealthy was immoral.

*C. Philanthropy Carnegie argued that the rich should act as stewards of the wealth they earned and administer their surplus income for the benefit of the
community.

D. Political service Carnegie believed that the wealthy had an obligation to society but did not identify politics as the avenue for pursuing it.

Question: What was Andrew Carnegie's distinction between charity and philanthropy?
*A. Charity was unwise giveaways; philanthropy raised educational and cultural standards. Carnegie claimed that charity involved direct
handouts to individuals, while philanthropy created institutions that raised educational and cultural standards.

B. Charity involved donating smaller amounts of money than philanthropy. Carnegie believed that charity and philanthropy were fundamentally
different in kind, not in degree.

C. Charity was more beneficial to society because it directly helped individuals. Carnegie decried charity and preferred philanthropy.

D. Charity was aimed at the local level; philanthropy was carried out at nationally. Carnegie saw the two activities as different in nature rather
than scope.

Question: What types of institutions did Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons create through philanthropic efforts?

A. Church schools that educated poor children Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons did create educational institutions, but not church schools.

B. Vocational training institutions for African Americans Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons did create educational institutions, but not vocational
training institutions for African Americans.

C. Orphanages and primary schools for destitute children Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons created educational institutions, but not
orphanages.

*D. Universities, libraries, and other cultural institutions Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons created universities such as Temple University,
Stanford University, and Vanderbilt University libraries; and other cultural institutions.

Question: How did the capitalists of the late 1800s understand laissez-faire capitalism?

A. The government and state power should not be used to retard or promote economic efforts. The capitalists thought the government did
have a proper role in relation to their economic efforts.

*B. The government should not retard their efforts but could promote them. Capitalists believed that the government should not retard their
economic efforts but state power could promote their enterprises and stimulate entrepreneurial energies.

C. Government policies should favor small rather than large enterprises. Capitalists preferred for government economic policies to favor their large
enterprises.

D. The government should not support enterprises but could take reduce social inequality. Capitalists believed that the government had a
proper role regarding business activity.

Question: What was the position of businessmen and their conservative allies on the Supreme Court regarding government regulation
in the economy?

A. The government could limit the power of corporations to prevent the development of monopolies. Businessmen and their conservative allies
on the Supreme Court did not accept that the government could limit the power of corporations.

B. The government had the constitutional authority to eliminate economic inequality. Businessmen and their conservative allies on the Supreme
Court did not accept that the government had the constitutional authority to limit economic inequality.

*C. The right to own and manage property was protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Businessmen and their conservative allies on the
Supreme Court argued that their right to own and manage property was protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

D. The Constitution's position on the right of individuals to own and manage property was ambiguous. Businessmen and their conservative
allies on the Supreme Court believed that the Constitution had a clear and correct position on the right of individuals to own and manage property.

Question: How did the late-nineteenth-century Supreme Court utilize the laissez-faire doctrine of Adam Smith?

A. By placing limits on the rights of corporations The Court actually increased the rights of corporations.

*B. By interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment to incorporate the rights of corporations The Supreme Court used Smith's doctrines to argue
against restrictive government regulation. The Court equated the corporation's right to own and manage property with the personal liberty protected by the
Fourteenth Amendment.

C. By upholding laws that increased regulations on corporations Smith's doctrine advocated fewer government regulations.

D. By striking down laws that increased the rights of corporation The Court's decisions upheld the rights of corporations.

_ebook: The Doctrine of Success https://ebooks.macmillanhighered.com/9781319235857?cfi=6/286&begin=4/2/6&end=4/2/6/16

_fq_uid: 3C2AA9

Question: What was the argument behind British philosopher Herbert Spencer's theory of social evolution?

A. The only way to help the poor was through increased federal spending to combat poverty. Spencer believed that poverty was the product of
individual circumstances, and thus he thought government programs were a waste.

B. The federal government should partner with churches, and other nonprofits, to combat poverty. Spencer believed that poverty was the
product of individual circumstances, and thus he thought government programs were a waste.

*C. People at the bottom of the economic ladder lacked ambition, and government programs would not help them. In Spencer's view,
those at the top of the economic ladder were closer to perfection than were those at the bottom. Any effort to aid the unfortunate would only slow the march of
progress for society as a whole.

D. Capitalism would eventually eliminate poverty. While a proponent of capitalism, Spencer believed in so-called Social Darwinism, which held that not
all could succeed.

Question: What explains why doctrines of success gained so much favor in the late nineteenth century?

*A. They helped explain the rapid economic changes and the effects of those changes. Although most ordinary people would not climb out of
poverty to middle-class respectability, let alone affluence, they clung to ideas that promised hope.

B. Most Americans blamed the rich for economic inequality. Those who supported doctrines of success were more likely to blame the poor for
economic inequality.

C. They promoted racial equality. Nineteenth-century America was extremely segregated, and few doctrines of success promoted racial equality

D. They pushed for workers' rights. Workers' rights was not part of the platform of the doctrines of success, which emphasized individual, rather than
collective, responsibility.

Question: What was the message of Lester Frank Ward in the book Dynamic Sociology?

A. Socialism was the solution to the ills of capitalism. Ward did not promote socialism in Dynamic Sociology.

B. Laissez-faire was a success and that more government intervention was not needed. Dynamic Society took a dim view of laissez-faire.

C. The government's primary role was to eliminate all social inequality. Dynamic Sociology targeted what Ward saw as the evils of laissez-faire
capitalism rather than social inequality.

*D. The government should protect the majority from the rapacity of the wealthy. Lester Frank Ward attacked laissez-faire in Dynamic Society
and argued that the government should protect the majority from the rapacity of the wealthy in order to ensure happiness, the main function of society.

Question: What was Richard T. Ely's contribution to the assessment of capital and labor?

*A. He sought to eliminate social ills caused by industrialization through cooperative enterprises. Richard T. Ely applied Christian ethnics to
the assessment of capital and labor and claimed that the ultimate solution for social ills was in the union of capital and labor in the same hands.

B. He claimed that society should return to an agrarian past. Ely advocated what he saw as a way to build a better industrialized society.

C. He used Christian ethics to justify laissez-faire capitalism. Ely offered sharp criticisms of laissez-faire capitalism.

D. He claimed that religious institutions had to move to eliminate the social ills. Ely saw social improvement as the result of a different approach
by secular forces rather than religious institutions.

Question: How did Richard Ely, Edward Bellamy, and Henry Ward view Karl Marx's revolutionary ideas?

A. They initially rejected his ideas but quickly supported the claim that a social revolution was necessary. Ely, Bellamy, and Ward never
supported Karl Marx's revolutionary ideas.

B. They were sympathetic to Marx's claim that a social revolution was necessary but thought it impractical. Ely, Bellamy, and Ward were not
sympathetic to Marx's revolutionary ideology.

*C. They rejected Marx's idea that a revolutionary movement of workers was needed to overthrow capitalism. Ely, Bellamy, and Ward
viewed Marx's revolutionary ideas as unnecessary because they contended that the American political system could be reformed without a social revolution.

D. They accepted Marx's idea that a revolutionary movement of workers would overthrow capitalism. Ely, Bellamy, and Ward did not support
Marx's revolutionary ideas.

Question: Why didn't the ideas of Karl Marx gain traction in America?

A. Few of Marx's writings were available in the United States. Marx was widely available and influenced the thinking of many American socialists; few
thought his proposals would work in America.

B. Marx's socialism was not aggressive enough for most Americans. Many American socialists thought Marx too aggressive.

C. Marx was a proponent of the Catholic Church, which was unpopular in America. Marx was a vocal critic of all organized religion.

*D. Marx's ideas about political revolution went too far for American socialists. Most American socialists believed that the American political
system could be reformed without resorting to the extreme solution of a socialist revolution. They favored a cooperative commonwealth of capital and labor, with
the government acting as an umpire between the two.

Topic: Society and Culture in the Gilded Age

books:

Wealthy and Middle-Class Leisure-Time Pursuits

Changing Gender Roles
Black America and Jim Crow

Question: What does the large number of second homes in late-nineteenth-century America reveal about the time period?

A. Many Americans became more interested in flipping property. The second homes were largely vacation homes.

*B. There was tremendous wealth among a growing segment of the population. Sometimes referred to as the Gilded Age, this time period
witnessed tremendous opulence among the upper classes.

C. Family size was increasing. The second homes were largely vacation homes, not homes purchased to accommodate larger families.

D. Many Americans lived and worked in more than one location. The second homes were largely vacation homes.

Question: Where did most capitalists reside during the late nineteenth century?

*A. In luxurious mansions within cities During the late nineteenth century, most capitalists resided in luxurious mansions in neighborhoods such as
Rittenhouse Square in Philadelphia, Nob Hill in San Francisco, the Gold Coast in Chicago, and Back Bay in Boston.

B. In rural areas to avoid pollution Most capitalists of the period embraced urban life, although they did have rural summer homes.

C. In suburbs outside the city center Most capitalists of the period embraced urban life.

D. In modest apartments in mixed neighborhoods While some capitalists resided in apartment buildings, they were not modest or in mixed
neighborhoods.

Question: Why did the number of white-collar workers increase in the late nineteenth century?

A. Factory workers tired of hard labor pushed for new kinds of jobs. In the late 1800s, factory workers were largely relegated to remaining in the
factory.

B. The rise in government regulation created new job openings. Government regulation was limited in the late 1800s, and the government was
comparatively small.

C. Corporations tried to maximize operations by running both day and night. Night shifts were used in factories, but not in the offices that
contributed to the rise in white-collar jobs.

*D. Industrialization created a need for managerial, clerical, and technical positions. Industrialization created new white-collar jobs as large
corporations needed to be managed and business matters carefully recorded.

Question: What impact did the rise of the middle class in the late nineteenth century have on the demand for consumer goods?

A. The new middle class had little impact on consumer demand because wages were so low. Middle-class families had rising incomes and
disposable income.

B. The new middle class had little impact on consumer demand because most women continued to make items at home. Middle-class
families played an active role in consuming goods.

*C. Middle-class families created strong demand for consumer goods becoming widely available as a result of industrialization. Middle-
class families had high demand for mass-produced furniture, musical instruments, books, periodicals, and other items.

D. Middle-class families expanded the market for luxury goods. The wealthy individuals of the late nineteenth century expanded the market for luxury
goods, but the middle class consumed mass-produced items.

Question: What was the purpose of social and professional organizations created by middle-class men and women in the late
nineteenth century?

A. To provide opportunities for leisure activities The social and professional organizations did provide useful occupations in leisure time but had a broader
social purpose as their primary goal.

*B. To address problems arising from industrialization The social and professional organizations addressed problems accompanying industrialization.
C. To promote a radical critique of the lifestyles of the capitalists The social and professional organizations of the late nineteenth century accepted
the capitalist system, although they were aware of negative effects.
D. To promote educational opportunities The social and professional organizations had a social purpose but were not aimed primarily at promoting
education.

Question: What were the goals of the Young Women's Christian Association and Young Men's Christian Association?

A. Bring together African Americans and whites The Y QuestionA and YWCA tried to improve the lives of the individuals who took part but did not aim at
improving racial harmony.

B. Evangelize young men and women The Y QuestionA and YWCA tried to improve the lives of the individuals but not by evangelizing.

*C. Good health and good morals The Young Men's Christian Association (Y QuestionA) grew briskly during the 1880s as it erected buildings for young
men to socialize in, build moral character, and engage in healthy, physical exercise. The Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) provided similar
opportunities for women.

D. Professional education The Y QuestionA and YWCA tried to improve the lives of the individuals who took part but did not aim at providing professional
education.

Question: Which of the following statements accurately describes the nineteenth-century middle class?

A. They were largely underemployed and depended on government benefits. They had higher wages and more free time.

B. They opposed the doctrines of success, feeling such doctrines only benefited the rich. Middle-class Americans were strong proponents of the
doctrines of success.

*C. They decorated their residences with mass-produced furniture, musical instruments, family photographs, books, periodicals, and
a variety of memorabilia collected in their leisure time. Middle-class families participated in mass consumerism and had considerably more possessions
and free time than the lower classes.

D. They were largely opposed to industrialization. It was industrialization that produced the conditions that enabled a larger middle class.

Question: Refer to the image The Delineator, 1900

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Refer to the image Alice Austen and Trude Eccleston, 1891

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the differences in the depiction of women in the two pictures?

*A. The Delineator picture is an advertiser's attempt to sell an image of a middle-class mother, while the Austen and Eccleston image
is an attempt to present an alternative identity for women. The Delineator picture shows a woman dressed in designer clothes with a child in tow,
while the Austen/Eccleston image shows two women smoking in a bedroom in nightclothes.

B. Both images are an attempt to convince women to embrace the new consumer culture. While the Delineator picture promotes consumerism,
the Austen/Eccleston image does not; this answer does not explain any difference.

C. The Delineator picture promotes single mothers, while the Austen/Eccleston image promotes marriage equality for women. There is
not enough information in either image to draw these conclusions.

D. The Delineator picture depicts a woman who is much happier than the women in the Austen/Eccleston image. There is not enough
information in either image to draw these conclusions.

Question: What describes the role of middle-class wives during the late nineteenth century?

A. To focus on developing a career Developing a career was not a major goal for middle-class women in the late nineteenth century.

B. To work to improve society While middle-class women took part in social organizations that could work to improve society, that was not expected to be
their major focus.

C. To run the house and also work at a part-time job Middle-class wives generally did not hold jobs during the late nineteenth century.

*D. To care for the house and husband and children Although the birth rate and marriage rates among the middle class dropped during the late
nineteenth century, wives were still expected to care for their husbands and family first to fulfill their feminine duties.

Question: Why didn't the emergence of new consumer goods decrease the amount of housework performed by middle-class women in
the late nineteenth century?

A. Middle-class women could not afford to purchase consumer goods so they had no impact on their lives. Middle-class women could afford
to purchase consumer goods.

B. Middle-class women were discouraged from buying labor-saving products, which were supposed to show bad character. Middle-class
women were encouraged to purchase a wide array of consumer goods, including labor-saving products.

C. Middle-class women found that the consumer goods were ineffective or inefficient. Middle-class women did not register widespread
dissatisfaction with the performance of the goods.

*D. Middle-class women had to meet higher standards of housekeeping than had existed before. Middle-class women had to meet higher
standards of cleanliness, cooking, and other household tasks. Thus they still devoted the same amount of time to housework.

Question: What was the result of the use of consumer goods by middle-class housewives in the late 1800s?

A. Housewives were valued for their economic contributions to the household as well as their role as consumers. The economic contribution
of middle-class women in this period was ignored.

B. They were not viewed as workers or consumers but were essentially invisible in the industrial economy. They were not invisible in the
industrial economy.

*C. Their role as workers in the household became invisible while their role as consumers became prominent. The role of the housewife as
a worker was invisible while her role as a consumer was visible. This devalued women's economic contributions to the household.

D. They were valued as mothers but not as housewives. They were valued as mothers, but their roles as consumers were also valued.

Question: What group of women was the most socially and economically independent in the late 1800s?

*A. The wealthy who attended college, beauty, or secretarial schools For the more socially and economically independent young women—those
who attended college or beauty and secretarial schools—new worlds of leisure opened up. Young women who sought an air of sophistication dressed themselves
according to the image of the Gibson Girl.

B. Young women who worked in southern textile mills Southern parents insisted on being hired as well so they could keep an eye on their working
daughters, limiting their independence.

C. Middle-class mothers Middle-class mothers were constrained by the role expectations placed upon them.

D. Married women Married women, like middle-class mothers, had to contend with the responsibility of meeting certain social roles.

Question: What role did boxing play in the "crisis of masculinity"?

A. It led men to question their masculinity. Boxing served to reinforce masculinity, not question it.

B. It led men to reject consumerism. Boxing was big business and mass marketed to men.

*C. It allowed men an outlet to cultivate their masculinity. Boxing became a popular spectator sport in the late nineteenth century. Bare-knuckle
fighting—without the protection of gloves—epitomized the craze to display pure masculinity.

D. It forced men to confront women's rights movements. Boxing was not tied to the women's rights movement.]
Question: How did the emergence of women's civic associations contribute to the "crisis of masculinity"?

*A. They threatened to reduce men's control over the political process. The realm of politics was dominated by men, and psychologists have suggested this contributed to a crisis
of masculinity.
B. They made men fear they would lose their jobs to women. Middle-class men dominated the managerial classes and did not fear losing their jobs to women.

C. They made men feel empowered, contributing to the end of the "crisis of masculinity." They made men feel threatened about losing their political power.

D. They caused men to buy fewer consumer goods or services. Men continued to purchase products and join sports and professional organizations.

Question: What accounts for the "crisis of masculinity" that afflicted middle- and upper-class men in the late nineteenth century?

A. They were threatened by working-class men who increasingly took their jobs. Working-class men did not generally compete for the same jobs as middle- and upper-class men.

B. They earned less money than previously and could not adequately support their families. Middle- and upper-class men generally could adequately support their families.

C. They had less status than before because of competition from women in the workforce. Women did not compete with middle- and upper-class men in the workforce.

*D. They felt they had less autonomy now that they worked as salaried employees. Middle-class occupations whittled away the sense of autonomy that men had experienced in
an earlier era when they worked for themselves. The emergence of corporate capitalism had swelled the ranks of the middle class with organization men, who held salaried jobs in managerial
departments.

Question: What did G. Stanley Hall recommend to prevent the feminization of spiritual paralysis of middle-class men?

A. Self-employment rather than working for a corporation Hall's recommendation did not have to do with employment options.

B. Taking industrial rather than white-collar jobs Hall's recommendation did not have to do with employment options.

C. Spiritual exercises and retreats Hall did recommend a change in lifestyle, but spiritual exercises and retreats were not his prescription.

*D. Physical activity Hall recommended that middle-class men engage in vigorous physically exercise in order to demonstrate their fitness.
Question: Why did sports emerge as a popular pastime in the growth of urban society during the late nineteenth century?

A. Sports provided a means for men to socialize outside work. The role of sports in urban society was not to provide a means for men to socialize outside of work.

*B. Sports provided a means for men to assert their masculinity. Both playing sports and participating as a spectator provided a means for men to nurture their masculine
sensibilities in the late nineteenth century.

C. Sports provided a means for men to attract women. In the late nineteenth century, the primary attraction of sports to men was not as part of courtship.

D. Sports provided a means for middle- and working-class men to socialize across class lines. While men of all classes could attend spectator sports together in the late
nineteenth century, that possibility was not their chief purpose.

Question: What accounts for the popularity of baseball over other sports in the late nineteenth century?

A. Baseball did not require much space, so it could be played in cities. Baseball was popular in cities, but it needed to have space set aside so it could be played.

B. Baseball was the easiest game for new immigrants to learn. Boxing, another popular sport of the time, was probably easier to learn than baseball.

C. Baseball was marketed heavily by manufacturers interested in selling replica jerseys. The sale of replica jerseys developed later in baseball's history.

*D. Baseball satisfied feelings of nostalgia for a lost rural life. Baseball was popular because it served as a metaphor for an older, pastoral life alongside modern technology.
Question: What was a "Boston marriage," which arose in the late nineteenth century?

A. A marriage that revived Puritan marriage patterns A "Boston marriage" did not revive Puritan marriage patterns but created a new kind of marriage arrangement.

*B. Women living together in a relationship A "Boston marriage" involved women living together in a monogamous, long-term relationship.
C. A group of men living in a dormitory A "Boston marriage" did not involve the living arrangements of men.

D. Marriage by civil ceremony rather than a religious service A "Boston marriage" was not a formalized kind of union.

Question: How did the idea of a "Boston marriage" provide an alternative lifestyle for women of the late nineteenth century?

A. By allowing husbands and wives to live separately The "Boston marriage" did not allow husbands and wives to live separately.

*B. By letting women live together in an exclusive relationship A "Boston marriage" involved women living together in a monogamous, long-term relationship.
C. By giving women full equality with their husbands A "Boston marriage" did not involve equality of wives and husbands.

D. By allowing women to retain property rights A "Boston marriage" did not involve property rights.

Question: Why did middle-class women participate so enthusiastically in the new consumer culture?

*A. Advertisers specifically marketed products to middle-class women, particularly housewives. Department stores, chain stores, ready-made clothes, and packaged goods,
from Jell-O and Kellogg's Corn Flakes to cake mixes, competed for the money and loyalty of female consumers.

B. Women's workloads were decreased by the vast array of available goods and services. The expanding array of consumer goods did not decrease women's domestic workload.
They had more furniture to dust, fancier meals to prepare, changing fashions to keep up with, higher standards of cleanliness to maintain, and more time to devote to entertaining.

C. Consumer culture raised awareness about women's roles as workers. Consumerism stressed women's roles as consumers, not workers.

D. Consumer culture promoted equal rights for women. Consumer culture promoted women's value as consumers, not as equals with men.

Question: Why did "grandfather clauses" work to exclude African Americans from the right to vote in the late 1800s?

A. By insisting that voters prove they had a grandfather who lived in the South The issue was not the place of residence of the potential voter's grandfather.
*B. By basing voting rights on pre-Civil War laws They gave the right to vote only to those whose grandfathers had that right in 1860, at a time African Americans could not vote.
C. By denying the franchise to anyone whose grandfather had voted Republican The clauses did not have stipulations regarding party allegiance.

D. By denying the right to vote to anyone whose grandfather was a farmer In the still largely agricultural South, men whose grandfathers were farmers could vote.

Question: What were the purposes of poll taxes and literacy tests instituted in the South in the late 1800s?

A. To raise revenues for Southern governments Poll taxes and literacy tests were not geared to raising revenue but to affecting the electorate.

B. To ensure that elections were free and fair Poll taxes and literacy tests both affected elections but did nothing to ensure that those elections were free or fair.

*C. To disenfranchise African Americans in the South To circumvent the Fifteenth Amendment, southern states devised suffrage qualifications that they claimed were racially neutral,
and the Supreme Court ruled in their favor. Disfranchisement reached its peak in the 1890s, as white southern governments wiped out most of what remained of the black electorate.

D. To prevent women from winning the right to vote Poll taxes and literacy tests were not aimed at women.

Question: What was accomplished by the Jim Crow laws southern states passed in the late 1800s?

A. Legalizing lynching Lynching was illegal, although it was not enforced by white-run courts.

B. Prohibiting African Americans from owning land Jim Crow statutes did not involve property ownership.

C. Barring African Americans from voting Other laws denied African Americans the right to vote in the South.

*D. Instituting segregation Jim Crow laws were statues passed in the 1890s that denied African Americans equal access to public facilities and ensured that they lived apart from whites.
Question: What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?

A. The Supreme Court authorized Jim Crow statues on a limited basis. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court did authorize Jim Crow laws but not narrowly.

*B. The Supreme Court case allowed Jim Crow laws to stand. The Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson sanctioned Jim Crow statutes by ruling that separate but equal
accommodations on railroad cars did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

C. The Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow states were unconstitutional. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court did not overrule Jim Crow laws.

D. The Supreme Court upheld the voting rights of African Americans. Plessy v. Ferguson did not involve voting rights.

Question: What was the purpose of lynching?

A. To challenge Jim Crow laws Lynching supported Jim Crow laws by attempting to intimidate African Americans.

B. To punish African Americans who tried to flee the South Lynching was not specifically aimed against African Americans who tried to leave the South.

C. To speed the judicial process Lynching was not a matter of speeding the judicial process but of evading it.

*D. To punish African Americans who acted in any way deemed unacceptable Lynching allowed whites to provide what they considered summary justice against any African
American who stepped outside the accepted boundaries of behavior.

Question: What opportunities did segregation provide African Americans in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

A. To elect their own public officials African Americans were denied the franchise and did not have any set of elected officials responsive to their needs.

B. To leave the South Segregation laws did not prevent African Americans from leaving the South, but they did nothing to increase their opportunities to do so.

*C. To build their own organizations Segregation allowed African Americans to build their own businesses, churches, schools, and civic organizations. Segregation fostered a strong black
community and rising black middle class.

D. To collaborate with white northerners in challenging them Few white northerners made any effort to challenge segregation laws in this period.

Question: How did poll taxes evade the provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment?

A. Because they were very small, the Supreme Court upheld them. The amount of the fines was not the issue.

*B. Southern states argued that the taxes were not based on race and were not prohibited by the Fifteenth Amendment. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited voter
discrimination by race, and the Supreme Court held them to be constitutional.

C. The Supreme Court held that taxes based on race were not prohibited by the Fifteenth Amendment. The Court held that poll taxes were not inherently racial.

D. They only applied to naturalized citizens. Poll taxes were aimed at newly free blacks.

Question: What law did the Supreme Court strike down in Plessy v Ferguson?

A. The Dawes Act (1887) The Dawes Act related to Native American reservations and was not struck down by the Court.

B. The Civil Rights Act of 1864 This act was solidified by passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.

*C. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 This act aimed to end segregation in the South and was struck down by the Court.
D. The Homestead Act of 1862 This act opened up land for western settlement and was not struck down by the Court.
Topic: National Politics in the Era of Industrialization
books:

The Weak Presidency

Congressional Inefficiency
An Energized and Entertained Electorate

Question: Why did James Bryce argue that great men in the United States were not chosen as president?

A. The office did not have a high enough salary to allow someone to become wealthy. Bryce wrote about political factors that made the office seem undesirable.

B. The best men, he said, were attracted to the arts and sciences. Bryce wrote about political factors that made the office seem undesirable.

*C. The president functioned mainly as an executor. Bryce argued that the president functioned mainly as an executor. Indeed, the office's stature had diminished since Andrew
Johnson's impeachment and the reassertion of congressional power during Reconstruction.

D. The job was too dangerous with the risk of assassination. Bryce wrote about political factors that made the office seem undesirable.

Question: Which of the following statements applies to all the presidents between Grant and McKinley?

A. There were no military actions taken during any of their tenures. There were several, from the Plains wars under Grant to the Spanish-American War under McKinley.

B. There were no Democrats elected during these presidencies. Grover Cleveland, elected prior to McKinley, was a Democrat.

*C. No president won back-to-back terms during this time period. Politicians were held in low regard, and reelection was difficult.
D. No president during this time period had a college degree. Many of the presidents who served between Grant and McKinley had college degrees.

Question: What criticism can fairly be leveled at the presidents between Grant and McKinley?

A. Inexperience These presidents were accomplished and experienced.

*B. Being lackluster They were uninspiring individuals who lacked qualities of leadership that would arouse others to action.
C. Dishonesty The men were honest and hardworking.

D. Incompetence They were competent and experienced.

Question: What type of experience did most of the presidents between Grant and McKinley have?

A. Business and legal These presidents had no substantial business experience.

B. Legal and teaching These presidents had no teaching experience.

C. Scientific and technical These presidents did not have scientific or technical experience.

*D. Political and military Most of the presidents in this group had military experience from the Civil War and political experience.
Question: What did James Bryce believe was the reason the presidency attracted many mediocre candidates?

*A. Most Americans viewed the president as a bureaucrat. Bryce noted that many Americans saw the president as an executor rather than a leader.
B. Most Americans felt the president should not have a college education. Bryce did not note that Americans wanted undereducated candidates.

C. Most Americans did not know who the president was. Bryce argued that people held the office in low regard, not that they were ignorant of it.

D. Most Americans had strongly partisan political positions. Bryce did not criticize the parties.

Question: How did the tenure of Andrew Johnson affect the office of the president?

A. Johnson's tenure increased the power of the office. Andrew Johnson left the office much weaker than it had been under Lincoln.

B. Johnson increased the popularity of the presidency. Johnson left office in disgrace.

C. Johnson had minimal impact on the office of the president. Johnson's presidency had a significant impact on future presidents.

*D. Johnson decreased the power of the presidency. The stature of the office had shrunk following the impeachment of Andrew Johnson and the reassertion of congressional power
during Reconstruction.

Question: Which pair of presidents served in the Union army before becoming president?

*A. Harrison and Garfield Both served as officers in the Union army during the Civil War.
B. Fillmore and Grant Fillmore had no military experience and was president before the Civil War.

C. Madison and Cleveland Neither had any military experience, and Madison was president before the Civil War.

D. Hayes and Johnson Both had military experience, but only Hayes served in the Union army.

Question: How did the structure of Congress prevent the president from providing vigorous leadership in the late 1800s?
A. The Democrats dominated Congress and refused to work with Republican presidents. The Democrats did not dominate both houses of Congress throughout the period.

B. The Republicans dominated Congress and refused to work with Democratic presidents. The Republicans did not dominate both houses of Congress in the period.

C. Congress had wrested all power from the president. Presidents still had power but found it difficult to take a leading role in government.

*D. Partisan strife and turnover made Congress unruly and difficult to work with. Constantly shifting majorities, competing political parties holding the House and Senate, and
turnover among congressmen made it difficult for the president to provide Congress with vigorous leadership.

Question: What organizational issue limited the power of the Speaker of the House in the late 1800s?

A. The Senate was more powerful. The House retained substantial power, but the Speakers in this period could not direct it.

B. They served simultaneously in the president's Cabinet, making them untrustworthy to House members. The Speakers of the period had no role in the presidential
administrations.

*C. Committee chairmen wielded a great deal of power. Committee chairmen held a tight rein over the introduction and deliberation of legislation and competed with each other for
influence in the chamber.

D. The chair of the Ethics Committee threatened to investigate their actions. The Speakers were not hindered by the threat of investigation.

Question: Why did the Senate not function effectively during the late nineteenth century?

A. Senators followed their party leaders dogmatically. Party leadership was weak.

*B. Senators were extremely independent. The Senate did not function effectively in the late nineteenth century because senators thought more of their own judgment than of party
unity.

C. Senators seldom served their entire term. Senators usually served their entire terms, and some won re-election multiple times.

D. Senators refused to cooperate with the House of Representatives. The Senate was ineffective on its own, regardless of its relations with the House.

Question: Which of the following accounted for the greater power of senators relative to congressmen in the late nineteenth century?

A. Senators placed time limits on their debates, which made them more efficient. The Senate already had time limits on debate at this point in history. Today, it does not have a
time limit.

B. Senators voted to take the power to initiate tax bills from the House of Representatives. The Senate did not, and could not, vote to take this power from the House. A
constitutional amendment would be needed.

C. The Senate was responsible for choosing the president in the late nineteenth century. The Senate did not, and does not, have this power.

*D. Longer, six-year terms allowed for more continuity. The ability to stay in office longer without running for reelection increased senators' powers.
Question: What is divided government?

A. A government where power is divided between the wealthy and the poor Divided government refers to a political, not economic, situation.

*B. A government where power is evenly divided between the political parties Divided government occurs when power is equally distributed between two or more parties, often
leading to gridlock.

C. A government with no central authority where power is distributed among the people Divided government happens in democratic governments, which have centralized
institutions.

D. A government where power is divided by region Divided government refers to political parties, not geography.

Question: What were the consequences of the Senate having no majority leader in the late nineteenth century?

*A. Senators valued their own judgments and business interests more than party unity. With no majority leader, it was difficult to impose discipline or design a coherent
legislative agenda.

B. Party unity was strictly adhered to. Without a majority leader, senators focused on individual, rather than party, interests.

C. They lost power to the House of Representatives. Despite the lack of a majority leader, the Senate did not lose power to the House.

D. The party divided into large regional blocks. Without a majority leader senators focused on individual, rather than regional, interests.

Question: What was the spoils system?

A. The practice of granting cabinet offices to the party that lost the election Cabinet offices were not granted to members of the opposing parties.

B. The practice of granting federal court appointees to the opposing party Judicial appointments were not granted to members of the opposing party.

*C. The practice of granting political positions to political supporters In both branches of Congress, party leaders handed out patronage to supporters regardless of their
qualifications for the jobs.

D. The practice of granting monopolies to corporations The spoils system refers to political appointments.

Question: Which of the following describes the ethics of the late-nineteenth-century Congress?

A. Similar to modern ethics, congressmen were careful about their relationships with corporate sponsors. The ethics of the late nineteenth century were not the same as
contemporary ethics.

B. Most politicians were cautious to avoid accepting gifts from corporations. Many congressmen openly accepted such gifts, such as free passes on railroads.

C. Most congressmen avoided voting for legislation that favored their corporate benefactors. Congressmen often voted for such legislation.
*D. Most congressmen accepted corporate gifts and voted for legislation that favored corporations. There were no rules to prevent lawmakers from accepting payments from
big business.

Question: Which of the following describes the Billion Dollar Congress of 1890?

A. They invested billions of dollars in programs designed to improve transportation across the nation. Few of the programs were aimed at national projects.

*B. Spending was lavish and irresponsible. Congress spent enormous sums on special projects to enrich their constituents and themselves.
C. The Congress slashed one billion dollars from the federal budget. This Congress increased spending.

D. The Congress spent one billion dollars constructing a navy. The Congress spent little on the military.

Question: What influenced party allegiance during the late nineteenth century?

*A. Region and religion Most white Southerners voted Democratic, white Northerners generally voted Republican, and Catholics typically voted Democratic.
B. Education and occupation Education and occupation had some influence, but other factors were more decisive.

C. Urban versus rural residence Urban and rural residents voted for either party on the basis of other factors.

D. Involvement in industry or agriculture Both participants in industry (management and workers) and farmers could vote for either party; the choice was determined by other factors.

Question: What accounts for the high voter turnout and interest in politics during the late nineteenth century?

A. Politics offered clever solutions to pressing problems. Politics did not offer innovative solutions to the nation's pressing problems.

*B. Politics was entertaining to people. Voter turnout and interest in politics were high during the late nineteenth century because politics was a form of local and national entertainment.
C. The political process included all citizens. Women and minorities were excluded from voting.

D. Immigrants voted eagerly after becoming citizens. Turnout was also high among native-born voters.

Question: What was the view of the Catholic, German Lutheran, and Episcopal churches on the political process in the late 1900s?

A. They encouraged members to protest unjust laws. These churches did not encourage members to protest laws they considered unjust.

B. They believed that laws could obliterate ignorance and vice. They did not believe that laws could be shaped to obliterate ignorance and vice.

*C. They believed the government should not interfere in matters of morality. The churches emphasized personal sin and ritual and emphasized that the government should not
interfere in matters of morality.

D. They viewed politics as amoral. The churches thought that politics and religious morality were two separate spheres.

Question: What was the difference between the "Old Guard" and the "Half-Breeds" in the Republican Party of the late 1900s?

A. The "Old Guard" was primarily from the South, while the "Half-Breeds" were from the Northeast. The difference between the two groups had to do with policy positions.

B. The "Half-Breeds" were primarily immigrants and the "Old Guard" native-born whites. The difference between the two groups had to do with policy positions.

C. The "Half-Breeds" were committed to political reform and the "Old Guard" to economic development. The difference between the two groups had to do with different policy
positions.

*D. The "Old Guard" was more committed to racial equality and the "Half-Breeds" to new ideas. The "Old Guard" were older members of the party who retained the
Republicans' commitment to racial equality; the "Half-Breeds" were open to new ideas.

Question: Why did all presidents and vice presidents from 1876 to 1896 hail from Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and New Jersey?

A. These states were the most economically prosperous. Relative prosperity was not the operative factor.

*B. These states had the few undecided districts. These states were the only swing states in the country; in other states, voters were intensely loyal to either the Democratic or
Republican Party.

C. These states had the highest voter turnout. Turnout was high in most states in this period.

D. These states had the greatest number of electoral votes. While some of these states had high electoral votes, that was not the factor.

Question: Which of the following statements describes the political parties of the late nineteenth century?

A. Political parties were principled and stood on issues. Political parties were more interested in appealing to voters than standing on issues.

*B. Political parties did not stand for clearly stated issues or offer innovative solutions. Campaigns took on the qualities of carefully staged performances, and candidates
crafted their oratory to arouse the passions and prejudices of their audiences.

C. Political parties were largely unappealing to the public as they rarely tried to engage voters. Parties worked actively to connect with voters, and the electorate considered
politics a form of entertainment.

D. Political parties worked together to solve problems of significant national concern. The parties rarely worked across party lines, or within them.

Question: What impact did the Civil War have on late-nineteenth-century political parties?

A. The Democratic Party attracted large numbers of newly enfranchised southern blacks. The Democratic Party did not appeal to this constituency.
*B. The Democratic Party attracted large numbers of white Southerners. The Democratic Party's largest base of support after the Civil War was white Southerners.
C. The Republican Party attracted large numbers of white Southerners. The Republican Party did not appeal to this constituency.

D. Neither party attracted large numbers of newly enfranchised southern blacks. Many southern blacks flocked to the Republican Party.

Chapter 17: Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization, 1877–

1900

Topic: Working People Organize

books:

The Industrialization of Labor

Organizing Unions
Clashes between Workers and Owners
Working-Class Leisure in Industrial America

Question: What issue made a major contribution to the failure of American workers to create a powerful workers' political movement in the late 1800s?

A. Americans' philosophical opposition to workers Hundreds of thousands of American workers tried to form unions and promote workers' political power, yet the effort failed.

B. High wages and generous benefit packages In this period, wages were low and benefits packages were virtually nonexistent. Workers had plenty of reasons to want to organize both
into unions and political movements.

C. Laws that limited workers' right to form parties Workers had the right to form political parties but could not make lasting gains.

*D. Powerful opposition from corporations and government Because they were no match for the powerful corporate–federal government alliance, workers' organizations failed to
become a lasting national political force.

Question: Which group was a significant part of the industrial workforce during the industrialization of the United States during in the late 1800s?

A. Native Americans and immigrants from Asia Native Americans and Asian immigrants were not significant factors in the new industrial workforce.

B. African Americans abandoning farms in the North and Midwest African Americans from the South were among the groups who became industrial workers in the late 1800s, but
relatively few lived in the North and Midwest.

*C. Farmers who could not make a living farming Farmers who could not make a living farming and recent immigrants from Europe comprised the majority of new industrial workers.
D. Native-born whites who left southern cities for the North Native-born whites did not leave the South for industrial work in the North in large numbers.

Question: What attraction did the United States offer to most European immigrant in the 1800s?

*A. Economic opportunity The economic opportunities in America drew millions of immigrants from Europe over the course of the nineteenth century.
B. Freedom from political oppression Freedom from political oppression attracted some European immigrants but not the majority.

C. Freedom from religious persecution Freedom from religious persecution attracted some European immigrants but not the majority.

D. A better climate A better climate was not a significant attraction to most European immigrants coming to the United States in the 1800s.

Question: Who comprised most unskilled workers in American factories in the late 1800s?

A. African Americans who had left the South About 80,000 African Americans migrated to the North from the South in the late 1800s, many to work in factories, but they did not
comprise most unskilled workers.

*B. European immigrants Immigrants, who made up the bulk of unskilled laborers, had to adjust both to a new country and to unfamiliar, unpleasant, and downright dangerous industrial
work.

C. Unmarried native-born white women Unmarried native-born white women did not comprise the majority of unskilled workers in the late 1800s.

D. Native-born white men with some education Native-born white men with some education generally had more employment opportunities than the group that formed the majority of
unskilled factory workers in the late 1800s.

Question: What was the experience of European immigrants in industrial American cities in the late 1800s?

*A. They had to do grueling, dangerous work for little pay and no social safety net if hurt or laid off. European immigrants performed dangerous jobs for low wages without
compensation if injured or laid off from their jobs.

B. They found it difficult to obtain factory jobs because employers preferred to hire native-born Americans. Large numbers of European immigrants were hired by industrial
companies in the period.

C. They were able to achieve social mobility despite factory work being difficult and dangerous. European immigrants did not receive decent pay and were generally not able to
save money as insurance against layoffs or injuries, so they could not achieve much social mobility.

D. They were blacklisted by companies because of their high rates of union participation. Large numbers of European immigrants took part in the effort to unionize workers, but
they were not banned from factory work as a group as a result of that participation.

Question: Why did skilled workers have a sense of personal dignity in the early days of manufacturing?
A. They had no sense of solidarity because they were easy to replace. Skilled workers were difficult to replace because of their advanced skills, although they did have a sense of
solidarity.

B. Voting rights gave them a sense of empowerment. Unskilled workers who were citizens had voting rights also but did not share skilled workers' sense of personal dignity.

C. Work rules elevated them above unskilled workers. Skilled workers enjoyed greater status than unskilled workers but not as a result of work rules.

*D. They had independence and autonomy. In the early days of manufacturing, skilled laborers operated as independent craftsmen. They provided their own tools, worked at their own
pace, and controlled their production output.

Question: Why did skilled workers consider themselves free citizens and different from mass laborers during the early days of manufacturing in the late 1800s?

A. They were unionized and had a stronger sense of camaraderie. Skilled workers had that sense of personal dignity even if they were not unionized.

B. They usually had several people working beneath them as subordinates. Skilled workers did not usually have several people working beneath them as subordinates.

*C. They controlled their pace of work and output. In the early days of manufacturing, skilled laborers operated as independent craftsmen. They provided their own tools, worked at
their own pace, and controlled their production output.

D. They looked down on unskilled works as uneducated immigrants. Skilled workers felt superior to unskilled workers whether native-born or immigrant.

Question: How did industrialization impact skilled workers in the late 1800s?

A. They could not find jobs because their skills were dated. Skilled workers could still locate employment but for less pay and status.

B. They were reduced to work as unskilled laborers. Skilled workers were not reduced to doing unskilled labor, although they did suffer a loss of status.

*C. They were increasingly used to service machinery and lost control of work hours and pace. Skilled workers were increasingly used servicing machinery and were required
to report to jobs at a specific time as industrialization occurred. This caused a loss of independence for them.

D. They enjoyed greater autonomy over their work. Skilled workers did not generally have more autonomy over their craft as industrialization occurred.

Question: How did most skilled workers view the principles of scientific management and the mechanization of the workplace in the late 1800s?

A. They opposed any mechanization of the workplace. Skilled workers did not oppose mechanization of the workplace because it was associated with higher wages.

*B. They resented the loss of autonomy. While owners reaped the benefits of the mechanization and regimentation of the industrial workplace, many skilled workers saw such
"improvements" as a threat to their freedom.

C. They welcomed mechanization for making their jobs less dangerous. The mechanization of the workplace generally did not make the jobs of skilled workers less dangerous.

D. They were ambivalent toward mechanization because it generally did not impact them. The mechanization of the workplace had a significant impact on skilled workers, who
lost control over their craft.

Question: What types of disparities existed in the industrial workplace in the late 1800s?

A. African Americans and European immigrants earned less than native-born white workers; women earned the same as men. Women generally earned only 25 percent
of the wages of men.

B. Pay was equally low for workers of all types. Pay disparities existed in the industrial workplace of the late 1800s.

C. African American, European immigrant, and white male workers earned comparable wages but women earned significantly less than men. African American and
European immigrant workers earned less than white male workers.

*D. White workers earned more than African American workers, and men earned more than women. White workers were paid more than African American workers, while
women earned far less than men.

Question: What types of women generally worked outside the home in the industrial economy in the late 1800s?

*A. Young single women and African American married women Young single women and African American married women were most likely to work in the industrial economy.
B. Older and younger single women of all races Younger single women were more likely to work but older women were not.

C. Married women who had children to support Single women tended to have jobs at higher rates than married women.

D. Members of the middle class who wanted independent incomes Women in the middle class were not likely to work outside of the home in this period.

Question: What best explains why women concentrated their work in several distinct fields in the late 1800s?

A. Women could not perform jobs that required hand-eye coordination. Women were often hired for jobs that required hand-eye coordination, such as those in needle trades,
textiles, and cigar rolling.

*B. Work was segregated by sex, and women were generally not able to compete directly with men for jobs. Work was segregated by sex and women were generally not
able to compete directly with men for jobs. This concentrated women in a few trades such as maids, domestic work, teaching, nursing, needle trades, textiles, and others.

C. Women preferred to work in jobs requiring fewer hours, limiting their options. Women who chose to work in this period generally wanted to maximize working hours in order to
maximize income.

D. Women lacked the education to perform other types of work. Lack of education did not preclude women from holding unskilled labor jobs that were generally closed to them.

Question: Which group was most likely to perform piece work in their own homes during the late 1800s?

*A. Married women with children Women often worked at home because they gained more control over their jobs and found it easier to balance work and the needs of family life.
B. Women who wanted to work as domestics Piece-rate work was a variation on factory work; women who worked as domestics worked to clean other families' homes.
C. Women who hoped to work secretly Women who did piece work were not concerned about working in secret.

D. African American women African American women were more likely to work in factories even if married or as domestics.

Question: What describes the working conditions for children during the late 1800s?

A. Safer conditions than adult workers No effort was made to make the working conditions of children safer in the late 1800s.

B. Work at home Children who worked generally worked outdoors, in factories, or in mines rather than at home.

C. Outdoors work with few physical demands Most working children worked indoors, and most faced physically demanding jobs.

*D. A variety of demanding jobs Although some children got fresh air working as newsboys, shining shoes, and collecting junk, most worked long, hard hours breathing in dust and fumes
as they labored in textile mills, tobacco plants, print shops, and coal mines.

Question: Why did many women and children work in the late 1800s despite the rise in real wages men earned?

A. To gain the sense of autonomy that work provided While working, some women and children might have felt a sense of autonomy, but that did not generally drive them to work.

*B. Because it was a powerful economic necessity Male wages generally did not support an entire family, and thus women and children had to work to support the family.
C. To earn money for luxury goods Work for most women and children was not geared to supplying themselves or their families with luxury goods.

D. In response to the ideology extolling the virtue of work While the dignity and virtue of work was widely praised in the period, the pressure for women and children to work arose
from other causes.

Question: Which factor helps explain why accidents were a regular factor of industrial life in the late 1800s?

A. Poor quality of machinery Breakdowns in machinery were not a significant cause of industrial accidents in the late 1800s.

B. Workers' socializing on the job Facing hard labor and under the watchful eye of supervisors, workers had little opportunity to socialize.

C. Workers' lack of skills Workers were trained to operate machinery correctly, but accidents were nevertheless common.

*D. Workers' exhaustion Many laborers put in more than ten hours a day on the job; industrial accidents occurred because workers were fatigued from long hours on the job.
Question: What statement characterized the opportunity for social mobility that most industrial workers enjoyed in the late 1800s?

*A. Limited to nonexistent Most Americans remained part of the working class despite efforts to rise into a higher social class. The Horatio Alger story was a myth for nearly all workers.
B. Excellent for male factory workers but not women Most male industrial workers did not enjoy excellent opportunities for social mobility.

C. Better for African Americans who remained in the South African Americans in the South in this period had very few opportunities for social mobility.

D. Abundant if they worked hard and attended school Few working-class children rose in social class status despite their best efforts.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Ten years ago he learned, not the whole of the trade, but a fair portion of it. Also, there is
more machinery used in the business, which again makes machinery. The different branches of the trade are divided and subdivided so that one man may make
just a particular part of a machine and may not know anything whatever about another part of the same machine. . . . There is no system of apprenticeship, I
may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another."

Which of the following statements summarizes the testimony above?

*A. Industrial workers have been marginalized by mass production. He laments the continuing sub-division of the production process, arguing that machines have become more
valuable than people.

B. Industrial workers have been empowered by mass production. He does not indicate a favorable characteristic of mass production.

C. The subdivision of labor has made work more challenging for workers. He notes that workers only learn small parts of the production process.

D. The subdivision of mass production has increased wages. His argument is not about wages but about knowledge.

Question: What was the primary purpose of the labor unions that were formed in the 1800s?

A. They represented a way for capitalists to organize against the power of workers. Unions did not provide a way for capitalists to organize against the power of workers.

B. They gave workers a vehicle for creating their own social safety net. The primary purpose of unions was not to create a social safety net.

*C. They provided laborers a way to counter the power of business owners. Unions provided a means to counter the concentrated power of capitalists by providing a way for
groups of workers to seek rights and benefits from employers through collective efforts.

D. They gave workers a way to socialize outside of work. The primary purpose of unions was not as a method of socializing.

Question: Why did most employers refuse to negotiate with unions in the late 1800s?

A. They objected that unions discriminated against African American and female workers. While unions did discriminate against African American and female workers, employers
had no interest in upholding their rights to organize.

B. They feared that unions would join with the government and eliminate all profits. Most employers had little fear that unions would join with the government as the government
substantially backed their interests.

C. They worried that unions would take over the company through collective bargaining. Most employers did not fear that unions would take over the company through collective
bargaining.
*D. They took the paternalistic view of the relationship of workers to them. Most convinced themselves that employers and employees shared identical interests and believed
themselves morally and financially entitled to establish policies on their workers' behalf and rejected unions as illegitimate organizations.

Question: What was a key demand of the unions in the late 1800s, imported from the labor movement in Great Britain?

*A. The eight-hour workday A key union demand was the institution of the eight-hour workday. This goal still had not been achieved in England or the rest of industrial Europe when
American labor activists picked it up in the 1860s, spreading the message through parades and rallies initiated by Eight-Hour Leagues.

B. Overtime pay At first, the unions' primary focus was on winning a bigger concession regarding working conditions.

C. Equal pay for women and blacks Unions largely ignored pay disparities, which white male workers did not object to.

D. Workers' compensation insurance Unions did not push for workers' compensation insurance in the late 1800s but focused on more fundamental issues.

Question: Why did most employers contend that they should determine working conditions and pay in the late 1800s?

A. They had more education then the working class. Employers did not base their claim for controlling working conditions on relative levels of education but on relative positions of
power.

*B. Since they financed the workplace, they had the right to determine working conditions. Employers believed they should determine working conditions and pay because
they controlled the money and machines.

C. They were more likely to be generous toward workers. Employers believed that they paid a fair wage but had little interest in being generous.

D. Unions lacked legitimacy in a democratic republic. While employers believed unions had no legitimacy, it was not on the basis of political but economic arrangements.

Question: Why did Terence V. Powderly seek the broadest possible membership for the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor in the late 1800s?

A. So that the union would reflect American democratic values Powderly's aim reflected economic goals rather than political ideology.

B. To be able to overthrow corporate capitalists in a social revolution Powderly aimed to improve workers' pay and working conditions but had no revolutionary ambitions.

*C. To maximize workers' ability to challenge corporate power The essential premise of the Knights was that all workers shared common interests that were in opposition to those of
ownership. Thus, the union excluded only those it believed preyed upon citizens both economically and morally—lawyers, bankers, saloonkeepers, and professional gamblers.

D. To bring labor and capital together for mutually shared goals Powderly believed that the interests of capital and labor were mutually antagonistic.

Question: Which group was excluded from the Knights of Labor under Terence V. Powderly?

A. Women workers Powderly allowed women to enter the Knights of Labor.

B. Immigrant workers Powderly allowed immigrants to enter the Knights of Labor.

*C. Chinese workers Powderly did exclude Chinese workers from the Knights of Labor.
D. African American workers Powderly allowed African Americans to enter the Knights of Labor.

Question: What position held by local chapters of the Knights of Labor conflicted with Terence V. Powderly's national policy for that union?

A. Pushing for the eight-hour workday Powderly endorsed the eight-hour workday.

*B. Using strikes as a tactic to win gains Local groups of the Knights of Labor often engaged in strikes, a tactic Powderly had disavowed.
C. Recruiting African American and female members Powderly actively welcomed African American and female members.

D. Refusing to pay dues Powderly did not have a problem with members paying dues.

Question: Why did the Haymarket Square incident of 1886 hurt the union movement?

*A. Press coverage blamed the labor movement for the deaths. Although Powderly and other union leaders denounced the anarchists and the bombing, labor came away severely
tarnished. Capitalists and their allies in the press attacked labor unionists as radicals prone to violence and denounced strikes as un-American.

B. Government investigation showed the unions had been infiltrated by anarchists. A trial convicted eight anarchists of murder in connection to the Haymarket incident, although
there was no hard evidence that the anarchists had taken any violent action.

C. Powderly's speech at Haymarket Square showed him to be an ineffective and irrational leader. Powderly gave no speeches at the Haymarket Squire incident.

D. The collapse of the general strike convinced many workers that unions were pointless. Unions were tainted by events in the Haymarket incident over which they had no
control.

Question: Which group of workers was the target of the American Federation of Labor in the late 1800s?

A. All workers The Knights of Labor sought to organize all workers; the American Federation of Labor did not.

*B. Skilled workers Instead of one giant industrial union that included all workers, skilled and unskilled, the AFL organized only skilled craftsmen—the labor elite—into trade unions.
C. Unskilled workers The American Federation of Labor did not seek to recruit unskilled workers but focused on a different group.

D. African American workers While the Knights of Labor recruited women workers, the American Federation of Labor did not.

Question: What was the American Federation of Labor's primary goal?

A. To overthrow the capitalists and take control of factories The American Federation of Labor had much more limited goals than the overthrow of capitalism.
*B. To obtain better wages and hours for workers so that they could share in prosperity The American Federation of Labor's primary goal was to obtain better wages and hours
for workers so that they could enjoy the prosperity industrialization created.

C. To eliminate pay disparities between men and women The American Federation of Labor did not fight for equal pay for women.

D. To eliminate the gap between skilled and unskilled workers The American Federation of Labor represented the interests of skilled workers.

Question: Why did so few workers join unions in the late nineteenth century?

A. Basic satisfaction with pay and working conditions Most workers were not satisfied with pay or working conditions at the time.

*B. Ethnic barriers, which made organizing difficult The diversity of workers made organizing a difficult task. Foreign-born laborers came from many countries and were divided by
language, religion, ethnicity, and history. Moreover, European immigrants quickly adopted native-born whites' racial prejudices against African Americans.

C. Religious opposition to unionization Workers did not have religious or philosophical opposition to forming unions.

D. Examples of social mobility in their midst While most workers retained faith in social mobility, there were few real examples of workers rising up from the working class into the middle
class or higher.

Question: What group of workers proved especially resistant to unionizing in the late 1800s?

A. Western and northern European immigrants Western and northern European immigrants joined in the labor movement in this period.

B. Native-born white men Native-born white men joined in the labor movement in this period.

C. Eastern European immigrants Eastern European immigrants joined in the labor movement in this period.

*D. Southern workers Southern workers proved most resistant to unionizing because of their agricultural background, connection to friends and family in the countryside, and ability of
employers to use racial tension to prevent Southern workers from organizing.

Question: Why were southern industrial workers so resistant to unionizing in the late 1800s?

A. Their isolation from northern workers made unionization difficult. Southern workers could have formed their own unions or joined in national union efforts.

B. Church opposition to unionization discouraged members from joining. Churches in the South did not publicly speak against unionization.

*C. Racial tensions helped prevent the development of a collective consciousness. Racial tensions between the white and black working class prevented the development of a
collective class consciousness in the South.

D. They generally earned higher wages, worked fewer hours, and had overall better working conditions. Southern workers received lower wages than northern workers, and
working conditions were equally poor.

Question: Which of the following describes the process of collective bargaining?

A. The process of federal mediation of labor negotiations Federal officials do not mediate in collective bargaining.

*B. The process of negotiations between labor unions and management Collective bargaining is the process through which unions and management negotiate working conditions.
C. The process of allowing companies in the same industry to negotiate working conditions with state governments The process does not involve state governments.

D. The process of judicial review over labor negotiations The courts are rarely involved in collective bargaining.

Question: Who was Samuel Gompers?

*A. President of the American Federation of Labor In 1886 Samuel Gompers became president of the AFL. No social reformer, the AFL president concentrated on obtaining better
wages and hours for workers so that they could share in the prosperity generated by industrial capitalism.

B. President of the NAACP The NAACP did not exist in the late nineteenth century.

C. The CEO of Union Pacific Gompers was a labor leader.

D. A Massachusetts senator Gompers was not a politician.

Question: Which group of English workers organized a walkout in London in1888?

*A. Women matchmakers These women organized a walkout to protest exorbitant fines for work infractions.
B. Migrant African workers Migrant Africans did not organize a walkout.

C. Public servants Public servants did not organize a walkout.

D. Child laborers Child laborers did not organize a walkout.

Question: Which of the following statements about organized labor in late-nineteenth-century Europe is true?

A. Organized labor steadily decreased in power over this period. The power of labor grew dramatically.

*B. Organized labor increased activity during this period. The number of labor strikes increased during this period.
C. Organized labor successfully campaigned for the right to vote. They unsuccessfully campaigned for the right to vote.

D. Organized labor lost the support of their communities. Labor relied on the support of communities to sustain strikes.

Question: What was the primary tool workers used to challenge ownership?
*A. Withholding their labor Withholding their labor and going on strike was the primary tool workers used to challenge ownership.
B. Presenting owners with petitions Given corporate owners' hostility to unions, presenting them with petitions was unlikely to gain workers much.

C. Lobbying government for new laws Governments tended to side with management rather than workers, so unions had little hope of making gains from lobbying.

D. Boycotting industrial goods Industrial goods flooded consumer markets, making boycotts an unlikely weapon for labor unions in the late 1800s.

Question: What obstacles did workers face when they went on strike in the late 1800s?

A. State and local laws prohibited striking. State and local laws did not prohibit striking.

B. Workers were blacklisted from all other jobs. Owners often rehired strikers.

C. Without community support, workers could not survive without wages. Strikers generally enjoyed tremendous community support from their peers, which allowed them to
survive without their regular wages.

*D. Employers recruited strikebreakers and used hired guns against strikers. Employers in turn had powerful weapons at their command to break strikes. Employers could recruit
strikebreakers and mobilize private and public security forces against the strikers.

Question: What sparked the Homestead strike in 1892?

*A. Andrew Carnegie decided to cut wages and break the union at the plant. With steel prices falling, Carnegie decided to replace some skilled craftsmen with machinery, cut
wages, save on labor costs, and bust the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, knowing that his actions would provoke a strike.

B. Andrew Carnegie began to lay off several hundred workers from the plant. The Homestead strike was not sparked by layoffs but by other actions against workers.

C. The Homestead strike was part of a national steelworkers' strike. The Homestead strike was the result of local issues.

D. National union leadership wanted to make an example of the Homestead workers. The Homestead strike was the result of local issues.

Question: What characterized the situation at Carnegie's Homestead plant before the changes that prompted the strike of 1892?

A. Working conditions were dangerous, and the company treated workers poorly. Most residents of the area believed that Carnegie treated workers reasonably well.

*B. Carnegie was willing to negotiate with the union and pay decent wages. Most residents of Homestead believed that wages were decent, and Carnegie had negotiated with the
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers in the past.

C. Low pay forced many workers to beg for money, leaving them bitter about Carnegie's leadership. Most residents of the area believed that Carnegie treated workers
reasonably well.

D. Unskilled workers such as children and women dominated the plant as Carnegie hired few skilled workers. Carnegie hired skilled workers and paid them a reasonable
wage.

Question: What tactic did Henry Clay Frick use to break the Homestead strike of 1892?

A. Formed a company-run union Frick did not try to form a company-run union.

B. Increased wages for workers who rejected the union Frick did not offer to increase the pay of workers who left the union.

*C. Banned unionized workers from the plant Frick had no intention of negotiating seriously with the union on a new contract and ordered a lockout. Only employees who rejected the
union could return to work at lower wages.

D. Hired nonunion workers as strikebreakers Frick tried to break the union, but he did not use strikebreakers to do so.

Question: How was the Homestead strike similar to the Haymarket Square incident?

A. In both cases, labor leaders used the events to increase the appeal of their unions. Union membership fell after both incidents.

B. In both cases, violence forced state governments to pass laws protecting workers' rights. The state governments sided with the capitalists, not the workers, in both cases.

C. Union membership dropped afterward because of the union leaders' incompetence. In both cases, union membership dropped, although the unions suffered from factors other
than leaders' lack of competence.

*D. In both cases, violence led to unfavorable publicity that hurt the union and not capitalists. Anarchist Alexander Berkman, who had no connection with the union, entered
Frick's office and shot the steel executive in the neck, leaving him wounded but alive. The resulting unfavorable publicity, together with state prosecution of the union, broke the strike.

Question: What action by George Pullman, combined with a wage cut, led to the Pullman strike of 1894?

*A. Keeping the rent for company housing at the same level Pullman's decision to decrease wages without reducing rent for workers living in company housing incited the Pullman
strike.

B. Laying off a quarter of the workforce Pullman did not decide to lay off a quarter of his workforce.

C. Bringing in Pinkertons to fight workers Pullman did not introduce Pinkertons to fight workers.

D. Ending the practice of extra pay for overtime Pullman had not paid extra for overtime prior to the strike.

Question: Why did the federal government intervene in the Pullman strike of 1894?

A. Pullman had been a major campaign contributor of President Grover Cleveland. While Cleveland supported Pullman in the strike, campaign contributions were not the cause.

B. Widespread outrage over Pullman's tactics forced it to do so. The federal government intervened on Pullman's rather than the union's side.
*C. The strike interfered with the conduct of government business. The railroad managers association persuaded President Grover Cleveland's Attorney General, Richard Olney, a
former railroad lawyer, that strikers were interfering with delivery of the U.S. mail transported by train.

D. The strike was costing the government through the loss of tax revenues. Corporate leaders claimed that the strike interfered with government operations, but taxes were not
the basis of the concern.

Question: What was the significance about the government's use of the Sherman Antitrust Act in the Pullman strike of 1894?

A. The government used the act against corporations for the first time. The government did not use the act against corporations.

B. The government used the act to punish both the union and Pullman's company. The government did not use the act against both sides.

*C. The government used the act to punish the union. The federal government used the Sherman Antitrust Act to punish unions for conspiring to restrain trade.
D. The government used the act only because the courts forced it to. The courts were not involved in the application of the Sherman Antitrust Act in the Pullman strike.

Question: What was Eugene V. Debs's reaction to his jail sentence for his actions during the Pullman strike?

A. He became an anarchist. Debs did not become an anarchist.

B. He abandoned any hope of improving workers' rights. Debs remained an activist, using politics rather than unionization to further workers' rights.

C. He endorsed Marx's idea of communist revolution. Debs favored a nonviolent socialist movement and did not endorse the goal of revolution.

*D. He established the Socialist Party. Debs grew more radical and established the Socialist Party of America after serving a jail sentence for his role in the Pullman strike.
Question: How did Eugene V. Debs tailor socialism to a wide range of American workers?

*A. He expressed his ideas using traditional American values. Debs articulated the doctrines in the language of cooperation and citizenship that many Americans shared.
B. He used direct mail tactics effective in recruiting members. Direct mail was a political strategy employed much later in American history.

C. He made the need for reform seem more urgent by advocating violent action. Debs did not advocate violence.

D. He tapped into the religious beliefs of American workers as Catholics and Protestants. Debs tapped into common cultural standards but not those with a religious basis.

Question: What was the primary goal of the Industrial Workers of the World in the late 1800s?

A. To end child labor The Industrial Workers of the World had a much broader goal than ending child labor.

B. To gain a shorter workweek The Industrial Workers of the World had a more far-reaching goal than a shorter workweek.

*C. To overthrow American capitalism The Industrial Workers of the World sought to undermine the fundamental structure of American capitalism.
D. To gain higher wages for skilled workers The Industrial Workers of the World had a more far-reaching goal than merely gaining higher wages for skilled workers.

Question: How did the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) differ from the American Federation of Labor (AF of L) in the late 1800s?

A. The AF of L was much smaller in membership than the IWW. The American Federation of Labor was not smaller in size than the Industrial Workers of the World.

B. The AF of L favored direct action, and the IWW favored collective bargaining. The American Federation of Labor did not favor strikes and direct action protests but preferred to
use collective bargaining.

C. The AF of L included minorities and women, while the IWW excluded them. Neither union actively included minorities and women among its ranks.

*D. The IWW attempted to unite skilled and unskilled workers, while the AF of L organized skilled workers only. The IWW attempted to unite skilled and unskilled workers,
while the AF of L focused on organizing skilled workers.

Question: Which union of the late 1800s had goals that fundamentally challenged the capitalist order of the time?

A. The Knights of Labor The Knights of Labor aimed to improve workers' pay and working conditions.

B. The American Federation of Labor The AFL aimed to improve workers' pay and working conditions.

*C. The Industrial Workers of the World The IWW attempted to unite all skilled and unskilled workers in an effort to overthrow capitalism.
D. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers The iron and steel workers' union focused specifically on improving conditions for those workers.

Question: How did the federal government usually respond to labor activism and strikes during the late nineteenth century?

A. The government quickly acted to suppress strikes. The government did not act quickly to suppress all strikes, leaving many to last a long time and watching state governments
intervene in other cases.

*B. The government generally sided with industrialists. The government generally sided with corporate interests and against strikers.
C. The government generally supported strikers. The government generally opposed the strikers.

D. The government acted as an impartial mediator. The government took sides in nineteenth century labor disputes.

Question: How did the people in the factory town react to the Homestead strike in 1892?

A. They condemned the strikers. The town did not condemn them.

B. They privately supported the strikers but publicly disavowed them. The town did not disavow them.
C. They refused to take sides. People did take sides.

*D. They openly supported the strikers. Community support was vital to the strikers.
Question: Which of the following organizations grew out of the Western Federation of Miners?

*A. The Industrial Workers of the World The IWW was a direct outgrowth of the Miners Federation.
B. The Teamsters The Teamsters were not related to the IWW.

C. The Libertarian Party The Libertarian Party was not related to the IWW.

D. The Muckrackers The Muckrackers were not related to the IWW.

Question: Which of the following describes the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in the late nineteenth century?

A. The IWW had difficulty attracting members. They drew members from a wide array of industries.

B. The IWW increased its membership but only among miners. They drew members from a wide array of industries.

*C. The IWW had a substantial appeal across a wide array of industrial workers. IWW had substantial appeal among lumberjacks in the Northwest, dockworkers in port cities,
miners in the West, farmers in the Great Plains, and textile workers in the Northeast.

D. The IWW worked side-by-side with government officials to secure better working conditions. The IWW often faced government violence.

Question: What impacted working-class leisure patterns in the late 1800s?

A. Gender differences Gender was not the only factor that impacted working-class leisure patterns in the period.

B. Race and age differences Race differences impacted working-class leisure patterns, but age was not significant.

C. Religious and ethnic differences Religious and ethnic differences did not impact working-class leisure patterns.

*D. Gender, race, and region Gender, race, and region impacted working-class leisure patterns.
Question: What accounts for the difference in working-class men and women's leisure patterns in the late 1800s?

*A. Wage differences Women earned a fraction of what men earned, curbing their options. At the same time, women did not feel comfortable in masculine spaces such as union halls and
saloons, which accounts for differences in working-class men and women's leisure patterns.

B. Danger in cities Urban working-class women did enjoy some social activities in the cities.

C. Women's greater religiosity Religious differences do not account for differences in working-class men and women's leisure patterns.

D. Male exclusivity Working-class men did spend time in many male spaces such as saloons but also spent time with working-class women in their leisure time.

Question: What describes the custom of the late 1800s called "treating"?

A. Men treated women to drinks, food, movie tickets, and other gifts as part of courtship rituals. Treating does not describe how men treated women as part of dating rituals.

*B. Men paid for women's drinks, food, movie tickets, and other gifts on a date and expected sexual favors in return. In treating, men would pay for drinks, food, movie
tickets, and other gifts on a date in exchange with the expectation that they would receive sexual favors in return.

C. Working-class men and women would take turns covering the cost of food, drinks, and movie tickets on dates. Treating does not describe taking turns paying for dates.

D. Working-class men would treat working-class women to dinner at their parents' home as a way of showing their interest in a long-term relationship. Treating was
a dating situation.

Question: Where did urban working-class men and women spend their leisure time at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Church socials Church socials were not the primary working-class leisure space open to men and women.

*B. Dance halls Enormous dance halls holding thousands of people were the primary leisure space open to working-class men and women.
C. Urban saloons and union halls Urban saloons and union halls were generally closed and unappealing to working-class women at the turn of the twentieth century.

D. Sports arenas for baseball and boxing Sports arenas for baseball and boxing were generally not frequented by working-class women at the turn of the twentieth century.

Question: What conditions allowed for a vibrant leisure culture among working-class men and women at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Working-class men and women started to rebel against their parents. Although working-class men and women rebelled against their parents, that does not account for the
vibrant working-class leisure culture.

B. Working-class men and women stopped marrying. Working-class men and women did not marry at lower rates at the turn of the twentieth century.

*C. Working-class men and women had more economic and social independence. The fact that working-class men and women enjoyed more economic independence from
earning their own money and freedom from living alone accounts for the vibrant working-class leisure culture in cities.

D. Working-class men and women stopped worrying about their children and allowed them to participate in the leisure culture. A change in the attitudes of working-class
parents does not account for the vibrant working-class leisure culture in cities at the turn of the twentieth century.

Question: What types of leisure cut across class lines at the turn of the twentieth century?
A. Dance halls Dance halls were usually only frequented by the working-class.

*B. Amusement parks Amusement parks such as Coney Island provided leisure that cut across class lines.
C. Movie theaters Movie theaters were usually not socially integrated.

D. Saloons Saloons were not usually socially integrated at the turn of the twentieth century.

Question: What types of music unique to the South were central to the leisure culture at the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. Blues Blues was unique to the South and central to its leisure culture.
B. Classical music Classical music was not unique to the South.

C. Big band music Big band music was not unique to the South.

D. Jazz and cabaret Jazz and cabaret flourished in the North and South.

Question: Which of the following was true of working-class daughters in the late nineteenth century?

A. They were only able to find part-time work. Women found both full- and part-time work.

B. They were not supportive of the labor movement. Women were often supportive of the movement.

*C. They enjoyed significant independence and free time. Many working-class daughters lived in rooming houses on their own.
D. They were largely foreign-born women. Natural-born and immigrant women joined the workforce.

Question: Which of the following statements about late-nineteenth-century nightclubs is true?

A. They were segregated by gender. Both men and women could patronize most nightclubs.

*B. They served both men and women. Most nightclubs were social hotspots for men and women workers.
C. They were only found in urban areas. There were nightclubs throughout America.

D. They were outlawed in most cities. They were legal in most cities.

Question: Which of the following statements about late-nineteenth-century theater is true?

A. Theater appealed to both upper and working classes, but only the upper class could afford it. There were many theater leagues that attracted working-class audiences.

B. Theater only appealed to the upper classes. Theater appealed to both upper and lower classes.

*C. Theater appealed to both upper and working classes. Theater options were available for both classes.
D. Few people were interested in theater in the late nineteenth century. Theater was very popular.

Question: What role did "old-time" music play in the lives of southern whites?

*A. It romanticized aspects of southern life. It extolled the exploits of outlaws and adventurers.
B. It was a political tool used by labor unions. Old-time music was largely romantic ballads and folk tunes.

C. It served as a venue to challenge racism. Old-time music did not challenge racism.

D. It promoted gender equality. It did not promote gender equality.

Topic: Farmers Organize

books:

Farmers Unite
Populists Rise Up

Question: What caused agricultural prices to collapse in the late nineteenth century?

*A. Soaring production caused by increased productivity Agricultural prices collapsed in the late nineteenth century as the increased use of new farm machinery led to a substantial
increase in production.

B. Good weather for several years in a row that produced bountiful harvests Good weather alone did not cause farm production to soar in the late 1800s.

C. Decreased demand for agricultural products Demand for agricultural products did not decrease during the late nineteenth century.

D. An influx of new farmers led to more output An influx of new farmers did not lead to more output during the late nineteenth century.

Question: What describes the lifestyle of most farmers in America during the late nineteenth century?

A. Easier due to use of farm machinery While farm machinery boosted production, farmers' lives were not easier as they faced a host of economic troubles.

B. Satisfying and secure Farmers may have enjoyed a sense of satisfaction from their work, but they were generally not secure.
C. Promising for the future Most farmers did not feel a sense of promise for the future as large numbers of farmers' children left home for factory work in cities.

*D. Isolated and lonely Most farmers lived isolated lives spread out from each other. These led many children of farmers to leave rural America for the cities.
Question: Why did farmers face an increasing debt load in the late 1800s?

A. They tended to overspend their incomes on entertainment to break the monotony of farm life. Farmers of the late 1800s did not overspend on entertainment.

*B. They were caught between increased costs and falling prices. Most American farmers were independent businessmen who borrowed money to pay for land, seed, and
equipment. When their crops were harvested and sold, they repaid their debts with the proceeds. As prices fell, farmers further increased production in an effort to cover their debts. This, of
course, only led to a greater supply of farm produce in the marketplace and even lower prices.

C. They had to borrow money to travel to markets to sell their crops. Most farmers relied on the railroads to carry their goods to market.

D. They had to borrow money to support children who had moved from home to cities. Children who moved to cities typically found work and supported themselves.

Question: What was the initial purpose of the Grange movement?

A. To help single farmers find spouses While the Grange had social goals when it was formed, its initial purpose was not to help single farmers find spouses.

*B. To lessen the isolation of farmers The purpose of the Grange movement was to brighten the lonely existence of farmers through education and social activities.
C. To convince farmers to diversify their crops The Grange movement did not seek to convince farmers to diversify.

D. To encourage more farmers to utilize new machinery The purpose of the Grange movement was not to encourage mechanization of agriculture.

Question: Why did the purpose of the Grange movement shift from social and economic issues to political activism?

*A. From the desire to improve shared economic interests Grangers shifted their focus from economic and social to political issues once they started to recognize that they could use
politics to improve their shared economic interests.

B. Because of the recognition that no political parties supported farmers' interests The Grange movement did not shift its purpose to political activism out of frustration with
political parties.

C. Frustration over the monopoly of railroads on shipping crops The high prices railroads charged farmers to ship and store crops was not the only reason the Grange movement
started to focus on political activism.

D. Belief in the necessity of creating a political party dominated by farmers The Grange movement did not attempt to create a separate political party dominated by farmers.

Question: Why did the Grange movement focus on reducing prices that railroads and grain elevators charged?

A. The railroads were fragmented into small companies and easily attacked. The railroads were not fragmented into small companies, and usually an individual railroad held a
monopoly on storing and shipping services in a particular region.

B. Farmers could not control any other aspects of agricultural production. Farmers did have control over other aspects of production but had no control over these costs.

*C. Farmers relied on railroads and grain elevators but were forced to pay higher than usual rates. Farmers relied on railroads and grain elevators to store and ship their
crops to the market and the high prices farmed paid for these services was unbearable for most farmers. Many railroads, in fact, charged farmers higher than usual rates.

D. Railroad companies lacked influence with politicians. Railroad companies did not lack influence with state politicians.

Question: What was the impact of the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission on the Grange movement?

*A. Large railroad lines could easily influence its decisions, hurting farmers. The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission hurt the Grange movement because large
railroad lines could more easily influence it than farmers could and could more easily influence a federal agency than they could multiple state regulators.

B. The commission ignored the issue of the cost of storing and shipping crops. The Interstate Commerce Commission did address issues impacting farmers because it handled
shipping regulations.

C. Farmers benefited because the government usually favored them over large railroad lines. The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission hurt the Grange movement
by neglecting the interests of farmers.

D. It hurt the Grange movement because regulation increased shipping prices, making it prohibitively expensive for many farmers to ship their crops. The Interstate
Commerce Commission did not lead to increased shipping prices because of government regulation.

Question: What factors propelled the creation of farmers' alliances on the Great Plains and lower South?

A. A drop in corn prices Corn prices actually increased during the late 1880s, leading few farmers from the Midwestern Corn Belt to join farmers' alliances.

B. A large drought in the South and on the Great Plains Southern and Plains farmers were hurt more by economic issues than weather.

C. The displacement of farm workers due to increased use of machinery in agriculture The alliances appealed to farmers themselves rather than to farm workers.

*D. The collapse of cotton and wheat prices The collapse of cotton and wheat prices on the international market lead to the creation of farmers' alliances in the Great Plains and lower
South.

Question: What did farmers' alliance leader Mary Elizabeth Lease advocate?

*A. Farmers and workers to unite against capitalists Lease advocated that farmers and workers to unite against capitalists; she also urged equal rights for women.
B. White farmers to exclude African American farmers from their cause Lease saw farmers of both races as natural allies.

C. Farmers to unite with capitalists against workers Lease did not think farmers would find natural allies in capitalists.
D. A farmer revolution Lease wanted the balance of political power changed but did not call for a revolution.

Question: What was the goal of Charles Macune's proposed "subtreasury system?"

A. To decrease crop prices by flooding the market with all crops at the same time The goal of the subtreasury system was not to decrease crop prices.

B. To provide farmers with stable crop prices through government regulation The subtreasury system did not seek to stabilize crop prices but to improve them.

*C. To increase crop prices by temporarily withholding them from market The subtreasury system would in theory increase crop prices by taking the crops off the market. The
federal government would provide loans for 80 percent of the current market value of produce. Once crop prices rose, the farmers would sell their crops and repay the loans.

D. To provide farmers a way to sell their land and leave farming The subtreasury system did not seek to provide farmers with a means to sell their land but to succeed at farming.

Question: What was the position of the National Farmers Alliance on the money supply?

A. To increase the money supply by issuing paper currency The Alliance wanted to increase the money supply but did not advocate paper currency.

*B. To increase the money supply by circulating more silver coins The alliance sought to increase the money supply by expanding the amount of silver coinage in circulation. The
resulting inflation would lead to higher prices for agricultural commodities, putting more money in farmers' pockets. Second, the real value of farmers' debts would decrease, since the debts were
contracted in pre-inflation dollars and would be paid back with inflated currency.

C. To minimize inflation so farmers' purchasing power would increase The alliance's plan would promote inflation rather than minimizing it.

D. To hold the money supply constant to help farmers in debt The Alliance did not believe that holding the money supply constant would help farmers in debt.

Question: Which of the following recreational activities were common among mill workers?

A. Nightclubs Nightclubs tended to be found in urban areas.

B. Blues music Blues music had not yet spread far outside of African American communities.

*C. Baseball leagues Men from various factories organized baseball teams that competed in leagues with one another.
D. Ping pong Ping pong was not popular among mill workers.

Question: What was the purpose of the farm cooperatives formed by the Grangers?

A. To help form social bonds The purpose of cooperatives was not social.

B. To encourage young women to pursue farming The purpose was not gender-related.

C. To lower crop prices They did not seek to lower prices.

*D. To raise crop prices Grangers formed farm cooperatives to sell their crops at higher prices and pool their purchasing power to buy finished goods at wholesale prices.
Question: What was the outcome of the 1886 case Munn v. Illinois?

A. The Grangers-supported regulations were upheld by the decision. This was not the outcome of the case.

*B. The Grangers-supported regulations were reversed by the decision. The decision struck down these state regulatory laws as hindering the free flow of interstate commerce.
C. The court disbanded the Granger movement. The court did not outlaw the movement.

D. The court invalidated the Interstate Commerce Commission. The case did not deal with the ICC.

Question: What was the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)?

A. To regulate trade with Native Americans This was not the purpose of the ICC.

B. To regulate trade on canals Canal were not the focal point of the ICC.

*C. To regulate railroads The ICC was advocated by Grangers to regulate the railroads.
D. To regulate trade with Canada The Commission dealt with interstate trade, not international trade.

Question: Which of the following statements describes the impact of national economic regulations in the late nineteenth century?

A. The regulations radically transformed industries. The act did not have a radical impact.

*B. The regulations had little impact. Businesses were often able to influence the implementation of regulations to their own benefit.
C. The regulations impacted industry in the East, but not the West. The regulations affected most areas equally.

D. The regulations were not supported by the majority of workers. Workers supported the regulations.

Question: What explains the Grangers' retreat from politics by the late nineteenth century?

*A. Rising crop prices relieved economic pressure. As prices rose, the demand for political action lessened.
B. A lack of political victories made many Grangers apathetic. The Grangers secured many political victories.

C. Intense pressure from government officials drove them from politics. The government passed laws supporting the Grangers.

D. The number of collectives increased. The number of collectives decreased.

Question: Which group was excluded from the Southern Farmers' Alliance?

A. Women Women were not excluded.

*B. African Americans African American were excluded, and formed the Colored Farmers' Alliance.
C. Native Americans Native Americans were not excluded.

D. Land owners with more than 100 acres There were no land size restrictions on membership.

Question: Which of the following describes the farmers' organizations in the late nineteenth century?

A. The organizations remained largely regional and divided. The organizations were not divided.

B. The organizations could not find agreement on political candidates. They did find agreement on candidates.

C. The organizations advocated for women's rights. Few organizations advocated for women's rights.

*D. The organizations aligned, creating a nationwide movement. By 1889, The Northwestern and Southern Farmers' alliances merged, beginning a national movement.
Question: Why did the Farmers' alliances favor silver coinage over paper money?

A. Most did not believe in paper money. Most had no ideological opposition to paper money.

B. They sought a compromise with the federal government. The advocacy of silver was not tied to a compromise with the federal government.

C. The alliances thought paper money would impact women negatively. This was not a concern with paper money.

*D. They wanted the support of western silver miners. To help gain the support of miners' alliances, the farmers supported silver over paper money.
Question: What drove farmers to form the Populist Party?

A. The government increased the supply of paper money, which the farmers opposed. The government did not increase the paper money supply.

B. The farmers joined with African American movement. Few farmers' movements were integrated racially.

*C. The farmers were unable to convince either Republicans or Democrats to support their policy reforms. Neither party embraced the demand of the farmers.
D. Supreme Court rulings convinced the farmers to form a new political party. Supreme Court rulings did not affect farmers' political activity; rather, it was congressional activity
that did.

Question: How did the Ocala platform of the meeting of the National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union expand the demands of farmers' alliances?

A. By supporting women's suffrage The Ocala platform did not endorse women's suffrage.

*B. By including broader political reforms The platform's proposals included a constitutional amendment creating direct election of U.S. senators, adoption of the secret ballot, and
provisions for state and local referenda to allow voters to initiate and decide public issues.

C. By demanding nationalizing all industries The platform did not insist on the nationalizing of all industries, although it did propose government ownership of banks and railroads.

D. By calling for limits on immigration The Ocala platform did not address immigration, although the Populist platform of 1892 did.

Question: What group, besides farmers, did the Populist Party's 1892 platform try to reach?

A. Immigrants The Populist Party platform included anti-immigration language.

B. Capitalists The Populist Party platform tried to reduce the power of capitalists.

*C. Industrial workers The Populists Party's platform emphasized economic reforms that benefitted the farmers and working-class. This included a graduated income tax, eight-hour work
day, ban on using Pinkerton "mercenaries" in labor disputes, and immigration restriction.

D. African Americans The Populist Party's platform did not offer proposals to prohibit racial discrimination or segregation.

Question: Which of the following did the Populists support?

*A. The income tax The Populists supported a graduated income tax.
B. Racial integration The Populists did not favor ending segregation.

C. Larger subsidies for corporations The Populists were opposed to corporate subsidies.

D. Increased immigration The Populists favored restrictions on immigration.

Question: How did the Populists interact with state politics?

*A. They won more support in state elections than national elections. They elected 10 congressional representatives, 5 U.S. senators, 3 governors, and 1,500 state legislators.
B. They fared better in national elections than state elections. The Populists fared better in state than in national elections.

C. The Populists did not try to compete in state politics. They did compete and fared well.

D. Most states refused to recognize the Populist Party. The Populists were very active in state politics.
Question: "Resolved, That we condemn the fallacy of protecting American labor under the present system, which opens our ports to [immigrants including] the
pauper and the criminal classes of the world and crowds out our [American] wage-earners; and we . . . demand the further restriction of undesirable
immigration."

Which of the following would support the statement above?

*A. A strong nationalist The statement is strongly protectionist, indicative of an ardent nationalism.
B. A supporter of free trade The proposal to close ports to foreigners is not in support of free trade.

C. A group opposed to the gold standard There is no mention of currency policy.

D. A proponent of open borders The statement is opposed to immigration.

Topic: The Depression of the 1890s

books:

Depression Politics
Political Realignment in the Election of 1896
The Decline of the Populists

Question: What were the goals of Jacob Coxey, leader of Coxey's Army, in the march to Washington in 1894?

A. Food and health care coverage for unemployed workers from the federal government Coxey did not demand food and health care coverage for unemployed workers.

B. That the governments pay off farmers' loans Coxey did not demand government payoffs of farmers' loans.

C. Overthrow of the federal government and creation of a Populist government Coxey did not seek to overthrow the federal government.

*D. To demand public works projects to provide jobs and an increase in the money supply Coxey demanded jobs for unemployed people and an increase in the money supply.
Question: What was Grover Cleveland's stance regarding government assistance during the depression of 1893?

A. The government should only provide assistance during economic crises. Cleveland thought that the government had no responsibility for the well-being of the people, even in
economic crises.

*B. Government assistance was not a function of the government. Grover Cleveland did not believe that government assistance was a legitimate government function.
C. Assistance made sense for disabled adults but not for able-bodied unemployed adults. In terms of the correctness of government assistance, Cleveland did not make
distinctions among groups of people.

D. Cleveland supported government assistance for only the poorest Americans. In terms of the correctness of government assistance, Cleveland did not make distinctions among
groups of people.

Question: What was the impact of the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act?

A. It alleviated the financial crisis by raising silver prices. The repeal depressed silver prices.

B. It had no impact on silver prices. The repeal did have an effect on silver prices, which impacted the larger economy.

*C. It depressed silver prices, which worsened the economy. The removal of silver as a backing for currency caused private investors to remove their gold deposits from the federal
treasury.

D. It had a brief negative effect but within months the economy bounced back. The repeal had a longer-term effect on the economy.

Question: Why did the Wilson-Gorman Tariff law of 1894 hurt the economic recovery?

A. The tariff increased the cost of domestic goods. The tariff did not increase the cost of domestic goods.

*B. It reduced foreign demand for American goods. The tariff increased the price of American goods for foreigners, making it difficult for foreigners to buy American exports.
C. The income tax provision hampered investment. The wealthy objected to the income tax provision, but that was not the cause for slow investment.

D. It made the cost of unskilled labor increase. The tariff did not increase the cost of unskilled labor.

Question: Why did Populists support the income tax provision in the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894?

A. The tax exempted farmers. The tax did not exempt farmers as a group but was based on income.

B. They had been advocating it for three decades. The Populists had not existed for three decades.

C. It would be used to support crop prices. The income tax was a general revenue measure; its proceeds were not slated to be used in a particular way.

*D. It affected the wealthy, which they thought fair. The populists supported the tax because it was only on incomes over $4,000, which, at the time, affected only the wealthy.
Question: What was the result of the congressional election of 1894?

*A. The Democrats suffered a big loss. The Democrats suffered a big loss in the congressional elections of 1894.
B. The Republicans suffered a big loss. The Republicans experienced a large gain in the congressional election of 1894.
C. Neither the Republicans nor Democrats had a clear win. One party had a clear win in the congressional election of 1894.

D. The Populist Party won several seats. The Populist Party did not win several seats in the election of 1894.

Question: Why did President Cleveland dispatch federal troops to end the Pullman strike?

*A. He did not have a solution to end the suffering caused by the depression. Cleveland's response was cheered by the railroads and business owners, but did nothing to alleviate
the depression.

B. Most Americans were opposed to the strike. Millions of workers across the nation supported the strike.

C. He feared upsetting the mining unions. The mining unions supported the strike.

D. He thought it would help end the depression. His actions were not aimed at ending the depression.

Question: What was another result of Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver purchase?

A. It helped end the depression. The repeal favored the wealthy over the working classes.

B. It solidified the farmers in support of Cleveland. The farmers opposed the repeal.

C. It convinced many women, who opposed the purchase, to support Cleveland. Most women did not support the repeal.

*D. It angered farmers in the South and Great Plains who were swamped by mounting debt. Farmers strongly opposed the repeal.
Question: What was the result of the Pollack v. Farmers Loan and Trust decision?

A. The Sherman Silver purchase was reinstated. The case did not reinstate the purchase.

*B. The income tax was ruled unconstitutional. The court called the tax "a war of the poor against the rich."
C. The income tax was upheld as constitutional. The court did not rule the tax constitutional.

D. The tariffs on imports were ruled unconstitutional. The court did not overturn the tariffs.

Question: Refer to the image Here Lies Prosperity, 1895

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What is the "ball and chain" of interest meant to convey?

A. High interest rates should be used to encourage laborers to pay off their debts. The Populists were attempting to alleviate labor debt.

B. Interest rates were a fact of life that laborers had to learn to live with. The cartoon implies that living with debt is unbearable.

*C. Interest rates are too high and are preventing laborers from getting ahead. The monetary policy favored by the populists and democrats aimed to reduce interest rate
payments.

D. High interest rates seemed bad to workers but were necessary for economic growth. The cartoon implies the high interest rates stifle growth for laborers.

Question: What was the significance of William Jennings Bryan's candidacy for president in 1896?

A. He opposed immigration. Bryan's candidacy was not significant because of his position on immigration.

B. He allied the Democrats with wealthy industrialists. Republican William McKinley was favored by wealthy industrialists over Bryan.

*C. He backed Populist causes. Bryan was nominated by the Democrats but because he endorsed several Populist issues was also backed by the Populists.
D. He unleashed bitter attacks on the Populists. Bryan was more sympathetic to the Populists than his opponent.

Question: How did the election of 1896 impact the political alignment?

*A. Republicans became the majority party. William Jennings Bryan's candidacy was not significant because he opposed immigration.
B. The Populists became the dominant national party. The election of 1896 did not make the Populist Party the most influential national party.

C. The Democrats became the most influential national party. The election did not make the Democratic Party the most influential national party and give them an edge in the
partisan affiliation and presidential elections of the next three decades.

D. The Democratic Party collapsed, to be replaced by the Populists. The Democratic Party did not collapse as a result of the election of 1896.

Question: What groups were part of the Republican Party coalition formed in 1896 and dominant for the next three decades?

A. Midwestern farmers and corporate leaders The Republicans did not appeal to farmers.

B. Immigrants and Southern farmers The Republican Party did not appeal to Southern farmers.

C. Women and African Americans In this period, women could not vote, and African Americans were largely disenfranchised.

*D. The wealthy class and the working class The Republican Party created a coalition that joined corporate capitalists and their workers.
Question: What was the difference between McKinley and William Jennings Bryan's position on currency in the election of 1896?

A. McKinley supported silver coinage and Bryan supported the gold standard. McKinley did not support silver coinage and Bryan did not support the gold standard.

B. McKinley and Bryan both supported the gold standard. Bryan did not support the gold standard.

*C. McKinley supported the gold standard while Bryan advocated silver coinage. The difference between McKinley and Williams Jennings Bryan's position of currency was that
McKinley supported the gold standard while Bryan advocated silver coinage.

D. Both McKinley and Bryan supported silver coinage. McKinley and Bryan did not agree on what metal to base the U.S. currency.

Question: What split the Populist Party after 1896?

A. The Populist Party was unable to capture the support of western silver mines. The Populist Party strongly held the support for western silver miners.

B. The Populist Party could not gain the support of white farmers. The Populist Party had strong backing from white farmers.

*C. The Populist Party was unable to capture the support of industrial workers. The Populist Party was unable to capture the support of industrial workers.
D. The Populist Party's embrace of African American farmers doomed it in the South. White Populists did not truly accept African Americans as equal partners and in the end
succumbed to racial prejudice.

Question: What tactics did white Southerners use to deny blacks and poor whites the right to vote?

A. Passing laws requiring voters to own a certain amount of land Southern conservatives did pass laws limiting voting rights but not based on land ownership.

B. Passing laws requiring voters to earn a certain amount of money Southern conservatives did pass laws limiting voting rights but not based on income.

C. Banning African Americans from voting on the basis of race The Fifteenth Amendment blocked the Southern states from limiting voting rights on the basis of race.

*D. Adopted poll taxes and literacy tests Seeking to circumvent the Fifteenth Amendment's prohibition against racial discrimination in the right to vote, conservative white lawmakers
instituted poll taxes, which imposed a fee for voting, and literacy tests that asked tricky questions designed to trip up would-be black voters.

Question: What was the greatest contribution of the Populist Party?

*A. Farmers looked to organized groups to protect their shared interests. The Populist Party convinced farmers to look to organized groups to protect their shared interests rather
than relying on individualist ways.

B. Farmers and industrial workers recognized their common interests. Farmers and industrial workers did not recognize their common interests because of the Populist Party.

C. The federal government adopted a flat income tax. The federal government did not adopt a flat income tax but passed a progressive flat income tax.

D. Southern white conservatives adopted poll taxes and literacy tests. Southern white conservatives adopted poll taxes and literacy tests, but these were not an achievement of the
Populists.

Question: What was the impact of the rural and urban divide on the 1896 election?

A. Populists were unable to capture the support of rural voters. Populists did capture the support of rural voters in the 1896 election.

*B. Populists were unable to capture the support of industrial workers. The urban and rural divide prevented populists from capturing the support of industrial workers.
C. Populists could capture the support of miners but not farmers. Populists captured the support of miners and farmers, which were both rural voters.

D. Populists had greater strength in the Midwest and Northeast. Populists had greater strength in the West than in the Northeast or Midwest.

Question: Why were industrial workers reluctant to support the Populist Party?

*A. They failed to see any benefit in higher prices for food, which the base of the party supported. As the consumers of agricultural products, industrial workers failed to see
any benefit in higher prices for food. They couldn't identify with the majority of the party members, who were farmers.

B. They failed to see farmers as working class. Industrial workers' reluctance did not stem from class differences between themselves and farmers. White Populists in the South used
class as an issue to appeal to both farmers and workers.
 pp

C. They could not relate to farmers because farmers were wealthier. Wealth was not the core concern that made industrial workers reluctant to support the Populist Party.

D. They did not agree with the party's platform of racial equality. The Populists did not expressly advocate racial equality, although some candidates had encouraged racial unity for a
time. Most southern white Populists didn't accept African Americans as equal partners.

Question: What was the result of the 1896 election?

A. Democrats gained significant majorities in national elections. The Democrats lost most national elections.

*B. The election led to a political realignment that favored Republicans. Voting patterns shifted with the 1896 election, giving Republicans the edge in party affiliation among the
electorate not only in this contest but also in presidential elections over the next three decades.

C. The Populist Party won significant victories on the national level. The Republicans won more victories than the Populists.

D. Women gained significant rights as a result of the election. Women did not win victories at the national level.

Question: How did race contribute to the decline of the Populist Party?

A. African Americans in the South refused to join the movement. It was southern whites who refused to allow black in the movement.

B. Northern blacks aligned largely with the Republican Party. Neither party appealed directly to black voters.

*C. Southern white Populists refused to incorporate black farmers into the movement. Most southern white Populists did not truly accept African Americans as equal partners,
even though both groups had mutual economic interests.

D. Race was not a factor in the decline of the populists. The inability to integrate in the South kept the farmers weak and divided.

Question: What was the result of the Williams v. Mississippi decision in 1898?

*A. Southern literacy tests and poll taxes were upheld. The decision incorporated the power of white supremacy in the South.
B. Southern literacy tests and poll taxes were ruled unconstitutional. The court did not rule them unconstitutional.

C. Black and white schools must receive equal funding. The case did not deal with issues of education.

D. The federal department of education should increase funding to black schools. The case did not deal with education funding, and there was no Department of Education at the
time.

Question: Why did the Populist Party incite racism against black farmers and workers?

A. It wanted to take voters away from McKinley in 1896. The Populist Party did not incite racism in order to take votes away from McKinley in 1896.

B. Party members feared a backlash from miners. It was not out of fear of the miners.

C. The members didn't think they could support both women's rights and racial equality. This was not the reason for inciting racism.

*D. It feared alienating the poor whites in the party. By whipping up antagonism against blacks, they appealed to the racial pride of poor whites to keep them from defecting from the
Populists.

Chapter 18: Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation, 1880-1914

Topic: A New Wave of Immigrants

books:

Immigrants Arrive from Many Lands

Creating Immigrant Communities
Hostility toward Recent Immigrants
The Assimilation Dilemma

Question: How did the source of immigration change between 1882 and 1917?

*A. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe increased. The late nineteenth century saw a shift in the country of origin of immigrants to the United States from northern and
western European countries to southern and eastern European countries, most notably Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungary, Poland, and Russia.

B. Immigration from northern and western Europe increased. These regions provided the largest share of immigrants prior to 1882.

C. Immigration from Asia ended. While Chinese immigration was blocked by the Chinese Exclusion Act, other Asian countries supplied immigrants in these years.

D. Immigration from Latin America was reduced. Latin America provided a sizable number of immigrants during that period.

Question: What characteristic of the immigrants in the period from 1880 to 1920 made them ill suited to the developing industrial workplace of the United
States?

A. General poverty Poverty made the immigrants willing to work, which made them attractive to employers.

B. Religious heritage While these immigrants tended to be Roman Catholic or Jewish, unlike the Protestant immigrants of earlier times, that did not preclude them from working in industry.

*C. Rural origin Since these immigrants had lived in rural areas, they had farming skills but not industrial skills.
D. Asian origin Most of the immigrants in this period did not come from Asia, nor would Asian origin have hampered their ability to perform industrial work.

Question: What Asian country provided a significant number of immigrants during the early twentieth century?

A. China The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred virtually all immigration from China for many decades.

B. Korea There was little contact between Korea and the United States during this period.

C. The Philippines The Philippines was not an independent country in the early twentieth century and did not provide a substantial number of immigrants at that time.

*D. Japan More than 260,000 immigrants came from Japan during the first two decades of the twentieth century.
Question: Why did the United States allow immigration from Japan and not China during the early twentieth century?

A. The very few Japanese who immigrated to the United States during this time period did not attract attention. The number of Japanese immigrants at this time—more
than 260,000—was significant.

B. The Japanese lived scattered throughout the United States while the Chinese were concentrated in California. Japanese immigrants lived mainly on the West Coast in this
period.

*C. White workers did not perceive the Japanese as a threat to the same degree that they did Chinese immigrants. The Japanese seldom directly competed with white
workers for railroad and construction jobs.

D. Chinese immigrants were violent while the Japanese immigrants were peaceful. Chinese immigrants were not violent, although they could be subjected to violence.

Question: What describes the experience of Japanese immigrants to the United States?

A. They encountered less discrimination than other racial minorities such as the Chinese. The Japanese did not encounter less discrimination than the Chinese.

*B. They were considered part of an inferior Oriental "yellow race" and encountered discrimination. The Japanese were considered part of an inferior Oriental "yellow race"
and encountered discrimination.

C. They did not encounter any job discrimination but were barred from living in white neighborhoods. The Japanese did encounter discrimination in employment.

D. They were fully accepted into American society. The Japanese encountered discrimination in many areas.

Question: What accounts for a low rate of return for Jewish immigrants of the late 1800s and early 1900s compared to other immigrant groups?

A. With few family members left in their homeland, they had little incentive to return. Jewish immigrants, like members of other immigrant groups, had family members left in
their homelands.

B. Jews enjoyed more economic opportunities in the United States than other immigrant groups. Jews did not enjoy more economic opportunities in the United States than
other immigrant groups.

*C. Jews faced religious persecution in their homeland, making them reluctant to go back. Many Jewish immigrants had fled religious persecution in their homeland and were
unlikely to return to it.

D. Jewish immigrants in the United States were so poor they could not afford to return. The rate of return was low even for Jewish immigrants who were financially successful.

Question: What accounted for the high percentage of immigrants in the late 1800s to the early 1900s who returned home after staying in the United States for
some time?

*A. Economic success in the United States The importance of economic incentives in luring immigrants is underscored by the fact that millions of immigrants—about 40 percent of those
who came from 1875 to 1919—returned to their home countries after they had earned sufficient money to establish a more comfortable lifestyle.

B. An end to religious persecution in their homelands Religious persecution of Jews and others did not end in this period, and those who came to the United States due to religious
persecution were among those least likely to return to homelands.

C. Political changes in their homelands Political reforms were not widespread in this period, and those who came to the United States due to political persecution were among those least
likely to return to homelands.

D. Moral outrage over the exclusion of Chinese immigrants Outrage or anger over the exclusion of Chinese immigrants was not widespread among other immigrant groups.

Question: Which of the following describes global immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A. Migration patterns flowed largely from Europe to America. While sizeable numbers of Europeans migrated to the United States, many migrated elsewhere.

B. Most migrants left the Eastern Hemisphere for the Western Hemisphere. This is not an accurate description of late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century migration patterns.

C. This period was characterized by a lull in migration. Migration increased during this period.

*D. Migration was a worldwide phenomenon. Migrants streamed all over the globe during this period.
Question: Which of the following describes the reasons for global migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

*A. Industrialization and colonial settlement Immigrants left their homelands to find new job opportunities or to obtain land to start their own farms.
B. The establishment of new religious movements Most migrants brought their religions with them.

C. A drop in global population Global population increased.

D. Global warming Global warming did not account for migration in this period.

Question: Where in the United States did most migrants from Mexico settle?
A. Southeast Most did not settle here.

B. Midwest Most did not settle here.

C. Middle Atlantic Most did not settle here.

*D. Southwest Over 450,000 Mexicans settled the American Southwest.

Question: What industry drew many migrants to Florida?

A. Mining Mining was not a central industry in Florida.

*B. Tobacco Cubans, Spaniards, and Bahamians traveled to the Florida cities of Key West and Tampa, where they established and worked in cigar factories.
C. Construction Construction was not yet a central industry in Florida.

D. Telecommunications Telecommunications was not a central industry in Florida.

Question: What was the purpose of Angel Island in San Francisco?

A. It took overflow immigrants from Ellis Island. The Island did not take overflow from Ellis Island.

*B. A detention center for immigrants Angel Island served mainly as a detention center where Chinese immigrants were imprisoned for months, even years, while they sought to prove
their eligibility to enter the United States.

C. A refugee supply depot The Island was not a supply depot.

D. A testing ground for chemical weapons There was no chemical weapons testing on the Island.

Question: Which of the following statements characterizes the impact of immigration on American demographics?

A. Although large numbers of immigrants came to the United States, they had little impact on American demography. The immigrant community had a significant impact
on American demography.

B. The impact was felt most in rural communities. Immigrants affected urban demography.

*C. Immigration fundamentally changed the composition of American demography. By 1910, one-third of the population was foreign-born or had at least one parent who came
from abroad.

D. Most of the immigrants were adults, so their impact on demography was minimal. Large numbers of children migrated to the United States.

Question: What was the role of the government in the creation of ghettos filled with a particular group of immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. The government deliberately resettled immigrants in ghettos to concentrate each ethnic group in a particular area. The government did not have an active role in
resettling immigrants upon arrival in the United States.

*B. The government played no role; the ghettos arose through immigrants' decisions. The government had no role in the development of ghettos; most immigrants simply
chose to live among people who shared their language and culture.

C. The government encouraged immigrants to settle in ghettos but did not have an active role in enforcing these decisions. The government did not encourage
immigrants to settle in ethnic ghettos.

D. The government actively discouraged immigrants from settling in ghettos and encouraged them to scatter throughout the United States. The government did not
discourage immigrants from settling in ghettos.

Question: What were the advantages of living in ghettos to immigrants who came to the United States around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Immigrants gained government assistance in locating housing, employment, and food. Immigrants did not receive government assistance in locating housing, employment,
and food.

B. Immigrants could quickly learn English and assimilate into American society. Most immigrants learned English more slowly by living in a ghetto because neighbors spoke their
native language.

C. Ghettos had cheaper rent than housing in other sections of cities. Ghettos did not necessarily have cheaper housing than other sections of cities.

*D. The existing immigrant community helped newcomers adjust to life in the United States. Many immigrants preferred to live in ghettos because the existing immigrant
community helped newcomers adjust to life in the United States.

Question: What was the purpose of mutual aid societies for immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. To help immigrants locate family members in the United States The purpose of mutual aid societies was not to help immigrants locate family members.

B. To help immigrants find jobs The purpose of mutual aid societies was not to find immigrants jobs.

C. To teach immigrants English and help them assimilate Mutual aid societies did not help immigrants assimilate into life in the United States or teach recent immigrants English.

*D. To provide immigrants with social welfare benefits Mutual aid societies provided immigrants with social welfare benefits such as insurance payments and funeral rites.
Question: Why were mutual aid societies and similar organizations so important to immigrant communities around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. They helped immigrants adjust to their new lives. Mutual aid societies were important to immigrant communities because they helped immigrants band together in a strange
country.

B. They provided financial support for immigrants who could not locate work. Mutual aid societies did not provide financial assistance to unemployed immigrants.
C. They helped immigrants relocate by providing assistance with moving. Mutual aid societies generally did not help immigrants relocate but served local populations.

D. They provided immigrants with help assimilating into life in the United States. Mutual aid societies generally did not help immigrants assimilate.

Question: What types of activities did immigrant clubs sponsor around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Introducing immigrants to American culture Immigrant clubs did not generally introduce immigrants to American culture.

B. Interacting with members of other ethnic groups Immigrants tended to use clubs to interact with members of their own groups.

*C. Cultural activities and sports Immigrants clubs often sponsored cultural activities, sports, and other social events designed to enrich their community.
D. Classes in English Immigrant clubs tended to be more social than educational.

Question: What was the role of churches and synagogues in immigrant communities around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. They limited themselves to providing immigrants with a place to worship. Churches and synagogues played a larger role in immigrant communities than just serving as houses
of worship.

*B. They provided places of worship and for social activities as well as financial help. Churches and synagogues provided religious and social activities as well as material
assistance.

C. Since they were controlled by native-born groups, they played little role in immigrant communities. Churches and synagogues played significant roles in immigrant
communities around the turn of the twentieth century.

D. By conducting services in English, they provided immigrants with a vehicle for assimilation. Churches and synagogues did not generally perform religious services in English
if most attendees were immigrants.

Question: How did ethnic groups shape their religious life around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. By demanding that their places of worship adopt religious practices from their homeland Ethnic groups demanded that their places of worship adopt religious practices
from their homeland.

B. By demanding that the services reflect American practices to help them assimilate Ethnic groups did not exert pressure to make services reflect American practices.

C. By forming new, separate Christian denominations that they controlled Immigrants generally challenged the existing power structure in the Catholic Church and other
established churches rather than form separate denominations.

D. By staying away from churches in large numbers Immigrants were active in attending churches and synagogues in this period.

Question: Around the turn of the twentieth century, which group was most likely to adopt Reform Judaism rather than Orthodox Judaism?

A. Recent arrivals from eastern Europe Recent immigrants from eastern Europe tended to be Orthodox Jews.

B. Recent arrivals from southern Europe Most immigrants from southern Europe were Christians rather than Jews.

*C. Earlier immigrants from Germany German Jews had arrived in the United States in an earlier wave of immigration than their eastern European brethren. By the early 1900s, they
had achieved some measure of economic success and founded Reform Judaism, with Cincinnati, Ohio, as its center.

D. Converts from Christian denominations Reform Judaism was formed by Jewish communities.

Question: What was the role of new foreign language newspapers in the United States around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. To help newcomers assimilate Foreign language newspapers did not help newcomers assimilate but maintained ethnic identity.

*B. To help sustain ethnic solidarity Foreign newspapers helped sustain ethnic solidarity and ties to the Old World.
C. To help newcomers forge ties with other immigrant groups Foreign language newspapers generally served one ethnic community.

D. To help newcomers read American news Foreign language newspapers tended to print news about their own communities and homelands.

Question: What socioeconomic differences existed between Reform and Orthodox Jews around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. Reform Jews achieved a measure of economic success. Reform Jews were generally German Jews who achieved a measure of economic success, while Orthodox Jews tended to
be recent arrivals that were poorer.

B. Orthodox Jews achieved greater economic success. Orthodox Jews generally had not achieved more economic success than Reform Jews.

C. Orthodox Jews were generally those who had been wealthy in their homeland. Orthodox Jews were typically poor.

D. Reform Jews tended to be poor factory workers who wanted social reform. Reform Jews were generally not poor.

Question: What accounts for the proliferation of crime in ethnic communities around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Young men sought to break from their ethnic community and join interethnic gangs. Young men generally joined gangs based on ethnic heritage.

B. Young men sought to rebel against the culture of their parents by turning to crime. Crime in ethnic communities tended to have economic causes.

*C. Poor, unskilled immigrants found it difficult to secure well-paying jobs and turned to crime. Crime proliferated in ethnic communities as poor, unskilled immigrants found
it difficult to secure well-paying jobs and turned to crime.

D. Criminals were more likely to immigrate to the United States than other immigrant groups. Criminals were not more likely to immigrate to the United States than other
social groups of people.

Question: Around the turn of the twentieth century, what role did social organizations and mutual aid societies perform other than providing immigrants with
social activities and financial assistance?
A. They helped immigrants shed their ethnic identity. Social organizations and mutual aid societies helped immigrants maintain their ethnic identity, not shed it.

B. They helped immigrants receive vocational training required for better paying jobs. Social organizations and mutual aid societies did not help immigrants receive vocational
training.

C. They focused on performing those narrow functions. Social organizations and mutual aid societies did perform other important functions than providing immigrants with financial
assistance and social activities.

*D. They helped resolve real community problems such as generational conflict and family violence. Social organizations and mutual aid societies helped resolve real
community problems such as generational conflict and family violence.

Question: What is a ghetto?

A. An urban area characterized by a plurality of cultures Ghettos are not pluralistic

*B. Neighborhoods dominated by a single ethnic, racial, or class group Living within these ethnic enclaves made it easier for immigrants to find housing, hear about jobs, buy food,
and seek help from those with whom they felt most comfortable.

C. Rural areas dominated by sharecroppers Ghettos do not refer to rural areas.

D. A slang term for Native American reservations Ghettos do not refer to Indian reservations.

Question: What role did immigrant women play in religious life?

A. Immigrant women were not permitted to be active in religious life. Most women were not denied a role in religious life, though few were allowed positions of authority.

B. Immigrant women abandoned their traditional religious values in favor of a secular, American morality. Most immigrant women brought their religious traditions with
them.

C. Few immigrant women desired a role in religious life. Most immigrant women brought their religious traditions with them.

*D. Many immigrant women played an active role in religious life. Women organized public religious rituals and often attended services with different congregations when there
were no available services in their preferred denomination.

Question: Which of the following describes the relationships between American-born children of immigrants?

A. In most cases, the children of immigrants retained and expanded on the traditional values of their parents. While many traditional values were passed down, many were
not.

B. The children of immigrants resented their parents for coming to America. Many immigrant children assimilated more quickly than their parents.

*C. The children of immigrants assimilated more quickly than their parents. Generational conflicts within families began to develop as American-born children of immigrants
questioned their parents' values.

D. Most immigrant parents struggled in assimilating their children. Parents struggled more than children.

Question: How did Americans generally view southern and eastern European immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. As assets because of the diversity of their cultural backgrounds Most Americans did not view recent immigrants as great assets to the United States because of the diversity of
their cultural backgrounds.

*B. As a necessary evil at best and a menace at worst Most Americans viewed them as a necessary evil at best and a menace at worst. Corporate capitalists counted on immigrants
to provide cheap labor but existing industrial workers viewed the newcomers as a threat to their livelihood.

C. As welcome additions to the nation's workforce Existing industrial workers did not welcome new immigrants and viewed new immigrants as a threat to their economic livelihoods.

D. As temporary residents who would return home eventually Most Americans viewed these immigrants in grudging or hostile ways.

Question: Why did some immigrants antagonize and frighten capitalists and middle-class Americans around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. A large proportion of radicals were recent immigrants. Immigrants frightened and antagonized the middle class and capitalists because a large proportion of radicals were recent
immigrants.

B. Most immigrants were Jewish or Catholic and not Protestant. The fact that most recent immigrants were Jewish or Catholic rather than Protestant did not antagonize and frighten
middle-class Americans and capitalists.

C. A majority of immigrants were radicals. A majority of immigrants were not radicals, although some immigrants did support radical causes.

D. Their ability to assimilate easily raised concerns. Native-born Americans were more concerned that immigrants would not assimilate rather than that they would.

Question: According to the 1790 immigration law, who could become an American citizen?

A. Any free white or black person Free blacks could not become American citizens according to the 1790 immigration statute.

B. Any free white person fluent in English Fluency in English was not a requirement for citizenship.

*C. Any free white person Any free white person who lived in the United States for a year and took an oath of citizenship became an American citizen according to the 1790 immigration
statute.

D. Any person who lived in the United States for a year The 1790 immigration statute excluded several groups from citizenship.

Question: What was the significance of the linking of race, ethnicity, and religion in American immigration law during the early twentieth century?

A. Catholics and Jewish immigrants were explicitly barred from becoming citizens. Catholics and Jewish immigrants were allowed to become citizens.
*B. The debate over whether Jews, Catholics, and eastern and southern Europeans were white affected their citizenship status. U.S. immigration law stipulated that
only whites could become citizens, and thus the question of citizenship was at stake in the debate over whether Jews, Catholics, and eastern and southern Europeans were white.

C. Since the law prevented any immigrant group from gaining citizenship, the question of race was irrelevant. The law did allow some immigrants to become citizens.

D. Barring Jews from becoming citizens treated them the same as African immigrants. Jews were allowed to become citizens.

Question: What was the significance of perceived shades of skin color around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. Those with darker skins were viewed as inferior to those with lighter skins. Perceived shades of skin color were significant because natural scientists and social scientists
declared that those with darker skin tones were inferior races compared with those with lighter complexions.

B. Those with darker skin color were seen as superior races to those with lighter complexions. People with darker skin color were not seen as coming from superior races.

C. Most Americans ignored skin color and treated all people equally. Americans exhibited strong racial biases in that period.

D. African Americans and Native Americans were singled out for discrimination based on skin color but not other groups. Other groups and individuals suffered from
discrimination as a result of attitudes based on skin color.

Question: Whose theories did natural and social scientists use to promote scientific racism?

A. Frederick Douglass Douglass was a nineteenth-century abolitionist.

*B. Charles Darwin Based on Darwin's theory of evolution, biologists and anthropologists constructed measures of racial hierarchies.
C. William Lloyd Garrison Garrison was a staunch abolitionist.

D. William Howard Taft Taft was not a scientist.

Question: Why were negative ethnic stereotypes so difficult for immigrant groups to eliminate during the early twentieth century?

A. Native-born white Americans mounted reform campaigns to change these traits in immigrants. Native-born white Americans did not believe the traits could change and
made little effort to do so.

B. These stereotypes were seen as linked to environmental factors that could only be changed with great difficulty. Ethnic stereotypes were not linked to social and
environmental factors.

*C. These stereotypes were seen as being inherited biological traits and thus unchangeable. Ethnic stereotypes were especially damaging during the early twentieth century
because these stereotypes were linked to inherited biological traits and thus considered unchangeable.

D. Immigrants started to believe in these stereotypes and act according to them. Southern and eastern Europeans did not believe these stereotypes.

Question: What did nativists around the turn of the twentieth century believe?

A. Foreigners enrich the native culture. Nativists did not see foreigners as beneficial.

*B. Foreigners posed a serious danger to native society and culture. Nativism is the belief that foreigners posed a serious danger to one's native society and culture.
C. Foreigners could be assimilated through education and other programs. Nativists did not believe that foreigners could assimilate.

D. Foreigners threatened the culture of Native Americans. Nativists were concerned with the culture of native-born white Americans but not Native Americans.

Question: What legislation did the Immigration Restriction League support regarding immigration around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Barring all immigration from eastern and southern Europe The Immigration Restriction League focused on the intellectual abilities of immigrants.

B. Allowing immigration only by able-bodied adults able to perform manual labor The Immigration Restriction League focused on the intellectual abilities of immigrants.

*C. Permitted immigration only by adults literate in their native language The Immigration Restriction League lobbied for federal legislation that would exclude adult immigrants
unable to read in their own language.

D. Banning immigration from China Immigration from China was already banned when the Immigration Restriction League formed.

Question: What group of immigrants was the target of Henry F. Bower's American Protective Association?

*A. Catholics The goal of Henry F. Bower's American Protective Association was to restrict the supposed threat posed by Catholic immigration to American society.
B. Mexicans Bower's American Protective Association did not focus on limiting immigration from Mexico per se.

C. Africans Bower's American Protective Association aimed at limiting immigration from one group of Europeans.

D. Jews Bower's American Protective Association aimed to limit immigration by a different group that was perceived as a threat.

Question: Why did nativists embrace the idea of eugenics around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. They could ignore scientific principles while working to limit the population of southern and eastern European immigrants. Eugenics offered a way for nativists to rely
on supposed scientific principles.

B. They could dismiss prejudice and help increase the population of southern and eastern European immigrants. Nativists sought to limit rather than increase the population
of southern and eastern European immigrants.

C. They could use it to eliminate "undesirable" races from southern and eastern Europe. Nativists hoped to eliminate races they viewed as undesirable from the United States.

*D. They could counter the rapid population growth of southern and eastern European immigrants through selective breeding of "desirable" races. Eugenics offered
a way for nativists to counter the rapid population growth of southern and eastern immigrants who nativists viewed as undesirable.
Question: According to those concerned with immigration around the turn of the twentieth century, what was one critical purpose of American public schools?

A. To help immigrants maintain their cultural values and primary language Those concerned with immigration did not want immigrants to maintain the culture of their homelands.

*B. To assimilate immigrant children into American culture According to those concerned with immigration around the turn of the twentieth century, one critical purpose of American
public schools was to assimilate immigrant children through the adoption of American cultural rituals and teaching them English.

C. To help recent immigrant adults attain middle-class status Public schools were seen as important to immigrant children rather than adults.

D. To provide immigrants with child care services Public schools were seen as having an important socializing function.

Question: Which country constructed and donated the Statue of Liberty to the United States?

A. Spain Spain did not construct or donate the statue.

B. England England did not construct or donate the statue.

C. Canada Canada did not construct or donate the statue.

*D. France French sculptors Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi and Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel designed the monument to appear at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876.
Question: How did existing industrial workers view immigrant industrial workers?

A. They welcomed them enthusiastically. This was not the response most existing workers had.

*B. They felt threatened by recent immigrants. Not surprisingly, existing industrial workers saw the newcomers as a threat to their economic livelihoods, resulting in greater
competition for jobs and lower wages.

C. They believed that most immigrants would join their unions, so they reluctantly welcomed them. This was not the response most existing workers had.

D. They resented the higher wages paid to immigrants. Immigrants did not receive higher wages.

Question: Why did the 1790 Congress deny citizenship to Native Americans?

*A. Most Americans believed Indians were savages. Most Americans believed that Indians were uncivilized and incapable of becoming citizens.
B. Most tribes still had firm alliances with the French. Native alliances with the French ended in 1763, when the French gave up their North American territories.

C. Indians had refused to share gold found on their lands. Americans drove Indians off their lands for gold.

D. Most Indians had converted to Catholicism. It was Indians' traditional religions that Americans found savage.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "It says in the Torah, only through a man has a woman an existence. Only through a man can
a woman enter Heaven."

"I'm smart enough to look out for myself. It's a new life now. In America, women don't need men to boss them. . . "

Wild with all that was choked in me since I was born, my eyes burned into my father's eyes. "My will is as strong as yours. I'm going to live my own life. Nobody
can stop me. I'm not from the old country. I'm American!"

"You blasphemer!" His hand flung out and struck my cheek. "Denier of God! I'll teach you respect for the law!"

I leaped back and dashed for the door. The Old World had struck its last on me.

What does this conversation between father and daughter say about the daughter's view of America?

A. She views America as a place where she cannot gain her independence. She thinks America will empower her.

*B. She views America as a place where she can become independent. She notes that in America, women don't need men to "boss them."
C. She sees little difference between America and Poland. She notes that her life is "new now."

D. She thinks America will make her more dependent on men. She argues the opposite.

Question: How did middle-class Americans view recent immigrants?

A. They viewed them with empathy. Few middle-class Americans empathized with immigrants.

B. They worked hard to assimilate recent immigrants. Few middle-class Americans interacted with immigrants.

C. They believed immigrants posed a threat to the party system. Few feared the political power of immigrants.

*D. They blamed them for urban crime. Middle-class city dwellers blamed urban problems on the rising tide of foreigners.
Question: How did most immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century negotiate the conflict between maintaining their cultural ties and assimilating into
American culture?

A. Most adult immigrants remained the same as in their homeland. Most adult immigrants partly assimilated, changing somewhat from who they had previously been in their
homeland.

B. Most immigrants returned to their homeland rather than assimilating. Although a substantial share of immigrants returned, most of them remained in the United States.

*C. Most immigrants did not completely assimilate but did not remain the same as they had been in their native country. Most immigrants did not completely assimilate
but did not remain the same people as they were in their native country.

D. Most immigrants completely assimilated within a few years. Most immigrants did not completely assimilate, maintaining ties to their old culture.

Question: What was the idea of the melting pot portrayed in Israel Zangwill's 1908 play?

A. European immigrants assimilated into American society but changed American culture. Zangwill's 1908 play did not suggest that immigrants would change American culture.

B. Immigrants returned to their native land after a few years. Zangwill's 1908 play did not suggest that immigrants would return to their native land.

C. Immigrants assimilated into America only as second-class citizens. Zangwill's play introduced the concept of a melting pot where immigrants emerged from a melting pot as
identical to native-born white Americans.

*D. Immigrants emerged as citizens identical to native-born white Americans. Zangwill's play introduced the idea of America as a melting pot where immigrants from distinct
backgrounds entered America and emerged as citizens identical to native-born white Americans.

Question: Why was the idea of the melting pot more of an ideal than a mirror of reality around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. European immigrants never fully assimilated and native-born Americans did not fully accept them. The idea of the melting pot was more of an ideal than reality because
European immigrants never fully lost their old identities, and native-born Americans continued to view them as strangers and aliens.

B. European immigrants refused to even attempt to assimilate, remaining in their home culture by living in ghettos. Europe immigrants generally did not refuse to attempt
to assimilate even if they retained some of their old cultural values.

C. European immigrants fully assimilated but native-born Americans still would not view them as Americans. European immigrants did not fully lose their old identities.

D. Native-born white Americans refused to believe that European immigrants could assimilate. Many native-born white Americans did not believe that European immigrants
could assimilate, but that was not the only reason that the melting pot did not become a reality.

Question: According to W.E.B. Du Bois, what did African Americans and European immigrants have in common?

A. Both groups migrated to the United States in search of economic opportunity. African Americans did not generally migrate to the United States in search of economic
opportunity but were forcibly transported as slaves.

*B. Both groups had two separate identities. Du Bois claimed that both European immigrants and African Americans were groups that struggled with having two distinct, separate
identities.

C. They lived in similar sections of the country and worked in the same occupations. African Americans and European immigrants did not live in similar sections of the country
and work in the same occupations.

D. They faced violence that prevented them from voting. While African Americans faced violence that prevented them from voting, European immigrants generally did not.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: ". . . Whether this statute [Exclusion Act] against the Chinese or the statue to Liberty will be
the more lasting monument to tell future ages of the liberty and greatness of this country."

What does the passage indicate about the author's view of the Exclusion Act?

A. While the Act is unfair, the future will judge it necessary. The author thinks history will view it otherwise.

B. The Act will strengthen liberty in the future. He does not think it will increase liberty.

C. The Act will decrease emigration from the United States in the future. He does not address emigration.

*D. The Act threatens liberty in the future. He wonders whether the Statue of Liberty can exist in the future under the Act.
Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[I]n 1880, San Francisco passed a fire-safety ordinance that all laundries operating in wooden
buildings be licensed or the owners would risk criminal penalties. After the city government refused to grant licenses to nearly all Chinese laundries while
approving those run by whites, Yick Wo, the owner of one rejected establishment, refused to close his business and was prosecuted. . . . The discrimination is,
therefore, illegal, and the public administration which enforces it is a denial of the equal protection of the laws and a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the
Constitution."

In what ways does did the San Francisco Ordinance violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

A. It ruled that the ordinance was an undue burden on equal protection. The Court did not rule on the validity of the ordinance.

*B. It ruled that the application of the ordinance was unconstitutional. The Court found that the ordinance was applied in a discriminatory manner against Chinese immigrants.
C. It ruled that criminal penalties for fire-safety violations were discriminatory. The Court did not rule on the criminal penalties.

D. It ruled that the Chinese did not have standing to sue. The Court did not deny the immigrant standing.

Topic: Becoming an Urban Nation

books:

The New Industrial City

Expand Upward and Outward
How the Other Half Lived

Question: How did the urban population in the United States change in the fifty years after the Civil War?

A. It doubled. The urban population grew at a faster rate than doubling in the fifty years following the Civil War.

B. It declined. The urban population grew in the fifty years after the Civil War.

*C. It increased seven times. The urban population increased sevenfold in the fifty years after the Civil War.
D. It grew twenty times. The urban population grew much larger in the fifty years after the Civil War but not by as much as twenty times.

Question: What was the primary pattern of migration for Europeans during the late nineteenth century?

*A. From villages and towns to cities Most migrated internally to cities on a temporary or permanent basis although millions also migrated to the United States.
B. From rural areas in Europe to rural areas of the United States Most migrated to cities.

C. From villages and towns to cities in the United States Although millions did come to the United States, most migration was internal.

D. From one European country to another Most migration was internal.

Question: Why did more than 60 million people around the world move from rural to urban areas between 1820 and 1920?

*A. Looking for jobs resulting from industrialization More than 60 million migrants moved from rural areas to cities between 1820 and 1920 primarily in search of work.
B. Seeking entertainment unavailable in rural areas The primary cause of the more than 60 million global urban migrations was economic rather than cultural.

C. Looking for the equality that urban life offered Urban life had dramatic social differences.

D. Hoping to earn money to expand their farms Most people who migrated to cities in this period left the farming life for good.

Question: What was the difference between the pre- and post-Civil War growth of American cities?

A. Pre-Civil War growth occurred only in coastal cities; post-Civil War growth occurred in interior regions. Post-Civil War urban growth occurred along coasts as well as in the
interior.

*B. Commerce fueled pre-Civil War growth, and industry powered post-Civil War growth. The difference between the pre- and post-Civil War growth of American cities was
that commerce fueled pre-Civil War growth and the development of large-scale industry fueled post-Civil War growth.

C. Most growth after the Civil War was in the Northeast and Midwest, while growth before the Civil War occurred throughout the country. Cities throughout the country
grew in the period following the Civil War.

D. Immigration fueled pre-Civil War growth, while the migration of native-born Americans to cities fueled the growth after the Civil War. Immigration was not the only
factor contributing to the growth of American cities before the Civil War, and the migration of native-born Americans to cities was not the only factor causing the growth of American cities after
the Civil War.

Question: How did industrialization contribute to urbanization in the late 1800s?

A. More Americans could not afford high rents in cities. Industrialization did not contribute to urbanization by helping Americans afford high rents.

B. Industrialization made life in cities safer than rural life. Industrialization did not necessarily make urban life safer than rural life.

C. Industrialization created more jobs in cities but did not impact the demand for farm labor. Industrialization did impact the demand for farm labor by mechanizing many farm
tasks.

*D. Industrialization created more jobs in cities and fewer on farms. Industrialization created more jobs in cities and reduced the need for farm labor through mechanization.
Question: How did industrial technology impact cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. The introduction of cars allowed people to move about more freely. The automobile revolution did not occur until a later time period and streetcars were the dominant form of
transportation at the time.

B. Even the working class could afford a spacious apartment because of decreased building costs. The working class often lived in cramped quarters in cities and could not
afford spacious apartments.

*C. New water and sewage systems and electricity made cities more livable. Industrial technology made cities more livable and attractive because water and sewage systems
improved sanitation and electricity extended nighttime entertainment.

D. Cities became dirtier and more unsanitary as migration increased the population density. Cities did not become more unsanitary because of the introduction of modern
sewage and water systems.

Question: What invention paved the way for the modern skyscraper?

*A. The electric elevator The electric elevator made it possible to construct taller and taller buildings.
B. The streetcar Streetcars did not pave the way for development of the skyscraper.

C. Water and sewage systems New water and sewage systems did not pave the way for creation of the skyscraper.
D. Electric lighting Electric lighting did not pave the way for creation of the skyscraper.

Question: Who was Sister Carrie in Theodore Dreiser's novel?

A. An African American woman who migrated to Chicago from Alabama Sister Carrie was not an African American woman.

*B. A native-born white woman who migrated from Wisconsin to Chicago Sister Carrie, who migrated from rural Wisconsin to Chicago, symbolizes the contribution of this
migration to urban growth.

C. A Jewish immigrant from Russia who moved to Chicago with her family Sister Carrie was not a Jewish immigrant from Russia.

D. An affluent young white woman searching for a suitable husband in Chicago Sister Carrie was not an affluent young white woman.

Question: How did the introduction of mass-produced goods encourage the migration of young women to the cities?

A. Young women moved to cities to purchase these consumer products for family members. Families could buy these goods at home through mail-order catalogues.

B. Young women could not attain access to the goods without living in cities. Consumers could buy these goods through mail-order catalogues.

C. Young women needed better-paying jobs to afford the mass-produced goods. Mass-produced goods were relatively inexpensive because of mass production and large market
size.

*D. Young women's labor as homemakers who produced goods was no longer critical. Mechanization created many "Sister Carries" by making farm women less valuable in the
fields. The possibility of purchasing mass-produced goods from mail-order houses also left young women less essential as homemakers.

Question: What types of jobs were held by most African American migrants to cities in the early twentieth century?

A. They were as likely to find employment in white-collar, manufacturing, and service sector positions. African Americans did not hold a variety of positions because racial
discrimination confined them to a few specific industries.

B. Black women worked in the garment industry, while black men found unskilled manufacturing positions. Few black women worked in the garment industry.

C. Most black migrants worked in manufacturing jobs in the cotton mills in the South. Few African Americans held manufacturing jobs in cotton mills in the South.

*D. Service-sector positions as domestic servants, janitors, and cooks and as unskilled laborers Most black migrants held service sector positions as domestic servants,
janitors, and cooks and as unskilled manual laborers.

Question: What factor encouraged African American migration to the urban North at the beginning of the twentieth century?

A. Inability to own their own businesses in the South African Americans could own their own business in the South as long as they catered to African Americans.

B. Falling sharecropper wages because of a major drought Drought was not the primary factor encouraging African Americans to migrate to cities.

*C. Loss of political and civil rights African Americans experienced a significant erosion of their political and civil rights at the end of the nineteenth century and moved to cities in the
North to escape the oppression.

D. Desire to join strong black communities in the North Most northern cities did not have strong black communities.

Question: What types of conditions did African Americans experience in the urban North in the early twentieth century?

A. Economic opportunity and freedom from discrimination African Americans did not encounter freedom from racial discrimination in the urban North.

*B. Segregated housing and job discrimination but higher wages than in the South African Americans encountered racial segregation in housing and discrimination in
employment but still earned more money than in the South.

C. The same violence and segregation as in the South African Americans did not encounter the same political violence and legally sanctioned racially segregation that existed in the
South.

D. Freedom from discrimination but a lack of jobs African Americans were not free from racial discrimination and could find jobs in the urban North.

Question: What was the role of the rising black middle class in black communities in the urban North in the early twentieth century?

A. To demonstrate the ability of blacks to assimilate white culture The black middle class was not able to assimilate with middle-class white residents in cities in the North.

B. To lead the way in formation of separate black school systems The black middle class did not lead the formation of separate black primary schools in the North.

C. To take charge of the effort to create black churches The black middle class did not necessarily lead the formation of black churches in cities in the North.

*D. To form social institutions that would help African Americans The black middle class formed mutual aid societies, lodges, and women's clubs for the black community in cities in
the North.

Question: What black-led institution was the focus of social and political life in urban black communities in the early twentieth century?

*A. Churches Churches were at the center of black life in cities in the North because of their role in organizing social activities and disseminating political information.
B. Schools Schools were run by city governments.

C. Newspapers Black newspapers were important, but other institutions were the center of black social and political life.

D. Social clubs Social clubs were often tied to another institution in black communities.

Question: Why did African Americans not succeed as much as immigrants in gaining justice and equality in the early twentieth century?

*A. They had to contend with racial discrimination. African Americans struggled longer than immigrants to obtain justice and equality because they encountered entrenched racial
discrimination.
B. They were less active than immigrants. African Americans who did try to assert their rights in the early twentieth century had little success because of white attitudes.

C. Immigrants had more money. Like many African Americans, many immigrants were poor.

D. African Americans did not move to the North until the 1920s. African Americans began moving to northern cities in the early 1900s.

Question: How did most Americans outside of cities view urban growth?

A. Most Americans saw the growth of cities as proof of American prosperity. Most Americans did not share this view.

*B. They viewed the growth of cities with skepticism. Although cities have long been a part of the landscape, Americans have felt ambivalent about their presence.
C. Most Americans thought cities were an integral part of industrial society. Few Americans shared this view.

D. They viewed cities as places where the pioneer spirit could thrive. Most thought cities embodied the end of the pioneer spirit.

Question: What paved the way for cities to become engines of commerce?

*A. The railroads As the extension of railroad transportation led to the development of large-scale industry, these cities and others became industrial centers as well.
B. The telegraph The telegraph was not integral to the growth of urban trade.

C. The cotton gin The cotton gin was a late-eighteenth-century invention.

D. The printing press The printing press was developed in the fifteenth century.

Question: What was the impact of the mechanization of farming?

A. Wages for farm-workers increased. Mechanization did not increase wages.

B. Sharecropping increased. Sharecropping did not increase due to mechanization.

*C. Demand for farm labor decreased. While the mechanization of farming increased efficiency, it also reduced the demand for farm labor.
D. Demand for farm labor increased. Mechanization did not increase demand for labor.

Question: Which of the following describes western cities in the early twentieth century?

A. They lagged behind all other areas of the country in population growth. They did not grow slower than most other areas.

*B. They grew faster than almost every other section of the country. By 1900, the proportion of residents in western cities with a population of at least ten thousand was greater
than in any other section of the country except the Northeast.

C. They were majority African American. African Americans did not constitute majorities in western cities.

D. Few western cities had rail lines yet, and so they were largely isolated. Western cities grew up along railroad terminals, and railroads stimulated urban growth by bringing out
settlers and creating markets.

Question: Where did most migrants to American cities in the late nineteenth century come from?

A. Europe While many Europeans migrated to American cities, they were not the majority.

B. Asia While many Asians migrated to American cities, they were not the majority.

C. Mexico While many Mexicans migrated to American cities, they were not the majority.

*D. The United States Although immigrants increasingly accounted for the influx into the cities across the nation, before 1890 the rise in urban population came mainly from Americans on
the move.

Question: Which of the following describes African American migration to southern cities in the late nineteenth century?

A. Black populations in southern cities increased slightly. This is not an accurate characterization of black migration to cities.

B. Black populations in southern cities decreased slightly. This is not an accurate characterization of black migration to cities.

*C. Black populations in southern cities increased dramatically. From 1870 to 1890, the African American population of Nashville, Tennessee, soared from just over 16,000 to more
than 29,000. In Atlanta, Georgia, the number of blacks jumped from slightly above 16,000 to around 28,000.

D. Black populations in southern cities decreased dramatically. This is not an accurate characterization of black migration to cities.

Question: Which of the following characterizes African American entrepreneurship in the late nineteenth century?

A. There were no black-owned businesses in the late nineteenth century. There were black-owned businesses.

*B. African Americans opened some small businesses in cities. Although the overwhelming majority of blacks worked as unskilled laborers for very low wages, others opened small
businesses such as funeral parlors, barbershops, and construction companies or went into professions such as medicine, law, banking, and education.

C. African Americans opened businesses in white communities, catering to a white clientele. While some African Americans opened businesses, they catered to a black clientele.

D. Most northern cities passed laws banning black-owned businesses. While many northern cities had regulations that disadvantaged black business owners, laws did not ban
ownership.

Question: What was the impact of rising urban real estate values on cities during the early twentieth century?
A. The creation of large estates in city centers Rising real estate values did not lead to the creation of large estates of the very wealthy in center cities.

B. Movement of most working-class residents to suburbs Most working-class residents remained in cities despite high real estate values.

C. Development of urban sprawl as architects built outward The rising price of real estate values did not lead to the development of urban sprawl.

*D. The construction of skyscrapers in center cities The escalating price of city real estate caused many architects to build taller and taller buildings, resulting in skyscrapers.
Question: How did the urban skyline change during the late nineteenth century?

*A. Commercial buildings replaced church steeples as the tallest structures. Cloudscrapers and later skyscrapers built for business replaced church steeples as the tallest
structures.

B. Apartment buildings remained the tallest buildings and dominant structures. Other types of buildings were taller earlier in the century and in this period.

C. Government and other civic buildings became the tallest structures, reflecting civic pride. Other types of buildings were taller earlier in the century and in this period.

D. Church steeples dominated the old city, while new construction outside the central city was taller office buildings. Most tall office buildings were constructed in city
centers.

Question: Why was steel critical to the construction of skyscrapers?

*A. Steel was lighter and more durable than iron. Steel was lighter and more durable than iron, allowing builders and architects to build skyscrapers.
B. Steel was much cheaper than iron. Steel prices dropped, but steel was not much cheaper than iron.

C. Steel was heavier than iron. Steel was lighter than iron.

D. Steel was more malleable than iron. Malleability was not the crucial issue.

Question: What was the impact of the development of streetcars and other advances in transportation on cities in the early twentieth century?

A. Cities became more compact as people preferred to live close to the urban center. Advances in transportation did not make more people want to live close to the urban center.

*B. Cities spread outward, and people came to rely on the new forms of transportation. Advances in transportation transformed walking cities into riding cities as it became
impossible to walk from one side of the city to the other.

C. The price of real estate near the urban center decreased as outlying areas became more desirable. The price of urban real estate increased rather than decreased during
the early twentieth century.

D. City neighborhoods became more ethnically and socially heterogeneous. City neighborhoods tended to be ethnically and socially homogeneous because of advances in
transportation.

Question: How did advances in transportation impact the ethnic and social diversity of urban neighborhoods in the early twentieth century?

A. Affluent residents continued to live and work in city centers along with diverse ethnic groups. Affluent residents commuted farther as they moved to the urban periphery
because of advances in transportation.

B. Working-class ethnics settled in the growing suburbs. Working-class residents tended to live in city centers.

*C. Affluent city residents moved to the urban periphery, decreasing ethnic and social diversity in cities. Advances in city transportation allowed affluent city residents to
start to move to neighborhoods with more space on the urban periphery, decreasing the ethnic and social diversity of city neighborhoods.

D. Affluent city residents left cities for rural areas. Affluent city residents continued to live in urban areas, though they were likely to settle in suburbs rather than city centers.

Question: Which of the following accounted for the rise in urban land value in the late nineteenth century?

A. Immigrants bought large amounts of property, driving up values. Immigrants did not purchase large amounts of property.

B. Population decline had the effect of increasing property values. Urban populations did not decline.

C. Large amounts of foreign investment encouraged a rise in values. This was not the cause of increasing property values.

*D. Population increases led to an increase in land value. As cities became much more populous, land values soared. Steep prices prompted architects to make the most of small,
expensive plots of land by finding ways to build taller structures.

Question: How did electricity impact transportation in American cities?

*A. Electricity helped increase speeds and cut down on waste. Electric-powered streetcars traveled twice as fast as horse-drawn railcars and left little mess on the streets.
B. Electricity increased transportation costs. It did not increase costs.

C. Electricity decreased speeds but also decreased costs. It did not decrease speeds.

D. Electricity did not spread to transportation until the mid-twentieth century. Electric-powered streetcars were in use in the late nineteenth century.

Question: How did New York City's population respond to the more than mile-long Brooklyn Bridge?

A. Most residents feared the bridge and did not use it. Many residents did use it.

B. Since most commerce in New York came by the Hudson River, the bridge was underused. The bridge was not underused.

C. The bridge was resented by most residents due to its cost. Most residents did not resent it.

*D. The bridge was an immediate success. During its first year in operation, more than 11 million people passed over the bridge.
Question: Where did most working-class city residents live in the early twentieth century?

*A. Tenements in the industrial urban center Most working-class urban residents lived in crowded apartments in the industrial urban center.
B. Suburban homes outside city centers Most working-class residents could not afford to live in suburban homes.

C. Single-family row homes in urban neighborhoods Most working-class residents could not afford to live by themselves in a row home and took in boarders to make ends meet.

D. High-rise apartment buildings Most working-class residents did not live in high rise apartment buildings, which were generally more expensive than tenements.

Question: What was the Lower East Side of Manhattan notable for during the late nineteenth century?

A. A mix of middle- and working-class residents Few middle-class people lived in the Lower East Side.

*B. The highest population density in the world The Lower East Side had the highest population density in the entire world.
C. Rampant crime and prostitution The Lower East Side was not notable for rampant crime and prostitution.

D. As a haven for native-born Americans The Lower East Side was home primarily to recent immigrants.

Question: What were the typical living conditions in tenement apartments in the early twentieth century?

A. Middle-class tenements had spacious rooms, but working-class ones were crowded. Middle-class urban residents generally did not live in tenements.

B. They were usually single-family apartments on two stories with high ceilings and lots of windows. Tenements usually had multiple one-floor apartments with few windows.

C. They were usually large enough for the number of people but had minimal lighting and poor ventilation. Most tenements were not adequately spacious to house the
number of people living in them.

*D. They were generally small, dark, and crowded with minimal plumbing and poor ventilation. Tenements were generally small, dark, crowded apartment buildings that had
minimal plumbing and poor ventilation.

Question: What was the purpose of the 1879 New York law reforming tenements?

A. To improve safety by requiring construction of fire escapes The law did not mandate fire escapes.

B. To improve sanitation by requiring installation of toilets The law did not mandate that each tenement apartment have its own toilet; apartments could share toilet facilities.

*C. To improve living conditions in tenements by mandating that all bedrooms have windows and plumbing facilities The law attempted to improve living conditions by
mandating that all bedrooms have one window and that tenements have minimal plumbing facilities.

D. To improve living conditions by capping the number of residents The law did not place limits on the number of people living in a tenement.

Question: What type of disaster frequently resulted from overcrowded conditions in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Traffic accidents Overcrowded conditions did not lead to traffic accidents at the turn of the twentieth century.

B. Building collapses Overcrowded conditions did not lead to multiple building collapses.

C. Floods Overcrowded conditions in cities at the turn of the century did not cause floods.

*D. Devastating fires Overcrowded conditions in cities at the turn of the century caused several large urban fires. These fires provided cities with the chance to rebuild with brick and other
flame-resistant materials.

Question: What was an effect of the massive fires that hit several cities in the early twentieth century?

A. Increased long-term crowding as residents lived in fewer housing units Cities did not become more crowded over the long term as housing stock was rebuilt.

*B. Rebuilding with less flammable materials Cities could rebuild with less flammable materials after the fires; in addition, cities created more open spaces and formed volunteer and
municipal fire departments.

C. Urban sprawl Transportation changes, rather than fire, led to the spreading of cities.

D. Laws reducing crowding Cities did not mandate that fewer people live in tenement apartments because of the massive urban fires.

Question: What was an important use of tenements in the early twentieth century besides housing?

*A. As workplaces Many working-class residents, especially women and children, also used their homes as workplaces in order to earn extra income for their families.
B. As sites for religious worship Tenement apartments did not frequently function as sites for religious worship.

C. As a space for men to socialize and drink Tenement apartments generally did not function as spaces for men to socialize and drink.

D. As classrooms for children Tenement housing was not frequently used as classrooms for children, who attended public schools.

Question: What factors contributed to frequent outbreaks of disease in urban slums in the early twentieth century?

A. Poor hygiene and the lack of exercise The poor hygiene habits of working-class residents did not contribute to frequent outbreaks of disease in urban slums, and many people got
plenty of exercise on their jobs.

*B. Poor sanitation, overcrowding, and malnutrition among the working class Poor sanitation, overcrowding, and malnutrition among the working class contributed to frequent
outbreaks of disease in urban slums.
C. The spread of new diseases European immigrants brought to the Americans from Europe European immigrants did not bring diseases with them to America that caused
outbreaks of disease in urban slums.

D. Close contact between tenement residents and the frequent sharing of personal items While tenement residents lived in close contact, personal items were not regularly
shared.

Question: What accounted for poor street conditions in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. The indifference of city officials The indifference of city officials to street conditions was not the only factor in causing poor street conditions.

B. The presence of too many pedestrians Too many pedestrians on city streets did not cause poor street conditions at the turn of the twentieth century.

C. The introduction of streetcars in cities The introduction of streetcars in cities improved street conditions by ridding cities of horse manure.

*D. Unpaved streets and crowding Unpaved streets and clogged conditions with pedestrians, pushcarts, horses, and other vehicles caused poor street conditions at the turn of the
twentieth century.

Question: How did Jacob Riis portray tenement conditions in his 1890 work How the Other Half Lives?

A. He portrayed tenement life much more positively than most people would have expected. Riis did not conclude that tenement housing was positive.

B. He noted that while the wages of most tenement dwellers were low, their living conditions were comparable to those of suburban dwellers. He noted a severe
distinction between the lives of tenement dwellers and suburbanites

*C. He used photographs to illustrate the almost unlivable conditions of tenement housing. He noted the deleterious conditions of tenement housing, such as oppressive heat
in the summer and noxious fumes and odors year-round.

D. He used photographs to expose the fact that the conditions of tenement housing were superior to those in the suburbs. His photos did not show that tenement housing
was better than suburban housing.

Question: What are sweatshops?

A. A slang term used to describe mines in the late nineteenth century Sweatshops did not refer to mines.

*B. A slang term used to describe factories located in tenement housing Tenements also functioned as workplaces. Czech immigrants made cigars in their apartments from six in
the morning until nine at night, seven days a week, for about 6 cents an hour. By putting an entire family to work, they could make $15 a week and pay their rent of $12 a month.

C. A slang term used to describe working conditions in rural factories The term was not used for rural factories.

D. A slang term used to describe American Indian reservations The term does not refer to Indian reservations.

Question: Which of the following contributed to increased crime in late-nineteenth-century cities?

*A. Poverty and overcrowding Both were major contributing factors in increased crime in American cities.
B. The rise of organized crime syndicates Most crime was committed by gangs of young hoodlums, not by organized crime syndicates.

C. The increasing number of laws banning the sale and distribution of desired products led to a criminal black market. There were few banned products in late-nineteenth-
century America.

D. The rising living standard of most cities attracted criminals looking to prey on the new wealth being generated. Living standards were not on the rise.

Question: What was the response to the growing crime rates in American cities?

A. Vigilantes became more common in response to crime. Vigilantes did not become more common.

B. The federal government created the FBI in response to growing urban crime. The FBI was not created in this time period.

C. States decided to impose strict curfews on cities. Few states imposed curfews on cities.

*D. Cities created urban police forces. Many cities devoted resources to create police departments, though many officers took bribes to ignore criminal activity.
Question: How did New York City's "Hell's Kitchen" get its nickname?

A. From suburbanites who felt the religions of the immigrant population were analogous to devil worship The name was not related to the religious beliefs of its inhabitants.

*B. From the intense heat and gangs of young criminals The intense summer heat in the tenements and the groups of young hoodlums contributed to the nickname.
C. From the large number of new fast-food chains that opened in the neighborhood There were no fast-food chains at this time.

D. From the large number of Muslim immigrants, many of whom were viewed as devil-worshippers There were not large numbers of Muslim immigrants in Hell's Kitchen.

Topic: Urban Politics at the Turn of the Century

books:

Political Machines and City Bosses

Urban Reformers

Question: What was city government like at the turn of the twentieth century in most American cities?

A. Most city governments were controlled by private corporations. Private corporations did not control most city governments.
B. The city council and mayor usually dominated the city. The city council and mayor did not dominate city politics or easily control and influence private corporations at the turn of the
twentieth century.

*C. City government was fragmented, and mayors had limited power. Most city governments were fragmented, and the mayor had limited power at the turn of the twentieth
century.

D. Strong mayors controlled most large cities. Most cities did not have strong mayors at the turn of the twentieth century.

Question: What was the function of political machines in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. To bring order to urban governments Political machines organized and centralized most urban governments.
B. To increase the influence of private corporations Political machines focused on urban government rather than private corporations.

C. To give middle-class native-born white Americans control of city government Political machines did not provide a vehicle for middle-class native-born white Americans to control
city governments.

D. To stymie reform by making it impossible to centralize government functions Political machines centralized control of city government.

Question: What was the relationship between urban political bosses and businesses at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Bosses viewed businessmen as adversaries. Political bosses attempted to gain cooperation from businessmen.

B. Businessmen viewed bosses as impediments to business. Businessmen worked with bosses to gain city contracts.

*C. Bosses helped businessmen get city work in return for favors. Political bosses helped businessmen understand city codes and regulations that impacted their business activities.
D. Businessmen ignored bosses and seldom interacted with them. Businessmen and political bosses interacted frequently.

Question: Around the turn of the twentieth century, how did urban political machines attract the support of immigrants?

*A. By providing a kind of public welfare program Political machines provided a kind of public welfare program by giving immigrants direct assistance, helping them find jobs, attending
important life events, and helping in other ways.

B. Helping workers gain power over private corporations Political machines did not offer a way for immigrants to gain power over private corporations.

C. By easing access to education and white-collar jobs Political machines did not provide a way for immigrants to gain access to an education and white-collar jobs.

D. Easing assimilation into American culture Political machines did not necessarily provide a way for immigrants to assimilate into American culture, although some of the machine's
activities may have indirectly contributed to assimilation.

Question: What was the primary goal of political machine bosses in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. To help the working class and poor The primary goal of political urban machine bosses was not to help the urban working-class and poor.

*B. To maintain their own power Political machine bosses primarily sought to maintain their own power.
C. To reform city government The primary goal of political machine bosses was not to reform city governments.

D. To bolster the power of private corporations The primary goal of political urban machine bosses was not to bolster the power of private corporations.

Question: Which of the following statements about the political power of nineteenth-century cities is true?

controlled by state legislatures and needed state approval to raise revenues and pass regulations.

*A. Cities were largely controlled by state legislatures and had little independent power. Cities were controlled by state legislatures and needed
state approval to raise revenues and pass regulations.

B. Cities were largely controlled by the federal government and had little independent political power. Cities were not controlled by the federal
government.

C. Cities were largely independent from state and federal oversight. Cities were subjected to stringent state oversight.

D. Cities were largely controlled by county governments and had little independent political power. Cities were not controlled by county
governments.

Question: Which of the following statements describes the relationship between political machines and political parties?

A. The vast majority of political bosses were Democrats. Democrats were not the majority of political bosses.

B. The vast majority of political bosses were Republicans. Republicans were not the majority of political bosses.

C. Most political machines operated outside the two-party system. Most political machines worked within the parties.

*D. Both Democrats and Republicans used political machines to win elections. Both parties utilized political machines to stay in power.
Question: What was the primary group of urban reformers in the early twentieth century?

*A. Upper middle-class men and women disgusted with vice and corruption The primary group of urban reformers were upper middle-class men
and women disgusted with the vice and corruption of the political machine.

B. Workers fed up with machine bosses growing Members of the working-class were not the primary group of urban reforms.

C. Members of the upper class who sought to better living conditions for the poor Members of the upper class were not the primary group of
urban reformers.

D. Managers of corporations angered by the need to make payoffs Corporate managers did not object to the payoffs or bribes they were forced to
make in order to win city contracts.

Question: What was the purpose of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883?

A. To allow the middle class to regain control of the municipal government The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was a federal law and did not
affect city government.

B. To provide more jobs for the working class in civil service The purpose of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 was not to provide more
jobs for the working class.

*C. To dispense government jobs on the basis of merit The Pendleton Civil Services Reform Act aimed to end corruption by filling government jobs on
the basis of merit rather than political patronage and favors.

D. To improve the training of civil servants so they could work more efficiently The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 was aimed at the
hiring of civil servants and not their training.

Question: What was the purpose of settlement houses in the early twentieth century?

A. To transform immigrants into American citizens identical to native-born Americans Although settlement house workers desired to Americanize
immigrants, they also understood the need for them to hold onto remnants of their ethnic culture.

B. To provide improved housing for the working class outside of urban slums The purpose of settlement houses was not to provide improved
housing for the working-class outside of urban slums.

C. To develop ideas for improving municipal government The purpose of settlement houses was not to improve the municipal government.

*D. To try to help immigrants live better lives Settlement houses offered a variety of services to community residents, including day care for children,
cooking, sewing, and secretarial classes, neighborhood playgrounds, counseling sessions, and meeting rooms for labor union aimed at lifting immigrants out of or
at least easing the difficult conditions they endured.

Question: What profession developed out of the settlement house movement?

A. Teaching Teaching predated the settlement house movement.

*B. Social work The social work profession developed out of the settlement house movement.
C. Civil service Civil service developed separately from the settlement house movement.

D. Nursing Nursing developed separately from the settlement house movement.

Question: What was the relationship of settlement house workers to immigrants in the early twentieth century?

A. Settlement house workers attempted to remain somewhat distant from immigrants. Settlement house workers did not attempt to remain
somewhat distant from immigrants.

*B. Settlement house workers attempted to politically mobilize immigrants to improve their lives. Settlement house workers attempted to
politically mobilize immigrants to improve their own lives.

C. Settlement house workers attempted to organize immigrants in a hierarchal fashion in their own organizations. Settlement house
workers did not attempt to organize immigrants in a hierarchal fashion in their own organizations.

D. Settlement house workers attempted to live at a far distance from immigrants in order to remain neutral observers of urban life.
Settlement house workers did not attempt to live at a far distance from immigrants.

Question: How were settlement houses related to efforts to reform urban government in the early twentieth century?

A. Reformers tried to close settlement houses, which were run by political machines. Settlement houses had no connection to city political
machines.

B. Settlement house workers boycotted businesses that had dealings with machines. Settlement house workers focused on political methods of
achieving reform.

C. Settlement house workers turned from social work to politics, running for office. Settlement house workers typically remained committed to
their social work.

*D. Settlement house workers urged immigrants to vote for reformers rather than machine candidates. Settlement house workers actively
mobilized neighborhood residents to engage in politics, to vote for candidates who understood their problems and would campaign for improved garbage
collection, housing inspection, better schools, and other community improvements.

Question: What did many reform-minded Protestant ministers argue about the cause of the unhealthy immigrant environment in the
early twentieth century?

*A. Social conditions rather than the moral failings of immigrants caused the unhealthy immigrant environment. Many Protestant
ministers argued that social conditions rather than moral failings of immigrants caused the unhealthy immigrant environment.

B. The moral failings of immigrants caused the unhealthy social environment. Reform-minded Protestant ministers did not make this argument but
tried to counter it.

C. The sins of the middle class caused the unhealthy immigrant environment. Reform-minded Protestant ministers did not blame immigrants' living
conditions on the middle class.

D. Upper-class capitalists had a moral obligation to improve the living conditions of immigrants. Reform-minded Protestant ministers argued
that all Christians had a moral obligation to try to improve conditions for immigrants.

Question: What did the social gospel support in the early twentieth century?

A. Restricted immigration The social gospel did not support limits on immigration.

B. Women's rights The social gospel did not necessarily include support for women's rights.

*C. A broad range of political and economic reforms The social gospel encompassed support for civil service reform, labor legislation, income-tax
legislation, and antimonopoly laws.

D. An end to segregation The social gospel did not include support for an end to segregation.

Question: Why could reformers not solve urban problems in the early twentieth century?

A. They lacked the necessary education. Urban reformers generally had the necessary education to make a difference.

B. They lacked the support of upper-class capitalists. Urban reformers did not necessarily lack the support of upper-class capitalists.

C. They remained wedded to their own class interests. Urban reformers did not necessarily remain wedded to their own class interests.

*D. They could not change the power structure. Urban reformers could not solve urban problems because they could not alter the underlying power
structure of cities.

Question: Why was Washington Gladden a significant figure in the early twentieth century?

A. He was an urban political machine boss. Gladden was not a political machine boss.

B. He was an immigrant who joined the labor movement. Gladden was not an immigrant or a labor activist.

C. He founded the first settlement house. Gladden did not found a settlement house.

*D. He tried to promote reform by preaching the social gospel. Gladden was a Protestant minister who supported the social gospel movement and
argued that private enterprise was inequitable.

Question: What types of services did settlement houses offer immigrants in the early twentieth century?

*A. A wide variety of services Settlement houses offered immigrants a variety of services, including playgrounds for children, English classes, meeting
rooms, and other services.

B. Primarily vocational training Settlement houses did not primarily offer immigrants vocational training.

C. Housing and medical care Settlement houses did not generally offer immigrants housing and provided social rather than medical services.

D. A place to hold religious services Settlement houses did not offer immigrants a place to hold religious services.

Chapter 19: Progressivism and the Search for Order,

1900†1917 “
Topic: The Roots of Progressivism
books:
 Progressive Origins
Muckrakers

Question: What type of reform did progressives advocate?

*A. Political and economic change that did not disrupt democracy or capitalism Progressives advocated government intervention and change
without upsetting capitalism or the democratic political system.

B. Replacement of the capitalism system with a new economic order Progressives did not seek replacement of the capitalism system.

C. Return to the nation's simpler and more democratic agrarian past Progressives accepted the reality of industrialization but wanted to change its
harsher consequences.

D. Fundamental political change within the context of corporate capitalism Progressives aimed to reform both the political system and economic
systems.

Question: What change in American society at the beginning of the twentieth century sparked the Progressive movement?

A. Racial segregation and the migration of African Americans to cities in the North While some progressives were concerned with racial injustice,
that was not a major spark for the Progressive movement.

B. Increased power of the working class and declining corporate power Neither the power of the working class was growing nor that of corporations
declining at this time.

C. The failure of socialism or Populism to achieve significant gains Progressives generally did not accept socialism and had fundamental
disagreements with some aspects of Populism.

*D. Rise of corporate power and the growth of cities Problems caused by industrialization and urbanization—as well as westward expansion and
immigration—sparked the Progressive Movement at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Question: What describes the ideals of pragmatism?

A. Practical experience misled people from discovering truth. Pragmatism believed in the value of practical experience.

B. Both theoretical thinking and experience were necessary parts of truth. Pragmatism did not contend that absolute doctrine and experience were
both necessary parts of truth.

*C. Truth did not reside in absolute doctrine but could only be discovered through experience. Pragmatism contended that truth did not reside
in absolute doctrine but could only be discovered through experience.

D. Truth resided in absolute doctrine rather than experience. Pragmatism had less confidence in absolute doctrine than other thinkers.

Question: What was the significance of Protestant clergyman Walter Rauschenbusch around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. He was a major pragmatist philosopher. Rauschenbusch affected pragmatism and his ideas helped shape that movement.

*B. He urged Christians to adopt the social gospel. Rauschenbusch urged Christians to embrace the teachings of Jesus on the ethical obligations for
social justice.

C. He opposed Progressivism as too secular. Rauschenbusch did not oppose Progressivism on religious grounds.

D. He adopted the socialists' call for radical social change. Rauschenbusch did not support socialism.

Question: What was the purpose of the new professional organizations the middle class created at the beginning of the twentieth
century?

A. To recruit women into the professions Middle-class professionals made little effort to recruit women into their ranks.

*B. To promote their professional goals and build a better society The purpose of the new professional organizations the middle class created was
to promote their own professional goals and to further the public interest.

C. To offer workers an alternative to socialist-dominated labor unions The professional organizations were not oriented to the working class but to
the middle class itself.

D. To sponsor reforms consistent with the teachings of the social gospel The middle-class professional organizations did not necessarily adopt the
ideas of the social gospel.

Question: Why did political reformers label themselves "progressives" in the early twentieth century?

A. They believed that political reform required a return to earlier political models. They did not advocate a return to older models.
*B. They believed that political reform required critically examining current political models. Progressives contended that old ways of
governing and doing business did not address modern conditions.

C. They advocated adopting American Indian political systems. Progressives did not want to model native political systems.

D. They believed in racial equality. While some did, few progressives advocated for racial equality.

Question: What were the primary differences between populists and progressives?

*A. The progressives were more interested in industrial and urban reform; the populists were more interested in rural and agricultural
reform. Progressives were interested primarily in urban and industrial America, while the Populist movement had emerged in direct response to the problems
that plagued rural America.

B. Populists were more interested in racial equality than populists. Neither group focused on racial equality.

C. Populists supported the Republican Party, whereas progressives supported Democrats. Populists did not support the Republican Party.

D. Populists tended to support the Democratic Party, whereas progressives supported Republicans. Progressives did not support Republicans.

Question: Which economic class did early-twentieth-century pragmatism appeal to?

A. The lower classes The lower classes were not likely to be aware of the ideals of pragmatism.

*B. The middle class The growth of large-scale businesses during the second half of the nineteenth century expanded the middle class, which now included
men whose professions grew out of industrialization, such as engineering, corporate management, and social work. Progressivism drew many of its most devoted
adherents from this new middle class.

C. The upper classes The upper classes did not support the social programs advocated by pragmatists.

D. All classes Pragmatism did not appeal to all classes equally.

Question: "Social religion, too, demands repentance and faith; repentance for our social sins; faith in the possibility of a new social
order. . . . In the same way we have to see through the fictions of capitalism. We are assured that the poor are poor through their own
fault; that rent and profit are the just dues of foresight and ability."

Which of the following would fit into Rauschenbusch's category of "social sins"?

*A. Income inequality He argues that capitalism is a fiction that has produced economic inequality.
B. Racial inequality He does not reference race at all.

C. Prostitution He would argue that prostitution was the result of economic inequality.

D. The two-party system He does not criticize the two-party system.

Question: Who were the muckrakers of the early twentieth century?

A. Pragmatist philosophers The muckrakers were not philosophers.

B. Political reformers Muckrakers were not political reformers.

*C. Investigative journalists The muckrakers were investigative journalists who sought to increase their readership by publishing features exposing
corruption in government and the shady operations of big business.

D. Corrupt machine politicians Muckrakers were reformers, not politicians.

Question: What was the impact of muckrakers' stories in the early twentieth century?

A. To increase immigrants' awareness of government corruption The articles muckrakers wrote had a greater impact on other groups than
immigrants.

B. To promote demands for radical socialist reform While some feared that muckrakers' articles would increase calls for socialism, they promoted the
desire for less radical reform.

C. To promote the interests of corporate capitalism against the labor movement Many of the articles muckrakers wrote criticized the effects of
corporate capitalism.

*D. To arouse the middle class against the evils of corrupt governments and big business The articles muckrakers wrote aroused the middle
class against the evils of corrupt governments and big business and thus helped promote the Progressive movement.

Question: What was the focus of Ida B. Wells's articles and pamphlets?
A. The need for government reform Wells did not highlight the need for government reform.

*B. The lynching of African Americans Wells focused on the injustice and horror of lynching.
C. The need to end child labor Wells did not focus on child labor.

D. The greedy practices of corporations Wells did not write about greedy capitalists.

Question: What did President Theodore Roosevelt mean when he coined the term muckraker in the early twentieth century?

*A. To criticize journalists for being more interested in sensationalism Roosevelt coined the term muckraker to describe journalists more interested
in sensationalism than in reporting carefully documented stories.

B. To describe big business leaders who were more interested in trampling on workers than in treating them well Roosevelt applied the
term to a group of reform-minded individuals.

C. To lament the influx of immigrants into American cities Roosevelt aimed the term at a group of reformers rather than immigrants.

D. To celebrate the determination of reformers to root out corrupt government officials Roosevelt applied the term to a different group of
reformers.

Question: Why was President Theodore Roosevelt concerned about what he called "muckraking" in the early twentieth century?

A. He feared muckraking would discourage immigration. Roosevelt was not concerned about the effect of muckraking on immigration.

B. He worried that muckraking would discourage the middle class from supporting reform. Roosevelt was not concerned that muckraking would
cause the middle class to lose interest in reform.

*C. He worried that muckraking would lead to radical reform. Roosevelt was concerned that muckraking would threaten moderate reform and
encourage radical reform.

D. He feared that muckraking would discourage honest, skilled individuals from seeking public office. Roosevelt was worried about the effect
of muckraking on reform efforts.

Question: Why was the middle class so attracted to muckrakers' stories?

A. They illuminated the world of the upper class. Most muckrakers published exposés of corruption in government and the shady operations of big
business.

*B. They had a sensationalist appeal. Most muckrakers attempted to catch the eye of readers with exposés of corruption in government and the shady
operations of big business.

C. They focused on foreign affairs. Most muckrakers published exposés of corruption in government and the shady operations of big business.

D. They focused on issues of fashion and culture. Most muckrakers published exposés of corruption in government and the shady operations of big
business.

Topic: Humanitarian Reform

books:

Female Progressives and the Poor

Fighting for Women's Suffrage
Progressivism and African Americans
Progressivism and Indians

Question: What was the focus of humanitarian reformers?

A. To fight the oppression of African Americans in the South The focus of humanitarian reformers was not to fight segregation in the South.

*B. To improve housing and working conditions for the urban poor The goal of humanitarian reformers was to improve housing and working
conditions for impoverished city dwellers.

C. To improve living conditions and housing in cities for the middle class The humanitarian reformers did try to improve conditions in cities but their
focus was not on the middle class.

D. To improve living conditions and working conditions in Europe Humanitarian reformers focused on life in the United States, not Europe.

Question: What was the impact of Hull House, Jane Addams's center for social reform in Chicago?
A. To inspire middle-class women to work in opposition to racial discrimination Hull House did not inspire middle-class women to work against
racial discrimination.

B. To push many young men to work toward improving living conditions in cities Hull House inspired individuals to try to improve living conditions
in cities, but not primarily young men.

C. To launch a similar settlement house movement in Great Britain Britain's settlement house movement preceded—and inspired—the formation of
Hull House.

*D. To convince many young women to work in immigrant communities in cities Hull House inspired a generation of college-educated,
professionally trained young women who were shut out of jobs in male-dominated professions to work directly in immigrant communities.

Question: Who staffed most settlement houses such as Hull House?

A. Middle-class African American men and women The staff of most settlement houses was predominantly white.

B. Working-class men seeking a better life The staff of settlement houses was mainly formed of members of the middle class.

C. Immigrant women who had fled abusive families The staff of settlement houses was mainly formed of members of the middle class.

*D. Middle-class, college educated women shut out of most professions Middle-class, college educated women shut out of most professional jobs
staffed most settlement houses.

Question: How did Jane Addams aim to address the chaos of urban life in the early twentieth century by what she called "civic
housekeeping"?

A. By improving city services such as water and sewer systems Addams aimed at improving the way urban residents lived rather than by focusing on
government services.

B. By pushing for reform of corrupt city governments Addams focused on social rather than political reform.

*C. By improving the lives of immigrants The goal of civic housekeeping was for middle-class women to protect their families from the chaos of urban
life by attacking the sources of the chaos.

D. By working to promote job creation to eliminate poverty Addams focused on social rather than economic reform.

Question: Why did the General Federation of Women's Clubs urge local associations to lobby for social justice legislation in the early
twentieth century?

*A. Men were focused on business, leaving women to focus on civic matters. The General Federation of Women's Clubs urged local associations
to lobby for social justice legislation because men were more focused on business affairs, leaving women to focus on civic matters.

B. The government was seen as subject to business interests. The General Federation of Women's Clubs did not argue that municipal governments
were incapable of passing legislation to protect women and children because of opposition from big business.

C. European immigrants would not properly educate their children without government intervention. The General Federation of Women's
Clubs did not argue that local associations should lobby for social justice legislation because European immigrants would not properly educate their children
without government intervention.

D. The middle class would lose its power if laws did not protect their access to professional jobs. The General Federation of Women's Clubs was
more concerned with the need for broad social reform than to protect middle-class access to the professions.

Question: Why did few African American industrial workers organize alongside white working-class women?

A. White working-class women refused to admit black workers into their organizations. White working-class women did not refuse to admit black
female industrial workers to their organizations.

B. Most African American industrial workers lived in the South, far from where white working class women organized. Most African
American industrial workers did not live in the South.

*C. Job discrimination blocked many African American women from holding industrial jobs. Few African American industrial workers organized
alongside white working-class women because racial discrimination in employment prevented many African American women from holding industrial jobs.

D. African American female workers preferred to work in service sector jobs rather than industrial jobs. African American female workers did
not prefer working in service sector positions instead of industrial jobs, but they were forced to do so because racism and discrimination of prevented them from
gaining other types of employment.

Question: What was the goal of the National Women's Trade Union League?

*A. To obtain special protective legislation for women In addition to seeking better wages and working conditions for working women, the National
Women's Trade Union League sought special protective legislation for those workers.

B. To earn equal pay for women The National Women's Trade Union League aimed to improve pay and working conditions for women but did not push for
equal pay.
C. To earn equal pay for African American women The National Women's Trade Union League did not address racial discrimination.

D. To increase the wages of working class men so that women did not need to work The National Women's Trade Union League aimed to improve
the lives of working women.

Question: What was the significance to women of the Muller v. Oregon Supreme Court decision of 1908?

A. It gave women the right to vote. Muller v. Oregon addressed workplace issues rather than woman's suffrage.

*B. It upheld a ten-hour workday for women. Female reformers campaigned for state maximum hours' laws for women, and succeeded in Oregon in
1908 when they won a landmark victory in the Supreme Court in Muller v. Oregon, which upheld the ten-hour workday for women.

C. It banned gender discrimination in pay. Muller v. Oregon addressed workplace issues but not equal pay.

D. It banned adult women from specific industrial jobs with high accident rates. Muller v. Oregon addressed workplace issues but not women's
participation in specific industrial jobs.

Question: What did Charlotte Perkins Gilman advocate regarding the economic relationship between men and women?

A. Married men and women should not share any possessions or income to promote complete economic independence. Gilman did not
advocate that married men and women share no possessions to promote complete economic independence.

B. Married women should rely economically on their husbands, but single women should strive for economic independence. Gilman did
not advocate that married women should rely economically on their husbands.

C. Married women should not work since childcare and housekeeping were the highest callings. Gilman did not advocate that married women
should not work.

*D. Steps had to be taken to ensure that women had economic independence. Gilman argued that women should have economic independence.
Question: Why were humanitarians so concerned about the urban poor?

A. They were purely altruistic, caring only about the plight of the urban poor. Their motives were not purely altruistic, as they believed that urban
poverty would exacerbate existing problems.

B. They thought that the poor would provide political support to prevent women from getting the right to vote. Humanitarians supported
women's suffrage.

*C. They believed urban poverty would negatively impact all of America. Their motives were not always purely altruistic. Unless living standards
improved, many reformers reasoned, immigrants and racial minorities would contaminate the cities' middle-class inhabitants with communicable diseases,
escalating crime and threats to traditional cultural norms.

D. They thought that solving urban poverty would end racial segregation. They were not focused on ending racial segregation.

Question: Why did humanitarian reformers support women's suffrage?

A. They believed that it would help the Republican Party. Most humanitarians were Democrats.

*B. They believed women could help them further their political goals of social reform. These reformers supported suffrage for women, whose
votes, they believed, would help purify electoral politics and elect candidates committed to social and moral reform.

C. They believed that women could help promote reform of the process of judicial review. Most humanitarians were not concerned about judicial
review.

D. They believed women were ready to vote in state elections but not national elections. These reformers advocated for full suffrage.

Question: Which of the following describes the growth rate of women's clubs in the early twentieth century?

A. Membership in women's clubs decreased in the early twentieth century. Membership did not decrease.

*B. Membership in women's clubs increased in the early twentieth century. By 1900, these clubs counted over 160,000 members.
C. Membership in women's clubs did not change in the early twentieth century. The rates changed significantly.

D. Membership in women's clubs increased, but only in rural areas. Membership grew in urban areas and rural areas.

Question: What does the rise in membership in black women's clubs, like the National Association of Colored Women, say about black
women in the early twentieth century?

A. Segregation was slowly being defeated. These clubs focused on issues related primarily to black Americans.

B. Black women were gaining political rights from the federal government. These actions were independent of the federal government.
C. It reinforced the idea that black women did not aspire to middle-class lifestyles. The goal of many of these movements was to help poor blacks
enter the middle class.

*D. It challenged the idea that black men and women were inferior to their white counterparts. The activities of black club women, like those
of white club women, reflected a class bias, and they tried to lift up poorer blacks to the ideals of middle-class womanhood. Yet in doing so, they challenged racist
notions that black women and men were incapable of raising healthy and strong families.

Question: What was Alice Paul's position on women's suffrage?

A. Women should be able to vote as an extension of their household duties into the public sphere. Jane Addams took this position.

B. White women could offset the votes of black males and poor, uneducated whites. This was the position of Southern white women.

*C. Women should have the right to vote because they were not inherently different from men. Paul strongly asserted that women deserved
the vote on the basis of equality with men as citizens.

D. Women were best suited to devote themselves to their families. This was the position of traditionalists, not Alice Paul.

Question: What did traditionalists claim would occur if women voted in the early twentieth century?

A. Inept politicians would come to control all levels of government. Traditionalists did not claim that inept politicians could control all levels of
government if women voted.

*B. Home life and the country's moral fabric would be destroyed. Traditionalists claimed that if women voted, the home would be destroyed,
leading to the moral degeneracy of children and destruction of the country's moral fabric.

C. Women would exercise a positive influence over civic affairs. Traditionalists did not argue that women would exercise a positive influence over civic
affairs.

D. The intelligence level of the electoral would suffer. Traditionalists did not argue that the intelligence level of the electorate would suffer if women
voted.

Question: In the early twentieth century, what was the argument of white female suffragists in the South in favor of woman suffrage?

A. Southern white women would end the corruption in the Democratic Party. White female suffragists in the South did not argue that Southern
white women would end the corruption in the Democratic Party in the South.

B. Southern white women would pass laws that protected African Americans. Southern white female suffragists did not argue that southern white
women would pass laws that protected African Americans.

C. Southern white women would put an end to the horrible practice of lynching. Southern white female suffragists did not push for the end to
lynching.

*D. Southern white women would offset the votes of both black males and poor, uneducated whites. White female suffragists in the South
argued that Southern white women would offset black male votes and the votes of poor, uneducated whites.

Question: In the early twentieth century, many middle-class women in the Midwest and Northeast argued that the vote of middle-
class Protestant women would offset the votes of what group?

A. Wealthy businessmen They did not target wealthy businessmen.

B. Poor, native-born white men Native-born white men were acceptable to this group.

*C. Southern and eastern European immigrants Middle-class women in the Midwest and Northeast argued that the votes of middle-class Protestant
women would offset the votes of southern and eastern European immigrants, many of whom were Catholics or Jews.

D. African American men They did not claim they would offset the votes of African American men.

Question: Why did black women claim they needed the vote more than white women?

A. To gain access to industrial jobs Black women advocated the right to vote on more general grounds.

*B. To protect their rights If "white women needed the vote to acquire advantages and protection of their rights," Adella Hunt Logan of Tuskegee, Alabama,
remarked, "then Black women needed the vote even more so."

C. To obtain more rights in marriage Black women did not claim they needed the vote to obtain more rights in marriage.

D. To gain access to better housing and living conditions Black women advocated the right to vote on more general grounds.

Question: What tactic did American radical suffragists learn from the British suffrage movement?

*A. Conducting demonstrations that attracted publicity American radical suffragists learned how to conduct wide-scale demonstrations that attracted
publicity from the British suffrage movement.

B. Lobbying politicians at the local level Lobbying politicians at the local level was one approach of the suffrage movement but not one learned from the
British movement.

C. Using the courts to win the right to vote American suffragists generally pursued legislative means to win their goal.

D. Using violence to win support American radical suffragists did not use violence to win support.

Question: Refer to the map Map 19.1 Women's Suffrage

to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.

Where, according to the map, did women's rights movements have their earliest successes?

A. The Northeast Few states in the Northeast granted women the right to vote before 1918.
B. The Middle Atlantic All states in the Middle Atlantic denied women the right to vote until 1918.

C. The Midwest While many midwestern states granted women the right to vote before 1918, few granted full suffrage.

*D. The West All western states granted women full voting rights before 1918.
Question: What did Jane Addams argue would be the primary benefit to granting women the vote?

A. The Republican Party would win more elections. Addams did not argue a benefit to the Republican Party.

*B. Corruption in government would decrease. Addams attributed corruption in politics to the absence of women's maternal influence.
C. Fewer women would become mothers. Addams argued that women's maternal instincts were a benefit.

D. Few women would choose to vote. Addams advocated for women to vote.

Question: If passed, what would the Equal Rights Amendment of 1923 have done?

A. Granted immigrants equal treatment under the law The amendment did not focus on immigrants.

B. Granted Native Americans equal rights The amendment did not focus on Native Americans.

*C. Granted women equal rights The amendment would have provided full legal equality to women at the state and federal level.
D. Granted African Americans equal rights The amendment did not focus on African Americans.

Question: What is the significance of the riot that erupted in Springfield, Illinois, in 1908?

A. It demonstrated widespread white support for an end to lynching. The riot was sparked when a white lynch mob was thwarted.

B. It sparked the formation of the Niagara Movement to push for racial equality. The Niagara Movement formed before that riot.

C. It showed the opposition of Northern whites to segregation. Segregation was not the issue in this riot.

*D. It revealed that deep racial prejudices existed in the North as well as in the South. The riot broke out when the local sheriff tried to protect
two black prisoners from a would-be lynch mob, triggering two days of white violence against blacks and showing that racial prejudice existed in the North as well
as in the South.

Question: What sparked lynchings against African Americans in the South?

A. Attempts by African Americans to migrate North Lynchings were not sparked by attempts by African Americans to migrate North.

B. Attempts by African American men to vote Lynchings were not sparked by attempts by African American men to vote.

*C. Any act claimed to violate racial norms A violation of racial norms sparked lynchings against African Americans in the South.
D. Attempts by African Americans to found schools Lynchings were not sparked by attempts by African Americans to found their own schools.

Question: What was the difference between W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington in their approach to racial discrimination?

A. Washington believed that African Americans had to form advocacy groups like the NAACP while Du Bois thought the possibility of
change was limited. Du Bois, not Washington, took part in forming the NAACP, and he worked hard to end racial discrimination.

*B. Du Bois urged blacks to immediately demand first-class citizenship while Washington urged blacks to adopt a more
accommodationist stance. Du Bois urged blacks to immediately demand first-class citizenship while Washington urged blacks to adopt a more
accommodationist stance.

C. Du Bois urged blacks to migrate North while Washington urged blacks to remain in the South. Du Bois did not urge blacks to migrate to the
North while Washington urged blacks to remain in the South.

D. Washington focused on economic advancement, whereas Du Bois focused on obtaining more political rights for African Americans.
Du Bois did not want African Americans to have more political rights but also wanted social equality.

Question: What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Institute?

*A. To build the character of African Americans while teaching vocational skills The purpose of Tuskegee Institute was to build up the character
of African Americans and teach them useful vocational skills.

B. To teach African Americans the skills needed to enter white-collar professions While the Tuskegee Institute taught skills, they were not
professional skills.
C. To work to gain racial equality through the court system The purpose of Tuskegee Institute was not to use the courts to gain racial equality.

D. To train African American leaders who would challenge segregation The purpose of Tuskegee Institute was not to train African American leaders
who would challenge segregation.

Question: How did Ida B. Wells protest lynching?

A. By lobbying politicians to crack down on extralegal violence Wells did not lobby politicians.

B. By attending public lynchings as an act of protest Wells did not attend lynchings as an act of public protest.

C. By filing lawsuits against participants Wells did not use lawsuits to fight lynching.

*D. By writing articles and speaking at lectures Wells protested lynching by writing muckraking articles in newspapers and books and by lecturing in
the North and Europe.

Question: What did W.E.B. Du Bois mean by "the Talented Tenth"?

A. Black business leaders who could create jobs for members of their race Du Bois saw the Talented Tenth as having more political and social
purposes.

B. White Progressive reformers who could end segregation Du Bois's Talented Tenth were African Americans.

*C. A black intelligentsia that would lift up the rest of the race They were to be the cadre of highly educated African American leaders who would
guide African Americans to the next stage of their development.

D. Black clergymen who could set a moral example for African Americans Du Bois would likely have included black clergymen in the Talented Tenth,
but the purpose of the group was broader.

Question: On what point did W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington agree?

A. African Americans needed to challenge segregation actively. Du Bois took this position, but Washington did not.

*B. Self-help was an important step for African Americans. Du Bois agreed with Washington about advocating self-help as a means for advancement,
but he did not believe those efforts would amount to much without a proper education and equal voting rights.

C. African Americans should focus on working in skilled trades rather than professions. Washington took this position; Du Bois did not.

D. African Americans had no hope of breaking the shackles of segregation. Both Du Bois and Washington believed that segregation could be
overturned, though they differed on how to achieve that goal.

Question: What was the goal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People?

A. To demand access to industrial jobs The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had broader goals.

B. To demand more black schools The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had broader goals.

C. To fight for an end to lynching The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had broader goals.

*D. To fight for the vote and equal access to public facilities The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People initiated court cases
challenging racially discriminatory voting practices and other forms of bias in housing and criminal justice.

Question: What types of individuals were founding members of the NAACP?

*A. African American and white reformers White activists as well as African Americans such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells were founding
members of the NAACP.

B. W. E. B. Du Bois and white activists were the only founding members of the NAACP. White activists were not the only founding members of
the NAACP other than W. E. B. Du Bois.

C. African American activists in the North only African American activists from the North were not the only founding members of the NAACP.

D. White supremacists White supremacists did not take part in the NAACP, which opposed them.

Question: What was significant about the way African Americans raised money to support black schools in the South?

*A. It demonstrated their commitment to fighting the effects of segregation. African Americans' efforts to fund black schools despite poor
government funding showed how they pursued social justice outside of politics.

B. It demonstrated their belief that education was the key way for the race to advance. African Americans tried to fight discrimination in many
different ways, not just by improving education.

C. It revealed the acceptance of Booker T. Washington's position over that of W. E. B. Du Bois. The desire of African Americans to improve
education for their children was unrelated to the debate over the means to racial equality between Washington and Du Bois.

D. It reflected the advice of white reformers. African Americans undertook this initiative on their own.

Question: How did Wells think African American leaders should respond to lynching?

A. She advocated that others be careful not to speak out for fear of violence. Wells did not encourage others to be cautious.

B. She advocated a new underground railroad of communication to avoid public detection. Wells did not want to keep the discussion out of the
public eye.

*C. She thought all black leaders should speak out against lynching. Wells was vigorous in her opposition to lynching and encouraged other black
leaders to speak out publicly and often.

D. Wells did not have a position on other black leaders. Wells explicitly called for action from black leaders.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of
questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be
the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the
world is long in any degree ostracized. It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important
that we be prepared for the exercise of those privileges. The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more
than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house."

Which of the following statements is supported by the passage from Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise above?

A. Black Americans deserve immediate political and economic rights. Washington argues that political rights must be earned.

*B. Black Americans need more education before they can contribute to the political system. Washington argues that social equality cannot be
imposed by law.

C. Black Americans should never participate in markets. He argues that black Americans are not prepared to contribute to markets.

D. Black Americans should support granting women the right to vote. He does not mention women's suffrage.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "There are many who can never be made to feel that it was a
mistake thirty years ago to give the unlettered freedman the franchise, their only weapon of defense, any more than it was a mistake
to have fire for cooking and heating purposes in the home, because ignorant or careless servants sometimes burn themselves. Does
this mean that the Negro objects to industrial education? By no means. It simply means that he knows by sad experience that
industrial education will not stand him in place of political, civil and intellectual liberty, and he objects to being deprived of fundamental
rights of American citizenship to the end that one school for industrial training shall flourish."

Which of the following statements paraphrases Ida B. Wells's critique of Booker T. Washington excerpted above?

A. African Americans are not ready for citizenship. Wells believed African Americans were entitled to citizenship.

B. African Americans do not need education. Wells argues in favor of education.

*C. African Americans should not have to choose between either industrial or civic education. Wells argues that both are necessary for African
Americans to fully gain political rights.

D. African Americans should never have been given political rights. Wells does not advocate this position.

Question: How did Native Americans incorporate progressive practices to their own ends?

*A. Indian muckrakers published articles critical of federal policy in Indian-owned publications. Indian muckrakers criticized government
policies and anti-Indian attitudes, but the magazines that exposed the evils of industrialization often ignored their plight. Instead, Indian reformers turned to the
Quarterly Journal, published by the Society of American Indians, to air their grievances.

B. Indian activists organized a march in Washington, D.C., to press for progressive reforms. Indians did not organize a march on the Capitol
during this time period.

C. Indians willingly sent their children to boarding schools to learn progressive ideals. Most Indians did not send their children willingly.

D. Most Indians openly advocated adopting Protestant Christianity. While many Indians converted to Christianity, many advocated a return to
traditional belief systems.

Question: Why did Carlos Montezuma call to abolish the federal Indian Office?

A. He thought it was overfunded. He did not argue that it had too much funding.
B. He believed it did not devote enough resources to promoting Christianity. Montezuma did not advocate for more resources for missionary work.

*C. He believed it stood in the way of Indians' freedom and well-being. Montezuma argued that the office was an impediment to the welfare of
Native Americans.

D. He opposed their policy of closing boarding schools. There was not a policy in place to close boarding schools.

Question: How did Arthur C. Parker and other early-twentieth-century Indian activists challenge the popular concept of Indian
backwardness?

A. By inviting more whites to settle on reservations There were few calls for resettlement of whites.

B. By promoting more cultural integration between American Indians and white Americans Most called for a better understanding of Indian
cultures.

C. By staging a series of plays in large American cities that promoted the plight of Indians There were few Indian-produced plays in early
twentieth-century America.

*D. By writing scholarly books and articles promoting a better understanding of Indian cultures Arthur C. Parker, an anthropologist from the
eastern tribe of the Seneca, challenged the notion that Indians suffered mainly because of their own backwardness. In scathing articles, he condemned the United
States for robbing American Indians of their cultural and economic independence.

Question: What were the results of Indian activism in the early twentieth century?

*A. Indians won few battles at the state or federal level. Indians did not see many direct results from their efforts, but raised awareness of their
issues through court cases and by forming social and political organizations like other Progressive Era groups.

B. Indians won several cases at the state level, but received few concessions from the federal government. Indians did not win many cases
at the state level.

C. Indians won several significant court cases at the federal level. While Indians brought many suits in federal court, they did not win many.

D. Indians networked nationally with other Progressive Era groups to help them advocate for their causes. Most Indian organizations were
not courted by other progressive groups.

Topic: Morality and Social Control

books:

Prohibition
Prostitution, Narcotics, and Juvenile Delinquency
Birth Control
Immigration Restriction

Question: What organization spearheaded the prohibition movement in the early twentieth century?

A. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People did not
spearhead the prohibition movement.

*B. The Women's Christian Temperance Union The Women's Christian Temperance Union spearheaded the temperance movement.
C. The Catholic Church The Catholic Church did not spearhead the prohibition movement.

D. The General Federation of Women's Clubs The General Federation of Women's Clubs did not spearhead the prohibition movement.

Question: What was a major argument of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in favor of prohibition in the early
twentieth century?

A. Prohibition would improve living conditions in the South for African Americans. The WCTU did not argue that prohibition would improve living
conditions in the South for African Americans.

B. Prohibition would allow more economic growth through increased productivity. The WCTU did not urge prohibition on the grounds of economic
growth.

*C. Prohibition would improve the quality of family life and protect the home. The WCTU argued that husbands and fathers who drank
excessively were also likely to abuse their wives and children and to drain the family finances. Prohibiting the consumption of alcohol would, therefore, help
combat these evils.

D. Prohibition would increase church attendance and thus improve public morality. The WCTU did not argue that prohibition would increase
church attendance.
Question: What was the impact of Frances Willard's death on the direction of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?

Willard's death.

A. The WCTU moved from opposing woman suffrage to supporting it. Willard had supported woman suffrage.

B. The WCTU moved from excluding black women as members to welcoming them. The WCTU did not shift its position on allowing African
American women to be members after

*C. The WCTU dropped support for many of its causes to focus on temperance. After Frances Willard's death, the WCTU moved from supporting a broad array of social justice
causes to focusing on temperance.

D. The WCTU collapsed without Willard's leadership. The WCTU did not collapse; its policy positions changed.

Question: Who comprised most members of the Anti-Saloon League in the early twentieth century?

A. White native-born Protestant men Most members of the Anti-Saloon League were not white, native-born, Protestant men.

B. Catholic women from Midwest and Northeast cities Catholic urban women were not the majority of members of the Anti-Saloon League.

C. Protestant women from the urban North Protestant women from the urban North were not the majority of members of the Anti-Saloon League.

*D. Baptist and Methodist women especially in the rural South Baptist and Methodist women, especially those in the rural South, comprised most members of the Anti-Saloon
League.

Question: What did the Eighteenth Amendment outlaw?

A. The transportation of alcoholic beverages into dry states The Webb-Kenyon Act of 1913 had this effect, not the Eighteenth Amendment.

*B. The sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages anywhere in the United States The Eighteenth Amendment outlawed alcoholic beverages in the United States.
C. Laws preventing women from voting The Eighteenth Amendment did not address woman suffrage.

D. Laws blocking the sale of alcohol in the United States The Eighteenth Amendment did not outlaw bans on the sale of alcohol.

Question: In what ways did progressive initiatives become efforts at social control?

A. Progressive initiatives aimed to empower the poor to make their own choices. Progressive initiatives rarely sought to empower the poor.

*B. Progressive initiatives often sought to impose middle-class values on the poor. Convinced that the "immorality" of the poor was the cause of social disorder, some reformers
sought to impose middle-class standards of behavior and morality on the lower classes.

C. Progressive initiatives aimed to reduce women's role in the workplace. Progressive initiatives favored equal treatment of women in the workplace.

D. Progressive initiatives sought to bring more immigrants to the United States. Some social control progressives went even further in their efforts to impose their own morality,
calling for restrictions on immigration, which they saw as a cultural threat.

Question: What arguments did progressives use in the campaign to eliminate prostitution?

A. Need to make the workforce more productive Progressives used arguments of moral and physical health rather than economic ones.

B. The importance of maintaining healthy marriages Progressives did support healthy marriages but did not use them as the grounds for objecting to prostitution.

*C. Promoting public health and female virtue Progressives attempted to eliminate prostitution to improve public health and as an effort to protect female virtue.
D. The evils of allowing women to work Progressives did not think women should work as prostitutes but accepted other kinds of female labor.

Question: What group did moral crusaders of the early twentieth century associate with the use of opiates?

*A. Chinese immigrants Moral crusaders associated Chinese immigrants with the use of opiates.
B. African Americans Moral crusaders did not associate African Americans with the use of opiates.

C. Young people living alone in cities Moral crusaders did not associate young people living along in cities with the use of opiates.

D. Immigration from Mexico Moral crusaders did not associate immigration from Mexico with the use of opiates.

Question: What approaches did reformers take to combat prostitution?

A. They sought to create rehabilitation centers for women. Rehabilitation was not a common approach.

*B. They attempted to stem prostitution through legislation and scientific research. Legislation was passed to criminalize prostitution, and scientific research was done into
sexually transmitted diseases to emphasize the public health threat.

C. They used the courts to strike down laws that legalized prostitution. Most reform came from legislatures.

D. They pushed to outlaw prostitution in urban areas but left it alone in rural areas. Reformers worked in both urban and rural settings.

Question: Refer to the image The Crusade against White Slavery

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the poster say about early-twentieth-century progressivism and race?

A. Progressives were equally concerned about the plight of whites and blacks. The poster doesn't say anything about African Americans.

*B. Progressive efforts were aimed primarily at poor whites. The poster makes an explicit racial appeal to whites through use of the term "white slavery."
C. Progressives were largely colorblind and focused on the social problems of all races. The poster makes an explicit racial appeal to whites through use of the term "white
slavery."

D. Progressive efforts were primarily aimed at poor blacks. The poster makes an explicit racial appeal to whites through use of the term "white slavery."

Question: How did federal prosecutors use the Mann Act against boxer Jack Johnson?

A. To investigate him for tax evasion The Mann Act did not focus on tax evasion.

B. To charge him with the sale and consumption of alcohol The Mann Act did not deal with alcohol.

C. To charge him with unlawfully aiding the Chinese The act did not deal with the Chinese.

*D. To charge him with moral violations for relationships with white women Prosecutors used the Mann Act to enforce codes of traditional racial as well as sexual behavior. In
1910 Johnson, an African American boxer, defeated the white heavyweight champion, Jim Jeffries. His victory upset some white men who were obsessed with preserving their racial dominance
and masculine integrity. Johnson's relationships with white women further angered some whites, who eventually succeeded in bringing down the outspoken black champion by prosecuting him on
morals charges in 1913.

Question: What position did progressive reformers have on narcotics?

A. Most did not have a position on narcotics, as they were relatively new. Most progressives took strong stances on narcotics.

*B. Most advocated a complete ban on narcotics. Reformers convinced Congress to pass the Harrison Narcotics Control Act of 1914, prohibiting the sale of narcotics without a doctor's
prescription.

C. Most favored allowing the poor to have access to narcotics to make them easier to control. Few progressives advocated legalizing narcotics.

D. Few progressives thought narcotics posed a threat to society. Most progressives took strong stances on narcotics.

Question: How did progressives try to combat juvenile delinquency?

A. They pushed for long prison sentences for juveniles. Few progressives favored long prison sentences.

B. They tried to pass laws granting parents legal control over their children until they were 26 years of age. Progressives did not push for this policy.

*C. They pushed for a special court system for juvenile offenders. Many female reformers advocated that children required different treatment in the criminal justice system and
advocated for a juvenile court system.

D. Few progressives thought juvenile delinquency could be solved. Most reformers believed that social programs could solve problems.

Question: Why did Margaret Sanger advocate for the use of contraceptives?

A. She believed that not enough children were being born in America. Contraceptive advocacy is not aimed at increasing population.

*B. She believed it would improve women's health. Working as a nurse mainly among poor immigrant women in New York City, she witnessed the damage that unrestrained
childbearing produced on women's health. According to Sanger, contraception—the use of artificial means to prevent pregnancy—would save the lives of mothers by preventing unwanted
childbearing and avoiding unsafe and illegal abortions.

C. She thought it would increase women's chance of finding husbands, as many men did not want children. This was not one of her reasons.

D. She believed it would bring more women into the Christian faith. Her motives were not religious.

Question: In what ways was Sanger's contraceptive plan tied to eugenics?

A. She believed contraception would increase birth rates among African Americans, who she did not think would use it. Her efforts were targeted at minority and
immigrant women.

B. She believed it would decrease the number of middle-class births, as only middle-class women would use it. Her efforts were not aimed at the middle class.

*C. She thought it would reduce births in poor and immigrant communities, allowing for more white children to be more prominent. Contraception would raise the
quality of the white race by reducing the chances of immigrant and minority women reproducing so-called unfit children.

D. She thought it would decrease women's sexual enjoyment, leading to decreased birth rates. Sanger believed that if women were freed from the anxieties of becoming
pregnant, they would experience more sexual enjoyment and make better companions for their spouses.

Question: How did most people respond to Sanger's contraceptive initiative?

A. Most people favored the initiative. Most people did not favor it.

B. Few people were aware of the program, as Sanger kept her ideas largely to herself. Sanger was a vocal proponent of contraception.

C. Many pushed for federal funding for the initiative. Few pushed for federal funding.

*D. The initiative encountered strong opposition. Many people and governments opposed Sanger's initiatives and actively worked to prevent her from succeeding.
Question: How were the activities of moral reformers of the early twentieth century related to the movement to restrict immigration?

A. Moral reformers viewed immigrants as allies in their fight, which led opponents to try to limit immigration. Moral reformers did not view immigrants as allies in their
efforts to achieve moral reform.

B. Moral reformers saw immigrants as a burden on society because they refused to work. Moral reformers did not perceive immigrants as a burden on society because they
refused to work.

C. Moral reformers argued that immigrants were a threat to their position as social leaders. Moral reformers did not perceive immigrants as a threat to their social position.

*D. Moral reformers perceived immigrants as predisposed to vice because of racial and religious bigotry. Moral reformers perceived immigrants as predisposed to vice and
sought to restrict immigration.

Question: Which immigrant group received the harshest treatment during the Progressive Era?

A. Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe were treated harshly, but their rights were not as limited as those of another group.

B. Immigrants from Latin America Immigrants from Latin America were treated harshly, but their rights were not as limited as those of another group.

*C. Asian immigrants Asian immigrants received the harshest treatment during the Progressive Era, as Chinese immigration was banned, Japanese immigration was restricted, and laws
blocked Japanese Americans from owning land in many states.

D. Catholic immigrants from southern and eastern Europe Catholic immigrants were treated harshly, but their rights were not as limited as those of another group.

Question: How did the 1917 immigration law signal a victory for those who wanted to limit immigration?

A. It ended immigration from eastern and southern Europe. The 1917 immigration law did not ban immigration from those regions.

B. It set strict limits on immigration from Latin America. The 1917 law did not target a geographic region but population groups.

*C. It banned immigration of many types of individuals deemed undesirable. The law banned illiterates who could not read English or their own native languages and expanded
the list of undesirables prohibited from entering the United States to include "alcoholics," "feeble-minded persons," "epileptics," "people mentally or physically defective," "professional beggars,"
"anarchists," and "polygamists."

D. It banned the immigration of Roman Catholics and Jews. The law did not prevent immigration of religious groups.

Topic: Good Government Progressivism

books:

Municipal and State Reform

Conservation and Preservation of the Environment

Question: Why were cities at the forefront of government reform during the Progressive Era?

A. Progressive reformers usually lived in cities and thus focused their reform efforts on where they lived. While progressives were typically city dwellers, they attempted to
reform federal and state governments as well.

*B. City government had not effectively adapted to the dramatic changes that cities had undergone. Cities were at the forefront of government reform during the
Progressive Era because municipal government systems failed to adapt to the changes brought by immigration and accelerated growth.

C. Cities had more power than the state and federal government during the Progressive Era. The state and federal governments had substantial amounts of power in this era.

D. Progressive reformers found it easier to reform city government than other levels of government. Progressives attempted to reform federal and state governments as well.

Question: What was the commission form of government?

A. City council members but no mayor The commission form of government did not consist of city council members without a mayor.

B. A mayor and city council The commission form of government replaced the typical mayor and city council form of municipal government.

*C. Independently elected commissioners who each ran a municipal department The commission form of government consisted of elected commissioners who ran a municipal
department as if it were a business.

D. Commissioners chosen by an elected mayor The commission form of government did not include mayors.

Question: What was the purpose of the commission form of government?

A. To increase the representation from all sections of the city The commission form of government was not created to address geographical representation.

*B. To make city government function in a more businesslike and efficient manner The purpose of the commission form of government was to make the city government
function like a business.

C. To centralize power in a strong mayor The commission form of government did not include a mayor.

D. To obtain a wider pool of candidates for civic office The purpose of the commission form of government was not to obtain a wider pool of candidates for civic office but to improve
administration.

Question: What was the original purpose of adopting the primary election system?

A. To further disenfranchise African Americans While progressives in the South used the primary to further disenfranchise African Americans, that was not the original purpose of the
reform.

*B. To break the power of political machines To help overturn political machines, reformers adopted direct primaries so that voters could select candidates rather than allowing a
handful of politicians to decide elections behind closed doors.

C. To increase the power of the Democratic Party The purpose of adopting the primary election was not to increase the power of the Democratic Party.

D. To provide working-class whites a stronger voice in politics The purpose of the primary was not to increase the political power of working class whites.

Question: Why is Robert M. La Follette important to the Progressive movement?

A. A Democratic mayor in Ohio, he opposed Progressive reforms. La Follette was not a Democratic mayor in Toledo, Ohio, who opposed Progressive reforms.

B. A Republican mayor of New York, he enacted a number of Progressive reforms. La Follette was not a Republican mayor of New York, although he did push for many Progressive
reforms.

C. A Democratic member of Congress, he gave many speeches in favor of Progressive reforms. La Follette was not a Democratic member of Congress, although he did speak in
favor of reforms.

*D. A Republican governor of Wisconsin, he initiated a wide range of Progressive reforms. La Follette was a Republican governor of Wisconsin who initiated a wide range of
Progressive reforms.

Question: What electoral reform was achieved by ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913?

A. Abolition of the electoral college The electoral college is still in effect.

B. Woman's suffrage Woman's suffrage was enacted by the Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920.

*C. Direct election of U.S. senators In 1913, three-quarters of the states ratified the Seventeenth Amendment, which removed constitutional authority from state legislatures to choose
United States senators and granted it directly to the voters. This constituted another effort to detach the influence of money from politics.

D. Use of secret ballots Use of secret ballots is not determined by the United States Constitution.

Question: What was the reason for the establishment of "at large" elections in urban elections?

A. To allow the Democratic Party to gain more seats in city legislatures The aim of "at large" elections was not partisan gain.

B. To prevent women from voting "At large" elections were not intended to discourage women from voting.

C. To encourage immigrants to vote in greater numbers The intent of "at large" elections was not to enfranchise immigrants.

*D. To prevent immigrants from voting together as a bloc To reverse the influence of immigrants clustered in ghettos who supported their own ethnic candidates and to topple the
machines that catered to them, municipal reformers replaced district elections with citywide "at large" elections. Ethnic enclaves lost not only their ward representatives but also a good deal of
their influence because citywide election campaigns were expensive, shifting power to those who could afford to run.

Question: How were "at large" elections used in the South?

A. To encourage greater participation among black voters Southern political machines were largely controlled by white supremacists.

*B. To prevent black voters from deciding elections Southern lawmakers diminished whatever black political power remained by adopting at large elections and commission
governments. Throughout the South, direct primary contests were closed to blacks.

C. Southerners did not adopt "at large" elections. Southerners did use "at large" elections to control the outcomes of political contests.

D. Southerners only used "at large" elections in rural areas. Southerners used "at large" elections in urban races.

Question: How did some American mayors implement progressive reforms in their cities?

*A. By reforming tax assessments, regulating utility companies and establishing an eight-hour workday Cleveland mayor Tom L. Johnson implemented measures to assess
taxes more equitably, regulate utility companies, and reduce public transportation fares. Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones, who served as Toledo's mayor from 1897 to 1903, supported social justice
measures by establishing an eight-hour workday for municipal employees, granting them paid vacations, and prohibiting child labor.

B. By increasing taxes on businesses and allowing workers to freely negotiate work contracts with employers Few mayors increased business taxes, and many passed laws
limiting the right of free labor contracts.

C. By consolidating public schools to save money for other reforms Many mayors constructed new schools to create jobs and more educational opportunity.

D. By relaxing child labor laws so that children could help bring more income into poor families Many mayors passed laws prohibiting child labor.
Question: Refer to the image Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir, 1903
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full size.

What is the message conveyed by the photograph of Roosevelt and Muir in front of the giant sequoia tree?

A. The federal government should not be involved in preservation efforts. It was not intended to discourage federal involvement.

B. Roosevelt would be the first to help cut the tree down to pave way for commercial development. Muir was a conservationist and would not have posed for a photo like this if
the tree were to be cut down.

*C. Federal control over the parks would be a positive development. The picture was taken shortly before Yosemite was declared a national park.
D. Roosevelt was opposed to federal control of parks. Roosevelt was not opposed to federal control of national parks.

Question: What was the goal of Gifford Pinchot, chief forester in the Department of Agriculture in the early twentieth century?

A. To open all public lands to private development Pinchot believed in the importance of preserving some public land.

B. To prohibit the use of any public resources for private gain Pinchot was willing to accept the use of public resources for private profit.

*C. To protect public lands while allowing companies to profit from them Pinchot sought to make the use of resources more efficient and reconcile public interest with private
profit motives.

D. To turn public land into national parks Pinchot was willing to allow private development of some public resources.

Question: Why did large companies support conservation policies during the Progressive Era?

A. They viewed it as a way to increase demand for the products of their industries. Large companies did not support conservation policies to enhance their industry as a whole but
their position in it.

*B. They saw it as a way to drive out smaller competitors from business. Large companies viewed conservation as a way to drive their smaller competitors out of business, as
they could better afford the additional costs associated with managing healthy and profitable forests.

C. They thought that supporting conservation policies would improve their image. Large companies did not consider the impact of this support on their image.

D. They believed that doing so would lower their operating costs. Large companies did not view conservation policies as a way to lower their operating costs.

Question: What was the significance of the plan to construct a dam and reservoir in the Hetch Hetchy Valley?

A. Gifford Pinchot argued it demonstrated that public interest and private interests could not be reconciled. Pinchot supported construction of the dam and reservoir as a way
of reconciling those interests.

B. It was a major defeat of Gifford Pinchot's position. Pinchot's position won out in this controversy.

*C. It helped launch the environmental movement. This incursion into a national park, the first since the system was initiated with Yellowstone National Park in 1872, helped spur the
development of environmentalism as a political movement.

D. It encouraged people to use less water. The construction of the dam and reservoir did not encourage people to use less water.

Question: How did racial bias shape the progressives' conservation movement?

*A. Progressives claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of white Americans. Racial bias shaped the environmental movement as
environmentalists claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of white Americans.

B. Progressives claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of Native Americans. Environmentalists ignored the interests of Native Americans,
as the controversy over Hetch Hetchy demonstrates.

C. Progressives claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of big business. Progressive conservationists tried to reconcile both the interests of
business and the public interest.

D. Progressives demonstrated a willingness to consider the perspective of all races in making sensitive decisions. Progressive conservationists did not consider the
perspective of all races.

Topic: Presidential Progressivism

books:

Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal

Taft Retreats from Progressivism
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Agenda
Question: Why did prominent progressives seek national leadership positions like the presidency?

A. The presidency was a powerful office at the time. The presidency had declined in power in the late 1800s; progressive presidents changed that.

B. They wanted to earn money from a national leadership position. Prominent progressives were not interested in increasing their incomes or wealth.

*C. They recognized that the problems were national in scope. Prominent progressives sought national leadership positions because the problems of industrialization and the growth
of big business demanded a national solution.

D. Since political bosses controlled local and state politics they had no choice. Prominent progressive leaders also won local and state office.

Question: What was the impact of Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt, two progressive reformers, on the office of the presidency?

A. Their aggressive pursuit of reforms led Congress to limit the office's power. Roosevelt and Wilson's aggressive pursuit of reforms did not produce a congressional backlash
aimed at limiting the office's power.

B. They had little impact on the office of the presidency. Roosevelt and Wilson had a substantial impact on the office of the presidency.

C. Their failures caused the office to decline in its power and importance. Roosevelt and Wilson did not cause the presidency to decline in power and importance.

*D. They reinvigorated the presidency and gave it more power than it had had in the late 1800s. Roosevelt and Wilson reinvigorated the presidency, which had declined in
power and importance during the late nineteenth century.

Question: How did Theodore Roosevelt view the office of the presidency?

A. As an administration position Theodore Roosevelt took an activist view of the presidency.

*B. As a platform from which he could promote his programs Roosevelt viewed the presidency as a bully pulpit or a platform from which he could promote his programs and rally the
American people.

C. As a position subservient to Congress Roosevelt saw the presidency as an activist position.

D. As a position that should focus on foreign affairs Roosevelt was involved in domestic issues as well as foreign affairs.

Question: What was the primary goal of Roosevelt's Square Deal?

A. To wrest power from corporations The primary goal of Roosevelt's Square Deal was not to break the power of corporations.

B. To give workers collective bargaining rights The primary goal of Roosevelt's Square Deal was not to pass labor legislation that would provide workers with collective bargaining rights.

*C. To give the nation political and economic stability Theodore Roosevelt sought to provide economic and political stability through his Square Deal.
D. To advance the interests of the United States as an imperial power The Square Deal was aimed at domestic rather than foreign policy.

Question: What was the significance of Roosevelt's decision to sue companies under the Sherman Antitrust Act?

A. It showed his willingness to levy an income tax. Roosevelt's use of the Sherman Antitrust Act did not involve income tax.

B. It made clear that he supported workers' right to unionize. Roosevelt's use of the Sherman Antitrust Act did not involve unionization.

C. It revealed that he embraced Taft's interpretation of that act. Roosevelt preceded Taft and did not agree with him on use of the Sherman Act.

*D. It demonstrated the federal government's willingness to regulate business. Roosevelt affirmed the national government's ability to regulate business trusts that violated the
public interests by suing a company under the Sherman Antitrust Act for the first time.

Question: According to Theodore Roosevelt, what made a trust a "good" trust?

A. "Good" trusts controlled less of an industry than "bad" trusts, which had no true competition. Roosevelt distinguished between "good" and "bad" trusts on the basis of
actions rather than market share.

B. "Good" trusts were those in industries vital to national security. Roosevelt distinguished between "good" and "bad" trusts on the basis of actions rather than industry.

*C. "Good" trusts acted responsibly and "bad" trusts did not. According to Roosevelt, "good" trusts acted responsibly in the public interest, while "bad" trusts abused their power and
hurt consumers.

D. "Good" trusts were temporary in nature while "bad" trusts were permanent. Roosevelt distinguished between "good" and "bad" trusts on the basis of actions rather than
longevity.

Question: What earned Theodore Roosevelt the title of trust-buster?

A. Convincing Congress to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act before Roosevelt became president.

*B. Initiating many lawsuits under the Sherman Antitrust Act Roosevelt earned the title "trust buster" by initiating twenty-five lawsuits under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
C. Lobbying Congress to pass a law outlawing all trusts Roosevelt did not lobby Congress to pass a law that would outlaw all trusts.

D. Using the presidency to speak out against all trusts Roosevelt did not speak out against all trusts.

Question: What was an impact of passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906?

A. Helping smaller firms gain a bigger share of the meat market The Meat Inspection Act hurt smaller firms rather than helping them.

B. Angering consumers by reducing meat inspection The Meat Inspection Act increased the requirements for meat inspection.
*C. Increasing meatpackers' ability to sell products abroad The largest and most efficient meat-packing firms had good financial reason to support reform as well. They were losing
money because European importers refused to purchase tainted meat.

D. Introducing European companies to the American market because they were exempt from inspection The Meat Inspection Act did not help European companies enter the
American market.

Question: What was the significance of Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle?

*A. Prompted passage of the Meat Inspection Act The Jungle outraged readers over the dangerous and filthy conditions in the meat-packing industry and helped convince Congress to
pass the Meat Inspection Act.

B. Outraged readers with its description of white slavery The Jungle did not describe white slavery.

C. Prompted municipal reform with its depiction of corrupt city politics The Jungle did not address municipal government.

D. Angered readers over the high wages paid to immigrants The Jungle did not anger readers over high wages paid to immigrants.

Question: Why did African Americans believe that President Theodore Roosevelt would give them a square deal?

A. He took steps to end lynching in the South. While he denounced lynching, Roosevelt did not take steps to end it.

B. He actively campaigned to end restrictions on blacks' voting rights. Roosevelt took no significant steps to ease these restrictions.

*C. Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to the White House and also appointed black Republicans to some federal posts in the South. In his first term, Roosevelt
invited Booker T. Washington to a dinner at the White House and dismissed criticism of the action; he also supported the appointment of a few black Republicans to federal posts in the South.

D. Roosevelt openly rejected the popular racist ideas of eugenics. Roosevelt supported the racist ideas of eugenics.

Question: What was the significance of the Brownsville, Texas, incident in 1906 to President Theodore Roosevelt's relationship with African Americans?

A. He used federal troops to defend the right of African Americans to vote. Roosevelt did not use federal troops to defend the right of African Americans to vote.

B. He prosecuted white residents for lynching a black soldier. Roosevelt did not use the federal government's power to persecute white residents for lynching a black soldier.

C. He turned his back on African Americans in the wake of a race riot. The Brownsville incident did not involve a race riot.

*D. He punished African American soldiers without investigating the charges against them. Roosevelt allowed the "legal lynching" of African American soldiers by never
doubting the accusations of white residents that the black soldiers killed one man.

Question: How did President Roosevelt end the Pennsylvania coal strike of 1902?

A. He threatened to send troops to force the strikers back to work. Roosevelt did not side against the workers.

B. He introduced legislation that forced companies to negotiate with workers. The strike was not ended through legislation.

*C. He threatened to have the government take over the mines to end the dispute. Roosevelt threatened to dispatch federal troops to take over and run the mines. When the
owners backed down, the president established a commission that hammered out a compromise, which raised wages and reduced working hours but did not recognize the union.

D. He helped negotiate a compromise. The strike was not settled through negotiation.

Question: Which of the following statements describes Roosevelt's second term?

A. After narrowly winning reelection, Roosevelt backed off his antitrust reform agenda. He did not narrowly win the election.

B. Roosevelt was very unpopular in his second term and had a hard time getting his agenda through Congress. Roosevelt was extremely popular.

*C. After soundly defeating his opponent, Roosevelt actively pursued his reformist agenda. Soaring in popularity, Roosevelt easily won reelection in 1904. During the next four
years, the president applied antitrust laws even more vigorously than before.

D. Foreign affairs distracted Roosevelt from completing his reformist agenda. Roosevelt was not distracted by foreign affairs.

Question: What was the difference between Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft's view of the presidency?

*A. Taft had a narrower view of the office than Roosevelt. Taft had a narrower view of the office of the presidency and its ability to shape public opinion than Roosevelt.
B. Taft believed that Roosevelt had weakened the presidency. Taft did not take the position that Roosevelt had weakened the presidency.

C. Taft argued that the presidency was a "bully pulpit." "Bully pulpit" was Roosevelt's phrase.

D. Taft thought the president should focus on foreign affairs. Taft did not make that assertion.

Question: What was the significance of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff in relation to the presidency of William Howard Taft?

A. Taft alienated key progressive leaders by campaigning for the tariff. Taft did not campaign for the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.

*B. Taft alienated key progressive leaders by signing the tariff into law. Taft alienated key progressive leaders when he signed the tariff into law.
C. Taft encouraged progressives by vetoing the bill. Taft did not veto the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.

D. Taft lost the support of Roosevelt by rejecting the tariff. Roosevelt opposed the tariff, which Taft signed into law.

Question: What defined Roosevelt's philosophy of "New Nationalism"?

A. A less active federal government Roosevelt urged that the national government should be more aggressive.
B. An imperialist policy abroad Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" was not defined by foreign policy.

*C. A more active federal government The "New Nationalism" was defined by Roosevelt's argument that the national government should use its power to fight the forces of special
privilege and seek justice for the majority of Americans.

D. Superiority of states' rights over federal power Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" did not promote states' rights.

Question: What was the primary difference between Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom"?

A. Wilson urged more vigorous protections for African Americans than Roosevelt. Wilson did not suggest a more vigorous stance towards protecting the rights of African Americans
than Roosevelt.

B. Wilson supported woman suffrage, which Roosevelt opposed. Woodrow Wilson did not support woman suffrage.

*C. Wilson wanted a more limited role for the federal government than Roosevelt. Wilson argued that the federal government should only ensure open competition between
businesses while Roosevelt argued that the federal government should have a more active role in social reform.

D. Wilson advocated more economic reforms than Roosevelt but fewer social reforms. Wilson favored a less active role for the government in both economic and social issues.

Question: What was the impact of the split between Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft on the outcome of the election of 1912?

A. The Democratic Party lost control of the presidency. The Democratic Party won the presidency that year.

B. The Socialist Party supplanted the Republicans as the second majority party. The Socialist Party did not gain that much popularity.

*C. It cost the Republican Party control of the White House. Together Roosevelt and Taft had a majority of the popular vote, but because they were divided, Wilson became
president with 42 percent of the vote and a whopping 435 electoral votes.

D. They were forced to share the presidency and vice presidency. Neither Roosevelt and Taft won anything in the election.

Question: Why did Woodrow Wilson believe that he could easily gain support for his New Freedom measures?

A. He believed the Democrats in Congress would cooperate with him because they admired him. Wilson did not believe that the Democrats in Congress were willing to
cooperate with him because they admired him.

B. He believed his election gave him a mandate to rule that Congress must recognize. Wilson did not win a majority of the popular vote, hurting any claims to a mandate.

C. Wilson believed that the president could easily influence the Republicans in Congress. Wilson did not necessarily count on Republican support in Congress.

*D. Wilson viewed the president as a leader who would provide his party with a legislative program. Wilson believed he could easily gain support for his New Freedom
measures because he viewed the president as a leader who would provide his party with a legislative program.

Question: What was the significance of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution?

*A. It provided the legal basis for an income tax. The ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 provided the legal basis for the tax after the Supreme Court had previously
declared such a levy unconstitutional.

B. It legalized woman suffrage. The Sixteenth Amendment did not legalize woman suffrage.

C. It legalized African American suffrage. The Sixteenth Amendment did not legalize African American suffrage.

D. It banned the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The Sixteenth Amendment did not ban the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Question: What individuals were most impacted by the graduated income tax immediately after the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913?

A. The working class The working class was not affected by the graduated income tax.

B. Large corporations The graduated income tax was on personal income not corporate income.

*C. The wealthiest Americans Only the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans were impacted by the graduated income tax.
D. The middle class The middle class was not affected by the graduated income tax.

Question: What was purpose of the creation of the Federal Reserve System during Woodrow Wilson's presidency?

A. To expand the banking industry by opening it to foreign investment The purpose of the Federal Reserve System was not to open the banking system to foreign investment.

B. To privatize the banking industry to prevent financial panics While the Federal Reserve System aimed at preventing or at least minimizing the effects of financial panics, it did not
privatize the banking industry to do so.

C. To nationalize the banking industry to prevent financial panics The Federal Reserve System did not nationalize the banking industry, although it increased federal control over
banking.

*D. To stabilize the banking system The Federal Reserve System stabilized the banking system by preventing financial panics and also allowed banking to remain under private control.
Question: What was the purpose of the Federal Trade Commission when it was created in 1914?

*A. To investigate corporate activities and prohibit unfair business practices The Federal Trade Commission's purpose initially was to investigate corporate activities and prohibit
unfair business practices, although what that meant remained undefined.

B. To develop policies that would end routine bank panics The Federal Trade Commission's purpose was not to develop policies that would end bank panics.

C. To support and promote the growth of world trade The Federal Trade Commission's purpose did not involve world trade.
D. To improve the system by which stocks were traded The Federal Trade Commission's purpose did not involve the trading of shares of stock.

Question: What was the purpose of the Clayton Antitrust Law when passed in 1914?

A. To allow labor unions to be prosecuted under antitrust legislation Labor unions had been prosecuted in the past under the Sherman Antitrust Act.

*B. To improve competition by strengthening the Sherman Antitrust Act The Clayton Antitrust Law strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by banning certain corporate
operations, such as price discrimination and overlapping membership on company boards, which undermined economic competition.

C. To make antitrust prosecutions more difficult The Clayton Antitrust Act made antitrust prosecutions easier by strengthening the Sherman Antitrust Act.

D. To allow the Federal Trade Commission to investigate corporate activities The act that created the FTC empowered it to investigate corporate activities.

Question: How did Woodrow Wilson change his policies after the congressional election of 1914?

A. He abandoned progressive reforms for more conservative positions. Wilson did not abandon progressive reforms.

*B. He adopted several positions he had rejected before in the hopes of shoring up his support. Wilson's support for labor legislation and woman suffrage shows that he
placed political expediency ahead of any principles.

C. He dropped his New Freedom agenda and fully embraced Taft's positions. Wilson did not drop his New Freedom agenda but expanded it.

D. He dropped opposition to segregation in the hopes of retaining southern support. Wilson never opposed segregation.

Question: What was the significance of Wilson showing the film Birth of a Nation at the White House?

A. It heartened African Americans because the movie accurately depicted life in the South under slavery. The film did not accurately depict life in the South during slavery.

*B. It upset African Americans because the movie glorified the Ku Klux Klan. Wilson's decision to screen the movie at the White House upset African Americans because the film
glorified the Ku Klux Klan and denigrated African Americans.

C. Coupled with Wilson's appointment of blacks to important federal positions, it pleased African Americans. Wilson did not appoint blacks to important federal positions.

D. It marked a technological milestone as the first showing of a movie in the White House. The significance of showing the movie was political, not technological.

Question: What were Woodrow Wilson's policies on racial segregation?

*A. Wilson had no objection to segregation. Wilson contended that racial segregation was in the best interests of African Americans.
B. Wilson sought to eliminate segregation from the nation's capital. Wilson expanded segregation into government offices and dining facilities.

C. Wilson neither opposed nor supported racial segregation. Wilson did not either support or oppose racial segregation.

D. Wilson was convinced to fight segregation by talking with W. E. B. Du Bois. Wilson did not change his mind on segregation during his presidency.

Chapter 20: Empire and Wars, 1898–1918

Topic: The Awakening of Imperialism

books:

The Economics of Expansion

Cultural Justifications for Imperialism
Gender and Empire

Question: How did American businessmen view Asia and Latin America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A. Potential sources of labor At the time, migrants from rural areas and European immigrants provided cheap labor.

B. Sources of raw materials The United States had abundant raw materials for most American corporations.

C. Not worth much attention American businessmen viewed residents of Asian and Latin America as potentially important.

*D. A source of potential consumers American businessmen saw residents of Asia and Latin America as millions of potential consumers.
Question: How did American businessmen view their expansion into international markets?

*A. As vital to survival American businessmen viewed the expansion into international markets as necessary to counterbalance declining demand for consumer goods in the United States.
B. As a nice addition to profits but not essential American businessmen believed that demand for consumer goods in the United States was decreasing, making sales to other markets
important.

C. As a chance to compete with European firms for the first time American firms were already competing with European ones for customers in the United States.

D. As a chance to increase output of luxury goods Since Asians and Latin Americans earned far less money than American consumers, few could afford luxury goods.

Question: Why did Hawaiian leader Queen Liliuokalani voice the slogan, "Hawaii for the Hawaiians" in 1891?

A. She was concerned that American immigrants were buying too much land in Hawaii. While some wealthy Americans had become dominant forces in Hawaii, large-scale
immigration from the United States was not an issue.
B. She worried about the influx of immigrants from Asian countries. Liliuokalani was not worried about the influx of Asian immigrants.

*C. She worried about the growing power of American sugar planters. Liliuokalani voiced the slogan "Hawaii for the Hawaiians" because she was concerned that white sugar
planters had too much influence in island affairs.

D. She was concerned about the mass exodus of Hawaiians from Hawaii. A mass exodus of Hawaiians did not occur around 1891.

Question: What did the United States government gain in return for allowing American sugar planters in Hawaii to sell their sugar in the United States without
paying import duties in 1887?

A. Cooperation of Hawaiians in the effort to gain access to China The United States already had trade with China.

B. Access to a major commercial market in Hawaii Hawaii was not a major commercial market at the time.

C. The option to annex Hawaii in the future Annexation of Hawaii was not a consideration when the agreement was made in 1887.

*D. The right to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base Hawaiians and the United States agreed in 1887 that the United States military could use Pearl Harbor as a naval base in exchange
for Hawaiians selling sugar duty free to the United States.

Question: Which of the following accounted for the increased importance of American exports in the late nineteenth century?

A. The decolonization of Africa Most of Africa was still under colonial rule.

*B. Increased American industrialization The importance of exports to the United States economy increased dramatically in the second half of the nineteenth century, as industrialization
gained momentum. In 1870 U.S. exports totaled $500 million. By 1905 the value of U.S. exports had increased sixfold to $1.5 billion.

C. Decreased protective tariffs The United States did not decrease protective tariffs.

D. An increase in the value of the American dollar An increase in the dollar would not favor American exports.

Question: Refer to the figure Figure 20.1 U.S. Exports and Imports, 1870-1910
to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

Why did protective tariffs slow the rate of American imports?

A. The tariffs made imported goods less expensive. Tariffs did not make imports less expensive.

B. The tariffs prevented immigration, which decreased imports. The tariffs did not restrict immigration.

*C. The tariffs increased the costs of imported goods. Imports were restrained as tariffs artificially increased the price of imports.
D. The tariffs suspended trade with certain foreign nations. Tariffs did not suspend trade.

Question: What regions of the world imported the most American goods from the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries?

*A. Europe and Canada The bulk of U.S. exports went to the developed markets of Europe and Canada, which had the greatest purchasing power.
B. Latin America and Asia These markets were not as robust as other regional markets and did not import the majority of American goods.

C. Africa and the Middle East These markets were not as robust as other regional markets and did not import the majority of American goods.

D. India and the Pacific islands These markets were not as robust as other regional markets and did not import the majority of American goods.

Question: Who accompanied the first American businessmen seeking to buy land in Hawaii?

A. Mexican diplomats, who had stronger ties with Hawaii than the Americans Mexican diplomats did not have stronger ties and did not accompany American businessmen.

*B. Christian missionaries seeking converts As missionaries tried to convert native islanders to Christianity, U.S. businessmen sought to establish plantations on the islands, especially
to grow sugarcane.

C. Chinese diplomats who wanted to monitor American activity in the Pacific Chinese diplomats did not accompany American businessmen.

D. Native Americans, who had a stronger cultural affinity with native Hawaiians While there were more cultural similarities, Indians did not help forge ties with Hawaiians.

Question: How did Hawaiian leader Queen Liliuokalani's rule come to an end?

*A. White plantation owners, backed by American marines, forcibly overthrew her. In 1893 white plantation owners, with the cooperation of the United States ambassador to
Hawaii and 150 U.S. marines, overthrew the queen's government.

B. The Queen was overthrown in a coup staged by indigenous laborers who opposed her cooperation with the white planters. The Queen did not cooperate with white
planters.

C. A civil war erupted between opposing factions of laborers, which led to the end of the Queen's rule. There was not a civil war between different labor factions.

D. After being invaded by Spain, the Queen's rule was brought to an end. The Spanish did not invade Hawaii.

Question: Why did imperialists claim a right to rule other countries during the late 1880s?

A. On the basis of military power Imperialists relied on ideology as the justification for imperial rule.
B. Due to economic wealth of imperial countries Imperialists relied on ideology as justification for imperial rule.

*C. Based on an ideology of racial superiority Imperialists cited scientific studies claiming the superiority of the white race as justification for their natural right to rule other countries.
D. Possession of superior technology Imperialists relied on ideology to justify imperial rule.

Question: What was the message of Congregationalist Minister Josiah Strong's book, Our Country?

*A. Americans were obligated to spread their culture. Our Country claimed that American Christians—along with European ones—had a responsibility to spread the blessings of their
way of life throughout the world.

B. Imperialism violated Christian morality by subjugating other people. Our Country claimed that imperialism was consistent with Christian morality.

C. Americans should spread democracy around the world. The predominant message of Our Country did not focus on America's political system.

D. Imperialism was consistent with basic American values. Strong did not rest his argument on basic American values.

Question: What was the relationship between Christian missionaries and American commercial interests during the 1880s and 1890s?

A. Christian missionaries and American commercial interests did not perceive any relationship between each other. Christian missionaries and American commercial
interests did perceive that a relationship existed between their two interests.

*B. Christian missionaries and American commercial interests mutually supported each other. Christian missionaries and American commercial interests were connected as
Americans believed that converted Asians and Latin Americans would become consumers of American products.

C. Christian missionaries believed that American commercial interests harmed missionary work. While there may have been some instances of friction between the two groups,
they essentially got along.

D. American businessmen resented the interference of Christian missionaries. While there may have been some instances of friction between the two groups, they essentially got
along.

Question: How did secular intellectuals view American expansion abroad?

A. They rejected the cultural chauvinism associated with American expansion abroad. Few secular intellectuals criticized America for cultural chauvinism.

B. They argued that interaction with foreigners would destroy American culture. Few secular intellectuals believed that foreign cultures would impact American culture.

C. They believed that American expansion was bad for the working classes. Few secular intellectuals believed that expansion would negatively impact jobs.

*D. They praised expansion as it spread American culture. Secular intellectuals, such as historian John Fiske, praised the English race for settling the United States and predicted
that English society and culture would become dominant across the globe.

Question: Why was China a major target of American missionaries in the late nineteenth century?

Many Americans hoped that, under missionary supervision, the Chinese would become consumers of both U.S. ideas and U.S. products.

A. Because Christian missionaries went to combat the spread of Islam, which was becoming the dominant religion in China While there
were and are many Chinese Muslims, they have never been a majority.

B. Because Christian missionaries went to combat the spread of Orthodox Christianity, which was becoming the dominant religion in
China Orthodox Christianity has never gained a significant foothold in China.

*C. Because many believed Christianity would facilitate China's demand for American goods Many Americans hoped that, under missionary
supervision, the Chinese would become consumers of both U.S. ideas and U.S. products.

D. Because many believed that China would become a strong military ally of the United States, and Christianity would facilitate the
alliance The United States did not negotiate a military alliance with China in the late nineteenth century.

Question: What was the impact of the Depression of 1893 on American masculinity?

A. Middle-class men experienced a crisis in masculinity as more middle-class women competed for their jobs. More middle-class women did
not work as a result of the Depression of 1893.

B. Working-class men experienced a crisis in masculinity as more working-class women took jobs. Many working-class women worked prior to
the Depression of 1893.

*C. Working-class men experienced a crisis in manhood as they lost their ability to support their families. Working-class men experienced a
crisis in manhood as they lost their jobs and ability to support their families.

D. Upper-class men celebrated their ability to survive the depression as evidence of their manhood. Upper-class men did not celebrate their
manhood as a result of the depression.

Question: How was the "crisis of masculinity" connected to the imperialist spirit in the late nineteenth century?

A. Imperialists argued that inferior Asian cultures were more feminine and thus subject to conquest. Asian cultures were not portrayed as
more feminine.

*B. Imperialists argued that American expansion would be a proof of American manhood. In the late nineteenth century, with the Civil War
long over, many Americans worried that the rising generation of American men lacked opportunities to test and strengthen their manhood.
C. Anti-imperialists said that American men were too weak for imperialism to succeed. The crisis of masculinity was an argument offered in favor
of imperialism.

D. American men were required to join the army and fight for imperial gains to prove their manhood. There was no national conscription of
American men in this period.

Question: What was the message of Rudyard Kipling's poem "White Man's Burden"?

A. As white men were superior to non-Western people, they should benevolently rule them. Kipling's poem claimed that white men could uplift
non-Western people rather than leave them always inferior.

B. White men should undertake missionary work in non-Western countries but reject imperialism. Kipling's poem supported imperialism.

C. White men should reject imperialism and allow non-Western countries to govern themselves. Kipling's poem supported imperialism.

*D. White men should take on the burden of bringing Western civilization to non-Western people. Kipling's poem claimed that white men
should take on the burden of bringing Western civilization to non-Western people and lift them from their inferior status.

Question: Who comprised the jingoists in the late 1800s?

A. Those who strongly opposed imperialism Jingoists generally supported imperialism.

B. Those who feared that imperialism would cause massive, unwanted immigration from Asia Jingoists supported imperialism.

C. Men who claimed that war hurt their masculinity Jingoists viewed war as a way to prove the masculinity of American men.

*D. Those who viewed war favorably Jingoists were those who viewed war favorably as a way to prove their masculinity.
Question: How did the Naval Act of 1890 support Alfred Thayer Mahan's ideas?

A. By moving ships to the Pacific, it supported his argument for concentrating American power there. The Naval Act addressed construction of
ships, not where they would be deployed.

*B. By ordering construction of more naval ships, it increased naval power. The Naval Act of 1890 expanded the American naval fleet, which
coincided with Mahan's support for a strong navy.

C. By expanding the American merchant marine, it reflected his recommendations. The Naval Act did not mandate construction of merchant
marine vessels.

D. By reducing the size of the navy, it echoed his thinking about where to invest military resources. Mahan favored a strong navy and
merchant marine.

Question: How did women political activists threaten American masculinity in the late 1800s?

*A. Men feared that woman suffrage would feminize politics. Women political activists threatened American masculinity by threatening to feminize
politics.

B. Men feared that women would feminize the country if they became politicians. Men did not fear that women would become politicians.

C. Men feared that women would feminize American businesses. Men did not fear that women would feminize American businesses.

D. Men feared that women would not support imperialism. American women did support imperialism.

Question: Why did some Americans worry that American men were losing their manhood in the late nineteenth century?

A. They feared that with the growth of women's rights women would displace men in the workplace. Few feared women would displace men in
the workplace, though many feared women's rights.

B. Defeats in battles with Native Americans had crippled American masculinity. While Americans lost significant battles during the Plains wars,
most Americans perceived Indians to be defeated peoples.

*C. The lack of opportunity for war was making men weak. In the late nineteenth century, with the Civil War long over, many people in the United
States worried that the rising generation of U.S. men lacked opportunities to test and strengthen their manhood.

D. The rising rate of interracial marriages threatened white masculinity. There were not rising numbers of interracial marriages in the late
nineteenth century.

Question: Refer to the poem to answer the following question:

Take up the White Man's burden—

Send forth the best ye breed—

Go, bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need;

To wait, in heavy harness,

On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught sullen peoples,

Half devil and half child. . . ."

What does Kipling intend to convey with this passage?

A. The domestication of livestock is the key to civilization, and introducing it to less civilized people was the burden of white men.
Kipling does not make reference to animal domestication.

*B. The indigenous people of the world are like children with no parents, and it is the burden of white men to raise the children.
Kipling's description in the last line suggests that non-Westerners are like children in need of guidance.

C. Slavery should be re-imposed around the world. While Kipling supported imperial projects that dramatically exploited indigenous peoples, he does
not advocate slavery.

D. Imperialism is not worth the cost. Kipling was a strong supporter of imperialism.

Question: How did Alfred T. Mahan view the increase in the size of the American naval fleet?

*A. As a jingoist, Mahan enthusiastically supported it. Mahan and Roosevelt promoted naval power, and by 1900, the United States fleet contained
seventeen battleships and six armored cruisers, making it the third most powerful navy in the world, up from twelfth place in 1880. Having built a powerful navy,
the United States would soon find opportunities to use it.

B. As a pacifist, Mahan was opposed to the increase. Mahan wrote books in which he argued for the importance of sea power; he was not a pacifist.

C. As a proponent of free trade, he thought the increase would be harmful to American commerce. Mahan argued that a strong navy was vital
to protecting American overseas trade.

D. As an isolationist, he thought the increase would lead America into more foreign wars. Mahan was a proponent of American expansion
abroad.

Topic: The War with Spain

books:

Revolution in Cuba
The War of 1898
The Pacification of Cuba
The Philippine War

Question: In addition to independence, what did Cubans who fought against Spain in the 1890s hope to achieve?

*A. Land reform and racial equality The initial purpose of Cuban independence for guerrilla fighters was land for impoverished peasants and more quality
for Afro-Cubans.

B. A communist revolution that would remake Cuban society The independence movement of the 1890s had nothing to do with communism.

C. Increased trade with and annexation by the United States Cubans did not want annexation by the United States.

D. An economic revolution that would industrialize the country Cuban fighters did not seek industrialization.

Question: What factors allowed Cuban guerrilla fighters to achieve success against the Spanish army before 1898?

A. Assistance from the United States The United States did not initially assist the guerrilla fighters.

B. Better weapons and strategy than the Spanish The guerrilla fighters had an effective strategy but did not have better weapons than the Spanish.

*C. Tropical diseases and brilliant tactics Tropical diseases and the impact of a brilliantly executed war of attrition gradually wore down Spanish troops.
D. Spain's lack of an economic or political interest in the island Spain had an economic interest in Cuba and desperately wanted to retain control of its
empire.
Question: How did the notion of Cubanidad, pride of nation, impact Cuba in the late nineteenth century?

A. It led to calls for a closer affiliation with Spain. The movement around Cubanidad was a nationalist movement.

B. It led to calls for Cuba to join the United States. The movement around Cubanidad was a nationalist movement.

C. It helped lead to an end of strained relations with Spain. As a nationalist movement, it led to increased tensions with Spain.

*D. It led to increased support for independence from Spain. The Cuban War for Independence began in 1895 around the concept of Cubanidad—
pride of nation.

Question: How did Afro-Cubans respond to the independence movement?

*A. They were strong and active supporters of independence. Black Cubans, such as Antonio Maceo, flocked to the revolutionary cause and
constituted a significant portion of the senior ranks in the rebel army.

B. They were vocal opponents of independence. As the independence movement called for racial equality, black Cubans did not oppose it.

C. Afro-Cubans were not permitted to participate in the independence movement. As the independence movement called for racial equality,
blacks Cubans were not barred from participating.

D. Most Afro-Cubans sided with Spain. Black Cubans, such as Antonio Maceo, flocked to the revolutionary cause and constituted a significant portion of the
senior ranks in the rebel army.

Question: Refer to the image Cuban Revolutionary Soldiers

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements describes Cuban revolutionary soldiers?

A. They were all professional soldiers. As none of the soldiers are in uniform, they were not professional soldiers.

*B. They were of different races and ethnicities. The photo depicts Cubans and Afro-Cubans in the same unit, indicating that revolutionary forces were
multiethnic.

C. Revolutionary soldiers were well equipped. None of the soldiers has a uniform; some are even shoeless. Others are wearing tattered clothing.

D. Revolutionary soldiers were well paid. From the state of their clothing, it would appear they were not well paid.

Question: Why did the American government intervene in the Cuban struggle for independence just before it ended?

A. To protect the rights of Afro-Cubans The United States had little interest in the rights of Afro-Cubans.

B. To ensure that Spain retained possession of the colony The United States government wanted to end Spanish rule in Cuba.

C. To prevent a Spanish victory The guerrilla fighters were winning when the United States intervened in the Cuban struggle for independence.

*D. For political and economic reasons By intervening before the Cubans won on their own, the United States staked its claim for determining the
postwar relationship between the two countries and protecting its vital interests in the Caribbean, including the private property rights of American landowners in
Cuba.

Question: How did journalists rally public support for U.S. intervention into Cuba in 1898?

A. By framing it in terms of geopolitical interests American journalists ignored American geopolitical interests in Cuba and emphasized other issues.

*B. By presenting it as a question of national honor American journalists framed U.S. intervention in Cuba as a question of national honor.
C. By calling it as a religious mission American journalists did not address religion as a factor in favor of American intervention in Cuba.

D. By pointing to the economic advantages American journalists ignored American economic interests in Cuba and emphasized other issues.

Question: How did yellow journalism contribute to the Spanish-American War?

A. They provided the McKinley administration with space in papers to promote the cause of war. The journalists acted independently of the
administration.

*B. They whipped the public into a frenzy over the sinking of the Maine. Yellow journalism contributed to the Spanish-American War by providing
lurid coverage of Spanish atrocities and then by publishing wild and unsupported stories blaming the Spanish for the sinking of the Maine.

C. They used detailed investigative reporting to establish Spanish responsibility for the explosion on the Maine. American journalists
published wild and unsupported stories blaming the Spanish for the sinking of the Maine.

D. They published serious debates about the issue that resulted in favor of a declaration of war. American journalists did not publish any
serious debates about going to war.

Question: What expansionist action did President William McKinley take shortly after Congress declared war on Spain in 1898?

*A. Annexing the Hawaiian Islands The president signaled the broader expansionist concerns behind the war when shortly after it began, he successfully
steered a Hawaiian annexation treaty through Congress.

B. Declaring the goal of seizing Cuba McKinley never stated that as a goal.

C. Making a claim on Alaska The United States had purchased Alaska three decades earlier.

D. Issuing a new Monroe Doctrine McKinley did not issue a new version of the Monroe Doctrine.

Question: How were African American soldiers in the Spanish-American War treated by Americans?

A. They were celebrated as soldiers. African American soldiers were not celebrated during the Spanish-American War.

*B. They were treated with disdain and hostility. As more and more black troops arrived in southern ports for deployment to Cuba, they faced
increasingly hostile crowds, angered at the presence of armed African American men in uniform.

C. They were relegated to noncombat duty. African American soldiers fought in combat.

D. They were encouraged to remain in Cuba after the war. African American soldiers were not encouraged to remain in Cuba.

Question: What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War for American geopolitical interests?
A. They were limited because the United States only gained territory in the Caribbean Sea. The United States gained additional territory.

B. In gaining possession of Cuba, the United States took ownership of a valuable asset. Cuba gained its independence as a result of the Spanish-
American War, although that independence was somewhat limited by American actions.

*C. The United States gained valuable possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Spain
ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States and gave Cuba its independence with a strong American influence.

D. The United States was weakened by the need to give up its claim on the Hawaiian Islands in exchange for Puerto Rico. The United
States was strengthened by the war and did not have to give up its claim on Hawaii.

Question: What was the condition of the American military at the start of the Spanish-American War?

A. The American military was one of the largest fighting forces in the world. While its naval power had increased, the United States army was not
one of the largest in the world.

B. The American military had a large number of soldiers but few logistical capabilities to move them around the globe. Americans had
significant logistical capabilities at the start of the war.

*C. The American military had a strong navy but was severely undermanned. It was fortunate for the United States that the Cuban insurgents
had seriously weakened Spanish forces before the United States fighters arrived. The U.S. army lacked sufficient strength to conquer Cuba on its own, and
McKinley had to mobilize some 200,000 National Guard troops and assorted volunteers.

D. The American military lacked the support of the population. The population, influenced by yellow journalism, largely supported the American
military.

Question: What problems did American troops face in Cuba?

A. They had few Spanish interpreters to help deal with local populations. They had many Spanish-speaking troops and interpreters.

*B. They lacked experience and supplies and had poor equipment. American troops lacked battle experience; supplies were inadequate; their
uniforms were not suited for the hot, humid climate of a Cuban summer; and the soldiers did not have immunity from tropical diseases.

C. They had logistical difficulties moving troops onto the island. The American navy had strong logistical capabilities.

D. Lack of support from the Congress Congress strongly supported the war effort.

Question: What was the leading cause of death for American soldiers in the Spanish-American War?

A. Infections from battle wounds While infections from wounds caused deaths, they were not the leading cause of death.

B. Battlefield casualties While many died on the battlefield, this was not the leading cause of death.

*C. Death from disease During this war, 460 U.S. soldiers died in combat, far fewer than the more than 5,000 who lost their lives to disease.
D. Casualties from mines Mines were not a leading cause of death in this war.

Question: What did President McKinley insist was necessary before Cuban independence?

*A. American occupation to ensure peace President McKinley and his supporters insisted that pacification was necessary before Cuban independence.
B. Equality for Afro-Cubans President McKinley did not insist that equality for Afro-Cubans was necessary before Cuban independence.

C. Universal manhood suffrage President McKinley did not insist that universal manhood suffrage was necessary before Cuban independence.

D. Economic development President McKinley did not link economic development to Cuban independence.

Question: What was the purpose of the Platt Amendment, passed by Congress in 1901?

A. To officially end fighting in the Cuban war for independence Fighting in the Cuban war for independence had already ceased when the Platt
Amendment was passed.

B. To create a free trade zone between Cuba and the United States The Platt Amendment had political rather than economic stipulations.

C. To establish Cuban independence The Platt Amendment left Cuba dependent on the United States government in significant ways.

*D. To ensure American control over Cuba The amendment prohibited Cuba's government from signing treaties with other nations without U.S. consent
and permitted the United States to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence and remove threats to economic stability.

Question: Why did the Teller Amendment, which pledged Cuba's independence from Spain, fail to deliver on its promises?
A. Cubans rejected the amendment. Cubans welcomed American recognition of their independence.

*B. Americans refused to accept Cubans as independent actors. Racial prejudice and cultural chauvinism blinded Americans to the contributions
Cubans had made to defeat Spain.

C. Americans had not supported the Teller Amendment, making it difficult to enforce. It was not lack of support that derailed the amendment.

D. Cubans were divided about independence, making the amendment hard to support. Cubans were not divided on independence

Question: How did the Platt Amendment ensure American control over Cuba?

A. By forcing Cuba to pay for the cost of the American war effort The Platt Amendment did not require Cuba to pay for American military
expenditures.

B. By calling for 100,000 American troops to remain in Cuba after the war The amendment did not call for American troops to remain in Cuba.

*C. By limiting Cuba's ability to conduct independent foreign relations The amendment prohibited the Cuban government from signing treaties
with other nations without U.S. consent.

D. By requiring a Cuban vote before America could intervene in Cuban affairs The amendment allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban
affairs unilaterally.

Question: How did American imperialists view the importance of the Philippines?

*A. A step toward entering the China market American imperialists viewed the Philippines as an important step towards the China market. The
Philippines could serve as a naval station for the merchant marine and the navy to safeguard potential trade with the Asian mainland.

B. An inconsequential area American imperialists viewed the Philippines as important.

C. An area that could serve as an ally American imperialists did not view the Philippines as a potential ally.

D. A land rich in natural resources American imperialists did not focus on the economic wealth of the Philippines.

Question: How did American politicians justify the United States governing the Philippines?

*A. By claiming that Filipinos were childlike and needed to be governed McKinley and his fellow Americans believed that nonwhite Filipinos were
not yet capable of self-government. Indiana Senator Albert Beveridge commented: "We must never forget that in dealing with the Filipinos we deal with children."

B. By saying that America's wealth depended on the action Imperialists rested their case on cultural rather than economic grounds.

C. By citing the need to protect American national honor American politicians did not cite national honor as justification for imperialist ambitions.

D. By arguing that doing so would result in more opportunities for Americans abroad American politicians did not justify imperialism by claiming
that imperialism would result in more opportunities for Americans abroad.

Question: What was the difference between how American imperialist and anti-imperialists viewed non-Western peoples?

A. Imperialists generally saw them as inferior but capable of being educated; anti-imperialists saw them as equals. Anti-imperialists did not
view non-Western and Western peoples as equal.

B. Imperialists generally saw them as inferior but capable of being educated; most anti-imperialists saw them as superior. Anti-
imperialists did not see non-Western peoples as superior.

*C. Both viewed non-Western peoples as inferior to Westerners, although they differed on the potential of these people to improve.
Both imperialists and anti-imperialists viewed non-Western peoples as inferior, but many anti-imperialists held an even dimmer view of the capabilities of people
of color than their opponents, rejecting the notion that Filipinos could be "civilized" under American tutelage.

D. Both viewed non-Western peoples as superior to Westerners and a serious threat to the continued survival of Western peoples. Both
imperialists and anti-imperialists viewed non-Western peoples as inferior.

Question: Which group was most likely to oppose American imperialism in the late nineteenth century?

A. Business leaders Business leaders tended to support imperialism, as they saw it as an opportunity to expand markets.

B. Members of the middle class Many members of the middle class supported the Spanish-American War and subsequent actions by the United States
government.

*C. Leaders of labor unions Union leaders feared that annexation would prompt the migration of cheap laborers into the country and undercut wages.
D. Newspaper publishers This group included the yellow journalists who were very supportive of the war and imperialist actions.

Question: Why did U.S. public opinion eventually turn against American imperialism in the Philippines during the early 1900s?
A. The desire to focus on domestic issues American public opinion was reacting to events in the Philippines.

B. The cost of supporting American troops during a recession The cost of supporting American troops did not turn Americans against imperialism in
the Philippines.

*C. Mounting casualties and a long, drawn-out battle against Filipinos With casualties piling up in the Philippines and reports growing of combat-
related atrocities, anti-war opposition spread in the United States.

D. Abandonment of imperialism by European countries European countries continued to pursue imperialist policies into the early 1900s.

Question: What was the attitude of American forces toward Filipino insurgents in the early 1900s?

A. Admiration for their courage American forces did not admire the courage of Filipino insurgents.

*B. Anger based on racism American forces expressed anger based on racist sentiments toward Filipino insurgents.
C. Respect for their perseverance American soldiers displayed little respect toward Filipino insurgents.

D. Surprise at their fighting ability American soldiers were not surprised at the fighting ability of Filipino insurgents.

Question: How did the American war against Filipino insurgents end in the early 1900s?

A. Arbitration of the conflict by a panel of European powers Fighting in the Philippines was ended by actions taken there, not by an arbitrators'
decision.

B. Granting of full independence to the Philippines The people of the Philippines did not win full independence.

C. The United States' withdrawal of its troops in defeat American troops were not withdrawn until the conflict ended.

*D. American military victory and continued control of the islands In March 1901, American forces captured Aguinaldo and broke the back of the
rebellion. For most of the next forty-five years, the United States remained in control of the islands.

Question: How did the United States defeat Spain in Manila in 1898?

A. Through a land invasion of Spain, Spanish forces were pressured to give up Manila to the United States. The United States did not invade
Spain.

*B. By attacking the Spanish colony with its navy At the outset of the war, the United States Pacific Fleet, under the command of Commodore George
Dewey, attacked Spanish forces in their colony of the Philippines. Dewey defeated the Spanish flotilla in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Two and a half months later,
U.S. troops followed up with an invasion of Manila, and Spanish forces promptly surrendered.

C. By paying Chinese mercenaries to invade Manila China was not involved in the Pacific theater of the Spanish-American War.

D. By purchasing Manila from the Spanish The Spanish lost Manila in a war with the United States.

Question: Refer to the map Map 20.1 The War of 1898

to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.

What were the similarities between the Cuban and Philippine theaters of war?

A. In both theaters, American air power was the decisive factor. Aircraft were not used in either theater.

B. In both theaters, Americans relied on chemical weapons to win the battles. Americans did not use chemical weapons in either theater.

*C. In both theaters, American naval power was the decisive factor. Admiral Dewey's fleet led the United States to victory in both theaters.
D. American naval power was not a factor in either theater of war. As evidenced by the sea routes on the maps, American naval power was a
significant factor.

Question: Why did progressives support the Anti-Imperialist League?

A. They believed American imperialism would pollute American culture. Their concern was not for the preservation of American culture.

*B. They feared that America would exploit indigenous people in conquered territories. Progressives who were committed to humanitarian
reforms at home questioned whether the United States should exploit colonial people overseas. Some argued that the United States would violate its
anticolonialist heritage by acquiring the islands.

C. They feared it would cause the United States to be invaded by foreign powers. Few progressives feared that America would be invaded.

D. They feared it would lead to terrorist attacks in the United States. Terrorism was not a concern of progressives.

Question: How did American combat deaths in the Philippines compare to those in Cuba?

A. There were significantly more combat deaths in Cuba. The majority of deaths in Cuba were related to disease.
*B. There were significantly more combat deaths in the Philippines. The death toll from combat was almost ten times higher in the Philippines.
C. There were roughly the same numbers of combat deaths in both theaters. The number of combat deaths was dramatically different in the two
theaters of war.

D. There were slightly more combat deaths in the Philippines. This is not an accurate comparison of combat deaths in the two theaters of war.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: " . . . they are unfit for self-government—and they would soon have
anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's wars; and . . . that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to
educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our
fellow-men for whom Christ also died."

On what basis did McKinley judge Filipinos unfit for self-government?

A. They were committed to Catholicism. The president did not criticize Catholicism.

B. They would quickly turn to communism. McKinley feared anarchy, not communism.

C. They would oppress women. McKinley was not concerned about gender issues.

*D. They were not Christians. The president made an explicit connection between civilization and Christianity.
Question: Refer to the image "A Bigger Job Than He Thought For," 1899
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the cartoon imply about the American war in the Philippines?

A. The war effort was worth the cost. The cartoon does not paint a positive picture of the war effort.

B. The Philippines had no resources, and the war had been a mistake. The cartoon does not reference resources.

*C. The United States was unprepared for the resistance in the Philippines. The cartoon shows Uncle Sam struggling to control a Filipino holding a
knife.

D. Despite initial difficulties, the war had been a benefit to both Filipinos and Americans. The cartoon suggests that both sides were still
struggling.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "When I next realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps
I confess I did not know what to do with them. . . . And one night late it came to me this way . . . 1) That we could not give them back
to Spain—that would be cowardly and dishonorable; 2) that we could not turn them over to France and Germany— our commercial
rivals in the Orient—that would be bad business and discreditable; 3) that we [could] not leave them to themselves—they are unfit for
self-government—and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's wars; and 4) that there was nothing
 g y y p ) g
left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God's grace do
the very best we could by them, as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died."

Refer to the image "A Bigger Job Than He Thought For," 1899

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What accounts for the different opinions about the war as expressed in President McKinley's statement and the cartoon shown above?

A. Each opinion expresses the view of a different political party. Support for and opposition to the war was not divided along partisan lines.

B. Progressives supported McKinley's position; the cartoon echoed the views of populists. The war split the progressives, and the populists were
no longer a political movement.

C. Labor supported McKinley's position; the cartoon echoed the views of corporations. The different positions on the war were not divided along
class lines.

*D. The different positions reflect differing perspectives on American imperialism. Though a majority of Americans opposed the war after it was
over, prior to the war many supported it. Americans were divided about how America should engage abroad.

Topic: Extending U.S. Imperialism, 1899–1913

books:

Theodore Roosevelt and "Big Stick" Diplomacy

Opening the Door in China

Question: What was Theodore Roosevelt's approach to international affairs as president?

*A. Preserve order. Roosevelt wished to use power to preserve international order and stability.
B. Scale back on American involvement in foreign affairs. Roosevelt was very active in foreign affairs.

C. Avoid military intervention at all costs. Roosevelt was willing to commit troops to protect what he saw as American interests.

D. Act as a peacemaker. While Roosevelt acted as a peacemaker in the Russo-Japanese War, that was not his guiding principle.

Question: What role did the United States play in the independence of Panama?

A. It resisted Panama's independence but failed to prevent it. The United States supported Panama's independence although not for altruistic reasons.

B. It joined Colombia in crushing Panama's independence movement. The United States supported Panama's independence although not for
altruistic reasons.

C. It supported Panama's independence secretly in order to hide its actions. United States did not support Panama's independence secretly.

*D. It helped Panama achieve independence in order to build a canal there. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt supported a pro-American
uprising by sending warships to Panama to prevent the Colombians from quashing the insurrection. Roosevelt quickly recognized the new government of Panama
and signed a treaty with it, gaining the right to build the Panama Canal.

Question: In what regions did Theodore Roosevelt focus on demonstrating American might as president?

A. Europe Roosevelt did not focus on demonstrating American might in Europe.

*B. The Americas Roosevelt focused on demonstrating American might in the Caribbean and in Central and South America.
C. Africa Roosevelt paid little attention to Africa.

D. Asia Roosevelt did not focus on demonstrating American might in Asia.

Question: What was the chief advantage that construction of the Panama Canal offered the United States?

A. Control over Panama The Panama Canal gave the United States a much more important strategic advantage than control over Panama.

B. Access to Latin American markets The Panama Canal gave the United States a much more important strategic advantage than access to Latin American
markets.

*C. Quick, easy travel between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Mahan considered a canal across Central America as vital to achieve faster access to
Asian markets and to improve the United States Navy's ability to patrol two oceans effectively.

D. A military presence in South America The Panama Canal did not provide the United States a military presence in South America.

Question: What did the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty grant the United States?

*A. The right to build a canal in Central America The treaty with Britain granted the United States the right to construct a canal connecting the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans.

B. The right to construct a canal in Panama The treaty granted the United States the right to construct a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
but not specifically in Panama.

C. Lower tariffs on American goods in Panama The treaty did not involve trade arrangements.

D. The right to recognize the independence of Panama The treaty did not involve Panama specifically but broader American interests.

Question: What describes Theodore Roosevelt's "big stick" approach to foreign affairs?

A. Create alliances with European powers to gain greater influence Roosevelt attempt to reduce the influence of European powers in Latin America
rather than forming alliances with them.
B. Invade Latin American countries to gain control of the region Roosevelt attempted to avoid invading Latin American countries, though he
threatened to do so.

C. Fight European powers for control of Latin America Roosevelt avoided fighting European countries for control of Latin America.

*D. Use military power to keep Latin American countries in check and prevent European interference there Roosevelt used threats of
American military power to keep Latin American countries in check and to prevent European interference in the region.

Question: What was the significance of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

A. It affirmed American opposition to intervention in Europe. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine did not address issues in Europe.

B. It pledged American support for complete independence of the countries of Latin America. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
did not guarantee the complete independence of the nations of Latin America.

*C. It established the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America if it wished. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
affirmed the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America to protect its interests.

D. It extended American protection over Latin America to the Pacific islands. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine did not address issues
in the Pacific Ocean.

Question: Why did the United States seek to extend its influence across the globe after the War of 1898?

A. To compete with Russia for trade on the seas Russia was not viewed as a major competitor by the United States.

B. To compete with China for trade in the seas China was not viewed as a major competitor by the United States.

C. To compete with Japan for trade in the seas Japan was not viewed as a major competitor by the United States.

*D. To compete with Europe for trade in the seas Once the war was over, and with its newly acquired empire in place, the United States sought to
extend its influence, competing with its European rivals for even greater global power.

Question: What was Theodore Roosevelt's goal regarding the "Open Door" policy toward China?

A. Encourage U.S. immigration to China Roosevelt was not interested in U.S. immigration to China.

B. Establish U.S. military bases in China The "Open Door" strategy focused on commercial access and not military interests.

C. Gain dominance in the Chinese market Roosevelt sought to maintain access to Chinese market rather than to dominate it.

*D. Protect gains made in China by President William McKinley Roosevelt's major concern was protecting the "Open Door" strategy in China that his
predecessor McKinley had engineered to secure naval access to the China market.

Question: How did the Boxer Rebellion affect U.S. access to China in the early 1900s?

A. It resulted in the United States having a military base in China. The United States did not have a military base in China.

B. It forced European countries to exit the Chinese market. European countries remained in the Chinese market.

*C. It forced European countries to grant the United States access to China. When the United States sent 2,500 troops to help quell a nationalist
uprising against foreign involvement known as the Boxer Rebellion, European competitors were compelled to allow the United States free trade access to China in
return.

D. It compelled the Chinese to accept a power-sharing arrangement with the United States. The United States did not enter a power-sharing
arrangement with the Chinese government after the Boxer Rebellion.

Question: Why was Roosevelt concerned with the Japanese's ability to drive Russia from Manchuria?

*A. He worried about rising Japanese military power. Roosevelt held mixed emotions about the Japanese. The president admired Japanese military
prowess, but he worried that if Japan succeeded in driving the Russians out of the area it would cause "a real shifting of equilibrium as far as the white races are
concerned."

B. It could allow Japan to dominate all of China. Japanese influence in China was balanced by influence from several European countries.

C. Russia had been a strong ally of the United States. Russia and the United States had good relations but no alliance.

D. He worried that Japan would spread its undemocratic government. Roosevelt was unconcerned with Japan's type of government.

Question: What was the result of the peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 that Theodore Roosevelt headed?

A. Japan agreed to give up control of parts of Asia as punishment for starting the war against Russia. Japan received concessions in return for
its support for the "Open Door" policy.
B. Japan received control of all of China and parts of Asian Russia as a reward for defeating that nation. Other Europeans controlled parts of
China, and Russia remained intact.

C. Russia agreed to support the American "Open Door" policy in China and received control of Manchuria from Japan. Russia lost control of
Manchuria to Japan.

*D. Japan received control of Korea and parts of Manchuria and agreed to support the American "Open Door" policy in China. Japan
received control of Korea and parts of Manchuria for supporting the United States' "Open Door" policy.

Question: How did William Howard Taft's approach to foreign policy differ from Theodore Roosevelt's approach?

*A. Taft emphasized investment in Latin America but was willing to use troops there. Taft focused on encouraging U.S. banks to invest in the
region while also guaranteeing economic stability.

B. Taft was more reluctant than Roosevelt to use military power. Taft was willing to use military power.

C. Taft focused more on promoting American interests in China rather than Latin America. Taft was active in Latin America.

D. Taft favored an isolationist approach that limited American involvement in foreign affairs. Taft rejected isolationism and pursued a very
active foreign policy.

Question: What describes Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy" strategy?

A. The United States gave countries loans for agricultural reform. "Dollar Diplomacy" did not involve loans by the United States government.

B. The United States gave other countries funds for economic development. "Dollar Diplomacy" did not involve loans by the United States giving
other countries funds for economic development.

*C. U.S. banks would invest in Latin America, increasing American influence there. Under Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy," private U.S. banks would
invest money in Caribbean and Central America in order to increase American economic influence in those regions.

D. The United States would contribute money to support other countries' militaries. "Dollar Diplomacy" did not involve funds given by the United
States to support other countries' militaries.

Question: How did Taft justify American intervention in Nicaragua in 1909?

A. By claiming that American values would improve the quality of life for Nicaraguans Taft did not claim that American values would improve the
quality of life for Nicaraguans.

B. By asserting that their presence would help spur economic development Taft did not claim that the presence of these troops would spur
economic development.

C. By invoking the superiority of American governing institutions Taft made no mention of the superiority of American government institutions.

*D. By referring to the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Taft invoked the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
Question: Refer to the image Boxer Uprising
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Why are the Boxers burning Bibles in the image?

A. The Boxer movement was Islamic and resented Christianity. The Boxers were not Islamic.

B. The Boxers were Communists and atheists and resented Christianity. The Boxers were not Communists or atheists.

*C. The Boxers resented foreign influence and Christianity. The Boxers viewed Christian missionaries as cultural enemies.
D. The Boxers were illiterate and rejected all books. The Boxers were not illiterate.

Topic: Wilson and American Foreign Policy, 1912–1917

books:
 Diplomacy and War
Making the World Safe for Democracy

Question: What was the difference between Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson's stated approach to foreign policy?

A. Both Wilson and Roosevelt threatened to use military power. Wilson did not intend to use American military power but hoped to rely on other
means of achieving foreign policy goals.

B. Wilson emphasized using American power; Roosevelt emphasized diplomacy and using moral persuasion. Roosevelt emphasized using
American power, and Wilson did not.

*C. Roosevelt emphasized using power; Wilson emphasized diplomacy and moral persuasion. Disdaining power politics and the use of force,
which Roosevelt had been willing to use, Wilson vowed to place diplomacy and moral persuasion at the center of American foreign policy.

D. Roosevelt wished to focus on Latin America while Wilson intended to concentrate on Asia. Wilson did not only focus on Asia.

Question: How effective were Woodrow Wilson's attempts to use moral diplomacy to influence international affairs?

A. More effective than Theodore Roosevelt's Roosevelt's approach did not rely on moral diplomacy.

B. Equally effective as William Howard Taft's Taft's approach did not rely on moral diplomacy

C. So effective that other countries modeled this approach Wilson did not really succeed, and other countries continued to use power to influence
international affairs.

*D. Largely ineffective and needing to be replaced Wilson's approach proved ineffective, and he had to resort to reliance on military force.
Question: Why did Wilson send U.S. troops to Mexico after the Mexican Revolution in 1911?

A. To support the creation of a democratic government Wilson did not support the creation of a democratic government.

*B. To protect American interests from damage Wilson sent U.S. troops to Mexico in order to protect American interests, especially in oil, from
suffering any damage as a result of Mexico's civil war.

C. To annex Mexico as a colony Wilson did not seek to annex Mexico.

D. To seize northern Mexico Wilson had no designs on the territory of Mexico.

Question: What was Woodrow Wilson's initial stance toward World War I?

*A. Maintaining strict neutrality Wilson initially maintained a neutral position in World War I.
B. Helping Great Britain Wilson did not provide Great Britain with aid in the early years of World War I.

C. Sending aid to Germany Wilson did not provide Germany with aid in the early years of World War I.

D. Pushing for American entry into the war Wilson made no effort to push the United States into World War I in its early years.

Question: Why was it so difficult for the United States to remain out of World War I?

A. The United States had greater cultural ties with Germany. The United States had greater cultural ties with Great Britain rather than Germany.

*B. The United States enjoyed greater economic ties with the Allied powers that increased during the war. America had closer and more
important economic ties with the Allies than with Central Powers, a disparity that would only grow as the war went on. The Allies purchased over $750 million in
American imports in 1914, a figure that quadrupled over the next three years. In contrast, the Germans bought approximately $350 million worth of American
products at the outbreak of the war, but by 1917 the figure had shrunk to $30 million.

C. Russia's late entry into the war weakened the Allied cause and increased Americans' sympathies for them. Russia entered the war at the
beginning; it pulled out of the war late in the conflict.

D. The American people had strong anti-British sentiments. Anti-British sentiments were strong among some groups, but on the whole Americans
tended to favor Britain.

Question: How did Germany and Great Britain's war strategies impact the United States in the early years of World War I?

A. The German blockade of Latin America and the British blockade of Europe disrupted American trade there. The Germans did not blockade
Latin America.

B. The British navy's policy of impressing American merchant sailors outraged Americans, as did German refusal to trade with the
United States. The British navy did not impress American sailors in World War I, and the Germans were eager to receive American goods.
*C. The British and Germans both worked hard to prevent supplies on American ships from reaching their enemy. The British navy
attempted to block the ability of neutral countries from shipping non-war items to Germany, while the Germans carried out a destructive U-boat war on foreign
shipping bound for Britain.

D. Both sides created effective blockades that seriously hurt American shipping. Germany did not impose a blockade on shipping to Allied powers.

Question: What was the purpose of the German use of U-boats during World War I?

A. To target and kill civilians The purpose of the German U-Boats was not to target and kill civilians.

B. To keep American ships in American ports The U-boats did not aim exclusively at American ships.

C. To target neutral countries like the United States The U-boats were not meant to target neutral countries, although they did impact those countries.

*D. To counter the British navy's blockade The U-boats were meant to counter the British navy's blockade of Germany.
Question: What was the significance of the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915?

A. It outraged Britain and led to expansion of the blockade of Germany. The sinking of the Lusitania did not lead Britain to expand the blockade of
Germany.

*B. It outraged Americans and led to calls for the United States to enter World War I. The sinking of the Lusitania outraged Americans and led
to calls for the United States to enter World War I.

C. American anger over the incident caused Germany to agree to stop using U-boats. Germany only agreed not to target passenger ships.

D. It cut off American trade with Britain as shipping companies feared further attacks. American companies continued to ship goods to Britain.

Question: How did Woodrow Wilson handle the crisis caused by the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915?

*A. He maintained American neutrality despite calls for war. Outraged Americans called upon Wilson to respond, with some advocating the
immediate use of military force. Despite his pro-British sentiments, the president resisted going to war.

B. He used the attack to call for a cease-fire in the war. Wilson did not call for a cease-fire after the attack on the Lusitania, though he did try to
negotiate a peace.

C. He dropped American neutrality and openly favored the Central Powers. Wilson tried to maintain American neutrality after the attack, but he
favored the Allies rather than the Central Powers.

D. He ordered a ban on further American shipping to either side as long as the war continued. Wilson did not place a ban on further American
shipping.

Question: What was the goal of the National Defense Act, passed in the course of World War I?

A. To bring the United States into the war immediately The National Defense Act did not immediately prepare the United States for entry into World
War I.

B. To expand Woodrow Wilson's loan program to Great Britain The National Defense Act did not expand Wilson's loan program to Great Britain.

C. To reinforce American neutrality by blockading European ports The National Defense Act did not institute an American naval blockade.

*D. To prepare the United States military for possible entry into World War I The National Defense Act expanded the army and navy to help
prepare the United States for entry into World War I.

Question: What was Woodrow Wilson's stance on American entry into World War I during the 1916 reelection campaign?

*A. He campaigned as a peace candidate. The Democrats adopted the slogan, "He kept us out of war."
B. He campaigned on expanding aid to Allied powers. He campaigned on the basis of continued refusal to enter the war.

C. He campaigned on decreasing aid to Allied powers. He campaigned on the basis of continued refusal to enter the war.

D. He campaigned on the basis of immediately entering the war. Wilson did not push for immediate American entry into the war.

Question: What was the result of Wilson's deployment of United States troops to Mexico in 1914?

A. American forces overwhelmed Mexican troops, and the Mexican government capitulated to American demands. Mexican troops were not
overwhelmed, and American demands were not met.

B. Mexican forces surrendered without a fight. There was fierce fighting.

C. Spanish forces came to the aid of Mexico, leading to a declaration of war. Spain did not join the fight, and there was no formal declaration of
war.
*D. A fierce battle ensued, leading to many deaths on both sides and to increased hostilities. 19 Americans and 126 Mexicans were killed in
the fighting. The situation worsened after Wilson first supported and then turned against one of the rebel competitors for power in Mexico, General Francisco
"Pancho" Villa. In response to this betrayal, Villa and 1,500 troops rode across the border and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico.

Question: Which of the following led to the start of World War I?

A. Germany's invasion of France This happened after the war began.

*B. The assassination of the archduke of the Austro-Hungarian Empire On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist, intending to strike a blow against
Austria-Hungary, assassinated the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, the capital of the province of Bosnia. This terrorist attack plunged Europe into
what would become a world war.

C. Russia's invasion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Prussia did not invade the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

D. The assassination of Tsar Alexander II The tsar was assassinated in the nineteenth century.

Question: What role did American banks play in World War I?

A. American banks loaned to both Allied and Axis powers in roughly the same amounts. American banks did not make the same-sized loans to
both sides.

B. American banks refused to make loans to either side. American bankers made loans to both sides.

C. American bankers loaned exclusively to Great Britain. American bankers made loans to multiple countries.

*D. American bankers provided more loans to Allied powers than to Axis states. The gap in financial transactions with the rival war powers was
wide; by 1917 U.S. bankers had loaned the Allies $2.2 billion, compared with just $27 million to Germany.

Question: How did Germany respond to the sinking of the Lusitania?

A. Hoping to bring America into the war, Germany ignored American demands to refrain from further attack and provide restitution to
the survivors. The Germans did not ignore the demands.

*B. Not wanting to bring the United States into the war, Germany agreed to refrain from further attacks and provide restitution to
survivors. Wilson demanded that Germany refrain from further attacks against passenger liners and offer a financial settlement to the Lusitania's survivors.
Unwilling to risk war with the United States, the Germans consented.

C. Germany used the sinking to push for a cease-fire with Britain. The Germans did not seek a cease-fire.

D. Germany denied involvement, blaming it on the British. The Germans did not deny involvement.

Question: What was Wilson's goal at the beginning of 1917 when the United States was still neutral in World War I?

A. To help the Allied powers win Wilson did not seek a victory for the Allied powers.

*B. To achieve peace without victory for either side Wilson sought peace without victory on the basis of self-determination, freedom of the seas, the
sanctity of international law, and the end of hostile alliances.

C. To punish the Central Powers for starting the war Wilson hoped the two sides would settle their differences through negotiating.

D. To enter the war so the United States could gain territory Wilson did not seek to gain territory through the war.

Question: What was the message relayed in the Zimmermann telegram during World War I?

A. Germany offered an alliance with the United States if it agreed to fight against Britain. The Zimmermann telegram was not between Germany
and the United States.

B. Mexico agreed with the United States to join the war only if the United States did. The Zimmermann telegram did not reflect an agreement
between Mexico and the United States.

C. Germany offered peace terms that the British rejected, costing them American support. The Zimmermann telegram was not between
Germany and Great Britain.

*D. Germany offered Mexico an alliance if the United States joined the allied powers and further benefits if the Allies lost. The decoded
note revealed that Germany had offered Mexico an alliance in the event the United States joined the Allies.

Question: Why, on entering World War I, did Woodrow Wilson call the United States an "Associated Power" rather than an "Allied
Power"?

A. To allow American troops to be used only in specific actions Wilson did not insist on using American troops only in specific military operations.

B. To avoid offending German Americans, whose votes were valuable Wilson took the step for foreign policy rather than political reasons.
*C. To keep the long American commitment to avoiding alliances With this language, Wilson retained the long-held American commitment to
avoiding entangling foreign alliances.

D. The limit American activity to support operations rather than combat American troops were used in combat.

Question: What eventually convinced President Wilson to enter World War I and fight alongside the Allied Powers?

*A. The desire to influence the peace agreement that would follow the war In the end, Wilson decided that only by going to war would he be able
to ensure that the United States played a role in shaping the peace.

B. The wish to punish the Central Powers for their aggression Wilson had little desire to punish the Central Powers.

C. The hope of gaining colonial territory Wilson did not seek to add colonial possessions by entering World War I.

D. The desire to offset the Allies' loss of Russia Wilson was led to enter the war for other reasons than to offset the Allies' loss of Russia.

Question: What was the primary contribution of the United States to the Allies in World War I in 1917, after the declaration of war?

A. Adding fresh troops to the fighting in France Few American troops arrived in France until 1918.

*B. Providing naval support and supplies American warships joined the British in escorting merchant vessels, combating German subs, and laying mines
in the North Sea. The United States also provided crucial funding and supplies to the Allies as their reserves became depleted.

C. Opening up a new front in southern France Few American troops arrived in France until 1918.

D. Convincing Russia to rejoin the war on the Allies' side After withdrawing from the war, Russia did not rejoin it.

Question: What was the primary contribution of American troops in World War I during 1918?

A. Providing a morale boost In 1918 American troops played a more substantial role in the Allied effort than simply providing a morale boost.

B. Donating needed supplies and equipment In 1918 American troops played a more substantial role in the Allied effort than simply providing supplies
and equipment.

C. Giving logistical support In 1918 American troops played a more substantial role in the Allied effort than simply providing logistical support.

*D. Helping push German troops out of France American troops turned the tide toward Allied victory and helped pushed German troops toward
Germany.

Question: Why were the Allies and the Central Powers unwilling to negotiate peace in 1917?

A. They were afraid a negotiated peace would never be accepted by the Ottoman Empire. The unwillingness to negotiate peace was not related
to the stance of the Ottomans.

B. They feared a negotiated peace would have to be brokered by the United States, whom neither side trusted. The unwillingness to
negotiate was not related to the identity of the broker.

*C. Neither side was willing to walk away from the war without significant gains. Neither side wanted a negotiated peace because each counted
on victory to gain sufficient territory and financial compensation to justify the great sacrifices in human lives and materiel caused by the conflict.

D. Neither side had many casualties, so there was little incentive to negotiate. The war killed unprecedented numbers of people by 1917.

Question: How did the United States respond to Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare?

A. Wilson refused to be provoked into armed combat and largely ignored the German declaration. Wilson did not ignore the German's actions.

*B. Wilson began to arm U.S. merchant ships. In response, Wilson used his executive power to arm merchant ships, bringing the United States one
step closer to war.

C. Wilson formed a secret alliance with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Wilson never forged an alliance with the Austro-Hungarians.

D. He decided to back the revolutionaries in Russia, hoping for help in curbing German aggression. The United States sent troops against
Russia, though at a later date.

Question: What offer did Germany make to Mexico in the Zimmerman telegram?

A. It offered Mexico ten million dollars to join the Central Powers. The Germans did not offer cash.

B. It offered Mexico control over African colonies if Mexico joined the Central Powers. Germans did not offer African colonies.

C. It offered to help Mexico conquer Central America if Mexico joined the Central Powers. The Germans did not offer to help Mexico conquer
Central America.

*D. It offered to give Mexico back the territory it lost to the United States in the Mexican-American War if it joined the Central
Powers. If the Central Powers won, Mexico would receive the territory it had lost to the United States: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Question: How did the Russian Revolution impact Wilson's decision to commit American troops to World War I?

*A. It helped convince Wilson that American involvement was necessary to make the world "safe for democracy." For the president, the
security of the nation rested on respect for law, human rights, and extension of free governments. "The world must be made safe for democracy," he informed
Congress in his war message, and he had concluded that the only way to guarantee this outcome was by helping to defeat Germany. This need became even
more urgent when in November 1917 the Russian Revolution installed a Bolshevik (Communist) regime that negotiated a separate peace with the Central Powers.

B. It made the president rethink deploying American troops to Europe. The Revolution did not make Wilson second guess his decision.

C. He decided that Communists were entitled to self-determination, and so he restricted American troop deployments in Russia. The
president did not argue that Communists were entitled to self-determination, and he did send troops to Russia to help stop the Communists.

D. It had no impact on his decision at all. The Russian Revolution encouraged the president to get more involved.

Question: What was the impact of the Selective Service Act of 1917 on American troop mobilization?

A. The Act had little impact, as most Americans refused to sign up for selective service. The Act had a significant impact on troop levels.

*B. The Act helped raise 3 million troops over the course of the war. The Selective Service Act of 1917 conscripted 3 million men by war's end.
Mobilizing such a large force required substantial time, and U.S. troops on the battlefield did not make much of an impact until 1918.

C. The Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and had no impact on troops levels. The Act was not ruled unconstitutional.

D. The Act raised small numbers of troops who had minimal impact in the war effort. The Act had a significant impact on troop levels.

Topic: Fighting the War at Home

books:

Government by Commission
Winning Hearts and Minds
Waging Peace
The Failure of Ratification

Question: What was the role of the War Industries Board during World War I?

A. To establish price controls for consumer goods The role of the War Industries Board during World War I was broader than establishing price controls
for consumer goods.

B. To establish labor standards for factories producing military supplies The primary role of the War Industries Board was not to establish labor
standards.

C. To take over private enterprise in order to make military supplies The War Industries Board allowed private enterprise to retain control of the
production of military supplies.

*D. To ensure that companies made needed military supplies The role of the War Industries Board was to supervise the purchase of military supplies
and work with private enterprise to meet military needs for supplies.

Question: How did Bernard Baruch increase the effectiveness of the War Industries Board during World War I?

*A. By recruiting staff from the businesses the board regulated Baruch increased the effectiveness of the War Industries Board by recruiting staff
from the businesses the board regulated.

B. By recruiting a diverse group of representatives from business and labor Baruch primarily recruited representatives from business.

C. By dramatically expanding the board's regulation of businesses Bernard Baruch did not dramatically expand the board's regulation of businesses.

D. By forcing companies to comply with government needs Baruch did gain cooperation by offering the carrot of lucrative contracts rather than the
stick of compulsion.

Question: What was the impact of World War I on women's access to jobs?

A. Women earned equal pay with men for the first time. Women continued to earn less than men for the same jobs.
*B. More than 1 million women gained access to jobs, although women suffered discrimination. More than 1 million women gained access to
jobs, but women still earned less money than men.

C. Women were blocked from industrial jobs and funneled into low-paying servant work. Women gained access to many different kinds of jobs,
and many women left work as servants.

D. World War I had minimal impact on women's access to jobs. World War I had a large impact on women's access to a wide variety of jobs.

Question: Where was the impact of World War I on the scope of government strongest in the United States?

A. On wages as a result of government adoption of a minimum wage The United States did not adopt a minimum wage during World War I.

*B. In regulating consumer goods and travel The war expanded the scope of the government through the regulation of consumption and travel.
C. Through expansion of the civil service The strongest impact on the scope of government was its involvement in Americans' everyday lives.

D. By taking over major industries The government did not take over major industries during World War I.

Question: What was the primary way that the federal government attempted to aid the war effort during World War I?

A. Through mandatory limits on consumption and travel The government did not impose mandatory limits on consumption and travel.

B. By imposing limits on wages and prices The government did not enact wage and price controls during World War I.

*C. By encouraging Americans to cut back on consumption and travel voluntarily The government aided the war effort by encouraging
Americans to adopt voluntary restrictions on consumption and travel, efforts that had considerable success.

D. By convincing Americans to work in factories despite the low pay Pay increased during the war.

Question: What was the role of the Committee on Public Information during World War I?

*A. Producing pro-war propaganda The role of the committee was generating government propaganda.
B. Providing information on casualties The role of the committee was not to publish information on wartime casualties.

C. Disseminating information on military operations The role of the committee was not to provide detailed information on military operations.

D. Censoring reporting by American newspapers The role of the committee was not to censor wartime reporting by American newspapers.

Question: Why did Woodrow Wilson perceive a need to rally support for American involvement in World War I?

A. Public support for the war flagged the longer the United States was involved. Public support for the war did not flag, and American involvement
lasted less than two years.

B. Anti-war sentiment increased after the United States entered World War I. Anti-war sentiment did not increase after the United States entered
World War I.

C. The public was confused about the purpose of American entry into the war. Wilson did not rally support for American involvement in World War
I because the public was confused about the need for involvement.

*D. The war remained deeply unpopular among Americans. The war remained deeply unpopular among Americans, and Wilson viewed loyalty and
enthusiasm as central to American success.

Question: Who were most of the defendants brought to trial under the Espionage Act and Sedition Act during World War I?

A. German immigrants German immigrants did not comprise most defendants under these acts during World War I.

B. Political activists Political activists were not necessarily those targeted under the Espionage Act and Sedition Act during World War I.

*C. Critics of the war Most defendants brought to trial were critics who merely spoke out against the war.
D. German spies Very few individuals actually engaged in espionage were brought to trial under these laws.

Question: What was the purpose of the American Protective League during World War I?

A. To spy on British Americans suspected of disloyalty The United States was fighting alongside Britain, so British Americans were unlikely to be
disloyal.

B. To hire people to spy on German troops The APL focused on people living in the United States, not German troops.

C. To act as a civil defense force in case of attack The APL was not a civil defense force.
*D. To spy on German Americans suspected of disloyalty The APL employed individuals to spy on German Americans suspected of disloyal behavior.
Question: What was the result of progressive efforts to control standards of moral behavior that emerged during World War I?

A. Laws banning prostitution Laws banning prostitution existed prior to World War I.

B. Laws banning drug use Drug use was not a focus of efforts to enforce moral behavior during World War I.

*C. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment banning sale of alcohol The effort to conserve manpower and grain supplies bolstered the impulse to
control standards of moral behavior, particularly those associated with immigrants such as drinking. This resulted in passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in
1919, prohibiting the sale of all alcoholic beverages.

D. Laws promoting marriage Laws promoting marriage were not passed during World War I.

Question: What were the central points of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?

A. The division of German colonial territories between France, Great Britain, and the United States Wilson's Fourteen Points did not include the
division of German colonial territories between France, Great Britain, and the United States.

*B. Freedom of the seas, abolition of secret treaties, free trade, reduction in military spending, and self-determination for colonies
Wilson's Fourteen Points included such goals as freedom of the seas, abolition of secret treaties, free trade, and self-determination for colonial subjects.

C. Religious freedom, democratic government, and a permanent alliance between France, Great Britain, and the United States The
Fourteen Points did not include a permanent alliance between France, Great Britain, and the United States.

D. The payment of reparations by Central Powers and the dismantling of their military forces The Fourteen Points did not include either
reparations payments by the Central Powers or the reduction in their armed forces.

Question: What was Woodrow Wilson's purpose in suggesting the creation of the League of Nations?

*A. To prevent future wars The League of Nations provided a forum for the resolution of international disputes so that wars would not occur in the future.
B. To provide a way for the United States to gain more influence in international affairs Wilson's aim was not to win more influence for the
United States in international affairs.

C. To guarantee free trade The primary purpose of the League of Nations was not to guarantee free trade.

D. To punish the Central Powers and reward the Allies The League of Nations was not designed to punish the Central Powers and reward the Allies.

Question: How did leaders of the Allied Powers view Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?

A. They accepted self-determination for colonial subjects but none of Wilson's other ideas. France and Britain rejected self-determination for
colonial subjects.

B. They accepted freedom of the seas and free trade but not self-determination for colonies. Britain rejected freedom of the seas.

*C. They rejected many of Wilson's points, wanting to punish the Central Powers. The Allied Powers rejected much of Wilson's Fourteen Points,
wanting to punish the Central Powers, although they did accept formation of the League of Nations.

D. They accepted Wilson's Fourteen Points as the best. The Allied Powers did not accept several of Wilson's Fourteen Points.

Question: Why, according to Woodrow Wilson, did the Russian Revolution increase the importance of the League of Nations?

A. It would provide a military alliance for capitalist countries to protect themselves from communist invasion. Wilson did not see the League
of Nations as a necessary military bulwark against communism.

B. By promoting world peace, it would allow communism and democracy to coexist. Wilson feared communism but believed that the League
would prevent its spread.

C. It could be used to fight Russian communists. Wilson did not intend for the League of Nations to be used to directly fight communism in Russia.

*D. It would prevent the spread of communism by allowing for economic growth in a peaceful world. Wilson believed that the League of
Nations would keep peace and allow for economic growth in capitalist countries, thus deterring the spread of communism.

Question: What decreased the likelihood of the United States ratifying the Treaty of Versailles when Woodrow Wilson returned home
in 1919?

*A. Republicans held a majority in the Senate and opposed ratification. Republicans held a majority in the Senate and Wilson needed two-thirds to
ratify the treaty.

B. Democrats in the Senate opposed the ratification of the treaty, and they held a majority there. The Democrats in the Senate supported the
ratification of the treaty.
C. Republicans in the House opposed the ratification of the treaty. The U.S. House of Representatives does not vote on the ratification of treaties.

D. Public opinion was against the treaty. Public opinion on the treaty was divided, but the balance of votes in Congress was what mattered.

Question: Why did Henry Cabot Lodge oppose the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles?

A. He wanted to decrease Wilson's popularity. Lodge did not oppose the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles to decrease Wilson's political popularity.

*B. He opposed the idea of collective security. Lodge opposed Article X of the League Covenant sanctioning collective security arrangements against
military aggression. Lodge argued that such an alliance compromised the United States' independence in conducting its own foreign relations.

C. He wanted the United States to have closer ties with Russia. Lodge did not seek closer U.S. ties with Russia.

D. He did not want Germany to pay reparations. Lodge did not oppose the treaty on the grounds of German reparations.

Question: How did Wilson attempt to push the Senate to pass the Versailles Treaty?

A. He tied the treaty to domestic legislation. Wilson did not link the treaty's passage to other legislation.

B. He rallied public support for the treaty in Europe. Wilson did not rally public support for the treaty in Europe.

C. He offered political favors to Republicans. Wilson did not offer Republicans political favors to pass the treaty.

*D. He tried to rally public support for the treaty. Wilson tried to drum up public support for the treaty by undertaking a cross-country speaking tour
that lasted several weeks.

Question: What was the outcome of Woodrow Wilson's attempt to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

A. The Senate ratified the treaty after Wilson's presidency ended. The Senate never ratified the treaty.

B. The United States did not ratify the treaty but joined the League of Nations. The United States never joined the League of Nations.

*C. The United States neither ratified the treaty nor joined the League of Nations. The Senate votes to ratify the treaty fell short, and, as a
result, the United States never joined the League of Nations.

D. The United States ratified the treaty and joined the League of Nations. The United States failed to ratify the treaty.

Question: Why did Woodrow Wilson fail to win enough support to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

A. The treaty was deeply unpopular across the United States. Opinion on the treaty was divided, and actions in Washington had more impact on its
fate.

*B. Wilson refused to make compromises that would have ensured its approval. In both 1919 and 1920 Wilson refused to accept reservations.
He ignored leaders of his own party who were willing to vote for the Republican-sponsored amendments.

C. Failure of European countries to ratify the treaty made it unpopular. European nations did ratify the treaty.

D. An economic crisis in 1920 diverted Americans' attention from the treaty. The treaty came to a vote in the Senate more than once, but it failed
ratification each time.

Chapter 21: The Twenties, 1919–1929

Topic: Social Turmoil

books:

The Red Scare, 1919–1920

Racial Violence in the Postwar Era

Question: What sparked the Red Scare of 1919–1920?

A. Rapid growth in the number of Communists in the United States after the Russian Revolution Support for communism remained tiny in the
United States even after the Russian Revolution.

*B. Fear that the Russian Revolution would inspire radicalism in the United States Fear that the Russian Revolution would inspire Communist-
inspired radicalism in the United States sparked the Red Scare from 1919 to 1920.
C. The infiltration of Communists into the United States government Communists were unable to infiltrate the United States government from 1919
to 1920.

D. Communist gains in Western Europe, especially Great Britain Communists remained small in number in Great Britain and Western Europe in 1919
and 1920.

Question: What economic factors in the United States contributed to the Red Scare of 1919–1920?

A. Unrest over the imposition of new government price supports Government price supports had been in place during World War I and were in fact
ended by the Red Scare.

B. Crop failures that sparked fears of massive starvation The food supply remained adequate in those years.

C. High unemployment and falling wages across the country Unemployment remained low during this time period and did not contribute to the Red
Scare.

*D. High inflation, a shortage of consumer goods, and widespread strikes Skyrocketing inflation, the unavailability of consumer goods and
companies shifted from wartime to civilian production, and several strikes organized by labor unions contributed to the fears that led to the Red Scare.

Question: What was the impact on the Industrial Workers of the World of government harassment in the 1910s?

*A. The organization shrank and never regained its previous large membership. The IWW, the major prewar radical organization, never
recovered from the government harassment that had crippled it during World War I.

B. The organization remained stable in its membership. The organization's membership did not remain unchanged.

C. The organization grew larger in outrage over perceived unfair treatment. The IWW did not grow larger.

D. The organization focused on developing chapters abroad rather than in the United States The organization remained American based.

Question: What event provoked the Palmer raids?

A. The discovery of a broad plot to overthrow the United States government. No such plot existed.

B. The deportation of thousands of immigrants across the country. The deportation of thousands of immigrants was a result of the Palmer Raids, not
a cause.

*C. Several bombings, including one explosion on the doorstep of the Attorney General's home In June 1919, bombs exploded in eight cities,
including one at the doorstep of the home of A. Mitchell Palmer, the attorney general of the United States, who then launched a government crusade to wipe out
Communist extremists.

D. Increased activity among African American organizations to gain greater political rights. Activity among African American organizations was
not a factor in the Palmer raids.

Question: Who was the primary group targeted in the Palmer raids?

A. Labor unions The Palmer raids did not target labor unions specifically.

*B. Eastern and Southern European immigrants The Palmer raids targeted eastern and southern European immigrants, who were believed to be
dangerous radicals.

C. Populist and Progressive reformers The Palmer Raids did not target populist and progressive reformers.

D. African Americans The Palmer raids did not target African Americans.

Question: What was the purpose of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) after its founding in 1920?

A. To support efforts by African Americans to obtain greater political rights The ACLU sometimes supported efforts by African Americans to obtain
greater political rights, but its purpose was broader.

B. To support attempts by the government to limit the scope of the Bill of Rights. The ACLU did not support attempts by the government to limit
the scope of the Bill of Rights.

*C. To protect fundamental constitutional rights The purpose of the ACLU was to monitor attempts by the government to reduce the scope of the Bill of
Rights.

D. To fight the deportation of immigrants under the Espionage Act The ACLU had a broader purpose than simply fighting these deportations.

Question: What was one of the results of the worldwide influenza epidemic?

A. It killed 50 to 100 million worldwide but largely bypassed the United States. The epidemic killed more than 675,000 individuals in the United
States.
B. It mostly impacted infants and the elderly rather than adults. The epidemic impacted adults as well as infants and the elderly.

C. It distracted the United States government from the rise of communism. The U.S. government remained focused on the rise of communism.

*D. It exacerbated existing anxieties in the United States fueled by the Red Scare. The influenza epidemic exacerbated existing anxieties in the
United States fueled by the Red Scare.

Question: How did public officials and news media react to the widespread labor strikes in 1919 and 1920?

*A. They lamented the violence but exaggerated the extent of Communist involvement. Public officials and newspapers decried the violence,
but they also greatly exaggerated the peril. Communists and socialists did support some union activities; however, few of the millions of workers who struck for
higher wages and better working conditions had ties to extremists.

B. They correctly blamed Communists for instigating the strikes. They greatly exaggerated the extent of Communist involvement. Communists and
socialists did support some union activities; however, few of the millions of workers who struck for higher wages and better working conditions had ties to
extremists.

C. Almost all fully supported the strikers. Many officials and news outlets criticized the violence.

D. Few papers or public officials discussed the strikers, fearing they would provoke more violence. The strikes were a major topic of public
discussion.

Question: What tactics did J. Edgar Hoover use during the Palmer Raids?

A. He rounded up suspected Communists on tax evasion charges and had them deported. While many were deported after the raids, Hoover did
use tax evasion charges.

*B. He interrogated suspects without counsel and held them without charges and never formally charged anyone. Authorities seized
approximately six thousand suspected radicals, took them to police stations, interrogated them without the benefit of legal counsel, and held them
incommunicado without stipulating the charges against them. Of the thousands arrested, the government found reason to deport 556. The raids did not uncover
extensive plots to overthrow the United States government, nor did they lead to the arrest of the bombers.

C. He struck deals with foreign leaders to identify suspected foreign Communists in the United States. Hoover did not cut deals with foreign
leaders inasmuch as he ran a domestic agency.

D. He fooled Communists into coming to fake vaccination clinics, where they would be arrested. This method was not utilized.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "As a foe, the anarchist is fearless of his own life, for his creed is a
fanaticism that admits no respect of any other creed. Obviously it is the creed of any criminal mind, which reasons always from
motives impossible to clean thought. Crime is the degenerate factor in society."

Why did A. Mitchell Palmer believe anarchists had criminal minds?

A. Thousands had been convicted of crimes. Palmer had many arrested but charged few and convicted even fewer.

B. He believed they were part of an international organized crime ring. Palmer believed they were fanatics, not well-organized criminals.

*C. He believed their ideas were so radical that they could only be explained by criminality. Palmer could not comprehend how anyone could
favor anarchical change and rationalized it by associating the ideology with criminality.

D. He had infiltrated many anarchist collectives with spies Palmer did not infiltrate anarchist groups.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal
aliens, and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn
between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws. An assassin may have brilliant
intellectuality, he may be able to excuse his murder or robbery with fine oratory, but any theory which excuses crime is not wanted in
America. This is no place for the criminal to flourish, nor will he do so, so long as the rights of common citizenship can be exerted to
prevent him."

Why did A. Mitchell Palmer make no distinction between the ideals and deeds of Communists?

A. He argued that the Constitution did not protect the ideals of any American. He singled out Communist ideals because he believed they were
dangerous to America.

B. He believed that all ideologies led to violence, and this justified the government's prosecution of thought and deed. He singled-out
Communist ideals because he believed they were dangerous to America.

*C. He believed that communism posed an existential threat to America, and this belief justified prosecuting all Communists He argued
that communism as a theory espoused violence, and therefore it was permissible to prosecute all Communists.
D. He argued that rights of common citizenship would protect the ideals of Communists. He argued that common citizenship could be used to
fight Communists.

Question: What were African Americans who migrated north in the 1910s seeking?

A. The opportunity to start their own farms Most African Americans migrated to cities in the North.

B. An urban life with greater cultural and educational opportunities African Americans who migrated north may have found more cultural and educational opportunities, but this was
not what they sought.

*C. An escape from poverty and segregation African Americans who migrated north in the 1910s sought an escape from poverty and racial discrimination.
D. Freedom from religious persecution. African Americans generally did not encounter religious persecution in the South.

Question: Which of the following describes the experience of African Americans who migrated north during the Great Migration?

A. The North was the "Promised Land" they expected from black newspapers. The North was not the "Promised Land" that African Americans expected.

B. They were excluded from gaining manufacturing jobs in the North. More than 100,000 African Americans found manufacturing jobs.

C. They encountered more violence than in the South when they tried to vote. African Americans typically encountered less violence in the North than in the South when they
voted.

*D. They found jobs but most were paid little. African Americans found jobs in steel mills, meatpacking, shipbuilding, and other industries but were relegated to low-paying positions.
African American women still primarily worked as domestic servants.

Question: Where did racial violence erupt in 1919?

A. The American South While blacks experienced racism and violence, southern blacks rarely attacked whites.

*B. Across many northern cities In 1919 race riots erupted in twenty-five cities throughout the country.
C. In the rural Midwest There were few instances of racial violence in the rural Midwest.

D. Most of the outbreaks occurred in one city, Washington, D.C. While racial violence did break out in D.C., it did in other areas as well,

Question: What was the role of black newspapers in the Great Migration?

*A. They encouraged African Americans to migrate north by promoting the opportunities for jobs there. Black newspapers encouraged African Americans to migrate North
by telling blacks of the opportunities they would find.

B. They encouraged African Americans to stay in the South with stories that focused on political organizing in the South. Black newspapers focused on stories and events
in the North.

C. They encouraged African Americans to remain in the South by providing them with their own newspapers. Black newspapers were not a community outlet for African
Americans in the South because most were based in the North.

D. They did not address the topic of migration and focused on reporting local community affairs. Black newspapers did address migration.

Topic: Prosperity, Consumption, and Growth

books:

Government Promotion of the Economy

Americans Become Consumers
Urbanization
Perilous Prosperity

Question: What principle governed Republican economic policy during the 1920s?

*A. The principle of laissez-faire The Republicans supported laissez-faire and thus opposed economic and social reforms; however, they used the government to support policies that
favored large corporations and the wealthy.

B. Strong government role in the economy The Republicans did not support Keynesian economic policies. Those policies were developed during the 1930s.

C. Higher taxes to fund social welfare programs The Republicans did not support higher taxes on the wealthy; instead, they reduced taxes on the rich.

D. Strong government price controls to limit inflation The Republicans did not support strong government price controls on goods and did little to control inflation.

Question: The American Plan attempted to improve the welfare of workers by

A. encouraging the growth of unions in multiple industries. The American Plan was designed to prevent the growth of unions.

B. promoting the hiring of women to increase family income. The American Plan did not promote the hiring of women.

C. bolstering child labor legislation and minimum wage laws. The American Plan sought to prevent the necessity of child labor legislation and minimum wage laws.

*D. encouraging business-sponsored worker welfare initiatives. The American Plan sought to encourage voluntary worker welfare initiatives, such as pension and health insurance
plans. This plan was designed to undermine unions and reduce their membership.

Question: What policies did the Republican Congress enact during the Harding Administration?

A. More government regulation of business and price controls The Republican Congress supported less government regulation and opposed price controls.
B. Higher income tax rates The Republican Congress favored lower taxes.

*C. Lower government spending and lower taxes Congress reduced government spending and lowered inheritance and corporate taxes during the Harding Administration.
D. Increased defense spending and new welfare programs The Republican Congress of the 1920s did not enact either of those initiatives.

Question: What was the impact of the American Plan and union-related court rulings on unions in the 1920s?

A. Unions flourished with greater government support. Both the American Plan and the court rulings did not support unions.

B. Union membership increased in numbers but as a share of workers remained the same. Union membership fell both in numbers and proportionately.

*C. Union membership dropped by 2 million and became about 10 percent of the labor market. Union membership fell from about 5 million to 3 million and included only
about 10 percent of the labor market.

D. Unions grew in reaction against these pressures. Unions were hurt by these pressures.

Question: What was the impact of the Teapot Dome scandal on the Harding administration and Republican policies?

*A. The scandal decreased Harding's popularity but not support for Republican policies. The Teapot Dome scandal decreased Harding's popularity but did not decrease support
for Republican policies.

B. Both Harding and Republican policies remained popular despite the scandal. The Teapot Dome scandal had an impact on Harding's popularity.

C. The scandal damaged the appeal of Republican economic policies. Public support for Republican economic policies remained constant after the Teapot Dome scandal.

D. The scandal increased support for Republican economic policies. Public support for Republican economic policies remained constant after the Teapot Dome scandal.

Question: What was the primary difference in the economic policies of presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge?

A. Unlike Harding, Coolidge increased the top income tax rates to reduce social inequality. Coolidge did not increase the top income tax rates.

B. Unlike Harding, Coolidge attempted to involve labors leaders more in his administration. Labor leaders were not involved in Coolidge's administration.

*C. Coolidge continued the pro-business policies of Harding's administration. Coolidge favored the same pro-business policies as Harding and continued pursuing them.
D. Harding was closer to labor leaders than Coolidge. President Harding was not closer to labor leaders than President Coolidge.

Question: What was President Harding's view on the relationship between government and business?

A. While his party supported fewer regulations, Harding favored more government intervention in business. Harding was not a proponent of government intervention.

*B. He believed business should influence government rather than the other way around. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, who was elected president in 1920, declared that
he and his party wanted "less government in business and more business in government."

C. He thought that government and business would always have different interests. Harding thought their interests were mutual.

D. He thought that government and business should remain separate. He did not believe that government shouldn't have relationships with business.

Question: What was the "trickle down" theory of Republicans in the 1920s?

A. Assimilation would happen as immigrants adopted the cultural values of the upper classes. The theory was not related to social policy.

*B. Lower taxes on the rich would spread wealth to the lower classes. Republicans believed that those on the lower rungs of the economic ladder would prosper once
businesspeople invested the extra money they received from tax breaks into expanding production. The theory posited that wealth would trickle down through increased jobs and purchasing
power.

C. Racial equality would come from the top down. The theory was not related to racial issues.

D. Women should be patient about achieving equal rights. The theory was not related to gender issues.

Question: How did the secretary of the Treasury, Herbert Hoover, impact government–business partnerships in the 1920s?

A. By forcing businesses to form trade associations Hoover did not force industries into these associations.

B. By constructing regulations that made businesses dependent on government services Hoover did not create regulations that were unfavorable to businesses.

C. By promoting regulations that favored labor Hoover did not promote labor-friendly regulations

*D. By encouraging less government control over industry Hoover believed that the federal government had a role to play in the economy and in ameliorating economic suffering.
Rejecting government control of business activities, however, he insisted on voluntary cooperation between the public and private sectors.

Question: How did labor fare in the federal courts in the 1920s?

A. Labor won significant victories that solidified their rights. Labor did not win significant victories.

*B. Labor fared poorly in the courts, losing rights to organize and striking privileges. Unions were damaged by a series of Supreme Court rulings that restricted strikes and
overturned hard-won victories such as child labor legislation and minimum-wage laws.

C. The court was divided on many labor issues. The court was rarely divided on labor issues.

D. Labor was determined not to have standing by the courts. The courts did not deny labor the right to bring suit in federal court.
Question: Refer to the image Teapot Dome Scandal

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the cartoon imply about the relationship between business and government?

A. Business had been corrupted by government. The cartoon implies that government officials were suffering from their own corruption.

B. Government officials were trapped by the power of industry. The cartoon implies that the corruption was of the officials' own making.

*C. The close relationship between government and business had led to corruption. The cartoon implies that the close relationship between business and government led to
government corruption. Interior Secretary Albert Fall sold off oil lands to private companies and received a kickback from one of the oil companies.

D. Government corruption was overblown. The cartoon implies that corruption was a big problem.

Question: What accounts for the high rate of economic growth in the United States during the 1920s?
A. Increased international trade International trade increased during the 1920s but does not account for the high economic growth of the 1920s.

B. Massive immigrant providing cheap labor Immigration fell during the 1920s compared to recent decades.

C. Use of natural resources such as oil and coal for industrial production Coal and oil had been used for industrial production previously.

*D. Increased efficiency through technology and scientific management The ability to apply technology and scientific management techniques to increase the efficiency of
industrial production accounts for the economic growth during the 1920s.

Question: How did the assembly line, which was widely adopted in the 1920s, increase the efficiency of industrial production?

*A. By emphasizing repetition, accuracy, and standardization of tasks First used in the automobile industry prior to World War I, the assembly line moved the product to a worker
who performed a specific task before sending it along to the next laborer, saving enormous time and energy by emphasizing repetition, accuracy, and standardization of tasks.

B. By allowing companies to hire fewer workers Companies did not necessarily hire fewer workers when they adopted the assembly line.

C. By letting companies cut wages. Adoption of the assembly line did not necessarily lead to lower wages.

D. Every worker on the assembly line could do each task. The assembly line was based on workers learning to do the same repetitive task.

Question: What was the focus of what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution in the 1920s?

A. Using natural resources for energy Using natural resources of energy was the focus of the first Industrial Revolution.

*B. Mass production of consumer goods once considered luxuries The Second Industrial Revolution focused on the creation of consumer goods that were considered luxuries before
such as a wealth of new labor-saving appliances made useful in homes by the widespread adoption of electricity.

C. Increasing the efficiency of professional services The Second Industrial Revolution focused on manufacturing.

D. Increasing agricultural efficiency through using machines. The Second Industrial Revolution focused on manufacturing.

Question: How did the automobile transform the lives of Americans in the 1920s?

*A. It permitted Americans to live and travel farther from cities than they had before. The automobile allowed Americans to live farther from their work and also travel to
destinations at greater distances from their homes.

B. It contributed to a decline in suburban living by the end of the 1920s. The automobile did not lead to a decline in American suburban populations.

C. It allowed women greater mobility. Few women drove cars during the 1920s and traveled alone.

D. It allowed Americans to migrate to other parts of the United States. Americans had migrated within the country for decades.

Question: What was the impact of the automobile on sexual norms during the1920s?

A. Parents gained the ability to travel on dates with couples to chaperone them. The automobile had the opposite effect on dating.

B. Because of cars, a majority of women and men had intercourse before marriage. Most couples waited until marriage for intercourse.

C. It allowed couples to travel on vacation while dating. Few couples would travel by themselves while dating.

*D. It allowed couples the ability to go on dates alone. The automobile moved dates from the parlor and into the backseat of the car, away from adult supervision.
Question: Why did the advertising industry focus on the personal psychology of consumers rather than the price or quality of their products during the 1920s?

*A. To convince people that they would be happy by purchasing goods Advertisers played on the unexpressed fears and unfulfilled desires of individuals by appealing to their
shaky self-esteem, hopes for success, and sexual fantasies to convince people that success came through consumption.

B. To bolster the self-esteem of consumers The advertising industry did not necessarily want to bolster the self-esteem of consumers but their demand.

C. To demonstrate that consumption was not an important part of success Advertisers wanted people to link consumption with success.

D. To help people solve real personality problems Advertisers did not seek to help people solve personality problems.

Question: How did many Americans afford the new consumer goods during the 1920s?

A. By working two jobs to earn more money Americans did not necessarily work more jobs to purchase consumer goods during the 1920s.

B. By seeking high wages at work Wages rose during the 1920s but did not provide enough income to afford all consumer goods.

*C. By relying on credit via installment plans Although average wages and incomes rose during the 1920s, the majority of Americans did not have the disposable income to afford the
bounty of new consumer goods. To resolve this problem, companies extended credit in dizzying amounts.

D. By waiting for sales or other promotions While Americas did take advantage of sales and promotions, this strategy would not provide them with all the goods that many desired or
actually purchased.

Question: What happened to American incomes during the 1920s?

A. Income growth stagnated. Income was not stagnant for most of the 1920s.

B. Income grew but only in the Northeast. Income growth was not limited to the Northeast.

C. Income decreased. Income did not decrease for most of the 1920s.

*D. Income increased. National income rose from approximately $63 billion to $88 billion in the 1920s.
Question: Refer to the figure Figure 21.1 Production of Consumer Goods, 1921 and 1929

to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

What accounted for the high rate of automobile sales in the 1920s?

A. Government subsidies to consumers The government did not provide subsidies to consumers.

B. The availability of many foreign-made cars There were few foreign-made cars in America in the 1920s.

*C. The development of the assembly line Perhaps the greatest innovation came with the introduction of the assembly line. First used in the automobile industry before World War I, the
assembly line moved the product to a worker who performed a specific task before sending it along to the next worker.

D. Increased manufacturing costs Manufacturing costs decreased in the 1920s.

Question: How did the growth of the automotive industry impact other industries?

A. It devastated other industries by stealing their customers. As cars were new, they had few competitors to put out of business.

*B. It fueled growth in other industries. Auto sales soared in the 1920s, from 1.5 million to 5 million, fueling the growth of related industries such as steel, rubber, petroleum, and glass.
C. It had minimal impact on other industries. The auto industry had a significant impact on other industries.

D. It caused other companies to abandon assembly-line production Assembly-line production was made more efficient by the auto industry

Question: How did American automakers convince consumers to buy their products?

A. By substantially lowering prices While low prices helped, manufacturers still had to convince people to buy these new products.

B. By partnering with the government to promote sales The government did not help promote sales.

C. By offering lifetime warranties on cars The industry did not offer lifetime warranties.

*D. Through advertising and marketing Although Ford and his fellow manufacturers succeeded in lowering prices, they still had to convince Americans to spend their hard-earned money
to purchase their products. Turning for help to the fledgling advertising industry, manufacturers nearly tripled their spending on advertising over the course of the 1920s.

Question: How did cities help promote the spread of consumerism?

A. Cities had small poor populations, making it easier for companies to market goods in urban areas. While goods were marketed in urban areas, most cities had significant
numbers of poor.

B. Cities attracted large numbers of independent small businesses which were the prime sellers of consumer goods While there were many small, independently owned
businesses, they were not the primary location for urban consumers.

C. City governments promoted products by offering tax incentives to consumers. City governments did not offer tax incentives to consumers.

*D. With large populations clustered closely together, chain and department stores opened and became the main location for urban consumers. The growth of cities
helped promote the spread of the consumer-oriented economy. Increasingly clustered in urban areas, people had more convenient access to department stores and chain stores. Advertisers
targeted city residents because they were easier to reach.

Question: How did American population demographics change in the 1920s?

A. More people lived in rural areas than at any other time in U.S. history. Population demographics did not shift toward rural areas.

B. More people lived in suburbs than at any time in U.S. history. Population demographics did not shift toward suburbs.

*C. More people lived in cities than at any other time in U.S. history. The census of 1920 reported that for the first time in U.S. history a majority of Americans lived in cities.
D. More people lived in the South than at any other time in U.S. history. The South experienced massive waves of migration that decreased population.

Question: What happened to U.S. agricultural production in the 1920s?

*A. Agricultural production declined. The end of World War I brought a decline in demand for American agricultural goods, and about six million residents left their farms and villages and
moved to cities.

B. Agricultural production increased dramatically. As European producers came back online, demand for American crops decreased.

C. Agricultural production stayed the same. As European producers came back online, demand for American crops decreased.

D. Agricultural production increased in the South but decreased in the West. Demand for crops was not higher in the South than in the West.

Question: How did the postwar period affect African American demographics?

A. African Americans relocated to the South after the war in large numbers. Blacks did not relocate to the South in large numbers.

B. African Americans moved west in large numbers. While many blacks moved west, the majority did not

*C. African Americans moved to cities in large numbers. The war pushed large numbers of African Americans out of the rural South for jobs in the cities.
D. African Americans left the United States for Canada in large numbers. Most African American migration occurred within the United States.

Question: Which region of the United States grew the fastest in the 1920s?

A. The South The South experienced population decline during the 1920s.
*B. The West The West grew faster than any other region of the country, and its cities boomed. From 1910 to 1930, the population of the United States increased by 33.5 percent; at the
same time, the population of the West soared by nearly 59 percent.

C. The Northeast While many people moved to northeastern cities, this was not the area that experienced the most growth.

D. All regions grew in relatively equal amounts. Not all regions experienced the same population growth.

Question: Why did the West experience so much population growth in the 1920s?

A. Many people were attracted by labor opportunities in rural western areas. The growth was not related to rural development.

*B. Many people were attracted by urban job opportunities and breathtaking scenery. After the war, western city leaders boasted of the business and employment opportunities
and beautiful landscapes that awaited migrants to their urban communities.

C. Western cities often paid residents to relocate to their areas. Cities did not pay for relocation.

D. Western cities attracted many immigrants from China. Chinese immigrants were not responsible for western population growth.

Question: Which of the following attracted people to the city of Los Angeles in the 1920s?

*A. A dependable public transit system The city offered a dependable public transit system that connected Los Angeles and neighboring counties, which attracted many new residents.
B. The long growing season attracted many farmers. Farming did not attract many new residents to Los Angeles.

C. The cold winters attracted many European migrants looking for a familiar climate. Los Angeles did not have long, cold winters.

D. Plentiful labor opportunities in the mining industry attracted new residents. Los Angeles was not known for its mining industry.

Question: What economic danger worsened during the 1920s?

A. Collapsing prices for consumer goods Prices for consumer goods did not fall during the 1920s.

B. Declining international trade International trade increased during the 1920s.

C. High unemployment Unemployment was low during the 1920s.

*D. Growing income inequality In the 1920s, a majority of workers lived below the poverty line, and farmers plunged deeper into hard times. Meanwhile, corporate profits increased much
faster than wages, with a disproportionate share of the wealth going to the rich.

Question: Why was rising income inequality an economic danger during the 1920s?

*A. The low working-class earnings hurt consumer demand. The economy relied on mass consumption, which was held down by low wages among working-class Americans.
B. Many of the working class could not work because they had poor health due to their living conditions. The working class could work.

C. Members of the upper class did not buy many consumer goods, preferring to invest their wealth. The upper class spent on luxury products but were not a large enough
market to sustain the economy.

D. Many working-class people could not afford housing in cities. Housing demand did not drive the economy.

Question: What did it mean to purchase stock on margin during the 1920s?

A. Selling stock to another investor for another stock Purchasing stock on margin did not mean selling stock to another investor for more stock.

B. Buying stock only if corporate profits hit a target. Purchasing stock on margin was not related to corporate profits.

C. Buying a stock only after it hit a certain price Purchasing stock on margin was not pegged to the stock's price.

*D. Using credit to pay only a fraction of a stock's price Purchasing stock on margin meant to pay only a fraction of the price by using credit to cover the balance due.
Question: What was the role of government regulation in the stock boom of the 1920s?

A. It limited the practice to individuals with good credit. Government regulation did not ensure that only individuals with good credit purchase stock on margin.

B. It prevented stock prices for escalating too fast. Government regulations allowed prices to escalate unchecked.

*C. It was minimal, making widespread margin buying dangerous. Without vigilant governmental oversight, banks and lending agencies extended credit without taking into account
what would happen if a financial panic occurred and they were suddenly required to call in all of their loans.

D. A lack of government regulation led many people not to purchase stock. More people purchased stock during the 1920s despite the lack of government regulation.

Question: What accounts for the speculation in real estate in Florida during the 1920s?

A. Amusement parks purchased land, sparking an interest in tourism in the region. The development of amusement parks in Florida occurred later.

B. Americans wanted to move to a place with a warmer climate. Most Americans did not seek to live somewhere warmer.

C. Millions of older Americans moved to Florida to retire. Few Americans moved to Florida to retire at the time.

*D. The state government and private developers promoted land purchases. State government and private developers promoted tourism and land purchases.
Question: What factors decreased farm income during the 1920s?

A. Poor harvests and shift from farm products to meat Poor crops harvests did not decrease farm incomes.
*B. Increased productivity and lower exports Declining world demand following the end of World War I together with increased productivity due to the mechanization of agriculture
drove down farm prices and income.

C. The decline of sharecropping and rising farm bankruptcies The decline of sharecropping did not decrease farm incomes.

D. Rising imports of farm products from Mexico Few agricultural products were imported during this time period.

Question: How did the war reparations payment plan negotiated between Britain, France, Germany, and the United States ultimately cause problems for the
American economy?

A. The plan increased the size of Germany's payments to Britain and France, forcing the United States to accept less than the full amount of loan repayments
Germany. The plan did not include direct payments from Germany to the United States, nor was Germany forced to increase the size of its payments to Britain and France.

*B. The plan resulted in a series of circular payments in which American money was used to help Germany repay Britain and France, which then used the
reparations to repay the United States. Europeans were essentially repaying their debt to the United States with the United States' own money. This revolving-door solution put American
bankers at the mercy of unstable European economies and added to the cycle of spiraling credit already in existence in the United States.

C. The plan increased the tariff rate on European imports to the United States, decreasing manufacturers' revenue and ultimately making it more difficult for
countries to pay off their debts. Import tariffs were high in the 1920s, but these high tariffs were not introduced by the international agreement. Republican administrations in the United
States supported the high tariffs on imports.

D. The plan caused the United States to take over Germany's war reparations, which prevented the United States from repaying its debts to Britain and France.
The United States loaned money to Germany so it could repay its own war debts. The United States did not owe money to Britain and France after World War I; in fact, European countries owed
the United States $11 billion they had borrowed to fund their war efforts.

Question: Refer to the figure Figure 21.2 Income Inequality, 1923–1929

to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

What does the graph indicate about prosperity in America from 1923 to 1929?

A. Prosperity was evenly distributed during the period. As the graph indicates, prosperity was not evenly distributed.

B. Lower- and middle-class income grew faster than upper-class income. The graph does not reflect this statement.

*C. Upper-class income grew faster than income for all other classes. The combined income of the top 1 percent of families was greater than that of the 42 percent at the bottom.
D. Income growth was negative for all classes. All classes experienced some income growth.

Question: How did income inequality affect industrial production?

A. It stimulated production and increased jobs. Income inequality did not have a positive effect on production or jobs.

*B. It suppressed production and decreased jobs. Cutbacks in demand forced manufacturers to reduce production, thereby reducing the number of jobs and increasing unemployment,
which in turn dragged down the demand for consumer goods even further.

C. It had no effect on production. Income inequality had a significant impact on production.

D. It slightly increased production but decreased jobs. Income inequality did not increase production.

Topic: Challenges to Social Conventions

books:

Breaking with the Old Morality

The Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey and Black Nationalism

Question: How did the entertainment industry challenge the prevailing moral codes during the 1920s?

A. By showing graphic violence The entertainment industry did not show graphic violence during the 1920s.

B. By stigmatizing divorce as an option for unhappy couples The entertainment industry depicted divorce, but this was not the primary way it challenged moral codes during the
1920s.

C. By depicting interracial sexual relations The entertainment industry did not depict interracial sexual relations during the 1920s.

*D. By promoting relaxed attitudes toward sexual relations The entertainment industry challenged the prevailing moral codes during the 1920s by depicting male and female actors
with sex appeal and promoted a more relaxed attitude toward sexual relations.

Question: How did most movies handle racial issues during the 1910s and 1920s?

*A. They appealed to racial prejudices. Most films during the 1910s and 1920s appealed to racial prejudices.
B. They challenged conventions about international dating. Most films upheld taboos surrounding interracial dating.

C. They avoided racial issues. Films did address racial issues during the 1910s and 1920s.

D. They opposed racial segregation. Films generally upheld racial segregation.

Question: What identified the New Woman of the 1910s and 1920s?

A. Economic independence The New Woman may have been economically independent, but this was not the primary factor in her representation.

B. More physical activity The New Woman was not necessarily physically active.

*C. Provocative fashions and behaviors The New Woman wore short skirts and makeup (once the province of prostitutes) and smoked and drank in public.
D. Increased education The New Woman was not defined by education but by various other characteristics.

Question: What was the impact of radio programming on ethnic identity among immigrants?

A. It fostered interethnic communication. Radio did not necessarily foster interethnic communication.

B. It had no impact. Radio did impact the ethnic identity of immigrants.

C. It encouraged assimilation because all programming was in English. All programming was not in English.

*D. Foreign-language programs allowed immigrants to preserve their ethnic identity. Radio allowed immigrants to preserve their ethnic identity by tuning into foreign-language
programs aimed at them.

Question: What was the critique the "Lost Generation" leveled at modern consumer culture?

A. It promoted ethnic prejudices. The "Lost Generation" did not charge consumer culture with promoting ethnic prejudices.

*B. It discouraged individuality and free thought. According to the "Lost Generation," the consumer culture promoted conformity and discouraged independent thinking.
C. It was marred by hypocrisy. The "Lost Generation" argued that the old culture, not consumer culture, was marked by hypocrisy.

D. It ignored class distinctions. The "Lost Generation" was not concerned with preserving class distinctions.

Question: Which of the following describes the motion picture industry in the 1920s?

A. The industry's appeal was limited to western cities. The appeal of movies was not limited to western cities.

B. American movie companies largely focused on foreign markets. American movies were largely marketed inside the United States.

C. Movies were too expensive for most Americans and were largely entertainment for the upper classes. Movies were very low-priced and attracted audiences from all
classes.

*D. Motion pictures had a broad national appeal in the 1920s. Originally shown as short films for 5 cents in nickelodeons, movies appealed to a national audience. By the 1920s,
films had expanded into feature-length pictures, Hollywood film studios had blossomed into major corporations, and movies were shown in ornate theaters in cities and towns across the country.

Question: How did scholars respond to the critiques of the "Lost Generation?"

A. They rejected their critiques, arguing in favor of mass consumer culture. Few advocated for mass consumer culture.

*B. They joined their criticism and began studying the negative impacts of mass consumer culture. Scholars joined literary and social critics in challenging conventional
ideas. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychoanalyst, shifted emphasis away from culture to individual consciousness. His disciples stressed the role of the unconscious mind and the power of the sex
drive in shaping human behavior, beliefs that gained traction not only in university education but also in advertising appeals.

C. Scholars ignored the critiques, believing mass consumer culture to be beneath them. Scholars joined literary and social critics in challenging conventional ideas.

D. Scholars were divided over the critiques. Scholars joined literary and social critics in challenging conventional ideas.

Question: How did scholars deal with issues of race in the 1920s?

A. They were vocal proponents of racial segregation. While some scholars were proponents, a majority were not.

B. Scholars rarely addressed issues of race for fear of reprisals. Many scholars wrote about issues of race.

*C. Scholars attempted to discredit traditional notions of white superiority. Scholars also discredited conventional wisdom about race. Challenging studies that purported to
demonstrate the intellectual superiority of whites over blacks, Columbia University anthropologist Franz Boas argued that any apparent intelligence gap between the races resulted from
environmental factors and not heredity.

D. Scholars were not permitted to discuss issues of race by the terms of their university contracts. University contracts did not prohibit discussion of race.

Question: What social change explains why New York and Chicago became the centers of a new flowering of African American culture in the 1920s?

*A. The influx of black migrants to the North The influx of southern black migrants to the North spurred by World War I and continuing into the 1920s created a black cultural
renaissance, with New York City's Harlem and the South Side of Chicago leading the way.

B. The decline of the "Lost Generation" The "Lost Generation" and the African American cultural renaissance were contemporaneous.

C. Development of the mass entertainment industry The African American cultural renaissance developed largely independent of the creation of the movie and radio industries.

D. The end of segregation in the South Segregation in the South remained strong for several decades.

Question: What was characteristic of the "New Negro" popularized by African Americans in Harlem during the 1920s?

A. The New Negro sought assimilation into and acceptance by white culture. While the New Negroes insisted on equality, they celebrated black identity.

*B. The New Negro refused to accept white supremacy and took pride in a black racial identity. African American writers who supported the idea of the New Negro refused to
accept white supremacy. In militant voices, they expressed pride in their race and sought to perpetuate black racial identity, while at the same time demanding full citizenship and participation in
American society.
C. The New Negro sought isolation from the dominant white culture. The New Negro demanded full citizenship and participation in American society.

D. The New Negro focused on political activism rather than cultivating a black identity. The New Negro was active in seeking civil rights but also actively promoted development
of a black identity.

Question: How did African American artists in the Harlem Renaissance challenge notions about race?

A. By criticizing white culture in their art African American artists celebrated black identity rather than focusing on white culture.

B. By seeking cultural integration with white artists. African American artists focused on black identity and did not integrate with white artists.

*C. By rejecting white cultural standards and promoting their own Many of these artists increasingly rejected white standards of taste as well as staid middle-class, black values,
drawing inspiration instead from the vernacular of African American folk life.

D. By acting in opposition to prevailing stereotypes African American artists did not deliberately act in opposition to prevailing stereotypes.

Question: Where did black blues and jazz musicians draw inspiration from for their music?

A. European immigration Jazz and blues focused on the experiences of African Americans.

B. Experiences of blacks in Africa Blues and jazz focused on the experiences of African Americans in the United States.

C. The white cultural elite Blues and jazz focused on the experiences of African Americans.

*D. The everyday experiences of black life Blues and jazz music focused on the everyday experiences of black life.
Question: Why did jazz and blues music appeal to some white musicians and audiences?

*A. It challenged conventional culture. The music offered white musicians and audiences emotional freedom and a release from sexual energy unavailable in conventional culture.
B. It offered a challenge to racial norms. White audiences and musicians did not view jazz and blues as a way to challenge racial norms.

C. It offered a way to interact with African Americans. White musicians and audiences did not necessarily use the music as a way to interact with African Americans.

D. It was similar to white music. Jazz and blues were very different from white music at the time.

Question: Refer to the image Augusta Savage

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.
What does the photo say about African Americans and art in the 1920s?

A. African Americans were still only passive observers of art. The photo does not suggest passive observation.

B. African Americans were still denied access to museums. The photo does not indicate that blacks were banned from museums.

C. African Americans had little appreciation for art. The photo shows their deep appreciation for art.

*D. African Americans were breaking barriers in art. Savage took formal art classes at the Cooper Union, working mainly in clay. In addition to the sculpture of the young boy here,
Savage produced busts of W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey.

Question: What was the purpose of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?

A. To promote black migration to the North The UNIA promoted black immigration to Africa.

B. To promote black businesses The scope of the UNIA was much wider than prompting black businesses.

C. To foster racial integration The UNIA did not foster racial integration.

*D. To foster racial separation and black pride The UNIA was formed to promote racial separation and pride.
Question: What was the goal behind Marcus Garvey's "Back to Africa" movement?

A. To offer African Americans economic opportunities Garvey had in mind broader goals than simply promoting economic opportunities in formulating the "Back to Africa" movement.

B. To have African Americans help white colonial rulers in Africa Garvey did not intend to help white colonial rulers in Africa.

*C. To lift black people throughout the world The purpose of the UNIA's "Back to Africa" movement was to promote migration of African Americans to Africa, where they would help
overthrow colonial rule and assist black people throughout the world.

D. To promote African tourism to help the economies there The "Back to Africa" movement did not aim to promote African tourism.

Question: Why did leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) object to Marcus Garvey's ideas?

A. They objected to him personally. W.E.B. du Bois sharply criticized Garvey, but it was on the basis of his ideas.

*B. They wanted integration and Garvey wanted racial separation. Unlike the leaders of the NAACP, who sought equal access to American institutions and cooperation with whites,
Garvey favored a "Back to Africa" movement that would ultimately repatriate many black Americans to their ancestral homelands on the African continent.

C. He tried to take over the organization. Garvey did not try to seize control of the NAACP but formed his own organization.

D. He formed an alliance with the revived Ku Klux Klan. Garvey formed no alliance with the Klan, although he, like the Klan, promoted racial separation.

Question: What was the similarity between the views of Marcus Garvey's United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the Ku Klux Klan?

*A. Both agreed on the necessity of racial segregation. Both the UNIA and Ku Klux Klan agreed on the necessity of racial segregation.
B. Both agreed they wanted an alliance with the NAACP. Neither group had any interest in forming links with the NAACP.

C. Both agreed that African Americans were inferior to whites. The UNIA contended that African Americans were equal to whites.

D. Both groups accepted that African Americans should return to Africa. The Ku Klux Klan did not necessary believe that African Americans should return to Africa.

Question: What was the significance of Garveyism?

A. It was the first mass black movement accepted by white Americans. Most white Americans disagreed with Garveyism.

B. It was the first black movement to focus on integration. Garvey rejected racial integration.

C. It was the first effort to send African Americans to Africa. Other attempts had taken place earlier.

*D. It was the first mass African American movement. Garveyism was the first mass African American movement.
Question: What caused Marcus Garvey's eventual downfall?

A. Few African Americans sought to return to Africa. The amount of African Americans willing to return to African did not cause Garvey's downfall.

B. NAACP attacks cost him popularity. Attacks by the NAACP did not cause Garvey's downfall.

*C. He was found guilty of corrupt business practices. Convicted in 1925 of mail fraud related to his Black Star Steamship Line, Garvey served two years in federal prison until
President Coolidge commuted his term and had the Jamaican citizen deported. Garvey continued to carry on his activities from England, but without his presence, the UNIA lost most of its
following in the United States.

D. Attacks by white Americans left him disabled. Garvey did not suffer any disability from physical attack.

Question: How did the UNIA address gender issues among African Americans?

A. The UNIA encouraged black women to act more like white women. The UNIA celebrated the uniqueness of black women.

B. The UNIA encouraged black women to adopt white beauty standards. The UNIA celebrated Black beautify standards.

*C. The UNIA celebrated black manhood and womanhood. The UNIA celebrated black manhood and womanhood.
D. The UNIA encouraged black woman to seek economic independence. The UNIA encouraged black women to assume a more traditional economic role.

Question: Why did Marcus Garvey's organization, the UNIA, oppose the NAACP?

A. Garvey and the UNIA felt the NAACP was stealing funds from its organization. This was not an accusation made by the UNIA.

B. It believed that the NAACP was too supportive of black women. The UNIA was very supportive of black women.

C. It believed the NAACP was too forceful in pushing for black rights. The organization felt the NAACP did not go far enough.

*D. Garvey and the UNIA thought the NAACP was too accommodating to whites. Garvey denounced what he saw as the accommodationist efforts of the NAACP and declared,
"To be a Negro is no disgrace, but an honor, and we of the UNIA do not want to become white."

Topic: Culture Wars

books:

Prohibition
Nativists versus Immigrants
Resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan
Fundamentalism versus Modernism

Question: Which amendment prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol?

A. The Nineteenth Amendment The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.

*B. The Eighteenth Amendment The Eighteenth Amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol in 1920.
C. The Seventeenth Amendment The Seventeenth Amendment established popular election of senators.

D. The Sixteenth Amendment The Sixteenth Amendment established the income tax.

Question: For what reasons did people support the Eighteenth Amendment?

A. They feared the power of the alcohol industry lobby. Few supporters feared the industry's lobby.

B. They feared that foreign companies were infiltrating America through the alcohol industry. Few supporters feared this.

*C. They supported it for social reasons, believing alcohol was the root of many social problems. Supporters claimed that Prohibition would promote family stability, improve
morals, and prevent crime.

D. Most supporters were immigrants who feared the alcohol-fueled culture of the United States. Most supporters feared immigrants having access to alcohol.

Question: Who were the "moonshiners"?

A. Supporters of Prohibition called themselves "moonshiners." Supporters did not call themselves "moonshiners."

B. Opponents of racial segregation The label did not refer to opponents of segregation.

C. Corporate alcohol companies The term did not refer to corporations.

*D. Rural producers of illegal alcohol In rural areas, "moonshiners" took grain and processed it into liquor.
Question: What were speakeasies in the 1920s?

*A. Urban clubs where alcohol was illegally served In big cities, clubs known as speakeasies offered illegal alcohol and the entertainment to keep their customers satisfied.
B. Illegal rural distilleries Speakeasies were not located in rural areas.

C. A name used to describe young women in the 1920s The term did not refer to young women.

D. The name for African American blues clubs While there were African American speakeasies, the term did not refer to race or music.

Question: What were the unintended consequences of Prohibition?

A. Countries around the world mimicked the American example and banned liquor. Few other countries banned alcohol.

B. Americans began to use less tobacco. Tobacco use did not decrease.

C. Americans began working longer hours. There was no connection between Prohibition and working hours.

*D. A rise in violence and organized crime While Prohibition did reduce alcohol consumption, crime flourished. Gangsters paid off police, bribed judges, and turned cities into
battlegrounds between rival criminal gangs, reinforcing the notion among small-town and rural dwellers that urban life was eroding American values.

Question: What factors account for the surge in anti-immigrant sentiment during the 1920s?

*A. Native-born Americans saw immigrants as cultural and economic threats. White Protestants associated immigrants with immoral behavior and political radicalism, and viewed
them as a threat to their traditional culture and values and to their jobs and wages.

B. Native-born Americans viewed immigrants as unproductive and unwilling to work. While some groups were negatively stereotyped as being lazy, many immigrants were feared
as threats to native-born Americans' jobs.
C. Native-born Americans harbored deep prejudices against immigrants from Asia. Asian immigration was almost completely banned during the 1920s.

D. Native-born Americans feared the rising tide of immigrants from Latin America. Immigrants from Latin America were not the target of anti-immigrant sentiment during the
1920s.

Question: What was the significance of the Sacco and Vanzetti case?

A. It convinced white Americans to ignore the radicalism of immigrants. White Americans did not ignore the radicalism of immigrants.

B. It proved that all immigrants were not radicals. Sacco and Vanzetti were anarchists, which helped underscore the alleged connection between immigrants and radicals.

C. It challenged the nativism of white Americas. The Sacco and Vanzetti case did not challenge nativism.

*D. It provides an extreme example of 1920s nativism. The case demonstrated the nativism of white Americans.
Question: Why was the focus of Sacco and Vanzetti's trial not on the crimes they were charged with committing?

A. Influential lawyers turned the case to their own advantage. The two were convicted and later executed despite the objections of influential lawyers like Felix Frankfurter.

*B. Nativists focused on their anarchist beliefs to demonize them. Sacco and Vanzetti's foreign birth and anarchist beliefs were the focus of the trial.
C. Since it involved terrorism, national security was at stake. The case did not involve terrorism.

D. International support for them turned it into a circus atmosphere. International support for Sacco and Vanzetti did not affect the conduct of the trial itself.

Question: What was the meaning of Henry Ford's "One-Hundred Percent Americanism"?

A. Ford decided to hire more immigrants as workers. Ford had unfavorable views of immigrants.

*B. Ford viewed immigrants as a threat to old American values. Ford contended that aliens did not understand "the principles which have made our [native] civilization," and he
blamed the influx of foreigners for society's "marked deterioration" during the1920s.

C. Ford viewed the assimilation of immigrants as critical to America's economic success. Ford had unfavorable views of immigrants.

D. Ford wanted immigrants to become naturalized citizens. Ford did not promote naturalization of immigrants.

Question: What was the impact of the National Origins Act on immigration?

A. Immigration remained constant. The National Origins Act did impact immigration numbers.

B. Immigration from northern and western Europe increased. The National Origins Act aimed to decrease immigration from southern and eastern Europe.

C. Immigration from Asia resumed. The act continued to ban immigration from Asia.

*D. Immigration from eastern and southern Europe dropped. Immigration from eastern and southern Europe dropped because of the National Origins Act.
Question: How was the National Origins Act related to growing nativism?

A. It promoted the Americanization program. The National Origins Act affected immigration rather than the Americanization movement.

B. It denied citizenship to immigrants from certain areas. The National Origins Act did not deny citizenship to immigrants.

*C. It aimed to limit immigration that nativists viewed as undesirable. The statute's authors were interested primarily in curbing immigration from eastern and southern Europe.
D. It required immigrants to return to their nation of origin. The National Origins Act aimed at limiting further immigration.

Question: What was the purpose of the Americanization movement of the 1920s?

*A. To assimilate immigrants into American culture As one supporter of Americanization said, "Our task is to break up their groups and settlements, to assimilate and amalgamate
these people as a part of our American race, to implant in their children the northern-European conception of righteousness, law and order, and popular government."

B. To deport radical immigrants Americanization did not seek to deport radical immigrants.

C. To convert immigrants to Protestantism Americanization's purpose was not to convert immigrants to Protestantism.

D. To teach Americans the values of immigrants The purpose of Americanization was not to teach Americans the values of immigrants.

Question: What did Americanization mean for Mexican American children in the 1920s?

*A. Preparation for low-income farm work and manual trades Anglo school administrators and teachers generally believed that Mexican Americans were suited for farm work and
manual trades. Thus, for Mexican Americans Americanization meant preparation for low-status, low wage jobs.

B. Rigorous training for white-collar jobs Educators did not believe that Mexican American children were suited to white-collar work.

C. Teaching them American history While Americanization may have included some instruction in American history, its focus for Mexican American children was to develop their job skills.

D. Career counseling so they could choose satisfying work Under Americanization, Mexican American children were funneled into particular kinds of job training.

Question: Why did the Americanization movement of the 1920s fail to eliminate fully differences among American ethnic groups?

A. Schools could not teach adult immigrants the principles of Americanization. Americanization was carried out in workplaces and churches as well as schools, so adult immigrants
could be reached.

*B. People hoped to maintain their ethnic identity. In cities around the country where the first-generation of new immigrants had settled, ethnic enclaves remained intact and
preserved the religious practices and social customs of their residents.

C. People believed their ethnic culture was superior. Immigrants did not have to believe in the superiority of their ethnic culture to wish to retain it.

D. Government funding for the effort was cut back by Republicans. The Americanization movement was not funded by Congress in the first place.

Question: How did workers around the world react to the Sacco and Vanzetti Case?

A. Most workers around the world supported the conviction, believing the two made a bad name for all immigrants. This was not a common reaction among global laborers.

B. Few workers around the world had heard of the case. The case was well publicized internationally.

C. Most foreign workers were divided in their opinions. Most workers were not divided.

*D. Most foreign workers empathized with Sacco and Vanzetti. Criticism of the verdict came from all over the world. Workers in Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, France, and Morocco
organized vigils and held rallies in solidarity with the condemned men.

Question: Who did Henry Ford erroneously think was involved in a conspiracy to undermine American values?

A. African Americans Ford did not think it was African Americans.

B. American women Ford did not think it was American women.

C. Homosexuals Ford did not think it was homosexuals.

*D. Jews Ford stirred up anti-immigrant prejudices mainly by targeting Jews. Believing that an international Jewish conspiracy was attempting to subvert non-Jewish societies, Ford serialized
in his company newspaper the so-called Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an anti-Semitic tract concocted in czarist Russia to justify pogroms against Jews.

Question: How did Americanization impact American Indians?

*A. Poorly, as funds were continually taken away from programs to promote Indian welfare During World War I, to save money the federal government had ceased
appropriating funds for public health programs aimed at benefiting reservation Indians. With the war over, the government failed to restore the funds. Throughout the 1920s, rates of
tuberculosis, eye infections, and infant mortality spiked among the Indian population.

B. Very well, as American Indians were enthusiastically supported by most Americans American Indians fared poorly under Americanization.

C. American Indians were not subjected to Americanization programs. Boarding schools were part of an Americanization effort.

D. American Indians had already been fully assimilated. Indians had not been fully assimilated, as many still lived on reservations.

Question: What groups did the Ku Klux Klan target during the 1920s?

A. Radical immigrants of all nationalities The scope of the Ku Klux Klan was wider.

B. Jews and Catholics and Mexican Americans The scope of the Ku Klux Klan was wider.

C. African and Native Americans The scope of the Ku Klux Klan was wider.

*D. Jews, Catholics, and African Americans The Ku Klux Klan targeted Jews, Catholics, and African Americans.
Question: What explains the strong growth of the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s?

A. Intense hostility toward African Americans Given that the KKK targeted groups in addition to African Americans during the 1920s, that hostility cannot explain its growth.

B. Surging immigration from southern and eastern Europe Immigration from southern and eastern Europe declined during the 1920s.

*C. The desire to establish perceived white Protestant social purity The desire to reestablish the perceived white Protestant social purity of the past explains the growth of the Ku
Klux Klan during the 1920s.

D. Immigration from Mexico The Ku Klux Klan did not target Mexican immigrants during the 1920s.

Question: What types of tactics did the Ku Klux Klan use during the 1920s?

A. Alliances with other nativist groups The Klu Klux Klan generally operated alone.

B. Recruitment of women as members Recruiting women as members was not the primary tactic of the Ku Klux Klan.

C. Political activism The Ku Klux Klan did not use political activism during the 1920s.

*D. Terror tactics As it had in the past, the Ku Klux Klan used terror tactics during the 1920s.
Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The belief that the average klansman is consciously affected by an appeal to his baser self is
altogether erroneous. In the voice of the organizer he hears a clarion call to knightly and selfless service."

What does the author attempt to convey about Klansmen in the passage?

A. Klansmen are motivated by base desires. He argues the opposite.

B. Klansmen are well understood by the population. He argues that they are not well understood, which is why he wrote the piece.

*C. Klansmen are motivated by a perverse sense of nobility. He argues that while many think the Klan is motivated by base desires, they see themselves as chivalrous.
D. The Klan needs to speak with a more unified voice. He does not make this argument, nor does he support the Klan.
Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question:

"The objects of this Order shall be to unite white female persons, native-born Gentile citizens of the United States of America, who owe no allegiance of any
nature or degree to any foreign government, nation, institution, sect, ruler, person, or people; whose morals are good; whose reputations and vocations are
respectable; whose habits are exemplary; who are of sound minds and 18 years or more of age, under a common oath into a Sisterhood of strict regulation, to
cultivate and promote patriotism toward our Civil Government."

Which of the following statements summarizes the obligations of white women as viewed by the Ku Klux Klan?

A. To focus on finding work before finding a husband This is not the message promoted in the document.

*B. To have good morals and participate in civic activity The author notes the importance of sound morals and good reputations as well as the value of promoting "civil government."
C. To work toward racial equality The Klan did not promote racial equality.

D. To help assimilate immigrants The Klan opposed most immigration.

Question: What describes the view of the Bible held by fundamentalists in the 1920s?

A. The Bible should dictate American domestic policy. Fundamentalists did not necessarily insist that the Bible dictate government policy.

*B. The text should be taken literally. Fundamentalists insisted the account of creation should be taken literally.
C. The text should be interpreted metaphorically by trained ministers. Fundamentalists insisted that the text should be taken literally.

D. The text was one sacred text among many. Fundamentalists believed that the Bible was the revealed word of God, which no other text could be.

Question: Why did Charles Darwin's theory of evolution bother fundamentalist Protestants?

*A. It challenged their view of the Bible. The theory of evolution challenged fundamentalist Protestants' literal reading of the Bible by seeming to contradict its account of creation.
B. It supported a literal reading of the Bible. According to fundamentalists, the theory of evolution did not support a literal reading of the Bible.

C. He used the theory to espouse atheism. Darwin did not use the theory of evolution to espouse atheism.

D. It denied the existence of God. Evolution allowed for the existence of God.

Question: What was the significance of the Scopes Trial held in Dayton, Tennessee, in 1925?

A. The trial upheld the teaching of evolution in public schools. Scopes was convicted of teaching evolution in a public school, although the conviction was later overturned on a
technicality.

*B. The trial heightened the cultural division between fundamentalists and modern society. The trial heightened the cultural division between fundamentalists and modern
society, turning a run-of-the-mill adjudication into the "trial of the century."

C. The trial disproved Darwin's theory of evolution. The trial did not disprove the theory of evolution.

D. The trial highlighted a division between Catholics and Protestants. The Scopes Trial focused on a different cultural clash.

Question: Why did William Jennings Bryan view the teaching of evolution as a threat to American society?

A. He believed that evolution would be used to promote scientific racism. Bryan objected to the teaching of evolution on other grounds.

B. He believed that evolution was a false scientific theory and undermined credible science. Bryan was less concerned about its impact on science than on society.

*C. He believed that evolution would undermine morality. Bryan believed that the teaching of evolution would undermine the moral basis of politics and society.
D. He believed that evolution would diminish children's interest in science. Bryan was not concerned about promoting children's interest in science.

Topic: Politics and the Fading of Prosperity

books:

The Battle for the Soul of the Democratic Party

Lingering Progressivism
Financial Crash

Question: What split in the Democratic Party did the 1924 presidential election expose?

A. Between African Americans and voters in the urban North Most African American voters were Republicans.

B. Between native-born upper-class voters and rural voters Native-born upper-class voters usually voted Republican.

C. Between conservative southern Democrats and Progressive Democrats in the West Most voters in the West were Republicans.

*D. Between native-born voters and urban ethnic voters The election of 1924 displaced a split between southern and Midwest Democrats, typically native-born and conservative, and
Democrats from the urban North, often ethnic.

Question: What voters at the 1924 Democratic convention supported Alfred E. Smith?
*A. Urban Democrats Urban Democrats supported Alfred E. Smith.
B. African Americans African Americans were not major players in the Democratic Party at the time.

C. Rural voters from the South Rural voters from the South voted for another candidate.

D. Voters who supported Prohibition Smith denounced Prohibition, and voters who supported Prohibition backed John W. Davis.

Question: What accounts for the popularity of Hebert Hoover's life story to voters in 1928?

A. His support for woman suffrage Herbert Hoover's support for woman suffrage does not account for his popularity.

B. His strong experience in international affairs. Isolationism was strong in the United States in 1928.

*C. His inspiring story and long experience Hoover was popular because his biography read like the American dream, and he had served under previous Republican administrations.
D. His religious beliefs Herbert Hoover's religious beliefs do not account for his popularity.

Question: Why was Al Smith nominated by the Democrats in 1928 when he had been denied the nomination four years earlier?

A. He shifted his position on Prohibition. Smith remained opposed to Prohibition.

B. He won the support of women Democrats. Female participation in party nominations was minor at the time.

C. The influx of union members into the party. The party did not experience a surge in members who belonged to labor unions in those four years.

*D. The Ku Klux Klan, which opposed him in 1924, had fallen from influence in the party. In 1928, the delicate cultural equilibrium within the Democratic Party had shifted in
favor of the urban forces. With the Klan discredited and no longer a force in Democratic politics, the delegates nominated Al Smith.

Question: What electoral transformation started to occur in the election of 1924?

A. Southern voters started to vote Democratic. Southern voters already voted Democratic.

*B. Urban ethnic voters started to vote Democratic. In 1924, Democratic presidential candidate Al Smith won several cities that had been won by Republican Calvin Coolidge four
years before and made serious gains in many others.

C. Middle-class white voters started to vote Democratic Middle-class white voters continued to vote Republican.

D. African American voters started to vote Republican. African American voters had supported Republican candidates in the past.

Question: Refer to the map Map 21.2 The Election of 1924

to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.
What does the map indicate about the relative strength of political parties in 1924?

A. The Republican Party had more support in the South than the Democrats did. The Republican Party did not fare well in the South.

*B. The Democratic Party had become the party of Southerners by 1924. As the map shows, the only states that voted Democrat were in the South.
C. Progressives still wielded tremendous influence, despite not winning the election. The Progressive candidate only managed to win one state.

D. The political parties' support was not divided by region. As the map shows, the partisan divide in the country was regional.

Question: What were the remaining strongholds of progressive political influence in the 1920s?

A. In the South The South tended to be conservative in the 1920s rather than progressive.

B. In Congress Progressives had little power in Congress in the 1920s.

*C. State and local governments Progressivism managed to stay alive on local and state levels even as it declined nationally.
D. In the federal courts Federal judges tended to be conservative and opposed to progressive legislation in the 1920s.

Question: How did some women maintain the progressive legacy during the 1920s at the national level?

A. Through civil disobedience Civil disobedience was not a major strategy of women progressives in the 1920s.

B. By bringing lawsuits to push progressive goals Women did not use lawsuits as a tool for promoting Progressive goals in the 1920s.

C. By promoting legislation The conservative Congresses of the 1920s did not pass progressive measures, and women had little role in Congress.

*D. Through the work of the federal bureaucracy Women in the Children's Bureau maintained the progressive legacy by supporting assistance to families and devising social welfare
proposals.

Question: What broke the influence of the Progressive Party in the 1920s?

A. Robert La Follette's death The death of a leader like La Follette hurt the party, but other leaders could have emerged.

*B. Increasing conservatism of the electorate Progressives had difficulty gaining electoral advantage among the public, which had grown increasingly conservative.
C. Democrats adopting their principles The Progressive Party faded, while the Democratic Party still included many conservative supporters.

D. Bad reputation from their opposition to woman suffrage Progressives had supported woman suffrage.

Question: Why was October 29, 1929, known as "Black Tuesday"?

A. Stock prices soared, putting companies "in the black." Stock prices did not soar on Black Tuesday.

*B. Stock prices collapsed, and many investors lost money. Stock prices went into free fall, with the selling of over 16 million shares valued at $32 billion.
C. Hitler assumed power in Germany. Hitler did not assume power in Germany that day.

D. Progressive leader Robert M. La Follette died. Progressive leader Robert M. La Follette had died in 1925.

Question: Why did the stock market crash of 1929 have a great impact on the economy?

A. Corporate profits depended on high stock prices. Corporate profits were not directly related to stock prices.

B. Many Americans were employed in stock trading. Stock trading employed a tiny minority of Americans.

C. The majority of Americans owned stock and were hurt by the crash. Only about 2.5 percent of Americans owned stock.

*D. Many investors could not repay banks for loans taken to purchase stock, causing a financial crisis. The stock market had a strong impact on the economy because
investors could not repay banks for money borrowed to purchase stock. Banks and lending agencies, with their interlocking management and overextension of credit, had difficulty withstanding
the turmoil unleashed by the stock market crash.

Question: What drove the stock boom of the 1920s?

*A. The ability of investors to purchase stock with little money Investors could purchase stock with as little as 5 to 10 percent down, encouraging them to buy more and more
shares.

B. Rising wages for the middle class Rising wages for the middle class did not fuel the stock boom, as only 2.5 percent of Americans owned stock.

C. Rising wages for the working class Rising wages for the working class did not fuel the stock boom, as only 2.5 percent of Americans owned stock.

D. Rising corporate profits Rising corporate profits were not directly linked to the stock boom of the 1920s.

Question: What factors caused the Great Depression?

A. German inability to repay reparations and British and French refusal to forego the debt These problems were serious but did not cause the Great Depression.

*B. Income inequality, unwise use of credit, and lack of government oversight A wide gap between the rich and the poor that led to inadequate consumption, overextension of
credit at home and abroad, and misguided agricultural policies caused the Great Depression.

C. The stock market crash and farmers' struggles The stock market crash did not cause the Great Depression.
D. High unemployment and low wages during the 1920s Unemployment remained low and wages relatively high in the 1920s.

Chapter 22: Depression, Dissent, and the New Deal, 1929–1940

Topic: The Great Depression

books:

Hoover Faces the Depression

Hoovervilles and Dust Storms
Challenges for Minorities
Families under Strain
Organized Protest

Question: Why was Herbert Hoover unable to effectively address the economic crisis of his administration?

*A. He adhered to failed economic policies. Hoover could not break with past economic approaches that had failed.
B. He failed to recognize the seriousness of the crisis. Hoover recognized the seriousness of the economic crisis.

C. He lacked the necessary intellectual abilities. Hoover possessed the necessary intellectual abilities.

D. He refused to cooperate with congressional Democrats. Hoover was able to cooperate with Democrats but could not embrace the fundamental changes that would be needed to
resolve the crisis.

Question: What did President Herbert Hoover view as the ideal relationship between business and government?

A. They should work separately to achieve their distinct goals. Hoover believed that business and government had shared goals.

B. Business should be subservient to government. Hoover believed that business was as important as government.

C. Government should strictly support the goals of business. Hoover did not believe that government should act strictly to support the goals of business.

*D. They should work together in pursuit of common goals. Hoover initially believed that government and business should form voluntarily partnerships in pursuit of common goals.
Question: What was President Herbert Hoover's belief about poverty in America when he first entered office in March 1929?

A. Strong government action was needed to end it. Hoover believed other factors would end poverty.

*B. Continuing prosperity would soon end poverty. In his Inaugural Address, Hoover said: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the
history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us."

C. Poverty reflected an individual's moral failing. Hoover believed that poverty could be eliminated by forces across society, so it must not be the result of individual moral failing.

D. Poverty would always exist in America. Hoover believed that poverty in the United States could be eliminated.

Question: How did Herbert Hoover initially seek to address the Great Depression?

A. By mandating a minimum wage Hoover did not mandate a minimum wage.

B. By creating government jobs for the unemployed Hoover did not attempt to create government jobs for the unemployed.

*C. By relying on voluntary efforts by management, labor, and private charities Hoover initially attempted to address the Great Depression by persuading management and labor
to leave prices and wages unchanged and by relying on private charities and local communities to help the needy.

D. By seeking voluntary wage cuts by workers to bolster employment Hoover wanted wages to remain constant.

Question: How did municipalities and state governments undermine Hoover's initial approach to ending the Great Depression?

A. They refused to work with local businesses to address economic issues. Local municipalities and state governments worked with local businesses as they could but lacked the
resources.

B. They attempted to provide direct material relief to the unemployed. Hoover wanted state and local municipalities to provide relief to the unemployed.

C. They attempted to provide more jobs for the unemployed. Municipal and state governments laid off employees and did not increase their payroll.

*D. They laid off many employees and cut wages to avoid bankruptcy. Facing falling tax revenues, many local and state governments laid off employees and cut wages in order to
avoid bankruptcy.

Question: Why did President Herbert Hoover's plan to rely on local governments and public charities to provide relief to those made needy by the Great
Depression fail?

*A. They lacked the resources to provide the needed relief. With tax revenues in decline, some 1,300 municipalities went bankrupt and others lacked money; benevolent societies
and religious groups could handle short-term misfortunes, but they could not shoulder the ongoing disaster of mass unemployment.

B. They were philosophically opposed to the idea. Even those who accepted the idea failed in providing the needed relief.

C. His administration failed to provide plans for how to do so. The failure was not the result of the lack of administrative plans.

D. People refused to accept the aid. While some Americans may have refused aid, that phenomenon was not widespread enough to doom the effort.
Question: Why did Herbert Hoover support income tax cuts, federal jobs programs, and aid to farmers early in his administration?

A. He had always believed in an activist government. Hoover initially tried to limit government's role in addressing the Depression, relying instead on voluntarism.

*B. His initial attempts to solve the Depression had failed. As confidence in recovery fell and the economy sunk deeper into depression, Hoover shifted direction, persuading Congress
to lower income tax rates, to allocate $423 million for federal public works projects. and to pass the Agricultural Marketing Act.

C. Increasing radicalism frightened him into action. The American people were not growing increasingly radical.

D. He was pressured to do so by the Democratic Congress. Hoover supported these measures, albeit reluctantly.

Question: Why did Herbert Hoover support an increase in income, estate, and corporate taxes for the wealthy in 1932?

A. He sought to raise revenue to provide direct relief for the unemployed. Hoover did not support increases in taxes to provide direct relief for the unemployed.

B. He sought to decrease income inequality by taxing the wealthy. Hoover did not seek to reduce income inequality.

*C. He feared a growing federal deficit. Hoover supported tax increases because he feared a growing federal deficit more than he feared unemployment.
D. He wanted to expand the federal government's size. Hoover did not want to expand the federal government's size.

Question: What was the result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff that Congress passed in 1930?

A. European countries imported more American goods. European countries imported fewer American goods as a result of the tariff.

B. European countries refused to import American goods. European countries continued to import American goods but at low levels.

*C. American exports fell when European countries raised their own tariffs. Other countries retaliated for the increase in American tariffs by lifting their import duties, which hurt
American companies because it diminished demand for American exports.

D. American businesses sold more products overall. American businesses sold fewer products because exports to Europe dropped.

Question: What had Herbert Hoover hoped to gain by convincing Congress to pass the Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1930?

A. Boost American exports Tariffs are aimed at imports.

B. Convince other nations to lower tariffs as well The Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised tariffs rather than lowering them.

C. Increase government revenues The tariff was not aimed at increasing government revenues.

*D. Increase demand for American products Hoover hoped that higher tariffs on imports would increase American consumers' demand for American-made products.
Question: What was the purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation created by Herbert Hoover?

*A. To help businesses and boost the economy by extending needed credit The purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was to prevent banks, insurance companies,
and railroads from collapsing by supplying loans to critical enterprises in the hopes that the benefits would trickle down from the top of the economic structure to the bottom.

B. To provide workers with loans so that they could purchase more consumer goods The Reconstruction Finance Corporation worked with businesses directly and not workers.

C. To provide loans to small American businesses The Reconstruction Finance Corporation focused on larger enterprises, not small businesses.

D. To help state and local governments rebuild roads and bridges The Reconstruction Finance Corporation focused on aiding businesses rather than government bodies.

Question: Why did the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) fail to alleviate the suffering caused by the Great Depression during Herbert Hoover's
presidency?

A. Congress refused to fund the RFC. Congress provided $1.5 billion in public works funding alone.

B. Corrupt local officials siphoned off the money. Government corruption was not a significant factor in the RFC's failure.

*C. The RFC did not use its money effectively. The RFC spent its budget too cautiously and its funds mainly reached the institutions that could best afford to repay the loans, ignoring
the companies in the greatest difficulty.

D. Hoover prevented the RFC from spending its funds. The RFC spent money with Hoover's approval.

Question: How did Germany, Italy, and Spain respond to the depression of the 1930s?

A. By trying to boost trade These nations took more radical steps.

*B. By choosing a single strong leader they hoped would solve the problem A number of European countries, including Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, claimed that their
country's social and economic problems could only be solved by placing power in the hands of a single, all-powerful leader.

C. By adopting communism None of these nations adopted a communist system.

D. By plunging into civil war Civil war hit Spain in the 1930s but did not arise in Germany or Italy.

Question: How did Hoover attempt to address poverty?

need, the president turned to local communities and private charities.

A. He fought for government programs to provide support for the poor. Hoover was not an advocate of government programs.
*B. He hoped that local communities and charities would step in to provide relief. For those in dire need, the president turned to local
communities and private charities.

C. He ordered state governments to provide direct aid to the poor. Hoover believed that persuasion was more effective than coercion.

D. He did not believe that poverty was a significant issue. Hoover was genuinely concerned about the plight of the poor.

Question: Why were state and local governments unable to provide relief to their poor citizens?

A. They refused to provide funds unless they were matched by federal funds. This was not the reason why states and localities did not provide
relief.

B. They blamed poverty on the poor and refused to provide assistance. Few state or local officials blamed the poor for their condition.

*C. State and local officials lacked the resources necessary to provide assistance. State and local governments did not have the funds to provide
relief to all those who needed it. With tax revenues in decline, some 1,300 municipalities across the country had gone bankrupt by 1933.

D. They believed that the condition of the poor was temporary and did not need to be directly addressed Few officials thought poverty would
be short-lived.

Question: Refer to the figure Figure 22.1 Unemployment, 1920-1945

to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

Why did employment not rebound until 1945?

A. It took many years for the New Deal Reforms to have an impact. It was not time that prevented economic growth.

B. In 1945 the United States took out billions of dollars in loans from the British. The British also suffered from the depression.
C. The United States increased taxes on corporations to increase employment. Tax increases on corporations do not encourage hiring.

*D. The United States entered World War II, which stimulated demand for products. It is generally accepted that World War II dramatically
increased American production.

Question: What did the term Hoovervilles describe during the Great Depression?

A. Clubs formed to supported unemployed workers in rural areas Hoovervilles were not clubs, and most were found in urban areas.

B. New housing for the wealthy constructed during Hoover's presidency Hoovervilles were not built for the wealthy.

C. Public housing projects funded by the federal government Hoovervilles were not public housing projects.

*D. Makeshift housing that the homeless put together In many cities, the homeless constructed makeshift housing consisting of cartons, old
newspapers, and cloth—shanties that journalists derisively dubbed Hoovervilles.

Question: What was the significance of the dust storms that hit parts of the United States from 1929 to 1933?

*A. They forced many people to leave the Great Plains. Most farmers remained on the plains, but millions headed for California by train, automobiles,
and trucks hoping for jobs in the state's fruit and vegetable fields.

B. They caused a food shortage that forced farm prices up. The dust storms did not necessarily increase agricultural prices.

C. They destroyed the California farm industry. The dust storms did not hit California but another part of the country.

D. They caused a massive migration from the South to the Great Plains. The dust storms caused a massive exodus from the Great Plains.

Question: Who were the "Okies" of the 1930s?

A. Farmers who remained in the Great Plains despite facing foreclosure. The Okies migrated away from the Great Plains.

B. Unemployed factory workers from the Midwest The Okies were from the Great Plains.

C. Farmers who left California for the Great Plains in search of land The Okies were from the Great Plains.

*D. Farmers who left the Great Plains for California in search of work The Okies were farmers who migrated from the Great Plains to California in
search of work.

Question: What was the social impact of the Dust Bowl of the 1930s?

*A. Significant depopulation of the region The Dust Bowl sparked a massive depopulation of the region as about 25 percent of farmers moved
elsewhere.

B. Urbanization as farmers left farms for cities Most of the people who left their farms left the region.

C. Revival for Native Americans who retook the land Native Americans did not retake the land in great numbers.

D. Women living on the Great Plains started to work for the first time Farm women had been working on the Plains since it was settled.

Question: What social phenomenon did The Grapes of Wrath document?

A. The plight of unemployed African Americans The Grapes of Wrath focused on the experiences of white Americans.

B. The plight of unemployed industrial workers in Chicago The Grapes of Wrath focused on the plight of farmers.

C. The migration of Mexicans to the United States The Grapes of Wrath did not focus on the migration of Mexicans to the United States.

*D. The migration of farmers from the Great Plains to California The Grapes of Wrath documented the migration of many impoverished farmers
from the Great Plains to California in search of work.

Question: How did the Depression affect rural areas?

A. Rural areas were largely untouched by the Depression. The Depression hit rural areas too.

B. Rural areas experienced as much job loss as urban areas. Rural areas saw heavy job losses.

*C. Rural areas were devastated by the Depression. Landlords in West Virginia and Kentucky evicted coal miners and their families from their homes
in the dead of winter, forcing them to live in tents. Farmers in the Great Plains, who were already experiencing foreclosures, were little prepared for the even
greater natural disaster that laid waste to their farms.
D. Rural areas saw job increases during the Depression. Rural areas did not see job increases.

Question: What caused the dust storms of the 1920s?

A. It was the result of miners releasing too much methane into the atmosphere. This was not the cause of the storms.

*B. A mix of droughts and poor farming techniques The storms resulted from both climatological and human causes. A series of droughts had
destroyed crops and turned the earth into sand, which gusts of wind deposited on everything that lay in their path. Though they did not realize it at the time,
Plains farmers, by focusing on growing wheat for income, had neglected planting trees and grasses that would have kept the earth from eroding and turning into
dust.

C. It was the result of excessive rainfall. The storms were related to drought, not flooding.

D. The cause is still unknown. Most environmental historians agree on the causes.

Question: Which state did most midwesterners flee to during and after the dust storms?

*A. California As the storms continued through the 1930s, most residents—approximately 75 percent—remained on the Plains. Millions, however, headed for
California looking for relief from the plague of swirling dirt and hoping to find jobs in the state's fruit and vegetable fields.

B. Utah The majority did not go to Utah.

C. New York Few headed to New York.

D. Florida The majority did not go to the Southeast.

Question: What was the experience of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos during the Great Depression?

*A. High unemployment as a result of being at the bottom of the labor force African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos faced
disproportional unemployment because of their position at the bottom of the labor force.

B. An improved position as their incomes did not fall as dramatically as that of whites African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans faced
greater hardships than white workers in the Depression.

C. Less unemployment than white workers because they were willing to work for lower wages. The Depression hit African American, Latinos,
and Asian Americans harder than it did whites.

D. A greater likelihood to migrate than unemployed white workers African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans were not necessarily more likely
to migrate than unemployment white workers.

Question: What describes living conditions for most African Americans during the Great Depression?

A. Most lived in the North as low-wage industrial workers. The majority of African Americans lived in the South.

*B. Most lived in the South as sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Most African Americans lived in the South, most farmed, and most farmers were
sharecroppers or tenant farmers.

C. Most lived in the South as small independent farmers. Most African Americans lived in the South but most were not independent farmers.

D. Most lived in the South as industrial workers. Most African Americans lived in the South, but most were farmers.

Question: What challenges did African American sharecroppers in the South encounter during the Great Depression?

A. They faced massive crop failures as a result of the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl affected the Great Plains, not the South, where most African
Americans lived.

B. White landowners pushed them to work longer hours. White landowners did not necessarily demand that African American sharecroppers work
longer hours.

*C. They were forced off the farmland by landowners. Many white landowners replaced labor with technology to lower costs during the Great
Depression, forcing African American sharecroppers off their land.

D. They were prevented from moving north by violence and intimidation. African Americans who wanted to leave the South generally could.

Question: How were conditions for African Americans in the North better than in the South during the 1930s?

A. Unemployment rates were lower. Unemployment rates among northern blacks were high.

*B. They could vote, which Southern blacks could not do. The 25 percent of blacks living in the North faced racial discrimination in employment,
housing, and the criminal justice system, but at least they could express their opinions and desires by voting.

C. The African Americans in the North did not face discrimination. African Americans in the North faced discrimination as well.
D. They had access to good housing. African Americans in the North usually lived in overcrowded, poor housing.

Question: What was the significance of the case of the Scottsboro Nine?

*A. It publicized the injustice that African Americans faced in the South. The unfair trials and harsh sentences experienced by the Scottsboro Nine
highlighted the injustice that African Americans faced in the segregated South.

B. It demonstrated that African Americans could receive a fair trial in the United States. The Scottsboro Nine did not receive a fair trial.

C. It helped convince several states to drop the death penalty. The trial did not result in a movement to drop the death penalty.

D. It resulted in the United States Supreme Court banning segregation. Although the United States Supreme Court heard appeals on the case, it did
not result in the overturning of segregation.

Question: Which group suffered widespread deportations during the Great Depression?

A. Southern and eastern European immigrants These immigrants were not deported in great numbers during the Depression.

B. Chinese and Japanese Americans Asian Americans were economically and politically marginalized during the Great Depression, but they did not
experience widespread deportations. About one-fifth of Japanese immigrants returned to Japan in the 1930s due to the lack of job opportunities.

C. Catholic and Jewish immigrants These immigrants were not deported in great numbers during the Depression.

*D. Mexican Americans The government deported as many as 500,000 Mexican Americans, some of whom may have been American citizens, to Mexico.
Question: In what way did Mexican American workers respond assertively to their worsening conditions during the Great Depression?

A. Marching on Washington, D.C. Mexican workers did not march on the capital.

*B. Organizing strikes Mexican American laborers engaged in dozens of strikes in California and Texas in the early 1930s. Most ended in defeat, but a few
won better working conditions and higher wages.

C. Flooding state governments with petitions for help They did not flood state governments with petitions for help.

D. Quitting working Living marginally, these workers could not afford to quit working.

Question: Why did about one-fifth of Japanese Americans return to Japan in the 1930s?

A. Their temporary working papers expired. Temporary working papers were not at issue.

B. The Japanese government paid them bonuses to return. The Japanese government had no such policy.

C. They were deported. The movement was voluntary, if a difficult decision.

*D. They were unable to find work in the United States. Like other racial and ethnic minorities, the Japanese found it harder to find even the lowest
wage jobs now that unemployed whites were willing to take them.

Question: What was the purpose of the Tyding-McDuffie Act, passed in the 1930s?

A. Protect Filipino workers in the United States from discrimination. The Act did not provide Filipino workers with greater protections against
discrimination.

B. Keep the Philippines under American jurisdiction. The Act provided for eventual independence for the Philippines.

C. Grant the Philippines independence and give Filipinos dual citizenship. The Act did not offer dual citizenship to Filipinos.

*D. Restrict Filipino immigration and grant the Philippines independence. The Act did grant Philippine independence, but it also limited Filipino
immigration to the United States.

Question: How did the Depression affect race relations in the South?

A. Lynching decreased. Lynching did not decrease.

*B. Lynching increased. The Depression also exacerbated racial tensions, as whites and blacks competed for the shrinking number of jobs. Lynching, which
had declined during the 1920s, surged upward—in 1933 twenty-four blacks lost their lives to this form of terrorism.

C. Lynching was unaffected by the Depression. The Depression had a significant impact on lynching.

D. Lynching had ceased by the Depression. Lynching had not ceased.

Question: How did the Supreme Court rule on the Scottsboro Nine cases?
A. It upheld the guilty verdicts on appeal. It did not uphold the verdicts.

B. It ruled that the defendants did not have standing and dismissed the cases. It did not dismiss the cases.

*C. The Court overturned the convictions. The Supreme Court spared the lives of the Scottsboro Nine by overturning their guilty verdicts in 1932 on the
grounds that the defendants did not have adequate legal representation and again in 1935 because blacks had been systematically excluded from the jury pool.

D. The Court sent the case back to the lower courts for further review, in an effort to give the defense more time to prepare. The Court
did not send the cases back to the lower courts.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "What we guilty of? Nothing but being out of a job. Nothing but
looking for work. Our kinfolk was starving for food. We wanted to help them out. So we hopped a freight—just like any one of you
workers might a done—to go down to Mobile to hunt work. We was taken off the train by a mob and framed up on rape charges."

What does the excerpt from the Scottsboro prisoners' letter show about the lives of African Americans during the Depression?

A. Blacks suffered just as much as whites. The passage does not indicate equal suffering.

B. Blacks were still segregated on train cars. While train cars were still segregated, the passage does not discuss segregation.

*C. Blacks faced extra burdens during the Depression. The passage notes how the nine were out of work and looking for jobs when they were
arrested and caught up in a racist southern legal system. The nine argue that their case represents injustice.

D. Black men were beginning to see justice in the legal system. The nine argued that their case represented injustice.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "At the trial they gave us in Scottsboro we could hear the crowd
yelling, 'Lynch the Niggers.' We could see them toting those big shotguns. Call 'at a fair trial? And while we lay here in jail, the boss-
man make us watch 'em burning up other Negroes on the electric chair. 'This is what you'll get,' they say to us. Working class boys, we
asks you to save us from being burnt on the electric chair. We's only poor working class boys whose skin is black. . . . Help us boys.
We ain't done nothing wrong."

What does the passage from the Scottsboro prisoners' letter attempt to convey about the southern justice system?

*A. African Americans could not receive equal treatment in the justice system. The passage describes the treatment they received in prison and
suggests that Southerners are quick to execute black prisoners.

B. African Americans could still get a fair trial in the South. The passage suggests that fair trials are not possible for blacks.

C. Working-class people do not get the same treatment under the law as middle-class workers. The appeal is to both class and racial injustice.

D. Despite the legal injustice, lynching was on the decline. The passage suggests that the pending executions are legalized lynching.

Question: Refer to the image Mexican Migrant Worker, 1937

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the photograph illustrate about the lives of Mexican migrants?

A. Their lives were similar to those of most rural workers The housing in the photo illustrates particularly rough conditions, but it is hard to compare
the Mexican worker's housing with others' housing without seeing other homes in the photograph.

B. Demand for Mexican labor had increased The poor living conditions suggest that Mexican labor was not in high demand.

*C. Mexican migrants faced harsh living conditions in the United States. The dilapidated state of the dwelling suggests that life was difficult for
Mexican migrants.

D. Mexican migrants were not as deeply affected by the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl's effects are clearly visible in the photograph.

Question: How did the Depression affect Mexican Americans?

A. They lost jobs and faced deportation but retained political rights Mexican Americans did not retain political rights.
*B. In addition to losing jobs and facing deportation, they faced discrimination from whites. Like African Americans, they encountered
discrimination in public schools, in public accommodations, and at the ballot box.

C. They lost jobs and faced deportation, but unlike African Americans they did not face discrimination. They did face discrimination.

D. They had special relief agencies to attend to their needs. Many Mexican Americans were denied access to relief agencies.

Question: How did Chinese Americans fare during the Depression?

A. As they had been in the United States longer than most immigrants, they did not face the same discrimination as other minorities.
The Chinese faced significant discrimination.

B. Chinese Americans had largely integrated into white American communities and had higher paying jobs than most minorities.
Although some 45 percent of Chinese Americans had been born in the United States and were citizens, people of Chinese ancestry remained isolated in ethnic
communities along the West Coast.

*C. Chinese workers faced the same discrimination as other minority groups. Although some 45 percent of Chinese Americans had been born in
the United States and were citizens, people of Chinese ancestry remained isolated in ethnic communities along the West Coast. Discriminated against in schools
and most occupations, many operated restaurants and laundries. During the Depression, those Chinese who did not obtain assistance through governmental relief
turned instead to their own communities.

D. Chinese Americans fled the United States in large numbers. They did not leave the United States in large numbers.

Question: How did the Great Depression impact women's employment?

*A. It increased its importance because more men lost their jobs than women. The Great Depression increased the importance of women's
employment because more men lost their jobs than women and because of the strain on family finances that resulted.

B. It decreased its importance because businesses refused to hire women. More women took jobs outside the home during the Great Depression.

C. It forced women out of the workforce because of public pressure. While there was some pressure for employers to hire men, more women took
outside jobs during the Great Depression.

D. It lifted women into higher-paying factory and professional work. Factory jobs declined in the Depression, and women had difficulty entering the
professions in large numbers.

Question: Why did employment among African American women drop during the Great Depression?

A. Southern textile mills shut down. Few black women worked in these settings during the Great Depression.

B. Farm bankruptcies cut the need for farm workers. While the demand for farm workers fell, that did not impact this group as much as another
change.

C. Closure of retail stores cost them jobs as sales clerks. Few black women worked in these settings during the Great Depression.

*D. Demand for domestic servants fell. During more prosperous times African American women had worked in white homes as domestic servants, but
the Depression forced white families to cut back on household expenses.

Question: What did many American families use to distract them from the difficulties of the economic crisis during the Great
Depression?

A. Churches, synagogues, and other religious institutions American families turned to these institutions for support but not distraction.

*B. Radio and movies Families used radio and movies to distract themselves from the economic problems.
C. Purchasing consumer goods American families could not afford to buy consumer goods during the Depression.

D. Vacations and family visits Few American families took vacations during the Great Depression.

Question: Which of the following types of industry was hit hardest by the Depression?

A. The female-dominated clothing industry Female-dominated industries were not hit the hardest by the Depression.

*B. The male-dominated steel and auto industries The Depression hit male-dominated industries like steel mills and automakers the hardest. As a
result, men were more likely to lose their jobs than women.

C. The Depression impacted male- and female-dominated industries the same. The impact was not the same.

D. Civil service and municipal work Civil service and municipal jobs continued to be available during the Depression. The government did bar married
women from holding these jobs, however, to give the jobs to men.

Question: How did federal and state agencies respond to male unemployment?
A. They passed laws increasing the wages of women to compensate for male job losses. Governments did not increase women's wages.

B. They passed laws forcing women to give up their jobs to men. These laws were not passed.

C. They cut taxes on corporations to increase hiring. They did not cut taxes on corporations.

*D. They passed laws barring women from holding certain positions. During the 1930s, federal and local governments sought to increase male
employment by passing laws to keep married women from holding civil service and teaching positions.

Question: How did racial discrimination affect African American women's employment?

*A. It increased the value of their work to their families more than for white women By 1940 about 40 percent of African American women held
jobs, compared to about 25 percent of white women. Racial discrimination played a key role in establishing this pattern. Black men faced higher unemployment
rates than did their white counterparts, and what work was available was often limited to the lowest-paying jobs. As a result, black women faced greater pressure
to supplement family incomes.

B. African American women were banned from the workplace due to discrimination Black women were not banned from working.

C. As demand for their labor increased, their wages increased too. Demand and wages did not increase.

D. As demand for labor decreased, many African American women left their families to find work. Black men faced higher unemployment rates
than did their white counterparts, and what work was available was often limited to the lowest-paying jobs. As a result, black women faced greater pressure to
supplement family incomes.

Question: What was the purpose of the Farm Holiday Association, formed during the Great Depression?

A. To provide opportunities for farmers to socialize The Farm Holiday Association focused on an economic issue.

B. To provide economic assistance to farmers migrating west from the Great Plains. The Farm Holiday Association did not provide economic
assistance for farmers moving west.

*C. To raise crop prices by keeping produce from the market The Farm Holiday Association attempted to raise crop prices by keeping produce from
the markets.

D. To prevent farmers from being forced into foreclosure The Farm Holiday Association focused on another economic issue.

Question: What was the significance of the government's treatment of the Bonus Army during the Great Depression?

A. It revealed a divide between urban and rural Americans. The government's actions toward the Bonus Army did not reveal any divide between rural
and urban Americans.

B. It symbolized how dire economic conditions were in the United States. Growing unrest demonstrated the dire situation many Americans faced at
that stage of the Depression.

C. It demonstrated that violence was inevitable because of economic conditions. The Bonus Army could conceivably have been removed without
resorting to violence.

*D. It told many Americans that President Hoover had lost touch with them. The incident demonstrated that President Hoover had lost touch with
the American people.

Question: What was the significance of the Communist Party in cities during the Great Depression?

*A. It organized strikes and protests. The Communist Party led several strikes and protests against working conditions in cities despite the organization's
small size.

B. It gained a wide following in American cities. The size of the Communist Party remained small despite its activities in American cities.

C. It attempted to promote violent riots. The party did not attempt to promote violent riots.

D. It sparked confrontations between black and white workers. The party did not spark confrontations between black and white workers.

Question: What resulted from the drop in farm income during the Depression?

A. Farmers staged peaceful sit-ins in Washington, D.C., to push for reforms. They did not organize sit-ins.

*B. Many farms were foreclosed, leading to strikes and destruction of property. In the early 1930s, one-third of farmers lost their land. In the
summer of 1932, Milo Reno, an Iowa farmer, created the Farm Holiday Association to organize farmers to keep their produce from going to market and thereby
raise prices. Strikers from the association blocked roads and kept reluctant farmers in line by smashing their truck windshields and headlights and slashing their
tires.

C. Farmers took their plight to the federal courts, who provided relief. Farmers did not go to the courts.

D. Farmers sought loans from foreign banks to keep their farms afloat. They did not seek foreign loans.
Question: What role did the Communist Party play in labor unrest in urban areas?

A. As they were small in number, they played a minor role. Communists did not play a minor role.

B. The Communist Party had been outlawed in the 1930s and thus played no role. The Communist Party was not banned in the 1930s.

*C. Communists, though small in number, played a significant role in labor unrest. Although the Communist Party remained a tiny group of just
over 10,000 members in 1932, it played a large role in organizing the dispossessed.

D. Communists attempted to negotiate with the other political parties to end the unrest. Communists did not work with the other political
parties.

Question: What actions did the Communist Party take during the Depression?

A. Communists lobbied Congress for relief legislation. They did not lobby Congress.

*B. Communists set up councils, marches, and rallies in cities across America. Communists set up unemployment councils and led marches and
rallies demanding jobs and food.

C. Communists bombed major American cities. Communists did not bomb major cities across America.

D. Communists pressed for immigration bans. They did not push for immigration bans.

Question: What was the response to the Dearborn Ford plant autoworkers protesters in 1932?

A. Police peacefully dispersed the protesters. They were not peaceably dispersed.

*B. Police clashed with protesters, killing some workers On March 7, 1932, spearheaded by Communists, three thousand autoworkers marched from
Detroit to Ford's River Rouge plant in nearby Dearborn. When they reached the factory town, they faced policemen indiscriminately firing bullets and tear gas,
which killed four demonstrators.

C. Ford negotiated an agreement with the workers Ford did not negotiate with the workers

D. The federal government stepped in to break up the protesters Federal authorities were not involved.

Question: How did people respond to the Ford protests in Dearborn?

A. News media did not cover them, so few people knew. Media covered the protests intensely.

B. While many supported the protesters, few were willing to support them publicly. There was public support.

*C. There was massive public outcry against the violence committed by the police. Around forty thousand mourners attended the funeral of the
four protesters killed by the police.

D. Most people blamed the protesters While some did, the majority of public outcry supported the protesters.

Question: Who were the Bonus Marchers?

A. Miners who marched on Washington to protest their employers' refusal to give them their bonuses The marchers were not miners.

B. African Americans who marched on Washington protesting racial discrimination The marchers were not protesting racial discrimination.

*C. World War I veterans who marched on Washington demanding bonuses that had been promised to them Scheduled to receive a
$1,000 bonus for their service, unemployed veterans could not wait until the payment date arrived in 1945. Instead, in the spring of 1932 a group of ex-soldiers
from Portland, Oregon, set off on a march on Washington, D.C., to demand immediate payment of the bonus by the federal government.

D. Women who marched on Washington demanding equal bonuses The marchers were not protesting gender discrimination

Question: How did the Bonus March end?

A. Hoover came down to negotiate with the veterans personally. Hoover did not meet with the marchers

*B. Hoover called in the army to disperse the veterans. Hoover used the Third Cavalry to disperse the veterans. The Cavalry, under the command of
George S. Patton, torched the veterans' tents to force them to leave.

C. All of the marchers left after one month. While many left, many stayed through July.

D. Hoover called in local police to dispatch the veterans. Hoover did not call in local police.

Question: How did the public respond to the Bonus March events?
A. The public sympathized with the veterans but ultimately supported Hoover's use of the army. The public did not support Hoover.

B. While the public did not support Hoover, most blamed the veterans for starting the trouble. The majority of the public did not blame the
veterans.

C. The public did not support either the veterans or the president The majority of the public supported the veterans.

*D. The public blamed Hoover for creating the problem. Hoover's popularity continued to decline after the Bonus March.

Topic: The New Deal

books:

Roosevelt Restores Confidence

Steps toward Recovery
Direct Assistance and Relief
New Deal Critics

Question: What was the basis of Franklin Roosevelt's presidential campaign in the election of 1932?

A. He detailed specific policy proposals to end the Depression. Franklin Roosevelt did not offer specific policy proposals.

*B. He spoke in broad terms of a "new deal" to help Americans. He spoke in broad terms of a "new deal" that would help the less affluent
Americans but offered no specific policy proposals.

C. He spoke of a need for more vigorous government intervention. Roosevelt did not specifically speak of the need for more vigorous government
intervention.

D. He criticized Herbert Hoover for being too close to business. Roosevelt did not assert that Herbert was too close to business.

Question: What accounts for Franklin Roosevelt's election and wide popularity among the American people?

A. His call for racial harmony resonated with many Americans. Roosevelt did not call for racial harmony and would probably not have won wide
support at the time had he done so.

B. He came from a working-class background and had experienced hard times himself. Roosevelt came from an affluent background and did not
experience hard times himself.

C. He offered specific policy proposals that the American people supported. The American people often supported Roosevelt even if they did not
agree with his specific policy proposals.

*D. He displayed an ability to relate to the American people. Roosevelt displayed an ability to relate to the American people.
Question: What were the features of Roosevelt's "pragmatic humanism"?

A. The willingness to stay the course regardless of the outcome This ideology did not favor rigidness.

*B. The willingness to experiment with novel solutions Instead of any fixed ideology, Roosevelt followed what one historian has called "pragmatic
humanism." A seasoned politician who understood the need for flexibility, Roosevelt blended principle and practicality. "It is common sense," Roosevelt explained,
"to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another."

C. The willingness to compromise with the Republicans on almost any issue This ideology did not favor compromise on all issues.

D. The belief that class inequality was a necessary evil Roosevelt did not believe income inequality was a necessary evil.

Question: What is one of Roosevelt's longest lasting impacts?

A. The commitment to a large American military force during peacetime While Roosevelt raised large numbers of troops for World War II, he is not
known for large armies during peacetime

*B. Creating an expanded role for the federal government in domestic affairs More than any president before him, FDR, as he became known,
created an expectation among Americans that the federal government would take concrete action to improve their lives.

C. The open door to China policy Roosevelt is not known for an open door policy with China.

D. The desegregation of the military The military was not desegregated under Roosevelt.

Question: What did Roosevelt mean when he said "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"?

A. Americans had developed a range of mental disorders during the Depression that caused panic. He was not referring to mental disorders.
B. Fear of invasion represented the only true, existential fear. He was not referring to fear of invasion.

C. Americans were more cowardly than people of other nations. He did not think Americans were cowardly.

*D. Americans needed courage to try new ideas. He argued that fear of trying new programs was the only impediment to progress.
Question: What steps did Franklin Roosevelt take to fix the banking sector immediately after taking office as president in 1933?

A. Provided government guarantees of Americans' bank deposits without limit The government did not guarantee all bank deposits without limit.

B. Used reassuring words to convince the public that banks were strong Roosevelt did use reassuring words, but he also took strong actions.

*C. Closed all banks and ensured that they would be healthy when reopened Roosevelt closed all banks, had the government inspect banks
before they reopened, and provided federal funds to bail out those banks on the brink of disaster.

D. Nationalized the banks, putting the federal government in control of them Roosevelt did not nationalize the banks.

Question: What was Franklin Roosevelt's purpose in creating the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the 1930s?

A. To ban specific types of stock trades in order to prevent price fluctuations The SEC was not created to prevent fluctuations in stock prices.

*B. To bolster investor confidence by regulating the stock market The SEC was meant to bolster investor confidence by regulating the stock market
and ensuring that investors received accurate information.

C. To regulate margin buying, which had led to the 1929 stock market crash The SEC had broader goals than regulating margin buying.

D. To regulate the banking and insurance industries The SEC was created to regulate another industry.

Question: What was Franklin Roosevelt's attitude toward business during the beginning of his presidency?

A. He viewed business as the cause of the Great Depression. Roosevelt viewed business as part of the solution to the Depression and not necessarily
its cause.

B. He viewed business as antagonistic toward his policies. Roosevelt did not view business as antagonistic toward his polices early in his term.

*C. He viewed business as essential to economic recovery. Roosevelt viewed business as vital to the nation working out of the Great Depression; he
was not antibusiness.

D. He wanted pro-business policies like those of the 1920s. While Roosevelt hoped to promote business, he also thought there needed to be more
government regulation of business than took place in the 1920s.

Question: What was the role of female progressives in Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal administration?

A. They would not accept roles in Roosevelt's administration. Female progressives did accept roles in Roosevelt's administration.

B. Roosevelt did not allow them to have a role in his administration despite their support for his policies. Roosevelt allowed female
progressives to have a role in his administration.

C. Roosevelt's wife gave several female progressives government positions. Eleanor Roosevelt had no such power, although she did persuade her
husband to name progressive women to his administration.

*D. Roosevelt appointed several female progressives to his administration. Roosevelt appointed several female progressives to government
positions, including Frances Perkins as Secretary of Labor, and many female progressives supported him.

Question: Why was Franklin Roosevelt's Tennessee Valley Authority a particularly bold initiative?

*A. The program remained under the full control of the federal government. The federal government led the entire initiative.
B. The federal government partnered with private businesses to bring electric power to rural residents. The Tennessee Valley Authority was a
government-run initiative.

C. The government mandated pay rates that private businesses on the project had to pay their workers. Since the federal government
controlled the project, private businesses did not work on the project.

D. The federal government spent a larger sum of money on it than other initiatives. Under Roosevelt, the government spent more money on
other programs.

Question: What strategy did the Agricultural Adjustment Act employ to increase incomes for farmers during the New Deal?

A. The government set specific prices on all agricultural goods. The government did not set specific prices for agricultural goods under this act.
*B. The government paid farmers to produce fewer crops. Under the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the federal government paid farmers to produce
fewer crops in order to increase farm prices and thus farmers' income.

C. The government bought land back from farmers. The government did not buy land back from farmers under this act.

D. The government paid farmers to leave farming for other careers. The government did not pay farmers to pursue other careers under this act.

Question: What was the impact of the New Deal's Agricultural Adjustment Act on sharecroppers in the South?

A. It increased their income but by a lower percentage than other farmers. Their income did not go up as a result of the Act.

B. It increased their income by the same percentage as other farmers. Their income did not go up as a result of the Act.

C. It gave sharecroppers enough income to buy land for the first time. The Act did not result in sharecroppers being able to buy land.

*D. It hurt them because white landowners used the system to benefit themselves. In the South, large landowners forced sharecroppers off the
land. Even when sharecroppers managed to retain parcels of land, AAA subsidies went to the landowners, who did not always distribute the designated funds due
the sharecroppers.

Question: Why did Franklin Roosevelt's first Agricultural Adjustment Act not benefit farmers as much as he had hoped?

*A. It was stricken down by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court voided the AAA in 1936 for imposing an unlawful tax upon food processors that
funded the subsidies to farmers.

B. Inadequate funding limited its impact. The Act received substantial funding but failed for other reasons.

C. The plan was misguided and poorly managed. Implementation of the Act was poorly managed in the South, where sharecroppers suffered unduly, but
it could have helped farmers in other regions but for other reasons.

D. So many farmers had already lost their farms that it was too late. Plenty of farmers remained and could have been helped by the Act.

Question: What was the purpose of Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA)?

A. To provide direct relief to unemployed industrial workers The NRA aimed to stimulate economic growth and lower unemployment.

B. To launch new industries that could stimulate economic growth The NRA did not attempt to launch new industries.

*C. To revive industrial production and help both industry and workers The NRA attempted to bring labor and business together to regulate
production, wages, prices, and working hours in order to lower unemployment, boost demand, and stimulate industrial production, which would produce economic
growth.

D. To provide vocational training for unemployed workers The NRA did not provide vocational training.

Question: What were among the factors that contributed to the inability of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to promote
economic growth during the New Deal?

*A. Businesses benefited more than labor, and NRA codes were too complex. Large businesses dominated the creation of codes, hurting smaller
firms; the government did enforce labor organizing rights; and the NRA passed too many codes, making the program too difficult to manage.

B. Labor organizations and small business groups dominated the NRA. Businesses, particularly large firms, dominated the National Recovery
Administration.

C. Labor leaders were unwilling to work with businesses or with government regulators. Labor leaders were willing to work with businesses and
government officials, but labor interests were largely ignored.

D. The NRA passed too few codes to affect major industries, and the regulations were confusing. The NRA did not provide too few codes but
too many.

Question: What was the purpose of the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act?

A. It created a cartel of businesses to regulate prices across industry. This was not the aim of Glass-Steagall.

B. It added four new Justices to the Supreme Court. The bill was not related to the judiciary.

C. It froze Japanese assets in the United States. The bill did not freeze Japanese assets.

*D. It aimed to protect consumers from commercial banks. The measure created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), insuring
personal savings accounts up to $5,000, and detached commercial banks from investment banks to avoid risky speculation.

Question: What was Roosevelt's position on Prohibition?

A. Though he opposed it, he was too preoccupied with the Depression to focus on Prohibition Roosevelt was not too preoccupied to deal with
Prohibition.
B. Roosevelt thought Prohibition would help Americans out of the Depression. He did not think prohibition was a net positive.

C. He avoided discussing Prohibition publicly for fear it would discourage the American people's support for new programs. He did not
avoid discussing it publicly.

*D. He publicly supported repeal of Prohibition. Roosevelt tried to keep the budget under control by supporting repeal of the Twentieth Amendment,
which would allow the government to tax alcohol sales and eliminate the cost of enforcement.

Question: What was the purpose of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) during the Great Depression?

A. FERA provided unemployed workers with vocational training. FERA did not provide vocational training.

B. FERA directly provided cash assistance to unemployed individuals. FERA did not provide direct assistance to the needy.

*C. FERA gave money to states to provide emergency relief for the unemployed. FERA provided cash grants to states to provide emergency
relief for the unemployed.

D. FERA hired unemployed workers on public works projects. FERA did not hire unemployed workers on public projects.

Question: What did the New Deal programs like the Civil Works Administration, Public Works Administration, and Civilian Conservation
Corps have in common?

A. All aimed at providing relief to the needy. While all three programs were aimed at the unemployed who needed work, they did not provide direct relief.

B. All three were struck down by the United States Supreme Court. The Court ruled several New Deal programs unconstitutional, but not these
three.

C. All three resulted in huge amounts of wasted federal money. All three programs produced tangible results, such as new construction and new
facilities in parks.

*D. All three aimed at creating jobs for those who were out of work. The purpose of all three programs was to give work on useful projects to
people who were out of work.

Question: Why did Franklin Roosevelt create public works programs like the Civilian Works Administration and the Public Works
Administration rather than simply providing cash payments to the unemployed?

A. Congress would not have accepted a cash relief plan. Roosevelt and his aides determined to use work programs on their own initiative.

*B. He did not believe direct welfare payments were a good thing. Roosevelt and close aide Harry Hopkins favored "work relief"—giving people jobs
rather than direct welfare payments whenever practical.

C. His business supporters would not have tolerated making cash payments. Roosevelt and his aides determined to use work programs on their
own initiative.

D. He thought direct relief payments were unconstitutional. Roosevelt did not believe such payments were unconstitutional.

Question: What explains the popularity of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency?

*A. The program provided work to unemployed young men and income for their families. The CCC recruited unmarried men between eighteen
and twenty-five for a two-year stint and put them to work planting forests; cleaning up beaches, rivers, and parks; and building bridges and dams. Participants
received $1 per day, and the government sent $25 of the $30 a month wages directly to their families.

B. The program provided training and educational opportunities. The popularity of the CCC was not based on the military-style training that the army
instilled when running it.

C. It provided direct cash grants to individuals. The CCC expected participants to work in order to earn benefits.

D. It provided individuals with long-term employment. The CCC provided temporary jobs.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Mrs Roosevelt, don't think I am just begging, but that is all you can
call it I guess. There is no harm in asking I guess eather. Do you have any old clothes you have throwed back. You don't realize how
honored I would feel to be wearing your clothes. I don't have a coat at all to wear. The clothes may be too large but I can cut them
down so I can wear them. Not only clothes but old shoes, hats, hose, and under wear would be appreciated so much."

What does the passage indicate about how the author feels about Mrs. Roosevelt?

A. She is angry at the First Lady for supporting her husband's relief programs. The passage does not indicate anger or a position on the relief
programs.

B. She is happy and wants to share her happiness with the First Lady. The passage indicates despair, not happiness.
*C. She thinks the First Lady will empathize with her. Since she asks the First Lady to share her old clothes, she likely felt the First Lady would
provide her assistance.

D. She merely states facts and does not express emotion. The passage conveys deep despair.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have always had a shiftless, never-do-well class of people
whose one and only aim in life is to live without work. I have been rubbing elbows with this class for nearly sixty years and have tried
to help some of the most promising and have seen others try to help them, but it can't be done. We cannot help those who will not try
to help themselves and if they do try, a square deal is all they need, and by the way that is all this country needs or ever has needed:
a square deal for all and then, let each paddle their own canoe, or sink."

What does Minnie Hardin attempt to convey in this excerpt from her letter to Mrs. Roosevelt?

A. Despite the fact that there will always be people who will abuse relief programs, the First Lady should continue to support them.
Hardin does not support the relief programs.

*B. Relief programs are not needed, as the poor are poor by choice. Hardin argues that there are many people who refuse to help themselves and
that no help can be given to them.

C. Relief programs are too costly to maintain, despite the great need for them. She does not discuss the economics of relief programs.

D. Relief programs are not constitutional. She does not discuss the legality of the programs.

Question: What was the difference between Roosevelt's critics on the left and right?

A. Critics on the left thought the president expanded the government too much while those on the right thought the President needed
to spend more. Critics on the left did not think that the president had spent too much.

*B. Critics on the left thought the president was too close to big business while those on the right thought the president had
expanded the government's scope too much. Critics on the left thought the president did not go far enough while those on the right thought he had
made the government too large and intrusive.

C. Critics on the left thought the president should seek more international trade while critics on the right favored higher tariffs. Critics on
the left did not think the president should seek more international trade.

D. Critics on the left and right thought the president expanded the scope of the government too much but disagreed about how to
reverse the course. Critics on the left did not believe Roosevelt expanded the government's scope too much.

Question: Why did the industrialists who formed the American Liberty League object to the New Deal?

A. They thought it resembled fascism. Fascism was not a target of the American Liberty League.

B. They thought President Roosevelt did not go far enough. The American Liberty League thought the New Deal too radical.

*C. They thought New Deal programs were socialistic or communistic. From the point of view of the league's founders, the New Deal was little
more than a vehicle for the spread of socialism and communism. The organization spent $1 million attacking what they considered to be Roosevelt's "dictatorial"
policies and his supposed assaults on free enterprise.

D. They thought the programs were too timid. The American Liberty League opposed socialism.

Question: Who were the leading members of the Communist Party's membership in 1938, its peak year of membership?

A. Recent Jewish immigrants Recent Jewish immigrants were not the leading members of the Communist Party.

*B. Intellectuals and artists Intellectuals and artists were the leading members of the Communist Party.
C. African Americans African Americans were not the leading members of the party, although the Communist Party attempted to recruit them.

D. White working-class men White working-class men were not the leading members of the Communist Party.

Question: What was the idea behind the "Cure for Depressions" proposed by Francis Townsend during the Great Depression?

*A. Giving all Americans over sixty a pension provided they retire Townsend proposed to give all Americans over sixty a monthly pension of $200
provided they retired and spent the entire amount each month. He meant his plan to help the elderly, open up jobs for the unemployed, and boost consumer
demand to help the economy grow.

B. Giving all unemployed Americans a monthly pension provided they spend it all each month Townsend's "Cure for Depressions" targeted
another group of Americans.

C. Giving all employed women a monthly pension provided they spend it all each month Townsend's "Cure for Depressions" targeted another
group of Americans.

D. Having the government create public works jobs to employ all the unemployed Townsend's "Cure for Depressions" did not advocate having the
government employ all those unemployed.

Question: What was Charles E. Coughlin's appeal to Catholics and the lower middle class during the Great Depression?

A. He was able to relate to the struggles Americans experienced. Coughlin did not have a strong following because he could empathize with the
struggles Americans experienced.

B. He used religion to lift Americans' spirits. Coughlin did not use religion to lift the spirits of Americans.

*C. He blamed specific groups for the Depression. Coughlin spoke to millions of radio listeners about the evils of the Roosevelt Administration, the
godless Communists that had allegedly infested it, and international bankers—coded language for Jews—who supposedly manipulated it.

D. He was a charismatic individual. Coughlin did not have a following because he was a charismatic individual.

Question: What was Huey Long's critique of Roosevelt's New Deal?

A. The New Deal did not protect workers' rights. Long did not assert that the New Deal failed to protect workers' rights.

B. The New Deal expanded the government too much. Long did not argue that the New Deal expanded the government too much but said it did too
little.

C. The government spent too little. Long did not argue that the government spent too little.

*D. None of the New Deal spending helped ordinary people. Long argued that none of the money spent in the New Deal went to the masses.
Question: How did Senator Huey Long, a critic of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, differ from other southern politicians during the
1930s?

*A. He appealed to farmers, industrial workers, and African Americans. Long appealed to farmers, industrial workers, and African Americans.
B. He refused to support segregation. Long did not refuse to support segregation, although as governor of Louisiana he did support repeal of the poll tax.

C. He spoke out against lynching. Long did not speak out against lynching.

D. He took on oil and gas interests in his state. Long was not the only southern politician to take on these interests.

Question: What was the relationship between Christians and corporate leadership during the New Deal era?

A. Most Christian ministers denounced corporations and railed against capitalism. While some did, most Christian ministers did not denounce
corporations or capitalism.

*B. Corporate leaders joined with Christian ministers to promote capitalism and oppose the New Deal. Corporate leaders harnessed
Christian ministers to promote their pro-capitalism, anti-New Deal message.

C. Many Christians believed that corporations were too secular and had virtually no dealings with them. Most Christians did not believe
corporations were too secular

D. While most Christians opposed corporations, they also opposed the New Deal. Most did not oppose corporations

Topic: The New Deal Moves to the Left

books:

Expanding Relief Measures

Establishing Social Security
Organized Labor Strikes Back
A Half Deal for Minorities
Decline of the New Deal

Question: Why did President Franklin Roosevelt move to the left in the election of 1936?

A. He faced a serious challenge from the Communist Party. The Communist Party was a minor factor in electoral politics.

*B. He faced criticism from within his party about the New Deal's effectiveness. He spoke in broad terms of a "new deal" that would help the less
affluent Americans but offered no specific policy proposals.

C. He faced a serious challenge from Republicans. Roosevelt did not face a serious challenge from the Republicans in that election.
D. He concluded that his New Deal policies were too radical. Roosevelt did not think his New Deal policies too radical but concluded he needed to take
stronger steps to revive the economy.

Question: What was the purpose of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the New Deal?

A. To provide jobs for young people The WPA did not target young people.

B. To provide jobs for African Americans The WPA did not target African Americans.

*C. To provide jobs for the unemployed The Works Progress Administration provided jobs for the unemployed of any age or station, though not many
women.

D. To provide jobs for women The Works Progress Administration employed few women.

Question: Why did the New Dealers argue that the Works Progress Administration (WPA) would not bankrupt the federal government
even though it meant deficit spending?

A. The federal government could sell the products made through the program. WPA jobs did not involve making products to sell.

B. The government could raise income tax rates to pay for it. New Dealers did not advocate raising income tax rates.

C. It would provide more revenue immediately through consumption taxes. No consumption tax was linked to the WPA.

*D. By creating jobs, it would generate tax revenues. The New Dealers argued that the Works Progress Administration would provide job creation and
economic growth and ultimately result in greater tax revenue.

Question: What was Mary McLeod Bethune's role in the National Youth Administration (NYA), a New Deal program?

A. To work with business to find job placements for youth Bethune did not work with businesses to find job placements for youth.

*B. To bring young blacks into the program Bethune ensured that African American youth would benefit from the program.
C. To ensure that the program remained segregated Bethune was not responsible for making the program segregated.

D. To ensure that young women benefited from the program Bethune's role was not to ensure that young women benefited from the program.

Question: What flaws hindered the success of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the New Deal?

*A. Wages were too low and benefits too narrow. The wages were less than a family needed to survive, and by limiting participation to one person per
household, who was typically a male, it effectively blocked millions of women from the program.

B. The wages provided were too high to provide enough jobs. The wages were too low.

C. The program refused to employ any women. The program employed women, but only a limited number.

D. The work performed was useless "make work." While some of the work was not productive, the WPA had many accomplishments as well.

Question: How did the American population feel about the New Deal in 1935?

*A. Opinion was divided; many supported the New Deal, but many were skeptical of its effectiveness. Even though the New Deal had helped
millions of people, millions of others still felt left out, as the popularity of Townsend, Coughlin, and Long indicated. "We the people voted for you," a Columbus,
Ohio, worker wrote the president in disgust, "but it is a different story now. You have faded out on the masses of hungry, idle people. . . . The very rich is the only
one who has benefited from your new deal."

B. The vast majority of Americans supported the New Deal. Many supported the New Deal, but it wasn't the vast majority of Americans.

C. The vast majority opposed the New Deal. The vast majority did not oppose the New Deal.

D. The upper classes unanimously supported the New Deal, while the lower classes opposed it. Opinions about the New Deal cut across class
lines.

Question: What is deficit spending?

A. Money spent only after budgets have been balanced Deficit spending does not come from balanced budgets.

B. Money spent when tax revenues exceed expenditures Deficit spending does not come from expanded tax revenues.

C. Money spent that is allocated by the Senate Deficit spending does not originate in the Senate

*D. Money spent when expenditures exceed tax revenues Although Roosevelt favored a balanced budget, political necessity forced him to embark on
deficit spending to expand the New Deal. Federal government expenditures would now exceed tax revenues, but New Dealers argued that these outlays would
stimulate job creation and economic growth, which ultimately would replenish government coffers.

Question: What was one significant limitation of the Social Security program as created during the New Deal?

A. The program omitted white-collar workers. Social Security included white-collar workers.

B. The program did not address disability. Social Security addressed disability.

*C. The program omitted farm, domestic, and laundry workers. The program omitted farm, domestic, and laundry workers, who were often African
American and usually the neediest workers.

D. The program omitted all women. The program did not omit all women.

Question: What was the purpose of the Social Security Act passed in 1935?

*A. To provide the elderly, disabled, and unemployed with cash assistance Social Security provided the elderly, disabled, and unemployed with
cash assistance.

B. To provide widows with cash assistance Social Security's purpose was not to provide widows with cash assistance.

C. To help the neediest workers Social Security did not necessarily assist the neediest workers.

D. To provide a safety net for African American workers The program helped African American workers less than white workers.

Question: How did Social Security disadvantage working women when first enacted during the New Deal?

A. Women could not receive unemployment insurance. Women could receive unemployment insurance if they had been employed outside the home.

B. Women could not receive disability payments. Women could receive disability payments if they had been employed outside the home.

*C. Women received lower payments than men. Women received lower payments because of wage discrimination; in addition, Social Security did not
take into account women's unpaid labor as housewives and mothers.

D. Women did not receive any benefits as widows. Women did receive benefits as widows.

Question: Why was the Social Security program revolutionary when it was enacted during the New Deal?

A. The federal government provided cash assistance for the first time. The federal government provided cash assistance through other New Deal
programs.

*B. It represented a pledge that the government would take care of its citizens. Social Security was essentially a promise that the federal
government would take care of American citizens who needed help.

C. It discouraged citizens from working. Social Security was designed to encourage citizens to work by providing benefits pegged to a worker's earnings.

D. It promoted income equality by making all payments equal. All citizens did not receive equal payments.

Question: Franklin Roosevelt's Social Security program was most reminiscent of the program proposed by what New Deal critic?

A. Father Coughlin Coughlin proposed nothing like Social Security.

B. The American Liberty League The American Liberty League proposed nothing like Social Security.

*C. Francis Townsend Townsend proposed to give all Americans over sixty a monthly pension provided they retired and spent the entire amount each
month. He meant his plan to help the elderly, open up jobs for the unemployed, and boost consumer demand to help the economy grow.

D. Huey Long Long proposed direct payments to all Americans, not pensions for retired or disabled workers.

Question: Which of the following provisions was included in the Social Security Act of 1935?

A. A program to use federal funds to compensate Native Americans for land wrongfully taken The Act did not deal with Native American land
claims.

*B. Unemployment insurance The law provided unemployment insurance for those temporarily laid off from work and welfare payments for the disabled
who were permanently out of a job as well as for destitute, dependent children of single parents.

C. The law provided security for newly arrived immigrants at Ellis Island The law did not deal with immigration issues.

D. It privatized federal retirement accounts The Act created public retirement accounts.

Question: What was the purpose of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), passed during the New Deal?
A. To protect minority workers The purpose of the NLRA was not to protect minority workers.

B. To erase pay disparities between men and women The purpose of the NLRA was not to erase pay disparities between men and women.

*C. To protect workers' right to unionize The NLRA protected workers' right to unionize.
D. To discourage workers from unionizing The NLRA did not discourage workers from unionizing.

Question: What happened to union membership during the 1930s?

A. It increased among women but decreased among men. Union membership did not decrease among men.

B. It remained constant. Union membership was not constant.

C. It declined by about half. Union membership did not decline.

*D. It increased significantly. Union membership more than doubled.

Question: What was significant about the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) with regard to unionization in the
1930s?

A. The CIO was willing to use violence to gain its goals. The CIO did not use violence.

B. The CIO was more willing to strike than the American Federation of Labor. The creation of the CIO was not significant because the CIO was
willing to strike.

C. The CIO was closer to the Democratic Party than the American Federation of Labor. The CIO was not closer to the Democratic Party than the
American Federation of Labor.

*D. The CIO was open to a wider variety of workers than the American Federation of Labor. The CIO recruited members from a wide variety of
races, genders, and industries.

Question: What political realignment occurred during the 1930s regarding the labor movement?

*A. Big Labor became an important part of the Democratic Party. In the late 1930s, Big Labor became a leading backer of the New Deal and thus
the Democratic Party.

B. The labor movement left the Democratic Party. The labor movement had not been close to the Democratic Party before the 1930s.

C. The labor movement remained close to the Republican Party. The labor movement had not been close to the Republican Party.

D. The labor movement shifted its support to the Communist Party. The labor movement did not support the Communist Party in the 1930s.

Question: Refer to the image Women's Emergency Brigade, 1937

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Why are the women holding clubs in the picture?

A. As potential emergency managers, they wanted to show they could handle the stress of emergency situations. The emergency brigades
were not related to emergency management.

B. They were the wives of striking rope makers, and the clubs were a symbol of the men's work. They were not the wives of rope-makers.

*C. They were meant to intimidate employers by showing that the wives of workers were prepared for violence. They held the clubs that
they had used to smash windows at the Chevrolet Plant occupied by the strikers.

D. As women, they always carried clubs with them for protection. The clubs were meant to convey a specific message.

Question: What was the role of President Franklin Roosevelt's "Black Cabinet"?

A. To investigate segregation in New Deal programs The "Black Cabinet" did not investigate racial segregation in New Deal programs.
B. To advise Roosevelt on labor legislation The "Black Cabinet" did not advise Roosevelt on labor legislation specifically.

*C. To advise Roosevelt on matters pertaining to race The "Black Cabinet" advised Roosevelt on matters pertaining to race.
D. To help Roosevelt integrate the armed forces Roosevelt did not attempt to integrate the armed forces.

Question: Why was Eleanor Roosevelt's decision to quit the Daughters of the American Revolution significant?

A. It symbolized her disagreement with the organization's position on unions. Her decision had nothing to do with the group's position on unions.

*B. It symbolized the administration's concern for African Americans. Roosevelt quit over her disagreement with the organization's treatment of
African American singer Marian Anderson.

C. It represented her support for immigrants. Her decision had nothing to do with support for immigrants.

D. It represented the administration's support for the New Deal, which the group opposed. The group's position on the New Deal was not at
issue.

Question: How did the New Deal impact African Americans?

*A. African Americans made some gains, but discrimination remained entrenched. African Americans gained access to some New Deal
programs, but Franklin Roosevelt refused to address racial discrimination and many New Deal programs maintained existing patterns of segregation.

B. Sharecroppers and service workers gained significantly from Social Security. Social Security excluded sharecroppers and most African American
service sector workers.

C. They were hurt, as African Americans were excluded from all New Deal programs. Many New Deal programs included African Americans.

D. They saw substantial wage increase as a result of getting to government jobs. Few African Americans gained government jobs or enjoyed
substantially increased wages.

Question: What was the impact of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) on the federal government's policy toward Native Americans
during the New Deal?

A. The IRA allowed Native Americans to participate in New Deal programs. The IRA did not open New Deal programs to Native Americans.

B. The IRA provided Native Americans with schooling and access to social services. The IRA did not provide Native Americans with greater access
to social services and free education.

*C. The IRA gave Native Americans greater autonomy but had mixed effects. The IRA terminated the Dawes Act and reversed the policy of
assimilation, but while the IRA brought economic and social improvements for Native American tribes, many problems remained.

D. The IRA denied Native Americans the right to self-government. The IRA discontinued the policies of the Dawes Act and gave Native Americans
some measure of control over tribal affairs.

Question: What was the significance of the election of 1936?

A. The Republican Party emerged as the dominant national party in the United States. The Republican Party lost the election of 1936.

B. Roosevelt won the election by a smaller margin, suggesting declining popularity. Roosevelt won the election of 1936 by a wider margin than
he had in 1932.

C. Neither party gained a decisive victory, leaving politics contentious. One party gained an overwhelming victory in the election of 1936.

*D. The Democratic Party emerged as the majority party with control of the presidency and Congress. The Democratic Party emerged as the
majority party with control of the presidency and Congress.

Question: What was the goal of Roosevelt's court-packing plan?

A. To remove partisanship from the Supreme Court The court-packing plan would have replaced partisan opposition to the New Deal with partisan
support of it.

*B. To appoint justices favorable to the New Deal legislation The purpose of Roosevelt's court-packing plan was to appoint justices favorable to the
New Deal legislation by "packing" the court with his own appointees.

C. To appoint more qualified justices to federal courts The purpose was not to appoint more qualified justices.

D. To replace older judges with younger judges who could serve longer The purpose of the court-packing plan was not to replace older judges with
younger judges.

Question: What was the impact of Roosevelt's court-packing plan?

*A. It angered southern Democrats, who supported states' rights. Roosevelt's plan angered southern Democrats who supported states' rights.
B. It succeeded, and Roosevelt appointees approved New Deal legislation. The court-packing plan did not pass Congress, although the Court did
issue rulings supporting New Deal legislations.

C. It cost him widespread public support. Roosevelt lost some public support in his second term but that was more for economic reasons than because of
the court-packing plan.

D. Republicans who supported states' rights were able to defeat the plan. Democrats from the South supported states' rights.

Question: What was the purpose of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?

A. To establish unemployment insurance and workers compensation insurance The Fair Labor Standards Act did not establish unemployment or
workers compensation insurance.

B. To recognize the right of workers to unionize The Wagner Act protected the rights of workers to unionize.

*C. To establish a forty-hour work week and a minimum wage The Fair Labor Standards Act established a forty-hour work week and a minimum
wage.

D. To ban child labor The Fair Labor Standards Act did not ban child labor.

Question: What accounts for Roosevelt's declining popularity in 1938 and 1939?

A. Hints of an economic recovery, leading people to oppose government involvement in the economy The economy was still in a depression in
these years.

B. Growing fears over the rising federal deficit Roosevelt lost support among those worried about economic issues other than rising deficits.

C. Turmoil in Europe raising worries that Roosevelt would lead the nation into war The turmoil in Europe did not cause Roosevelt's popularity to
decline.

*D. Continuing economic problems and the lack of a full recovery A new recession and the fact that many Americans remained unemployed and
living in poverty accounts for Roosevelt's declining popularity.

Question: What was the impact of the New Deal on income inequality and poverty in America?

A. It made income inequality and poverty increase. Income inequality and poverty did not increase in America during the 1930s.

B. It had no effect on income inequality or poverty in America. The New Deal had an effect on income inequality and poverty in America.

*C. It slightly reduced both poverty and income inequality. The New Deal slightly reduced both poverty and income inequality in America.
D. It dramatically reduced poverty and income inequality. Poverty and income inequality remained high in 1939.

Chapter 23: World War II, 1933†1945 “

Topic: The Road toward War
books:

The Growing Crisis in Europe

The Challenge to Isolationism
The United States Enters the War

Question: What describes the commitment of the United States to international affairs during the 1920s and 1930s?

A. Withdrawal into total isolationism The United States remained engaged in international affairs in this period.

*B. Some engagement but refusal to enter into collective security agreements The United States remained somewhat engaged in international
affairs, but it refused to enter collective security agreements that would limit its freedom of action in this period.

C. Willing entry into a collective security agreement with Britain but no other nation The United States did not enter collective security
agreements with Britain in this period.

D. Full engagement, including initiation of some collective security agreements The United States did not enter into any collective security
agreements in this period.
Question: Why were American leaders opposed to joining the League of Nations and World Court?

*A. They were wary of institutions that might require military cooperation. American officials were reluctant to take part in any institutions that
might require military cooperation.

B. They were reluctant to take part in institutions that required economic cooperation. American officials did not necessarily fear economic
cooperation.

C. They disliked institutions that required the country to provide economic assistance to other countries. The possibility of providing economic
assistance to other nations was not the problem they perceived with these organizations.

D. They preferred to focus on creating institutions with Latin American countries. American officials did not create any global institutions with
Latin American countries in this period.

Question: How did World War I reinforce sentiment in America against collective security agreements?

A. The war had caused a financial catastrophe. World War I did not cause a financial catastrophe in the United States.

B. The number of American casualties during the war was high. American casualties were fairly low.

C. There were widespread protests by Americans against the draft. Americans' misgivings about collective security agreements were unrelated to
draft protests.

*D. Americans believed that an international conspiracy of bankers and munitions makers had pushed the United States into the war.
Strong public sentiment existed against war as many Americans believed that an international conspiracy of bankers and munitions makers conspired to push the
United States to enter the war.

Question: What was the purpose of the Neutrality Acts passed by Congress in the mid-1930s?

A. To allow the United States to gain reparations payments for World War I The purpose of the Neutrality Acts was not to allow the United States
to gain reparations from World War I.

B. To allow the United States to enter neutral groups like the League of Nations The purpose of the Neutrality Acts was not to allow the United
States to enter groups like the League of Nations.

C. To allow the United States to sell munitions to European countries One of the Neutrality Acts specifically banned the United States from selling
munitions to European countries at war.

*D. To make it more difficult for the United States to become involved in a war The Neutrality Acts were designed to make it more difficult for
the United States to become entangled in European hostilities.

Question: What events made it more difficult for the United States to maintain neutrality during the 1930s?

A. Britain's request for military assistance to Spanish republicans Britain, like the United States, stayed out of the Spanish Civil War.

B. Germany's decision to invade Russia Germany did not invade Russia in the 1930s.

*C. The aggressive actions of Germany and Italy Germany and Italy both rebuilt their military and began acting aggressively toward neighbors and, in
Italy's case, Africa.

D. The spread of communism from Russia to other countries Communism remained only in Russia during the 1930s.

Question: How did Adolf Hitler attract support from the German people for wars of conquest?

A. By providing jobs for people through military expansion Hitler's military buildup did provide jobs for some, but he won much wider support for other
reasons.

*B. By playing on their frustration over defeat in World War I and their current situation. He manipulated German feelings of humiliation over
losing World War I and having been forced to sign the "war-guilt clause" (see Chapter 21), as well as took advantage of the Germans' discontent with the
country's inflation-ridden economy and its disastrous effects.

C. By blaming the United States for Germany's defeat in World War I Hitler did not blame the United States for Germany's defeat in World War I.

D. By blaming Germany's defeat in World War I on the military Hitler did not blame Germany's defeat in World War I on the military.

Question: What country or countries assisted the democratically elected Spanish republic during the Spanish Civil War?

*A. The Soviet Union The Soviet Union assisted the Spanish republic.
B. France and Britain France and Britain remained uncommitted in that conflict.

C. The United States The United States remained uncommitted in that conflict.
D. France, Britain, and the United States France, Britain, and the United States remained uncommitted in that conflict.

Question: To which of the following states did the United States extend diplomatic relations in 1933?

A. China China and the United States did not have formal relations until the 1970s.

*B. The Soviet Union In 1933 a new possibility for trade emerged when the Roosevelt administration extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union
(USSR).

C. Mexico The United States already had diplomatic relations with Mexico in 1933.

D. Sudan The United States and Sudan did not have diplomatic relations during this period.

Question: What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A. An agreement between the United States and Mexico to end hostilities after World War I The pact was not between the United States and
Mexico.

B. A trade deal between the Allied and Central Powers after World War I The pact was not a trade deal.

*C. An international agreement that outlawed war for territorial expansion after World War I Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war as an
instrument of national policy but proved unenforceable.

D. An agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union on American Policy in Asia The agreement was not about U.S. policy in Asia.

Question: How did popular novels like A Farewell to Arms and All Quiet on the Western Front reflect American opinion about World
War I?

*A. They reflected the antiwar, isolationist views of many Americans The experience of World War I had reinforced this brand of political
isolationism, which was reflected in an outpouring of antiwar sentiments in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Best-selling novels like Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell
to Arms (1929), Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front (1929), and Dalton Trumbo's Johnny Got His Gun (1939) presented graphic depictions of
the horror and futility of war.

B. They showed the ambivalence many Americans had about U.S. involvement in World War I. The novels did not reflect ambivalence about
the Great War.

C. They reflected a triumphalist attitude about American exceptionalism after the war The novels were critical of the war and America's role in it.

D. The novels reflected American's belief that despite the casualties, the war was an economic success for the United States This was not
the view expressed in the novels or shared by many Americans.

Question: How did Britain and France respond to German territorial expansion in the late 1930s?

A. By sending troops to confront and push Hitler back The British and French did not send troops to confront the Germans

*B. They appeased Hitler by either ignoring or signing treaties recognizing German control of new territory In March 1938 Hitler forced
Austria to unite with Germany. In September of that year, he signed the Munich Accord with Great Britain and France, allowing Germany to annex the
Sudetenland, the mainly German-speaking, western region of Czechoslovakia. Hitler still wanted more land and was convinced that his western European rivals
would not stop him, so in March 1939 he sent German troops to invade and occupy the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler proved correct; Britain and France did
nothing in response, a policy critics called appeasement.

C. They partnered with the Soviet Union to put economic sanctions on Hitler. The British and French refused overtures from the Soviet Union to
ally against Hitler.

D. They set up multilateral negotiations to prevent Germany's expansion. They did not hold multilateral negotiations.

Question: Which was the first country to join Hitler's campaign for territorial conquest?

A. The Soviet Union The Soviets briefly partnered with Germany, but they were not the first.

B. Japan Japan was not the first country to join with Germany.

C. China China did not partner with the Germans.

*D. Italy Hitler's Italian ally, Benito Mussolini, joined him in war and conquest. In 1935 Italian troops invaded Ethiopia. The following year, both Germany and
Italy intervened in the Spanish civil war, providing military support for General Francisco Franco in his effort to overthrow the democratically elected, socialist
republic of Spain.

Question: What was the Abraham Lincoln Brigade?

A. A group of Civil War reenactors who opposed U.S. involvement in foreign wars The Brigade did not oppose U.S. involvement in foreign wars.
*B. A group of American Communists who volunteered to help fight for the Spanish in their civil war In violation of American law, private
citizens, many of whom were Communists, volunteered to serve on the side of the Spanish Loyalists and fought on the battlefield as the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.

C. A group of antiwar activists who staged protests against the Spanish civil war The Brigade members were not anti-war activists.

D. A women's group who raised funds to support wounded veterans The group was not a women's organization.

Question: Why was Roosevelt initially reluctant to assist France and Britain against Germany and Italy?

*A. American public opinion and legal constraints There was overwhelming public opposition to American involvement in Europe, and the Neutrality
Laws tied his hands as well.

B. Weakness of the American economy Roosevelt was not reluctant to assist France and Germany because of the weakness of the American economy.

C. Heavy American losses during World War I The United States suffered few casualties during World War I.

D. Reluctance to take the risk of losing Roosevelt was not concerned about losing a war with Germany and Italy.

Question: What countries initially fought against Germany in World War II immediately after Germany invaded Poland?

A. Italy, France, and Great Britain. Italy, an Axis Power, was allied with Germany.

*B. France and Great Britain France and Great Britain initially fought against Germany in World War II.
C. The Soviet Union, France, and Great Britain The Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany in 1939 and did not join the fight against it
until Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.

D. The United States, France, and Great Britain The United States did not fight against Germany immediately after the invasion of Poland.

Question: What were the initial results of the military battles between France and Great Britain and Germany at the beginning of
World War II?

A. Great Britain and France both surrendered after stunning defeats. Great Britain did not surrender.

B. Great Britain and France both won overwhelming victories. Germany overwhelmed both France and Great Britain.

*C. Germany had quick success, which included France's surrender. The initial military results were overwhelming victories for Germany, including
the overrunning of much of France and the capture of Paris.

D. Inconclusive results produced a stalemate like that in World War I. The initial military results were decisive.

Question: What was the goal of the America First Committee during the early 1940s?

A. To encourage the United States to enter World War II and fight alongside Great Britain America First did not want the United States to
provide military support to Britain.

B. To encourage the United States to provide Britain with economic assistance and military supplies rather than joining the war America
First did not did not want the United States to provide military aid to Britain.

C. To prevent the United States from forming an alliance with the Soviet Union The America First Alliance did not seek to prevent an alliance with
the Soviet Union.

*D. To prevent the involvement of the United States in World War II The American First Committee sought to prevent U.S. involvement in World
War II.

Question: What events changed the attitudes of Americans toward entering World War II?

A. The German conquest of Poland The German conquest of Poland did not change American attitudes towards entering World War II.

*B. The defeat of France and the Battle of Britain Prior to the French defeat, 82 percent of Americans saw no reason why the United States should aid
the Allies. After Germany invaded France, some 80 percent favored assisting Great Britain in some way, although most expected this would lead to further
American involvement.

C. The increasing hostility of Nazi Germany toward Jews German hostility toward Jews did not change the opinions of Americans toward entering World
War II.

D. The non-aggression pact the USSR and Germany signed The non-aggression pact Germany and the USSR signed did not change American attitudes
about entering World War II.

Question: What was the significance of the Lend-Lease Act of 1941?

A. It officially drew the United States into World War II. America officially entered World War II at a later date, when it declared war.
B. It instituted the first peacetime draft in American history The 1940 Selective Service Act instituted a peacetime draft.

*C. It drew the United States into an undeclared naval war with Germany. To protect British ships carrying American supplies obtained through
the Lend-Lease Act, Roosevelt extended naval and air patrols in the North Atlantic. In response, German submarines began sinking U.S. ships. By May 1941,
Germany and the United States were engaged in an undeclared naval war.

D. It allowed the United States to provide Germany and Italy with military aid. The United States did not provide Germany or Italy with military
aid through the Lend-Lease Act.

Question: What was Roosevelt's stance toward entering World War II when he campaigned for a third term for presidency in 1940?

A. He promised that he would only send volunteer forces. Roosevelt did not promise to send any forces.

B. He promised to enter the war in 1941. Roosevelt did not promise to enter World War II in 1941.

C. He promised to continue providing Britain and France with military aid and supplies. France had already been defeated.

*D. He promised that the United States would not declare war on Germany. He promised Americans that the United States would not declare war
on Germany.

Question: What was President's Roosevelt's position on U.S. involvement in the conflict in Europe?

A. He was opposed to providing assistance to Western democracies because of the Great Depression. He was not opposed to providing
assistance to Western democracies.

B. He was not in favor of providing assistance but was pressured by the American public to get involved. The public did not pressure
Roosevelt to get involved.

*C. The president believed that America needed to provide assistance to Western democracies, but he did not have the support of the
public As Europe drifted toward war, public opinion polls revealed that most Americans wanted to stay out of any European conflict. The president, however,
thought it likely that, to protect its own economic and political interests, the United States would eventually need to assist the Western democracies.

D. The president thought that the United States should provide only economic assistance. Roosevelt believed that the United States would need
to provide more than just economic assistance.

Question: Why did Stalin sign a non-aggression pact with Germany in 1939?

A. He believed Hitler would be a strong ally for the Soviet Union against Western democracies. Stalin did not trust Hitler and did not think he
would be a strong ally.

*B. He believed it would benefit the Soviet Union by strengthening its western borders. Joseph Stalin had few illusions about Hitler's ultimate
design on his own nation, but he concluded that by signing this pact he could secure his country's western borders and buy additional time. (In June 1941 the
Germans broke the pact and invaded the Soviet Union.)

C. He thought it would eventually bring the United States into the war and wanted to prove Russia's military prowess against the
United States. Stalin was not interested in provoking the United States to war.

D. He thought it would force France and Great Britain to negotiate a mutual defense pact with Russia. Stalin reached out to Hitler after the
French and British rejected an alliance with the Soviets.

Question: What was the result of Germany's non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union in 1939?

A. It brought the United States into the war. This pact did not draw Americans into the war.

B. It convinced Italy to join the Germans. Italy had already joined Germany by 1939.

C. It led to the collapse of the alliance between Britain and France. The alliance between Britain and France continued after the German/Soviet pact.

*D. Germany and the Soviet Union launched a joint invasion of Poland. When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Britain and France
declared war on Germany and Italy. Just before the invasion, the Soviet Union had signed a non-aggression agreement with Germany, which carved up Poland
between the two nations and permitted the USSR to occupy the neighboring Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.

Question: How did President Roosevelt respond to the outbreak of war in Europe?

*A. He reaffirmed Americans' commitment to neutrality. Roosevelt responded to the outbreak of war by reaffirming U.S. neutrality. Despite his
sympathy for the Allies, which most Americans had come to share, the president stated his hope that the United States could stay out of the war: "Let no man or
woman thoughtlessly or falsely talk of Americans sending its armies to European fields."

B. He immediately began mobilizing American troops for Europe. Roosevelt did not mobilize American troops in response to the outbreak of war.

C. He began diplomatic negotiations with Germany and Italy to try to end the conflict. He did not enter diplomatic negotiations with Germany
and Italy.
D. He pushed Congress for a declaration of war. He did not push for a declaration of war at this time.

Question: Refer to the image America First Committee Rally, 1941

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to attend the rally in the photograph?

*A. Isolationists Isolationists opposed American involvement in World War II.

B. Jewish leaders Most Jews supported American involvement in World War II.

C. British-born American citizens Most British-born Americans supported American involvement in World War II.

D. Bankers The banking industry largely supported American involvement in World War II.
Question: What kind of assistance did Roosevelt provide to Britain in 1940?

A. He provided 10,000 American troops to serve in an advisory capacity. The United States did not send troops in 1940.

*B. He sent out-of-date military equipment and persuaded Congress to start a military draft. On September 2, 1940, the president sent fifty
obsolete destroyers to the British in return for leases on British naval bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. Two weeks later, on
September 16, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Selective Service Act, the first peacetime military draft in U.S. history, which quickly registered more
than 16 million men.

C. He refused to provide any assistance. Roosevelt worked to aid the British in 1940.

D. He sent millions of dollars to aid the British war effort. He did not allocate funds to assist the British.

Question: What was the status of the relationship between Germany and the United States during the early hostilities in Europe?

A. The United States avoided all interaction with Germany to avoid getting drawn into the war. The United States did not avoid contact with
Germany.

B. The United States and Germany continued to have open diplomatic relations. The United States did not continue open relations with Germany.

*C. The United States extended military activity in the Atlantic, often coming into conflict with the German military. To protect British
ships carrying American supplies, the president extended naval and air patrols in the North Atlantic. In response, German submarines began sinking U.S. ships.
By May 1941, Germany and the United States were engaged in an undeclared naval war.

D. The United States sent Special Forces into Germany to try to overthrow the German government The United States did not invade
Germany at this time.

Question: What threat did Roosevelt think Germany posed to the United States?

A. He believed Germany would invade the United States Few thought Germany would invade the United States.

B. He believed Germany wanted to take over Canada, which would threaten the United States. He did not think an invasion of Canada was
likely.

C. He believed Germany would spread communism throughout Europe. The Nazis were not Communists.

*D. He believed they threatened American economic and political interests abroad. As Germany and Italy successfully expanded their empires,
they endangered U.S. economic interests and democratic values. President Roosevelt believed that American security abroad was threatened by the German Nazis
and Italian Fascists.

Question: What was the significance of the Atlantic Charter of 1941?

A. President Franklin Roosevelt promised to provide military aid and supplies to Britain. The United States already provided Britain with military
aid and supplies.

B. President Franklin Roosevelt agreed to declare war on Germany. Roosevelt did not agree to declare war on Germany in the Atlantic Charter.

*C. President Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill laid the groundwork for the establishment of the United Nations after the war.
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill laid the groundwork for the establishment after the war of the organization that came to be called the United Nations.

D. Winston Churchill promised the Americans naval support for American ships carrying British military supplies. Winston Churchill did not
promise naval support for American ships carrying British military supplies.

Question: Why did President Franklin Roosevelt invite attacks on American ships by German submarines in 1940?

*A. To rally public opinion in the United States in favor of war Roosevelt invited attacks on American ships by German submarines in order to rally
public opinion in the United States in favor of war.

B. To convince Great Britain to protect American ships Roosevelt did not need to convince Britain to protect American ships.

C. To start a naval war with Germany Roosevelt did not necessarily seek a naval war with Germany.

D. To make public opinion toward Germany more negative. American public opinion already opposed Germany.

Question: What was the United States' response to heightened Japanese attacks on China in 1937?

A. It warned Japan that it would declare war unless Japan desisted. The United States did not issue such a warning.

B. It quickly began sending military supplies to several Asian countries. The United States did provide several Asian countries with military supplies.

*C. It began supplying the Chinese with arms. President Roosevelt skirted the Neutrality Acts by refusing to declare war, but began sending arms to
China.
D. It sent American troops to China. The United States did not send troops to China.

Question: How did President Franklin Roosevelt respond to the Japanese invasion of Indochina in 1940?

A. Trapped by the Neutrality Act, he ignored the invasion. Roosevelt responded to the invasion.

*B. He limited Japanese access to military supplies through trade restrictions. After the initial invasion, Roosevelt embargoed sales of aviation
fuel and scrap metal, products that Japan needed for war. After Japan occupied the remainder of the region, the administration froze Japanese assets and cut off
all trade with Japan.

C. He took the step of declaring war on Japan. The United States declared war on Japan the following year and for different reasons.

D. He decided Japan could not be halted and stopped sending military aid to China. Military aid to China continued.

Question: What was the significance of the Tripartite Pact?

A. It created an alliance between France, Britain, and the United States. The Tripartite Pact did not create an alliance between France, Britain, and
the United States.

B. It created an alliance between Germany, the Soviet Union, and Japan. It did not create an alliance between Germany, the Soviet Union, and
Japan.

*C. It created an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Tripartite Pact created an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan.
D. It created an alliance between the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States. It did not create an alliance between the Soviet Union, Britain,
and the United States.

Question: What event finally led the United States to enter World War II?

*A. The bombing of Pearl Harbor The bombing of Pearl Harbor led the United States to enter World War II.
B. The defeat of France The United States remained neutral after the defeat of France.

C. Attacks of American ships by German submarines Attacks on American ships by German submarines did not lead the United States to enter World
War II.

D. Japan's invasion of Indochina The United States remained neutral after Japan's invasion of Indochina.

Question: Why did President Franklin Roosevelt finally ask Congress to declare war on Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbor?

A. Japan had already declared war on the United States. Japan had not officially declared war on the United States.

B. Britain agreed to fight Japan in the Pacific alongside the United States. Roosevelt did not declare war because of British promises to fight Japan
in the Pacific.

C. The American military had suffered many casualties, and he wanted revenge. Roosevelt did not declare war on Japan because of the casualty
figures.

*D. The bombing changed American public opinion. The bombing turned American public opinion in favor of war.
Question: Where did American military planners believe they would concentrate their efforts if the United States entered the war?

A. On breaking the alliance between Italy and Germany This was not the prewar plan.

*B. On defeating Germany militarily American and British military planners agreed that defeating Germany would become the top priority if the United
States entered the war.

C. On driving Japan out of China This was not the prewar plan.

D. On economically isolating the Germans and Italians Economic sanctions were not the focus of prewar planning.

Question: What principles underlined the Atlantic Charter?

A. A return to early-nineteenth-century regional alliances to preserve a balance of power The Atlantic Charter did not call for regional alliances.

B. A belief in the doctrine of preemptive war The Charter did not support the doctrine of preemptive warfare.

*C. A commitment to self-determination and free trade The Charter promoted freedom of the seas, free trade, self-determination and "Freedom from
fear wand want."

D. A commitment to communism The Charter did not make a commitment to communism.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "I felt as if a fist had smashed my pleasant little existence, breaking
it into jigsaw puzzle pieces. An old wound opened up again, and I found myself shrinking inwardly from my Japanese blood, the blood
of an enemy. I knew instinctively that the fact that I was an American by birthright was not going to help me escape the consequences
of this unhappy war."

How does the author feel her Japanese heritage will impact her after the bombing of Pearl Harbor?

A. She indicates that it will have no impact on her. She thinks it will have an impact on her.

B. She fears that she will be forced to join the military effort. She does not indicate that she fears military service.

C. She thinks most Americans will not be able to distinguish her ancestry from her citizenship. She does not think that most Americans won't
recognize her ancestry.

*D. She thinks it will have a negative impact on her. She notes that her American citizenship will not protect her from her ancestry.

Topic: The Home-Front Economy

books:

Managing the Wartime Economy

New Opportunities for Women
Everyday Life on the Home Front

Question: What was the impact of World War II on the American economy?

A. World War II led to higher unemployment. World War II did not lead to higher unemployment.

B. World War II did not impact the economy. World War II had a strong impact on the American economy.

*C. World War II restored prosperity. World War II restored prosperity, ending the Great Depression, and also helped create a "military-industrial
complex."

D. World War II led to slower economic growth and extended the Great Depression. World War II ended the Great Depression.

Question: Why was World War II able to end the Great Depression?

A. Government limits on inflation Limits on inflation did not end the Great Depression.

*B. Increased federal employment and spending Federal employment increased fourfold and federal spending increased tenfold by the war's end,
helping boost the economy and ending the Depression.

C. The military decision to hire women The military hired women but that did not end the Great Depression.

D. Government-set wages Mandatory wage rates did not end the Great Depression.

Question: What region or regions benefited the most from government spending during World War II?

*A. All areas of the country Prosperity was not limited to any one region. The industrial areas of the Northeast and Midwest once again boomed, the war
transformed the agricultural South into a budding industrial region, and the West Coast prospered as the gateway to the Pacific war.

B. The agricultural South The South was not the only region that boomed during World War II, and it became more industrial than it had been before.

C. The industrial Northeast and Midwest The Northeast and Midwest boomed, but so did other regions.

D. The West The West was not the only region to boom during World War II.

Question: What accounts for the massive migration of Americans during World War II?

A. The desire to reach safer sections of the country No section of the country experienced any serious threat during World War II.

B. The need to escape a drought in the Great Plains A drought hit the Great Plains in the 1930s, not during World War II.

*C. The availability of jobs in defense industries and installations Thirty million Americans—one-fifth of the entire population—migrated between
1941 and 1945 as they went to locations where they could find work.

D. The enlistment of Americans in the military Americans who became part of the military were not counted as part of the population that migrated.
Question: What was the impact of the wartime mobilization on the far West?

A. Millions of Americans moved to the West to work in automobile plants. Automobile manufacturing was concentrated in the Midwest.

B. Millions of Americans left the West to work in new factories in the South. The West experienced a net population gain during World War II.

C. Millions of Americans migrated to the West to work in textile factories and food canning facilities. Most textile factories were in the South.

*D. Millions of Americans migrated to the West to work in aircraft plants and shipbuilding yards. Millions of Americans migrated west to work
in aircraft plants and shipbuilding yards in California, Oregon, and Washington.

Question: How did the War Production Board change the long-term relationship between the federal government and industrial firms?

A. It had little lasting impact on the relationship. The War Production Board fundamentally changed the relationship between the federal government
and industrialists.

B. It led to government takeover of industry. Firms remained in private hands even as they manufactured military goods under contract with the
government.

C. It made the relationship more antagonistic. World War II resulted in a closer relationship between the government and big business.

*D. It produced a government-business alliance. The close relationship between the federal government and industrialists that emerged during the war
produced the military-industrial complex—the government-business alliance that would have a vast influence on the future development of the economy.

Question: What was the strategy of the War Production Board established by Franklin Roosevelt during World War II?

*A. To entice businesses to meet government orders The approach of the War Production Board was to entice businesses to meet government orders
by offering lucrative contracts.

B. To force businesses to meet government orders The government did not force businesses to meet government orders.

C. To force businesses to adhere to specific wages and working hours The board's approach was not to set specific wages and working hours.

D. To enforce equal pay for African Americans and women employed in war industries The board did not enforce equal pay for African Americans
or women.

Question: How did the federal government fund military production during World War II?

A. Through increased sales taxes The federal government did not increase the sales tax during World War II.

*B. By borrowing and increasing income tax rates To pay for the war, the federal government sold $100 billion in bonds and increased income tax
rates, which for the first time affected low- and middle-income workers who had paid little or no tax before.

C. Through spending cuts in other areas of government The United States did not enact spending cuts in other areas of government.

D. Through inheritance taxes Inheritance taxes did not pay for military production.

Question: How well did the American military during World War II reflect the diversity of the American people?

A. Very poorly, as homosexuals and African Americans were excluded The military did not exclude either group.

B. Effectively for men, but the armed forces excluded women Women served in the military during World War II.

*C. Very thoroughly, as it included men and women of all races, classes, and sexual orientations Men and women of all races, ethnicities, and
sexual orientations served in the American military during World War II, even though the government attempted to exclude gay men.

D. Substantially, although Hispanics and Native Americans were not allowed to join Hispanics and Native Americans served in the military during
World War II.

Question: What was the experience of African Americans who served in the American military during World War II?

A. They were treated as equal to white troops. The military discriminated against African Americans.

B. They were excluded from combat. African Americans in the army served in combat.

C. They were excluded from all branches except the army. Only the Marines excluded African Americans.

*D. They experienced segregation and discrimination. African Americans experienced segregation and were often assigned to menial work.
Question: What was the significance of the ethnic diversity of the American military during World War II?
A. Americans did not interact across ethnic lines in the military despite the diversity. Americans did interact across ethnic lines in the military.

*B. Americans from other ethnic backgrounds and regions interacted. Americans from other ethnic backgrounds and regions interacted.
C. Americans started to question racial segregation. Most white Americans did not start to question racial segregation.

D. Conflict between different ethnic groups harmed the ability of the military to fight. Interethnic conflict was largely absent from the American
military during World War II.

Question: What was the role of women in the military during World War II?

*A. Most worked as nurses and in support roles. Most worked as nurses and performed transportation duties and clerical functions.
B. Most worked in a wide variety of roles including as scouts and spies. American women did not work as scouts and spies during World War II.

C. They served in the same capacities as men including in combat. American women did not serve in combat during World War II.

D. They were largely limited to service in the navy. American women also served in the army.

Question: How did unions increasingly respond to the disparity between workers' wages and corporate profits during World War II?

A. They ignored the disparity until the end of the war. Unions did not ignore the disparity.

B. They boycotted the corporations they felt were most guilty. Unions did not boycott corporations.

C. They petitioned President Franklin Roosevelt to take action. Unions did not petition Roosevelt to take action.

*D. They increasingly went on strike until 1943. Unions increasingly went on strike until the passage of the Smith-Connally Act in 1943 prevented
them from doing so.

Question: Refer to the figure Figure 23.1 Real Gross Domestic Product of the Great Powers, 1938-1945
to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

What accounted for the difference in GDP between the United States and the other Great Powers?

A. The United States maintained open trade with all nations, boosting its economic growth. The United States did not maintain open trade with
all nations.

*B. Since no fighting occurred on U.S. soil, American industry provided supplies for war-torn nations. With all the battles taking place
outside the continental United States, the demand for food, weapons, ships, airplanes, gasoline, and other items by Great Britain and other Allied powers ensured
increased employment, productivity, and profits for American workers.

C. The United States significantly lowered taxes, increasing Americans' purchasing power. Taxes were not lowered during the war.

D. The United States began acquiring territory in South America, which boosted GDP. The United States did not acquire territory in South
America.

Question: What was the impact of the war on federal employment?

*A. Federal employment increased dramatically. Federal government employment during the war expanded to an all-time high of 3.8 million workers,
setting the foundation for a large, permanent Washington bureaucracy.

B. Federal employment decreased slightly. The impact on federal employment was significant.

C. Federal employment decreased dramatically. The impact was not a decrease.

D. Federal employment was unchanged by the war. The impact on federal employment was significant.

Question: How did the war impact prices for American consumers?

A. In the United States, prices were largely unaffected by the war. American prices were impacted by the war.

*B. Prices in the United States increased for consumers. In addition to paying higher taxes, American consumers shouldered the burden of shortages
and high prices.

C. Prices for goods decreased in the United States during the war. Prices did not decrease.

D. Price changes varied widely by industry. Most industries saw similar changes in prices.

Question: Which of the following statements describes the role of women in the armed forces?

A. Women played virtually no role as they were barred from serving in the military. Women were not barred from serving.

B. Women played an equal role to men, enlisting in the same numbers as men and serving in combat. Women did not enlist at the same rate
as men, nor did they serve in combat.

*C. Though barred from serving in combat, significant numbers of women joined the military to serve in noncombat roles. Women could
not fight in combat, but 140,000 joined the Women's Army Corps, and 100,000 joined the navy's WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service). In
these and other service branches, women contributed mainly as nurses and performed transportation and clerical duties.

D. Women played a largely domestic role. Women were not limited to domestic roles during the war.

Question: How did the Smith-Connally Act of 1943 impact relations between labor and business?

A. It increased the power of unions relative to businesses. It did not increase the power of labor.

B. It decreased federal involvement in labor/business relations. The Act did not decrease the federal role.

*C. It enhanced the power of defense companies and minimized the power of labor generally. In 1943 Congress responded by passing the
Smith-Connally Act, which prohibited walkouts in defense industries and set a thirty-day "cooling off" period before unions could go out on strike.

D. It increased income taxes, which drew business and labor leaders together. It did not raise income taxes.

Question: What group of women remained largely excluded from working during World War II?

A. Single women Single women worked during World War II.

B. Married women over 35 Many married women over 35 worked during World War II.

*C. Married women with young children Married women with young children largely remained excluded from working during World War II.
D. Widows Many widows worked during World War II.

Question: What was the experience of women who worked during World War II?

A. Rising wages but being confined to traditional women's jobs Women did not remain confined to clerical, sales, and service jobs.

*B. Rising wages and increased occupational opportunities Women experienced rising wages and moved from clerical, sales, and service jobs into
manufacturing.

C. Stagnant wages and limited occupational opportunities Women experienced rising wages during World War II.

D. Low wages because their work was not valued Women's wages increased during World War II.

Question: What was the difference between Great Britain and the United States' treatment of young, married women with children?

*A. Britain provided child care programs while the United States largely did not. Unlike the United States, Britain provided child care programs
for working mothers with young children.

B. Britain excluded women from most war production while the United States did not. Both countries accepted women working in war industries
during World War II.

C. Britain encouraged women to join the military even if they had young children. Britain did not encourage women with young children to join
the military.

D. Both countries allowed the women to bring their children to work with them. Neither country encouraged women to bring their children to work
with them.

Question: What was the experience of women who worked during World War II?

A. They received the same opportunities for advancement as men but lower pay. Women had fewer opportunities for advancement than men.

B. They were treated equally because the National Labor Board enforced gender equality. Women earned less than men for the same jobs
despite the National Labor Board.

C. They did not experience pay discrimination but had fewer chances for advancement because they were fired before men. Women did
experience pay discrimination.

*D. They were discriminated against in pay and advancement opportunities. Women still experienced pay discrimination, and they did not have
the same chances for advancement as men.

Question: What was the significance of the figure of "Rosie the Riveter" during World War II?

*A. She served as a recruiting tool for women into war industries. "Rosie the Riveter" served as a recruiting tool for women during World War II.
B. She represented the equality in pay and treatment women in the workforce received. Women received poor treatment and less pay than men
during World War II.

C. She encouraged women to join the military. "Rosie the Riveter" did not encourage women to join the military.

D. She encouraged women to marry and support their spouses. "Rosie the Riveter" was not used to encourage women to marry during World War II.

Question: Women in which age group were most likely to enter the workforce?

A. Women under the age of 18 This was not the largest group.

*B. Women over the age of 35 Women over 35 accounted for 60 percent of those women entering the workforce.
C. Women between 19 and 34 This was not the largest group.

D. Women of all age brackets entered the workforce in equal numbers. One group of women was more likely than others to enter the workforce.

Question: What was the role of the Office of War Information during World War II?

A. To encourage businesses to produce more to meet wartime production needs The Office of War Information was not concerned with wartime
production needs.

B. To encourage Hollywood to ignore the war and produce other types of films The Office of War information did not encourage Hollywood to
ignore the war.

*C. To encourage patriotism and support for the war effort The role of the Office of War information was to encourage patriotism and support for the
war effort.

D. To promote voluntary participation in the military The Office of War Information did not encourage individuals to volunteer for the military.
Question: How did most Americans respond to the Office of War Information's attempts to bolster support for the war effort through
voluntary conservation efforts?

*A. Most Americans strongly supported the war effort and joined in the voluntary efforts willingly. Most Americans strongly supported the
war effort and willingly took part in the government's various voluntary efforts.

B. Most Americans supported the war but were only lukewarm about it. Americans felt more strongly about the war than lukewarm.

C. Most Americans had to be forced to conserve consumer goods and war materials. Americans had a strong commitment to helping the war
effort.

D. Americans supported the war but generally refused to take part in voluntary conservation efforts. Most Americans did not refuse to help
the war effort on the home front.

Question: Who were the "latchkey kids" during World War II?

*A. Children home alone after school Latchkey kids were children who were home alone after school because their parents both worked or were in the
military.

B. Juvenile delinquents Latchkey kids were not necessarily juvenile delinquents.

C. Boys who dropped out of school Latchkey kids were not boys who dropped out of school.

D. Children who did not attend school Latchkey kids attended school.

Question: What was the overall impact of World War II on family life in the United States?

A. It was minimal since all the fighting was overseas. World War II had a strong impact on family life in the United States.

*B. It was very disruptive. The stresses of war and greater freedoms for children and women were disruptive to family life.
C. It limited the freedom of women and children. World War II led to greater freedom for women and children.

D. It convinced Americans to value family life. Americans had valued family life before the war.

Question: How was American morale during World War II?

A. Morale was extremely low due to high American casualties and a continuing Depression. Casualties were low compared to those of other
countries, and the war brought the United States out of the Depression.

B. Morale was largely unchanged from the prewar period. Morale was deeply impacted by the war.

*C. Morale remained very high relative to the prewar period. Morale on the home front remained generally high during the war, as prosperity
returned and American casualties proved relatively light compared with those of other allied nations.

D. Morale was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Morale was relatively the same across America.

Question: How did Hollywood respond to the war?

A. Hollywood produced films exploring the darker sides of the war in an effort to provoke criticism of American involvement. Hollywood
did not produce movies designed to provoke criticism of the American war effort.

*B. Hollywood produced films celebrating the heroism of American and Allied soldiers. Hollywood kept the American public entertained, and
movie attendance reached a record high of more than 100 million viewers. Films portrayed the heroism of soldiers on battlefields in Guadalcanal and Bataan. They
celebrated the courage of Russian allies in propaganda epics such as Mission to Moscow (1943), and they explored the depth of personal and political loyalties in
classics such as Casablanca (1943).

C. Hollywood consciously chose not to produce war films so that they would be perceived as neutral and not alienate their movie-going
audiences. Hollywood did produce films that addressed the events of the war.

D. Hollywood largely produced objective documentaries about the war to let audiences have their own opinions about the war. Hollywood
did not produce many documentaries in the 1940s.

Question: What impact did World War II have on marriage and birth rates?

*A. Both increased dramatically during the war. Marriage rates increased, and couples wed at a younger age. By 1945 the winding down of the war
and the rapidly increasing number of marriages produced the first signs of the "baby boom."

B. Both decreased dramatically during the war. They did not both decrease.

C. Marriage rates increased, but birth rates decreased. Birth rates did not decrease.
D. Marriage rates decreased, but birth rates increased. Marriage rates did not decrease.

Topic: Fighting for Equality at Home

books:

The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Struggles for Mexican Americans
American Indians
The Ordeal of Japanese Americans

Question: What was the significance of A. Philip Randolph's planned march on Washington in 1941?

A. He sought equality for women and African Americans. The march on Washington was to focus on African Americans.

B. He sought higher wages for all working people. The march on Washington was to focus on African Americans.

C. He sought to create an interracial alliance of people to protest. The march on Washington was to exclude white Americans.

*D. He hoped to rally African Americans to protest racial discrimination. Randolph sought to rally African Americans to protest racial discrimination
in war-related employment, the military, and the federal government.

Question: What was the meaning of the "Double-V" campaign during World War II?

*A. It signified that African Americans had to fight against racist enemies abroad and at home. The campaign signified that African Americans
had to fight against racist enemies abroad and at home.

B. It signaled the need for victory in both Europe and the Pacific theater. The campaign was aimed at domestic relations as well as the war abroad.

C. It signified the importance of fighting gender and racial discrimination at home. The campaign focused on racial discrimination.

D. It emphasized the need for African Americans to form their own country. The campaign did not emphasize the need for African Americans to
form their own country.

Question: What prompted the "Double-V" campaign during World War II?

A. An Office of War Information effort to promote the war effort at home The campaign had nothing to do with the Office of War Information.

B. The NAACP's effort to expand its agenda to include other minorities The campaign was not aimed at expanding the fight for equality to other
groups.

*C. African Americans' frustration with continuing discrimination The campaign was prompted by the desire of many in the black community to
defeat American enemies in war but also to achieve racial justice at home.

D. Working women's effort to obtain equal rights in the wartime workplace The campaign was not an effort launched by American working women.

Question: How did the political rights of African Americans evolve during World War II?

*A. African Americans made gains in several areas during the war. More African Americans started voting, challenging racial discrimination in the
courts, and directly protesting racial discrimination during World War II, constituting a prelude to the civil rights revolution.

B. African Americans began to endorse more radical solutions to gaining equal rights. Most African Americans did not seek more radical solutions
to inequality.

C. African Americans started to run for political office in the South. African Americans did not start to run for political office in the South during World
War II.

D. African Americans started to withdraw from political activity, viewing it as futile. African Americans did not view political activity as futile but
became more active during the war.

Question: How did population shifts during World War II exacerbate racial tension?

A. African Americans attacked white residents in the South as they demanded greater rights. African Americans did not attack white residents
in the South.

B. White residents migrated from other regions to the South. Few white residents moved to the South during World War II.

*C. African Americans migrated to many places where few blacks had lived. African Americans migrated to the urban South, North, and West
from the rural South, places few African Americans had previously lived, and competition between white and black workers for scarce housing spilled over into
tensions in crowded transportation and recreational facilities.
D. African Americans migrated to rural areas of the North, West, and Midwest. African Americans did not migrate to rural areas but generally
moved to cities.

Question: How did President Roosevelt react to A. Philip Randolph's planned 100,000-person march on Washington?

A. He enthusiastically supported the march. He did not support the march.

B. He ordered federal police to set up a four-block barricade around the White House. He did not order a barricade.

*C. He worked out a compromise to satisfy the protesters without having a march. President Roosevelt wanted to avoid any embarrassment the
proposed march would bring to the forces supporting democracy and freedom. With his wife Eleanor serving as go-between, Roosevelt agreed to meet with
Randolph and worked out a compromise. Randolph called off the march, and in return, on June 25, 1941, the president issued Executive Order 8802, creating the
Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC).

D. He had Randolph arrested to prevent the march. He did not have Randolph arrested.

Question: How did Roosevelt respond to calls from civil rights leaders to desegregate the military?

A. He ordered the military to desegregate after the war was over. He did not order the military to desegregate.

*B. He refused to desegregate the military. Roosevelt refused to order the desegregation of the military, but he set up a committee to investigate
inequality in the armed forces.

C. He argued that it required a constitutional amendment to desegregate the military. He did not make this argument; the president would not
need an amendment to desegregate federal institutions.

D. He ordered the Supreme Court to rule on the issue of desegregation. He did not order the Court because presidents do not control the courts.

Question: Who founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)?

A. African American women in the textile industry It was not a labor organization.

B. A group of white college professors The movement was not created by college professors.

*C. An interracial group of civil rights' activists In 1942 early civil rights activists also founded the interracial Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in
Chicago.

D. A caucus of black congressmen in the House of Representatives CORE was not founded by congressmen.

Question: What did CORE focus its protests on?

A. School desegregation They did not focus on schools.

*B. Racial inequality in public accommodations CORE protested directly against racial inequality in public accommodations. Its members organized "sit-
ins" at restaurants and bowling alleys that refused to serve African Americans.

C. Desegregation of the military They did not focus on desegregating the military.

D. Income inequality They did not focus on income inequality.

Question: How did urban whites react to the African American migration to cities?

A. They were accommodating and empathetic toward African American migrants. This was not the experience of most blacks who migrated to
cities.

B. They were indifferent, as most cities were already majority black. Most cities were not majority black.

*C. They engaged in discrimination and violence against migrating blacks Competition between white and black workers for scarce housing spilled
over into tensions in crowded transportation and recreational facilities. In 1943 the stress caused by close wartime contact between the races exploded in more
than 240 riots. The most serious one occurred in Detroit, where federal troops had to restore order after whites and blacks fought with each other following a
dispute at a popular amusement park that killed thirty-four people.

D. Whites largely fled cities for the suburbs in response. This was not the initial response of most whites.

Question: What types of jobs did most Mexican Americans hold during World War II?

*A. Jobs on farms and in factories Mexican Americans worked as farm laborers and in factories.
B. Jobs in war-related industries Most Mexican Americans did not work in war-related industries.

C. Jobs in factories in the Northeast Most Mexican Americans did not work in the Northeast.
D. Jobs in the service sector Few Mexican Americans worked in the service sector.

Question: How did World War II impact Mexican Americans and African Americans similarly?

A. Both groups enjoyed equality in the military. African Americans were discriminated against in the military.

B. Both groups were forced to live in internment camps. Neither African Americans nor Mexican Americans were forced to live in internment camps.

C. Both groups experienced full equality for the first time. Neither group experienced full equality.

*D. Both groups became more conscious of civil rights. The war increased the consciousness of Mexican Americans about civil rights and encouraged
African Americans to be more active in working for their rights.

Question: What was the significance of the zoot suit riot in 1943?

A. It revealed Mexican American anger toward the draft. The zoot suit riot did not reveal the hostility of Mexican Americans toward the draft.

*B. It revealed white Americans' hostility toward Mexican Americans. The zoot suit riot revealed the hostility that some white Americans felt
toward Mexican Americans because of their dress and comportment.

C. It revealed the violent treatment of Mexican Americans by working-class whites. White working-class residents of Los Angeles did not
necessarily attack Mexican Americans.

D. It revealed the discrimination Mexican Americans experienced in employment. The zoot suit riot did not involve employment discrimination.

Question: Why did so many Mexicans migrate to the United States in the 1940s?

A. They were fleeing civil war in Mexico. Mexico did not have a civil war in the 1940s.

B. They came to work in midwestern farms. Most did not migrate to the Midwest.

*C. They came to fill labor shortages in the Southwest and on the Pacific coast To address labor shortages in the Southwest and on the Pacific
coast and departing from the deportation policies of the 1930s, in 1942 the United States negotiated an agreement with Mexico for contract laborers.

D. The United States increased deportations, which had the unintended consequence of increasing migration. Deportation laws were not
enhanced.

Question: How did American Indians respond to World War II?

A. Most Indians stayed out of the war. Native Americans played significant roles in the war.

B. Most Native Americans refused to join the American military. Indians joined all branches of the armed services during the war.

C. Most Indians sided with Germany during the war. Few Indians sided with Germany.

*D. Native Americans served in all branches of the American armed forces Some twenty-five thousand Indians served in the military during the
war. The armed forces used Navajo soldiers in the Pacific theater to confuse the Japanese by sending coded messages in their tribal language. In addition to those
serving the military, another forty thousand Indians worked in defense-related industries. The migration of Indians off reservations opened up new opportunities
and fostered increased pride in the part they played in winning the war.

Question: What accounts for the reduced repression of civil liberties during World War II compared to World War I?

*A. Stronger public support for the war The American public generally supported World War II much more strongly than it had World War I.
B. A shorter involvement in the war American involvement in World War I lasted fewer years.

C. The presence of fewer immigrants The proportion of immigrants in the population was not the determining factor.

D. Americans' refusal to accept repression Americans did not register such refusal in any emphatic way.

Question: Which group of Americans received the harshest treatment during World War II?

A. African Americans African Americans did not receive the harshest treatment.

B. German Americans German Americans experienced much less discrimination in World War II than in World War I.

C. Italian Americans Italian Americans faced little discrimination during World War II.

*D. Japanese Americans Japanese Americans received the worst treatment during World War II, as thousands were sent to internment camps.
Question: Which Japanese Americans were impacted by internment?
*A. Nearly all those living on the West Coast Nearly all Japanese Americans on the West Coast of the United States were impacted by internment.
B. Those living in Hawaii and the California Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not interned because they were one-third of the population and it was not
feasible.

C. Only those born in Japan Japanese Americans born in the United States were also interned.

D. All those living in the continental United States The few Japanese Americans who lived outside of the West Coast were not interned.

Question: What explains the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II?

A. Evidence that many Japanese were spies or saboteurs No evidence implicated the Japanese Americans as spies or saboteurs.

B. The difficulty of tracking Japanese Americans if they were dispersed The American government could track Japanese Americans without having
them all in the same place.

*C. Racism toward the Japanese among government officials Racism toward the Japanese among government officials explains why they were
placed in internment camps.

D. The desire to protect them from attack by white Americans The government did not place Japanese Americans in camps in order to protect them.

Question: What was the experience of internment like for Japanese Americans during World War II?

A. The Japanese were separated from family members and lived isolated from their community. The Japanese were not separate from their
family members.

*B. The Japanese suffered economically as well as from the injustice. The Japanese were forced to sell their homes and possessions quickly and
earned far less money than they would have otherwise earned while working.

C. The Japanese were not given access to religious worship, work, or education. The Japanese were given limited access to religious worship,
work, and education.

D. The Japanese were treated with violence. The Japanese were not treated with violence, although armed guards were present at the camps.

Question: How did Japanese Americans respond to internment during World War II?

A. By permanently withdrawing from the white population and becoming a more insular community The Japanese largely reintegrated with the
white population after World War II ended.

B. By internalizing their feelings and refusing to let them be known Only some Japanese internalized their feelings.

*C. In a variety of ways including protest The Japanese responded to internment in a variety of ways including expressing their feelings throughout the
war, forming community groups, repatriating to Japan, and working to regain their rights.

D. By staging mass protests at the internment camps The Japanese did not stage mass protests during the war.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The S.F. Registrar has made a statement that we will be sent
absentee ballots to which Mr. James Fisk of the Joint Immigration Committee protests greatly. Tomorrow I am going to carry a petition
around to protest against their protests. I think that they are stabbing us in the back and that there should be a separate concentration
camp for these so-called Americans. They are a lot more dangerous than the Japanese in the United States ever will or have been."

What is the author's view of the internment situation?

A. While he is upset, he indicates that he understands the reasons for his internment. The author does not empathize with internment.

B. He thinks it is worthy of Japanese Americans renouncing their citizenship and joining Japan. He does not indicate a desire to renounce his
citizenship.

C. He thinks that most Japanese Americans are working for Japan, and should be interned. He does not indicate that most Japanese Americans
were working for Japan.

*D. He thinks that the internment violates the rights of Japanese Americans. He notes that some Americans are seeking to deny interred
Japanese the right to vote and argues they are more dangerous than Japanese Americans.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "To cast this case into outlines of racial prejudice, without reference
to the real military dangers which were presented, merely confuses the issue. Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area
because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire, because the properly
constituted military authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security measures, because
they decided that the military urgency of the situation demanded that all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated from the West
Coast temporarily."
Why did Supreme Court Justice Black deem internment constitutional?

A. He argued that the Japanese were too uncivilized to be full citizens protected by the Constitution. He did not argue that the Japanese were
uncivilized.

B. He argued that the Japanese were too racially different to be afforded constitutional protections. He explicitly states it was not about race.

*C. He was heeding the advice of the military, which should not be ignored in wartime. Justice Black and others argued that the Japanese
posed a significant threat to the United States and the threat justified internment.

D. It was a legitimate tactic to force Japan to surrender. Internment was not aimed at forcing Japan to surrender.

Topic: Global War

books:

War in Europe
War in the Pacific
Ending the War
Evidence of the Holocaust

Question: What was the difference between the Soviet and British ideas about how to attack Germany immediately after the United
States declared war on Germany?

*A. Britain wanted to fight in North Africa and southern Europe while the Soviet Union wanted Britain and the United States to
establish a second European front. Britain wanted to fight in northern Africa and southern Europe while the Soviet Union wanted Britain and the United
States to establish a second European front.

B. Britain wanted to establish a second European front by invading France while the Soviet Union suggested focusing on Italy. Britain did
not want to establish a second European front immediately.

C. Britain preferred to launch an air war while the Soviet Union preferred a land assault. The main difference of opinion was not over a focus on
an air or ground war.

D. Britain preferred to attack Germany at sea while the Soviet Union preferred an air campaign. The Soviet Union did not prefer an air
campaign.

Question: Why was Roosevelt reluctant to immediately establish a second European front after the United States entered World War
II?

A. He feared Germany would repel the invasion. Roosevelt did not fear Germany repelling the invasion.

*B. He feared losing public support if casualties mounted. Roosevelt understood Soviet demands for establishing a second front immediately, but
such a plan would involve fierce and bloody battles to attack the center of Axis strength. The president did not want to risk losing public support early in the war if
heavy American casualties piled up.

C. He did not think American troops were trained for an invasion. Roosevelt was not reluctant to establish a second European front because American
forces weren't trained for an invasion.

D. He preferred to conduct an air campaign against Germany first. Roosevelt did not necessarily prefer to have an air campaign first.

Question: Why did the Soviet Union absorb the greatest number of casualties during World War II?

A. The Soviet Union had less effective military commanders. The Soviet Union had effective military commanders.

*B. Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Since Germany invaded the Soviet Union, that nation suffered civilian as well as military casualties.
C. Britain and the United States did not invade France until 1944. While Britain and the United States did not fight Germany in Europe, they did
engage German troops in North Africa and Italy.

D. The United States and Britain focused on attacking Germany by air. The United States and Britain did bombard German cities, but they also
fought German troops on the ground.

Question: Why did the 1943 decision of Britain and the United States not to invade France until the following year anger Stalin?

*A. He thought the United States and Britain hoped to weaken his nation through the delay. Stalin believed that the United States and Britain
were allowing the Communists and Nazis to kill each other.
B. He wanted to end the war as soon as possible. Stalin did not necessarily want the war to end sooner but wanted relief for his armies.

C. The Soviet Union had been unable to stop the German invasion and needed assistance. The Soviet Union had halted the German invasion,
although in 1943 fighting was still going on within the Soviet Union.

D. He feared that the allies would fight alongside Germany against the Soviet Union. Stalin did not think that the allies would fight alongside
Germany against the Soviet Union.

Question: What did President Franklin Roosevelt do to placate Stalin's anger about the delay in Britain and the United States
launching an invasion of France?

A. He promised that the Soviet Union would receive former German colonies after the war ended. Roosevelt insisted on the principle of self-
determination for all colonies after the war ended.

B. He turned a blind eye to Stalin's expansionist intentions. Roosevelt did not ignore Stalin's expansionist goals.

C. He promised America would send troops to the Soviet Union. Roosevelt did not promise to send troops to the Soviet Union.

*D. He offered the Soviets unlimited access to Lend-Lease supplies. Roosevelt offered the Soviets unlimited access to Lend-Lease supplies.
Question: What was the significance of D-Day in World War II?

*A. It marked the beginning of the American and British invasion of Western Europe. It marked the beginning of the long-awaited American and
British invasion of Western Europe with the aim of liberating that area from German control.

B. It marked Germany's surrender to the Allies. Germany surrendered to the Allied countries later.

C. It marked when the Soviet Union repelled Germany from its territory. D-Day did not mark the date that the Soviet Union expelled Germany from
its territory.

D. It marked when Japan surrendered. D-Day did not mark when Japan surrendered.

Question: Why did President Franklin Roosevelt replace Henry Wallace as his running mate with Harry Truman in 1944?

A. To run with someone with extensive military experience Truman did not have extensive military experience.

*B. To run with someone more acceptable to southern Democrats Wallace, a liberal on economic and racial issues, was less acceptable to southern
Democrats—whose support Roosevelt needed—than Truman, a border-state Democrat from Missouri.

C. To gain more votes from the urban and industrialized North Wallace had more appeal to voters in the urban North than Truman did.

D. To have someone more knowledgeable about economic policies Truman was not necessarily more knowledgeable than Wallace about economic
policies.

Question: Refer to the map Map 23.1 World War II in Europe, 1941-1945
to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.

Which of the following strategies does the map illustrate?

*A. The strategy of forcing Germany to fight a two-front war The map shows Russian forces attacking from the East and other allied forces from the
West and South.

B. The effectiveness of economic sanctions as a tool of war The map does not illustrate economic sanctions.

C. The plan to use American submarines to force Germany to surrender The map focuses on land campaigns.

D. The importance of Turkey in the war Turkey remained neutral during the war.

Question: Which country shouldered the burden of the fighting in the Pacific for the Allied powers?

A. The Soviet Union The Soviet Union shouldered the burden of fighting in Eastern Europe.
*B. The United States The United States shouldered the burden of the fighting in the Pacific for the Allied powers.
C. Great Britain Great Britain did not shoulder the burden of fighting in the Pacific.

D. China China did not shoulder the burden of fighting in the Pacific.

Question: What was the strategy of the United States in the Pacific theater during World War II?

A. The United States strategy focused on immediately invading Japan. The United States strategy did not focus on immediately invading Japan.

*B. The United States strategy focused on having General Douglas MacArthur attack from the land while the United States navy
attacked by sea. The United States had a two-pronged approach with MacArthur leading a land attack from Australia into the Philippines and the United States
navy attacking from its base in Hawaii.

C. The United States strategy focused on developing a nuclear bomb to defeat the Japanese. The United States strategy did not focus on
developing a nuclear bomb.

D. The United States strategy focused on the United States attacking from the western Pacific and the Soviet Union attacking from the
North. Japan held the western Pacific, and American plans did not include attacks on Japan by the Soviet Union.

Question: What was the purpose of the United States Army Air Corps bombing of Japan during World War II?

*A. To cripple Japan's economic ability to carry out war The United States Army Air Corps conducted firebomb raids over Tokyo and other major cities
to destroy Japan's economic capability to sustain the war rather than to destroy its military forces.

B. To weaken the morale of Japanese citizens The United States did not necessarily seek to weaken the morale of Japanese citizens.

C. To inflict heavy casualties on the Japanese population The United States did not seek to inflict heavy casualties on the Japanese population,
although thousands of civilians did die.

D. To support the island-hopping campaign by attacking Japanese troops The bombing of Japan had different objectives than support of the island-
hopping campaign.

Question: How did the Japanese government respond in mid-1945 to the United States Army's conquest of Okinawa and Iwo Jima,
the American naval blockade, and devastating air attacks on Japan?

A. By seeking a cease-fire that it could use to rebuild The Japanese did not seek a cease-fire.

B. By launching air attacks on Hawaii The Japanese did not launch air attacks on Hawaii in 1943.

*C. By refusing to surrender The Japanese government refused to surrender.

D. By seeking an alliance with the Soviet Union The Japanese government did not seek an alliance with the Soviet Union.

Question: Why did the causalities suffered at Iwo Jima and Okinawa during World War II concern American officials?

A. Both sides sustained very light casualties, which suggested the fighting might drag on for years. Both sides sustained heavy casualties.

B. American troops sustained far heavier casualties, showing the Japanese were effective fighters. While American casualties were high, the
Japanese fought almost to the last man.

C. The Japanese showed a willingness to surrender that surprised them. The Japanese were unwilling to surrender and fought almost to the last
man.

*D. Heavy casualties on both sides suggested an invasion of Japan would be extremely costly. On Iwo Jima alone the Japanese fought and
died nearly to the last man while killing 6,000 Americans and wounding 20,000 others, demonstrating that the Japanese would ferociously defend their homeland
from the American invasion planned for November.

Question: Refer to the map Map 23.2 World War II in the Pacific, 1941-1945
to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.

What does the map illustrate about the Pacific theater of war?

A. Major land campaigns were the decisive factor in the Pacific. As the map shows, most of the battles were on islands or at sea.

*B. The war dragged on because the Japanese had control over much of the land in and around the Pacific. Japan captured the Philippines
and wrenched control of Asian colonies from the British, French, and Dutch and then occupied eastern China. The Allied powers, led by U.S. forces, eventually
defeated Japan by winning a series of hard-fought victories on Central Pacific islands and by bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

C. Australia saw heavy fighting in the Pacific. There were no major battles fought in Australia.

D. Russian-held colonies were crucial to Allied victory. Russia had no colonies in the Pacific theater.

Question: Which statement reflects an important term of the Yalta agreement concluded by the United States, Great Britain, and
Soviet Union in 1945?

A. The United States and Britain agreed that the Soviets could install governments in Poland and Eastern Europe. The Yalta agreement
provided free elections to Poland and Eastern Europe without outside interference.
*B. All parties agreed that Poland and Eastern Europe would have governments formed under free elections. It permitted the governments
in Poland and Eastern Europe free elections.

C. The parties agreed to keep Germany united under one military zone after its surrender. The Yalta agreement divided Germany into four
zones after Germany surrendered.

D. The three sides promised immunity to all Nazis for any war crimes. The Yalta agreement did not promise immunity to Nazis.

Question: What did the Allied powers decide about administering postwar Germany at the Yalta Conference?

*A. They would divide Germany and Berlin into four zones, each overseen by one of the four major allies. The Allied powers agreed to
divide Germany and Berlin into four zones with the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States, and France each occupying and administering one of those
zones.

B. They would allow Germany to remain united with a new government appointed by the Allied powers. The Allied powers decided to divide
Germany and administer each area.

C. They agreed to allow free elections in Germany to choose a new government. The Allied powers did not agree to allow free elections in
Germany.

D. They agreed to prosecute the Nazis for the war crimes they had committed. The Allied powers did not agree to prosecute the Nazis for war
crimes at Yalta.

Question: How were the Allies' debates concerning the second front in Europe early in World War II and the discussions at the Yalta
Conference similar?

A. They were resolved in favor of the Soviet Union to keep it in the alliance. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had to make concessions or accept
decisions he did not like.

*B. Both revealed the tensions among the Allied leaders. Stalin had been unhappy at what he saw as the American and British delay in opening a
second front, and the Yalta discussions reflected the differences in aims of the various Allied leaders.

C. They showed the close relationship of the American, British, and Soviet leaders. Relations of the other two leaders with Stalin were strained.

D. The United States had the final say because it was strongest. Agreements were negotiated among the three parties, and each had to make
concessions to the others.

Question: Why did General Eisenhower decide to stop at the Elbe River after the Battle of the Bulge in 1945?

A. To allow American planes to bomb Berlin. American planes were already bombing Berlin.

B. To allow Germany to regroup Eisenhower did not want Germany to regroup.

*C. To ease tensions with the Soviet Union Eisenhower stopped at the Elbe River in order to ease tensions with the Soviet Union, preventing friction that
might arise by having the two armies meet.

D. To allow France to join the fighting Some French troops were already engaged in the fighting.

Question: What was the Manhattan Project, launched by the United States government during World War II?

A. A project aimed at cracking German secret codes The Manhattan Project was not aimed at cracking German codes.

B. A project to plan for the invasion of Japan The Manhattan Project did not involve planning for a military invasion of Japan.

C. A project to develop improved aircraft for combat The Manhattan Project was not a project to develop improved aircraft for combat.

*D. A secret project to develop an atomic bomb The Manhattan Project was a secret U.S. military project to develop an atomic bomb.
Question: What was the significance of the atomic bomb on the final stages of the Pacific theater?

A. It allowed the United States to end the island-hopping campaign. The atomic bomb was not ready until the United States was finished with its
island-hopping campaign.

B. It allowed the Soviet Union to enter the war in the Pacific. Use of the atomic bomb prevented the Soviet Union from entering the Pacific theater.

*C. It pushed Japan to an unconditional surrender. Following the dropping of two atomic bombs and the advance of the Soviet army into Manchuria,
Japan announced that it would surrender.

D. It saved the lives of Japanese civilians. The atomic bomb killed thousands of Japanese civilians in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Question: What accounts for Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan?
A. He sought to minimize the role of the Soviet Union in the Pacific theater. Truman likely sought to minimize the role of Japan in the Pacific
theater, but other factors account for his decision to drop the Atomic bomb on Japan.

B. He wanted to save money by preventing the invasion of Japan. Truman was not concerned with saving money.

C. He hoped to kill as many Japanese civilians as possible. Truman did not seek to kill as many Japanese civilians as possible.

*D. He reasoned it would save American lives and would exact revenge for Japanese actions. He reasoned it would save American lives, and
he also sought revenge for the attack on Pearl Harbor and atrocities committed by the Japanese against American soldiers during the war.

Question: Why did the United States drop two atomic bombs on Japanese cities toward the end of World War II?

*A. The Japanese did not surrender after the first attack. Three days after the attack on Hiroshima, Japan still had not surrendered, and the United
States dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki.

B. Truman wanted to punish Japan for starting the war. The second bomb was not dropped as a punishment.

C. The military recommended using it to prepare for an invasion of Japan. American leaders hoped the use of atomic bombs would make an
invasion of Japan unnecessary.

D. The first bomb had failed to work properly. The first atomic bomb, dropped on the city of Hiroshima, exploded and caused widespread death and
destruction.

Question: What did the entry of Allied troops into German concentration camps at the end of World War II reveal?

A. The suppression of dissent in Germany The concentration camps did not reveal the treatment of dissenters against the regime.

*B. Germany's calculated slaughter of targeted groups Soldiers found evidence of Germany's exploitation and murder of execute or work to death six
million Jews and another five million "undesirables"—Slavs, Poles, Gypsies, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled, and Communists.

C. German persecution of prisoners of war despite international law forbidding it Prisoners of war were not held in the concentration camps.

D. The inhuman way the German government had treated its own troops The camps did not reveal the inhuman treatment of German troops but of
innocent civilians.

Question: What was the response of the Roosevelt administration to reports of the Holocaust prior to the end of World War II?

A. Roosevelt ordered the army to hasten the liberation of the concentration camps. Roosevelt did not speed military operations.

B. Roosevelt spoke out forcefully against the killing of Jews. Roosevelt declined to speak out against the killing of the Jews.

*C. Roosevelt did nothing to try to either attack the camps or to help European Jews. The Roosevelt Administration did little in response despite
receiving evidence of the Nazi death camps beginning in 1942.

D. Roosevelt ordered plans to bomb railroad lines leading to concentration camps. Roosevelt did not order plans to bomb railroad lines leading to
the concentration camps.

Question: What accounts for the refusal of the United States to alter immigration policies during World War II for Jews and other
persecuted individuals?

*A. Anti-Semitism among U.S. government officials The State Department, which could have modified these policies, was staffed with anti-Semitic
officials, and although President Roosevelt expressed sympathy for the plight of Hitler's victims, he believed that winning the war as quickly as possible was the
best way to help them.

B. Logistical concerns in the Roosevelt administration about how to handle a large influx of refugees The Roosevelt administration's decision
not to admit more of these refugees was not solely based on the number of possible refugees.

C. Deferral to Britain's effort to Jews fleeing Germany Britain made no concerted effort to help fleeing Jews.

D. Lack of financial resources The government could have found the money had it wanted to do so.

Chapter 24: The Opening of the Cold War, 1945†1961 “

Topic: The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1947
books:

Mutual Misunderstandings
The Truman Doctrine
 The Marshall Plan and Economic Containment

Question: What characterizes the alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union during World War II?

A. Differing military goals The two sides shared the ultimate military goal during the war.

B. Strong and clear communication The alliance was frayed throughout the war by mutual misunderstandings that arose in part from poor communication.

C. Shared ideological beliefs The Soviet Union's Communist system and the American capitalist system were fundamentally incompatible.

*D. Shared short-term interests The wartime partnership between the United States and the Soviet Union was an alliance of necessity. Putting aside
ideological differences and a history of mutual distrust, the two nations joined forces to combat Nazi aggression.

Question: What accounts for the fracturing of the relationship between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II ended?

A. Deviousness of British leaders The alliance did not fracture because of the devious actions of British leaders.

B. Harry Truman replacing Franklin Roosevelt The alliance faced difficulties during Roosevelt's presidency.

*C. Mutual mistrust and conflicting ideologies The Soviet Union and United States did not completely trust each other and had dramatically different
ideological beliefs.

D. Long-simmering American anger over the delay in opening a second front Soviet resentment was a factor in the fracturing of the alliance but
not American resentment.

Question: Why did President Franklin Roosevelt attempt to defuse Joseph Stalin's concerns about Soviet security in the postwar world
at the Yalta Conference in 1945?

A. He knew that communism would eventually fail and capitalism triumph in Eastern Europe. Roosevelt had no such certainty.

*B. He recognized Stalin's security concerns and the fact that the Soviet military already occupied Eastern Europe. Roosevelt recognized
Stalin's security concerns and the political reality that the Soviet military already occupied Eastern Europe.

C. He viewed the Soviet military as superior to the American military. Roosevelt did not view the Soviet military as superior to the American
military.

D. He did not believe the Soviet Union would attempt to influence the governments in Eastern Europe. Roosevelt recognized that the Soviets
would attempt to influence the governments in Eastern Europe.

Question: What describes the difference in Franklin Roosevelt's and Harry Truman's approaches to negotiating with Soviet leader
Joseph Stalin?

A. Roosevelt did not trust Stalin while Truman and Stalin had a more productive relationship. Roosevelt had a more productive relationship with
Stalin than Truman.

B. Truman was more concerned about the situation in China; Roosevelt was more concerned about Eastern Europe. Truman and Roosevelt
were both concerned about Eastern Europe.

*C. Truman attempted to get everything he wanted regarding democracy in Eastern Europe while Roosevelt was a realist. Truman did
not expect the United States to achieve "100 percent of what we propose" in negotiations with the Russians, but "we should be able to get eighty-five percent";
Roosevelt was more of a realist.

D. Roosevelt demanded Soviet military withdrawal from Eastern Europe while Truman accepted it. Roosevelt accepted the Soviet presence in
Eastern Europe.

Question: What plan for postwar Germany did President Harry Truman and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin negotiate at the Potsdam
Conference in 1945?

*A. Germany would be partitioned into four zones of Allied occupation. At Potsdam, the two leaders reaffirmed the concept of free elections in
Eastern Europe, Soviet troop withdrawal from the oil fields of northern Iran, which bordered the Soviet Union, and the partition of Germany into four Allied
occupation zones.

B. The United States would occupy Western Germany and the Soviets would occupy Eastern Germany. Other countries also occupied sections
of Germany.

C. Free elections would be held immediately after the war ended in Germany. Truman and Roosevelt did not come to an agreement on free
elections in Germany.

D. Germany would be demilitarized and trusted to remain so. Truman and Stalin did not agree that Germany would be demilitarized and trusted to
remain so.

Question: In taking a hard line with the Soviets early in 1946, what sources of Soviet strength did President Harry Truman ignore?
A. The Soviets controlled Iranian oil fields. Truman knew and was disturbed by the Soviet presence in Iran.

B. The Soviets had a larger economy than the United States' economy. The American economy was the largest in the world.

*C. The Soviets had military strength and access to resources to rebuild their economy. The Soviets had the largest army in the world, were
close to building their own atomic weapons, and could use resources from East Germany and the energy and skills of the Russian people to rebuild the Soviet
economy.

D. The Soviets already had an atomic bomb, negating the American nuclear advantage. The Soviets did not have an atomic bomb at this point.

Question: Why did President Harry Truman believe that the United States had the upper hand immediately after World War II ended?

A. The United States had a larger military than any other country. The Soviet military was larger.

*B. The United States had a monopoly on atomic weapons. The United States was the only country with nuclear weapons, although the Soviet Union
was working on developing them.

C. The United States had control of the situation in China. The United States did not control the situation in China.

D. The United States had more loyal allies. The United States did not necessarily have more loyal allies at this point.

Question: What division did Winston Churchill mean when he spoke in 1946 of an "iron curtain" that descended across Europe?

A. A division between countries with strong and little military power The iron curtain was not a division based on military power.

B. A division between countries helped by the war and those hurt by the war The war left virtually every country in Europe seriously damaged.

*C. A division between Soviet-influenced Eastern Europe and free Western Europe The "iron curtain" referred to the stark division between a
Soviet-influenced Eastern Europe and free Western Europe.

D. A division between the free people of Europe and the poor of other continents Churchill did not refer to a division between free people of
Europe and the poor people of other continents.

Question: What was the position of a minority of Americans—led by former vice-president Henry Wallace—who opposed a hard line
against the Soviets in 1946?

A. The Soviets would soon have the atomic bomb and should be thus treated fairly. Wallace did not necessarily think the Soviets would soon have
an atomic bomb.

B. The Soviets would allow free elections across Eastern Europe without American interference. Wallace recognized that the Soviets had
blocked free elections in some parts Eastern Europe.

*C. The Soviets had limited aims in Eastern Europe. Wallace argued that the Soviets only wanted to protect their borders by surrounding themselves
with friendly countries similar to American influence in the Caribbean.

D. The Soviets would encourage economic growth in Eastern Europe. Wallace did not claim the Soviets would encourage economic growth in Eastern
Europe.

Question: Which event brought communism to Russia?

*A. The Bolshevik Revolution This revolution, occurring during World War I, brought communism to Russia, creating the Soviet Union.
B. The July Revolution This revolution happened in the nineteenth century.

C. The Crimean War The Crimean War occurred in the nineteenth century.

D. The Sino-Russian War The Soviet Union had already been established during this war.

Question: How did the United States respond to the Bolshevik Revolution?

A. By invading Eastern Europe to put pressure on Russia The United States did not invade Eastern Europe.

B. By offering diplomatic status to the new government The United States did not offer diplomatic status.

C. By increasing trade with Russia The United States did not increase trade with Russia.

*D. By refusing diplomatic status and sending troops to help overthrow the Bolsheviks After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the United
States refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union and sent troops to Russia to support anti-Bolshevik forces seeking to overturn the revolution, an
effort that failed.

Question: Why did President Truman withdraw a $6 billion loan offer to the USSR in 1946?
A. He learned that the Soviets had been planning a Communist coup in Mexico. There were no plans for a Communist coup in Mexico.

B. He discovered that the Soviets were building nuclear weapons. Truman always assumed the Soviets were developing atomic weapons.

*C. The Soviets intervened in free elections in Poland. The State Department offered the Soviets a $6 billion loan, which the country needed to help
rebuild its war-ravaged economy. But when the Soviets undermined free elections in Poland in 1946 and established a compliant government, the United States
withdrew the offer.

D. He discovered the Soviets had been negotiating a separate loan with France. The Soviets were not negotiating a secret loan with France.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The real peace treaty we now need is between the United States
and Russia. On our part, we should recognize that we have no more business in the political affairs of Eastern Europe than Russia has
in the political affairs of Latin America, Western Europe, and the United States. We may not like what Russia does in Eastern Europe.
Her type of land reform, industrial expropriation, and suppression of basic liberties offends the great majority of the people of the
United States. But whether we like it or not the Russians will try to socialize their sphere of influence just as we try to democratize our
sphere of influence."

Which of the following statements is supported by Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace's critique of U.S. aggression toward the
Soviet Union?

*A. The Soviet Union has as much right to pursue its interests as the United States does. Wallace repeatedly notes that if the United States
does not want the Soviets intervening in its affairs, it should treat the Soviets the same way.

B. The United States should not have business dealings with the Soviets. The passage does not mention business dealings.

C. That Soviets are correct that communism is superior to capitalism. He does not suggest capitalism is worse than communism.

D. The Soviets should cease trying to expand their sphere of influence. He says they have as much right to expand their influence as the United
States does.

Question: Why had tension between the Soviet Union and United States increased by 1947?

*A. Each mistrusted the other's motivations and actions. Americans believed the Soviet Union's presence in Eastern Europe threatened Western
Europe, while the Soviets believed the United States wanted to weaken communism in the Soviet Union and extend economic influence into Eastern Europe.

B. The Soviet military had continued to expand after World War II. The size of the Soviet military was not the source of tension.

C. The Soviets had attempted to influence events in China. The Soviets had not directly attempted to influence events in China.

D. The United States had made moves to liberate Eastern Europe from Soviet control. The United States had not made any such moves.

Question: Why did Great Britain view it vitally important to keep Greece within its sphere of influence?

A. Greece had natural resources that Britain needed. Greece did not have natural resources that Britain needed.

*B. The Mediterranean Sea linked Great Britain to Britain's Asian colonies. The Mediterranean Sea linked Great Britain to the Middle East and
Britain's Asian colonies through the Suez Canal.

C. Greece had a large economy relative to other countries in Western Europe. Greece had a small economy relative to other economies in Western
Europe.

D. Greece had a large military that could attack Britain. Greece did not have a large military and was far too remote from Britain to pose a serious
threat.

Question: Why did President Harry Truman decide to intervene in the Greek civil war in 1946?

A. To expand the American military presence into Southern Europe Truman's intervention did not involve the American military, so it could not have
reflected a desire to expand its presence into southern Europe.

B. To support Britain, a critical ally Truman did not necessarily intervene just to support Britain.

C. To protect American economic interests in Greece Truman did not view Greece as critical to American economic interests.

*D. To contain what he believed to be the spread of communism in Greece Truman decided to intervene in the Greek civil war because he
believed that the Soviets were supporting the Greek insurgents.

Question: How did Truman justify intervening in the Greek civil war to Congress?

A. He claimed that Greece would be a military threat to the United States if it became Communist. Truman did not claim Greece would become
a military threat to the United States.
*B. He claimed that the struggle was a battle between freedom and totalitarianism. Truman claimed that the struggle in Greece was a battle
between freedom and totalitarianism that threatened the United States and the rest of the free world.

C. He claimed that critical American economic interests were at stake. Truman did not claim that critical American economic interests were at stake.

D. He claimed that the cost of not intervening was the fall of Britain to communism. Truman did not claim that communism would spread to
Britain if Greek became communist.

Question: What was the significance of the Truman Doctrine?

A. It reflected a brief period of warm relations between the United States and Soviet Union. The Truman Doctrine essentially justified American
opposition to the Soviet Union that was the hallmark of the Cold War.

B. It claimed that America could prevent the spread of communism through economic power. The Truman Doctrine did not rely on American
economic influence.

C. It reasserted once again the American preference for isolation from foreign entanglements. The Truman Doctrine thoroughly injected the
United States in world affairs.

*D. It served as the cornerstone of American foreign policy during the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine pledged to contain the expansion of
communism and thus became the cornerstone of American foreign policy during the Cold War.

Question: Why were American policymakers concerned about Soviet intentions regarding the expansion of communism in 1947?

A. The Soviets had intervened in the war in China. The Soviets had not intervened in the war in China.

B. The Soviets had expanded the size of their military. The Soviets had not expanded the size of their military.

C. The Soviets had attempted to influence the government of western Germany. The Soviets had not attempted to influence the government of
western Germany.

*D. The Soviet Union had taken actions in Eastern Europe that violated wartime agreements. The Soviet Union refused to withdraw troops
from the Baltic states and had imposed communism in Poland, convincing many in the United States government that Stalin had no intention of abiding by his
wartime agreements.

Question: In what way was President Truman incorrect in his assumptions about the Greek Civil War?

A. He assumed the Soviets were not supporting the Greek Communists. This is not what Truman assumed.

B. He believed the Soviets had placed atomic weapons inside Greece. This was not his assumption.

C. He thought that China was secretly providing weapons to Greek Communists. Truman did not think China was involved.

*D. He overestimated the involvement of the Soviets. The Truman administration believed that the presence of Communists among the Greek rebels
meant that Moscow was behind the insurgency. In fact, Stalin was not aiding the revolutionaries; the assistance came from the Communist leader of Yugoslavia,
Josip Broz Tito, who acted independently of the Soviets and would soon break with them. Following Kennan's lead in advocating containment, Truman incorrectly
believed that the Kremlin ultimately controlled all Communists around the world.

Question: What did George Kennan propose using to check the expansion of communism in the 1940s?

*A. Economic and political aid Kennan proposed using economic and political aid to check the expansion of communism.
B. Military aid Kennan did not propose using military aid.

C. Military intervention Kennan did not propose using military interventions to check the expansion of communism.

D. Threats of retaliation by the United States Kennan did not propose using threats to check the expansion of communism.

Question: What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan, proposed in 1947?

A. To create a free trade zone between the United States and Western Europe The Marshall Plan did not create a free trade zone.

B. To create a military alliance of Western European countries The Marshall Plan did not create a military alliance of Western European countries.

*C. To stop the spread of communism by helping rebuild European countries The Marshall Plan aimed to prevent "economic, social, and political
deterioration of a very grave character" that could cause another worldwide depression and invite communism into Western Europe by providing financial
assistance to countries that sought it.

D. To ensure American security through a massive military buildup The Marshall Plan did not call for a military buildup.

Question: What was the economic situation like in Europe immediately after World War II?
A. The economies were recovering rapidly. Europe's economies were not recovering rapidly after World War II.

B. The economies were only mildly impacted by World War II. Europe's economies were severely impacted by World War II.

C. The economies had already started recovering but needed help. Economic recovery had not already started before the Marshall Plan.

*D. The economies were devastated by the war. Europe's economies faced utter devastation from the war.
Question: How did the Soviets interpret the Marshall Plan?

A. Something aimed only at Western Europe The Marshall Plan was also aimed at Eastern Europe.

B. Something that would not impact the struggle in Europe The Soviets believed the Marshall Plan could impact the geopolitical struggle in Europe.

*C. As a hostile attempt to influence Eastern Europe The Soviets interpreted the Marshall Plan as a hostile attempt to influence Eastern Europe.
D. An annoying but unimportant gesture by the United States The Soviets saw the Marshall Plan as threatening to their interests.

Question: What convinced Congress to pass the Marshall Plan?

A. The Soviets' refusal to leave Eastern Europe The refusal of the Soviets to leave Eastern Europe did not convince Congress to pass the Marshall Plan.

*B. The Soviet crushing of democracy in Czechoslovakia The Soviet's engineering of a Communist coup in Czechoslovakia convinced Congress to pass
the Marshall Plan.

C. The Soviets' offer of a similar plan The Soviets did not offer a similar plan.

D. Widespread support for the Marshall Plan in Europe Support for the Marshall Plan in Western Europe did not convince Congress to pass the Marshall
Plan.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the
possibilities of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the economy of the
United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of
normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace."

Which of the following supports the excerpt from the Marshall Plan above?

A. The United States should provide economic assistance on a limited basis. The Marshall Plan was not aimed at a small number of nations.

B. While conditions in poor countries could not directly affect the United States, Americans had a moral responsibility to assist foreign
peoples. He explicitly states that poor global economic conditions directly affect the United States.

*C. The postwar economy was too interconnected for the United States not to provide assistance. He notes that the United States will be
affected by the global economic downturn.

D. The United States had no obligation to assist poorer countries. The entire plan is based on providing aid to poor countries.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "When efforts are directed toward Europe helping herself in the first
place and developing her economic potentialities as well as the exchange of goods between countries, such efforts are in conformity
with the interests of the countries of Europe. When, however, it is stated . . . that the decisive hold on the rehabilitation of the
economic life of European countries should belong to the United States and not to the European countries themselves, such a position
stands in contradiction to the interests of European countries since it might lead to a denial of their economic independence, which
denial is incompatible with national sovereignty."

Why does Molotov believe Europeans should reject the Marshall Plan?

A. He thinks Europe will not benefit economically from the plan. His argument is not about the economics of the plan.

*B. He thinks it will erode the sovereignty of European nations. He argues that they will become too dependent on the United States.
C. He thinks that the United States plans to invade Europe. He did not fear invasion.

D. He thinks the United States will not provide enough capital. He does not argue that the United States will not provide enough funds.

Topic: The Cold War Hardens, 1948–1953

books:
 Military Containment
The Korean War
The Korean War and the Imperial Presidency

Question: What was the impact of the Cold War on the power of the presidency?

A. Diminished in comparison to Congress The president had more power over international affairs than Congress.

*B. Vastly increased It granted the president unparalleled power in international affairs and elevated the executive branch over other branches of the federal
government.

C. Weakened power over the American military The president retained control over the military.

D. Substantially shared with Congress The president had substantially more power than Congress as a result of the Cold War.

Question: What was the role of the National Security Council (NSC) during the postwar period?

A. To advise the president on domestic affairs The National Security Council did not advise the president on domestic affairs.

*B. To advise the president on military and international affairs The role of the National Security Council was to advise the president on military and
international affairs.

C. To expand the president's control over the military The National Security Council did not expand the president's control over the military.

D. To increase the cooperation between the United States and NATO allies The National Security Council did not increase the cooperation between
the United States and NATO allies.

Question: What was the role of the Central Intelligence Agency during the postwar period?

A. To organize espionage activities aimed at American citizens The CIA did not target American citizens.

B. To advise the president on military and international affairs The CIA did not advise the president on military and international affairs.

*C. To organize American espionage activities directed at the Soviet Union The CIA was given the responsibility to coordinate intelligence
gathering and conduct espionage abroad to counter Soviet spying operations.

D. To increase the cooperation between the United States and NATO allies in espionage The CIA did not increase the cooperation between the
United States and NATO allies related to espionage activities.

Question: Why did President Harry Truman decide in 1948 to work to build a stronger West Germany?

*A. To protect the United States economy and to contain communism The Truman Administration had decided that an economically healthy
Germany, with its great industrial potential, provided the key to a prosperous Europe and consequently a depression-proof United States. Rebuilding postwar
Germany would also fortify the eastern boundary of Europe against Soviet expansion.

B. To help Britain by providing a counterweight to France France was a U.S. ally and was not sufficiently strong in 1947 to require a counterweight.

C. To provide a place for unemployed Americans to find jobs Truman's concern was not to provide a job market for American workers.

D. To persuade East Germans to escape to the West Truman's purpose was not to make West Germany enticing to East Germans.

Question: What accounts for the Soviet decision to blockade West Berlin in 1948?

A. The United States' decision to assist the existing Greek government against the insurgents U.S. aid to the Greek government did not prompt
the decision to blockade West Berlin.

B. The United States' attempt to gain control of East Berlin The United States did not attempt to gain control of East Berlin.

C. The United States' attempt to blockade East Germany The United States did not attempt to blockade East Germany.

*D. The unification of the three occupied zones of western Germany In mid-1948, the United States, England, and France consolidated their
occupation zones, created the Federal Republic of West Germany, and initiated economic reforms to stimulate a speedy recovery. This prompted the Soviet Union,
which saw a strong Germany as a threat to its national security, to respond in a belligerent manner.

Question: How did the United States and its allies respond to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948?

A. By abandoning the Marshall Plan The United States never abandoned the Marshall Plan.

B. By abandoning West Berlin The United States did not abandon West Berlin.
*C. By starting to airlift supplies to the city The United States and its allies responded to the blockade by airlifting supplies to the city.
D. By attacking the blockade with troops The United States and its allies did not attack the blockade.

Question: What was the Soviet response to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

A. The Soviets attacked West Berlin. The Soviets did not attack West Berlin in response.

B. The Soviets applied for NATO membership. The Soviets never applied for NATO membership.

*C. The Soviets created economic and military alliances in Eastern Europe. The Soviets organized the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(COMECON) to help its satellite nations rebuild, and six years later created the Warsaw Pact military alliance, the respective counterparts in Eastern Europe to the
Marshall Plan and NATO.

D. The Soviets blockaded West Berlin. The blockade of West Berlin preceded formation of NATO.

Question: What was the role of the North American Treaty Organization (NATO) in the late 1940s and 1950s?

*A. To create a collective security agreement aimed at defense against the Soviet Union NATO created a collective security pact between the
United States and Western European countries aimed at protecting them against the perceived threat of Soviet military action.

B. To create an economic league to promote prosperity and economic growth NATO was not an economic league.

C. To stop the spread of communism around the world The purpose of NATO was not to stop the spread of communism around the globe.

D. To share espionage information between allies against the Soviet Union The purpose of NATO was not necessarily to share espionage
information.

Question: Why did the Soviet acquisition of atomic weapons and the spread of communism into China shock the American
government in 1949?

A. The events caused the collapse of the NATO alliance. These events did not cause NATO to collapse.

B. The events jeopardized American economic superiority. These two events did not jeopardize American economic superiority.

C. The events suggested that the Soviets were involved in China. The Soviets were not necessarily involved in China.

*D. The events suggested that communism was spreading rapidly. These two events convinced many American officials that communism was
spreading rapidly.

Question: How did the National Security Council (NSC) respond to the Soviet acquisition of atomic weapons?

A. Suggesting that the United States form NATO NATO already existed when the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons.

*B. Recommending that the United States strengthen militarily and take more aggressive anti-Communist actions The NSC proposed that
the United States develop the hydrogen bomb, increase military spending, continue to negotiate NATO-style alliances around the globe, and engage in "covert
means" to foment and support revolts in Soviet allies.

C. Urging President Truman to begin negotiations with the Soviets to calm tensions The NSC did not recommend negotiations with the Soviet
Union.

D. Proposing a worldwide ban of development and use of nuclear weapons The NSC recommended an American effort to develop stronger nuclear
weapons.

Question: What was the impact of the invasion of South Korea by North Korea on American Cold War policy?

A. It convinced the United States to emphasize defense of Asia over Europe. The United States remained deeply committed to defense of Europe
after the invasion of South Korea.

B. It prompted the United States to negotiate with the Soviet Union to lessen tensions. The United States grew more mistrustful of Communists
as a result of the invasion.

C. It convinced President Harry Truman to formulate the Truman Doctrine. Truman had already formulated the doctrine.

*D. It rallied public support in the United States for greater military spending. In response to this attack, Truman took the opportunity to put into
practice key recommendations of NSC-68, including the proposals for increased military spending, which were largely accepted.

Question: What was the role of the National Security Agency (NSA)?

A. To conduct field operations for the CIA The NSA's mandate is not field operations.

*B. To conduct surveillance of overseas communications Another new intelligence agency, the National Security Agency, created in 1949, monitored
overseas communications through the latest technological devices.

C. To conduct surveillance on Americans' communications This was not the NSA's mandate.

D. To gather intelligence on the civil rights movement This was not the NSA's mandate.

Question: What were the results of the Berlin airlifts?

A. The Soviets established no-fly zones across Germany. The Soviets did not establish no-fly zones.

B. The Soviets cut off all trade with Western Europe. The Soviets did not cut off all trade.

*C. Tremendous amounts of food were delivered, and the Soviets eventually lifted the blockade of West Germany. The United States
transported more than 2.5 million tons of supplies to West Berlin. After nearly a year of these flights, in the spring of 1949, the Russians lifted the blockade.

D. While tremendous amounts of food were delivered, much of it fell under the control of Russian secret police, who refused to
distribute it to starving residents. The Russians did not intercept the supplies.

Question: Refer to the map Map 24.1 The Cold War in Europe, 1945-1955

to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.

What does the map say about political alliances in the postwar world?

A. Political alliances were based largely on religion. The map does not indicate that religion was the primary focus of political alliances.

*B. The political alliances were the result of differences between capitalist and Communist nations. The division of the world into NATO-
aligned and Warsaw Pact-aligned nations shows that the divide between capitalism and communism was the major focus of political alliances.

C. The alliances were largely based on race and ethnicity. Race and ethnicity were not major factors in postwar political alliances.

D. The alliances were the result of several regional treaties with no connection to ideology. Ideology was a major focal point of political alliances
in the postwar world.

Question: How did the United States view Communist North Korea before the Korean War?

A. As a vital part of the Communist plan for global expansion Policymakers did not view North Korea as an integral component of global communism.

*B. As a weak, nonconsequential Communist nation In January 1950 Secretary of State Dean Acheson commented that he did not regard South Korea
as part of the vital Asian "defense perimeter" protected by the United States against Communist aggression. Truman had already removed remaining American
troops from the country the previous year.

C. As a direct threat to U.S. national security They were not viewed as a threat to U.S. national security.

D. As potential allies They were not viewed as allies.

Question: What sparked the Korean War in 1950?

A. The Soviet Union encouraged Kim Il Sung to invade South Korea. The Soviet Union did not encourage Kim Il Sung to invade South Korea.

B. Election results for a single unified government were indecisive. Elections had not been held yet.

*C. North Korean leader Kim Il Sung invaded South Korea. North Korean leader Kim Il Sung invaded South Korea, seeking to unite both South and
North Korean under his rule.

D. South Korean leader Syngman Rhee allied his part of the country with the United States. The alignment of South Korea with the United
States did not spark the war.

Question: In what way was the Korean War an escalation of the Cold War?

A. It involved expansion of NATO to Asia. The Korean War involved expansion of containment to Asia but not the NATO alliance itself.

B. It involved direct attacks on both the Soviet Union and Communist China. The Soviet Union was not attacked in the Korean War.

C. It involved use of nuclear weapons. No nuclear weapons were used in Korea.

*D. It expanded containment to Asia and involved fighting. By acting as he did in Korea, Harry Truman applied the Truman Doctrine to Asia and
expanded containment from American financial aid to American military action.

Question: Why did President Harry Truman decline to seek a declaration of war from Congress in Korea in 1950?

A. He recognized that Congress would not support a declaration of war. Congress was not opposed to the war.

*B. He believed that it would make the United States seem weak and confused about action. Truman accepted the argument of Secretary of
State Dean Acheson that taking time to debate the declaration of war in Congress would make the United States seem weak and confused about action.

C. He thought that seeking a declaring of war would decrease the effectiveness of the military. Seeking a declaration of war would not have
necessarily decreased the effectiveness of the military.

D. He worried that the Congress would not approve the necessary funding. Congress had to provide the funding to support troops in Korea one
way or another.

Question: After American troops under Douglas MacArthur had enjoyed early success fighting in Korea, how did President Harry
Truman change the original goal of the Korean War?

A. He determined to remove any Soviet presence from Korea. The Soviets never had a formal presence on the Korean peninsula.

B. He decided to end support for the corrupt Syngman Rhee government of South Korea. The United States continued to support South Korea.

*C. He authorized an invasion of North Korea to unify the country. Truman changed the war's goals to uniting all Koreans under a capitalist
government.

D. He became satisfied with the creation of a military stalemate in Korea. Truman did not accept a stalemate at this point in the war.
Question: What was the eventual outcome of the Korean War?

*A. The results were inconclusive, as the country remained divided. The military results were inconclusive, as the country remained divided after
more than two years of fighting.

B. The United States united Korea under Syngman Rhee's government. Korea remained divided.

C. Kim Il Sung united Korea under a Communist government. Korean remained divided.

D. Fighting stopped when the United Nations took control of both Koreas. The United Nations never took control of both Koreas.

Question: How did the invasion of South Korea affect the Truman Doctrine?

A. It completely refuted the doctrine, and Truman abandoned it. The invasion did not refute the Truman Doctrine, nor did it cause Truman to
abandon it.

B. The Truman Doctrine applied to Europe, not Asia, so the invasion had no impact. While the Truman Doctrine did apply to Europe at the time,
the invasion of South Korea had an effect on it.

*C. It led Truman to expand the doctrine to apply to Asia. If South Korea fell, the president believed, Communist leaders would be "emboldened to
override nations closer to our own shores." Thus the Truman Doctrine was now applied to Asia as it had previously been applied to Europe.

D. It led the United States to start providing aid to Communist countries. It did not cause the United States to start assisting Communist countries.

Question: Why did the Soviet Union boycott the United Nations in 1950?

A. For refusing to accept the Soviets as a full member of the Security Council The Soviet Union was a member of the Security Council.

*B. For refusing to accept China as a full member of the Security Council The Soviets were furious about the UN's refusal to seat China at the UN
and staged a boycott.

C. For refusing to bring sanctions against the United States for alleged war crimes in World War II This was not the reason for the boycott.

D. For refusing to grant Cuba full membership Cuba was not yet a Communist nation.

Question: How did the Soviet boycott of the UN impact Truman's decision to seek a UN vote for the Korean War?

A. It meant that the votes for war would be harder to secure in the Security Council. It did not make it more difficult to get votes.

*B. It meant that the UN vote would be easier, as Russia would be unable to prevent the vote. The Soviets had veto power on the Council
and likely would have used it, making it impossible for Truman to get a war resolution through the UN.

C. It had no impact, as the United States refused to recognize the Soviets at the UN. The United States did recognize the Soviets at the UN.

D. It meant that the Soviets could assist in the invasion without the UN knowing about it. The Soviets did not provide assistance during the
Korean War.

Question: Why did the invasion of North Korea fail?

A. American troops were woefully undersupplied. The campaign did not fail due to a lack of supplies.

B. American commanders disagreed about the best strategy, leading to poor communication. The commanders were unified under MacArthur.

*C. Poor intelligence about the willingness of the Chinese to respond to an American invasion. General MacArthur and Secretary of State
Acheson, based on faulty CIA intelligence, discounted this threat. They were wrong. Truman approved MacArthur's plan to cross the Yalu, and on November 27,
1950, China sent more than 300,000 troops south into North Korea. Within two months, Communist troops regained control of North Korea, allowing them once
again to invade South Korea.

D. The Soviets unexpectedly sent in troops. The Soviets did not send in troops.

Question: Why did President Truman remove MacArthur from command?

A. He blamed MacArthur for the failed invasion of North Korea. He did not blame the general for the failed invasion.

B. He felt MacArthur was not aggressive enough. He did not think the general was not sufficiently aggressive.

*C. MacArthur criticized Truman publicly, and Truman fired him. After MacArthur spoke out publicly against Truman's policy by remarking, "There is
no substitute for victory," the president removed him from command on April 11, 1951.

D. MacArthur was caught in an extramarital affair. He was not caught in an extramarital affair.

Question: How did the Korean War impact presidential powers for years?
A. It discouraged presidents from fighting communism directly. Presidents continued to fight communism directly.

B. The president lost the ability to convince the American public to support a draft. The draft became a regular feature of American life and
accepted by the American public.

*C. Presidential power grew considerably as a result of the war. The Korean War boosted the imperial presidency by allowing presidents to bypass
Congress to initiate wars as "police actions" and to expand his powers as commander in chief.

D. Presidents lost the opportunity to fight wars without explicit Congressional authorization. Presidential power to bypass Congress and fight a
war was enhanced.

Question: How did the relationship between the American public and the military change after the Korean War?

A. The American public became sharply critical of military action. More Americans did not protest military action after the Korean War.

B. The American public no longer accepted the draft. The American public accepted the draft after the Korean War.

C. Most people wanted to cut the military budget. The military budget increased during and after the Korean War, largely with widespread support.

*D. Most people accepted the draft and high military spending as permanent features. The military budget increased dramatically and the
public accepted the draft as a permanent feature of America.

Question: What was the significance of the 1952 Supreme Court case between President Harry Truman and the United Steel Workers
of America?

*A. The Court put limits on presidential power in wartime. In the case, the Supreme Court held that the president could not seize private property
during wartime, putting limits on the imperial presidency.

B. The Court interpreted the Constitution very broadly, increasing presidential power. The Supreme Court ruled that the president could not seize
private property during wartime.

C. The Court sharply curtailed the rights of labor unions to strike. The Court put limits on the power of others, not unions.

D. The Court ruled that defense industries fell under presidential control in wartime. The Court curtailed presidential power.

Question: Refer to the map Map 24.2 The Korean War, 1950-1953
to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.
What does the dividing line between North and South say about the fighting in the Korean War?

A. The war was won quickly and decisively. The dividing line does not suggest a decisive victory.

*B. Neither side could achieve its goals. Each side pushed deep into enemy territory, but neither could achieve victory. When hostilities ceased in 1953,
a demilitarized zone near the original boundary line separated North and South Korea.

C. The United States was able to defeat the Communists in the North. The line indicates that the United States did not achieve victory.

D. The North Koreans were able to impose their will on the South. The line indicates that the North did not achieve victory.

Question: How did the Korean War affect the American military in the 1950s and 1960s?

A. The United States scaled back its global military presence. The United States did not scale back its military presence.

B. The United States increased its military presence in Asia but decreased it everywhere else. The United States increased its presence in Asia
and in other regions.

*C. The United States became more active across the globe. As a result of the Korean conflict, the military draft became a regular feature of
American life for young men over the next two decades. The expanded peacetime military was active around the globe, operating bases in Europe, Asia, and the
Middle East.

D. The United States massively reduced military spending. The budget increased after the war.

Question: How did Congress respond to Truman's military policies?

A. Congress was deeply divided on Truman's military policies. Congress was not divided.

B. Congress overwhelming rejected Truman's military policies. Congress did not reject his policies.

*C. Congress deferred to Truman on military policy. Congress largely deferred to Truman on key issues of military policy.
D. Congress refused to fund his military policies. They provided Truman military funding.

Topic: Combating Communism at Home, 1945–1954

books:

Loyalty and the Second Red Scare

McCarthyism

Question: What formed the basis of the anti-Communist consensus during the postwar period?

*A. Belief that the Soviet Union was attempting to infiltrate American society There was a consensus within the Truman Administration that
Soviet-sponsored Communists were attempting to infiltrate American society, and that such efforts constituted a grave threat to capitalist and democratic values
and institutions. Consensus turned into an anti-Communist obsession, as evidence of Soviet espionage came to light.

B. Fear raised by cases of espionage in the United States Cases of espionage did not create the anti-Communist consensus but reinforced it.

C. Attempts by the government to use anti-Communist hysteria to curtail civil liberties The government's attempts to curtail civil liberties did not
create the initial anti-Communist consensus but grew out of it.

D. Evidence of a massive worldwide Communist espionage network There was no evidence of such a massive espionage effort.

Question: What was the purpose of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) when it was founded in the 1930s?

A. To verify links between immigration and radical politics HUAC's mission did not target immigrants.

*B. To investigate domestic communism Conservative congressional opponents of the New Deal established HUAC to investigate domestic communism,
which they tied to the Roosevelt Administration.

C. To stop Soviet attempts to spy in the United States HUAC did not investigate spying by the Soviet Union.

D. To identify links between the civil rights movement and communism HUAC did not specifically investigate links between the civil rights
movement and communism.

Question: What was the purpose of the Federal Employee Loyalty Program initiated by President Harry Truman in 1947?

A. To prevent the impact of political changes on government agencies The Federal Employee Loyalty Program did not seek to prevent political
changes from impacting government agencies.

*B. To detect and dismiss from government service those suspected of disloyalty Under this program, a board investigated federal employees to
see if "reasonable grounds [existed] to suspect disloyalty."

C. To prevent Soviet spies from working in the United States government The Federal Employee Loyalty Program had a broader purpose than
preventing Soviet spies from working in the United States government.

D. To promote long-term careers in civil services The Federal Employee Loyalty Program did not promote long-term civil service careers.

Question: What did the Federal Employee Loyalty Program of the 1940s and 1950s accomplish?

*A. It did not find any Communists but managed to ruin many government employees' careers. The loyalty boards failed to uncover a single
verifiable case of espionage or find even one actual Communist in the public service. This did not stop the board from dismissing 378 government employees for
their political beliefs and personal behavior.

B. It successfully uncovered several Communist plots and turned spies over to the FBI. The loyalty boards uncovered no cases of espionage.

C. It managed to find and plug the leak of sensitive information from the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was ended by the time the
loyalty boards were in operation.

D. It inspired Congress to investigate the loyalty of congressional employees. The program had no such impact on Congress.

Question: Why did the HUAC investigate Communist infiltration into the film industry?

A. Because it employed many recent immigrants HUAC did not target the film industry because of the number of recent immigrants who worked there.

B. Because of concern among film industry executives that many radicals worked in the industry HUAC did not target the film industry because
of the concern by film industry executives.

C. Because of evidence that Soviet spies had infiltrated the industry HUAC had no evidence that Soviet spies had infiltrated the film industry.

*D. Because of the belief that the industry was in Communist hands HUAC investigated communism in the film industry because it was convinced
that the film industry had come under Communist influence and threatened to poison the minds of millions of moviegoers.

Question: What was the meaning of being on Hollywood's blacklist during the postwar period?

A. You couldn't act but could work behind the scenes in the film industry. Individuals on the blacklist could not work in any capacity in the film
industry.

B. You could not work on politically sensitive films because of political and personal views. Individuals on the blacklist could not work in any
films.

*C. You couldn't work in the industry in any capacity or on any project. Individuals who were blacklisted could not work in the film industry in any
way because of their personal and political views.

D. You could not join any of the unions formed in the industry. Those who were blacklisted had their employment rights more profoundly denied.

Question: What was the significance of the Alger Hiss probe?

A. It demonstrated that the Soviets had not infiltrated high levels of the United States government. The Soviets had infiltrated high levels of
the United States government.

*B. It demonstrated that Communist spies had infiltrated high levels of the United States government. While Hiss could not be convicted of
espionage because of the statute of limitations, his denials, under oath, of giving classified documents to Whitaker Chambers led to a conviction on perjury.

C. It suggested that the HUAC was a waste of time and could not uncover cases of Soviet espionage. The case did not demonstrate that the
HUAC was a waste of time.

D. It demonstrated that HUAC was controlled by the Republican Party. Many Democrats also served on HUAC, and a Democratic member served as
chairman when the party had a majority in the House.

Question: What was the impact of the Alger Hiss case on President Harry Truman's handling of domestic communism?

A. It convinced Truman of the real danger to the United States government of communism. While Truman had dismissed the Hiss case, he was
already very concerned about the threat of communism to the government.

*B. He decided to prosecute several high level officials in the Communist Party to prove he was tough on communism. In 1949 Truman
tried to demonstrate that he was a cold warrior-in-chief by authorizing the Justice Department to prosecute twelve high officials of the Communist Party for
violating the Smith Act.

C. It convinced Truman not to prosecute cases of communism in the government because convictions were difficult. Truman continued to
prosecute cases of communism in the United States government.
D. It pushed Truman to introduce the Federal Employee Loyalty Program. The loyalty program already existed when the Hiss case arose.

Question: What was the charge against Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?

A. Violating the Smith Act The Rosenbergs were not charged with violating the Smith Act.

B. Spying for North Korea The Rosenbergs were not accused of spying on behalf of North Korea.

*C. Spying to help the Soviet Union develop an atomic bomb The Rosenbergs were convicted of helping the Soviet Union develop a nuclear bomb.
D. Spying on behalf of the Chinese The Rosenbergs were not charged with spying on behalf of the Chinese.

Question: Why were the charges against Julius and Ethel Rosenberg so unsettling to Americans?

*A. They were accused of helping the Soviet Union develop the most destructive weapons known. When the Russians successfully tested an
atomic bomb in 1949, anyone accused of helping them obtain this weapon became "Public Enemy Number One."

B. They were accused of helping Alger Hiss give away secrets at the Yalta Conference. The Rosenbergs were not accused of any connection to
Alger Hiss or the Yalta Conference.

C. They were accused of putting Communist propaganda in Hollywood movies, which affected millions. The Rosenbergs had no connection to
movies.

D. They had contributed to the loss of China to the Communists. The Rosenbergs had no connection to the loss of China to the Communists.

Question: What differentiated the case of the Rosenbergs from the Dennis v. United States case?

*A. The Rosenbergs were charged with espionage rather than violating the Smith Act. The Rosenbergs were charged with espionage rather
than violating the Smith Act.

B. The Rosenbergs were American citizens while the defendants in Dennis v. United States were immigrants. The defendants in Dennis v.
United States were also American citizens.

C. The Rosenbergs were charged with violating the Smith Act while the defendants in the Dennis case were charged with espionage.
The defendants in the Dennis case were not charged with espionage.

D. The Rosenbergs were charged with spying for the Soviet Union while the defendants in the Dennis case were charged with spying
for the Chinese. The defendants in the Dennis case were not charged with spying on behalf of the Chinese.

Question: What political groups participated in the anti-Communist crusade by 1950?

A. The far right and the Socialist Party The Socialist Party did not take part in the anti-Communist crusade.

B. Liberals and Democrats Other political groups also participated in the anti-Communist crusade.

C. Conservatives and Republicans Other political groups also participated in the anti-Communist crusade.

*D. Liberals, conservatives, Democrats, and Republicans Liberals, Conservatives, Democrats, and Republicans participated in the anti-Communist
crusade by 1950.

Question: What was the impact of the anti-Communist crusade on American politics during the postwar period?

A. It led to greater weight given to military experience among those running for office. Many politicians without military experience were still
elected.

B. It encouraged the development of a third party on the left. No third political party emerged on the left.

*C. It led to liberals becoming ideologically tainted. As a result of the anti-Communist crusade, liberals were ideologically tainted.
D. It led to widespread suspicion of Republicans. Republicans were generally not under as much suspicion as liberal Democrats.

Question: How did congressional action on the McCarran Act in 1950 show the bipartisan support for the anti-Communist crusade?

A. Although it was written by a Democrat, a Republican became co-sponsor of the bill. Members of both parties sponsor bills together with great
frequency.

*B. Democrats joined Republicans in passing the bill and in overriding President Truman's veto of it. The severity of the entire measure
proved too much for President Truman and he vetoed it. Reflecting the bipartisan consensus on the issue, the Democratic-controlled Congress overrode the veto.

C. Although it was proposed by Democrat Pat McCarran, it was vetoed by Democrat Harry Truman. The division between McCarran and
Truman over the bill did not establish the anti-Communist consensus.
D. The language of the bill was endorsed in both the Democratic and Republican Party platforms. The views of the two national party
organizations were unrelated to the legislative history of the bill.

Question: What was the relationship between anti-Communist efforts in the 1920s and the post–World War II era?

A. The anti-Communist efforts in the 1920s only focused on American Communists; the postwar efforts were largely aimed at
immigrants. Both periods saw citizens and immigrants targeted.

B. In the 1920s, anti-Communist efforts were largely conducted by state governments; in the postwar period, they were largely done
by the federal government. All levels of government were involved in both time periods.

C. The efforts in the 1920s were not supported by a majority of the public; in the postwar period they were. The public was supportive in
both time periods.

*D. The postwar period built on the fears of the 1920s and instituted similar policies. The postwar fear of communism echoed earlier anti-
Communist sentiments. The government had initiated the repressive Palmer raids during the Red Scare following World War I, which led to the deportation of
immigrants sympathetic to the Communist doctrines of the Russian Revolution.

Question: What was the purpose of the Smith Act of 1940?

*A. To prevent teachers from teaching or advocating domestic insurrection In 1940 Roosevelt signed into law the Smith Act, which prohibited
teaching or advocating the "duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence" or
belonging to any group with that aim.

B. To provide teachers with an anti-Communist curriculum This was not the purpose of the Act.

C. To prohibit schools from teaching about fascism This was not the purpose of the Act.

D. To compel teachers to provide children with daily patriotic updates about World War II This was not the purpose of the Act.

Question: Why did the Federal Employee Loyalty Board dismiss over three hundred federal employees despite not finding evidence of
Communist affiliations or activity?

A. For spying for Germany There were no convictions for German spies.

*B. For personal and political behavior This lack of evidence did not stop the board from dismissing 378 government employees for their political beliefs
and personal behavior. Foreign agents fired some employees because they were homosexuals and considered them susceptible to blackmail. (Heterosexual men
and women who were having extramarital affairs were not treated in the same manner.)

C. For committing fraud The board did not make many allegations of fraud.

D. For secretly opposing the War in Korea The board did not make this allegation.

Question: What was the impact of the Federal Employee Loyalty Board's actions?

A. It had little impact beyond the federal dismissals. The board's actions were not limited to the federal government.

B. It caused Americans to turn against the Truman administration. It did not cause Americans to turn on Truman.

*C. It caused state and local governments to investigate their employees. This disregard for due process of law spread as loyalty boards at state
and municipal levels questioned and fired government employees, including public school teachers and state university professors.

D. It caused foreign nations to cut off trade with the United States. Foreign nations did not cut off trade in response to the board's actions.

Question: How did HUAC investigate suspected Communists?

*A. They conducted public forums that attracted significant publicity. HUAC conducted hearings that attracted much publicity. These and
subsequent hearings assumed the form of a ritual. The committee already had information from the FBI about the witnesses; HUAC really wanted the accused to
confess their Communist heresy publicly and to show contrition by naming their associates.

B. The vast majority of the investigations were kept secret from the public. While HUAC conducted secret investigations, they tried to draw public
attention to their work.

C. Federal prosecutors conducted the majority of the investigations. The committee brought few actual charges, and federal prosecutors were
largely uninvolved.

D. The committee relied on information from the CIA. HUAC largely relied on FBI information.

Question: What role did Congressman Richard M. Nixon play in the Alger Hiss affair?

A. He was Hiss's defense attorney. Nixon did not defend Hiss.

B. He criticized the government for its overzealous prosecution of Hiss. Nixon did not criticize the government for prosecuting Hiss.
*C. He was instrumental in getting Hiss convicted. Following Truman's victory in the 1948 presidential election, first-term Republican congressman
Richard M. Nixon kept the Hiss affair alive. A member of HUAC, Nixon went to former Soviet spy Whittaker Chambers's farm and discovered a cache of State
Department documents that Chambers had stored for safekeeping. Armed with this evidence, Nixon reopened the case. While the statute of limitations for
espionage from the 1930s had expired, the federal government had enough evidence to prosecute Hiss for perjury—lying under oath about passing documents to
Chambers. One trial produced a hung jury, but a second convicted Hiss; he was sentenced to five years in prison.

D. He played no role, as he was planning to run for president. Nixon played a significant role in the affair.

Question: How did Hiss's conviction affect the Democratic Party?

A. It increased the Democrats' political popularity, as it had favored his conviction. Many Democrats supported Hiss.

*B. It hurt the Democrats' popularity and gave the Republicans reason to criticize them. Hiss's downfall tarnished the Democrats, as
Republicans charged them with being "soft on communism."

C. It divided the party between anti-Communists and sympathizers. It did not divide the party.

D. It caused the creation of a third party, which siphoned votes from the Democrats. It did not lead to the creation of a third party.

Question: How did Truman respond to allegations that he was "soft on communism"?

A. He ordered the invasion of Cuba. Cuba was not yet a Communist nation.

B. He ordered the CIA to assassinate high-ranking Soviet officials. He did not order assassinations.

*C. He authorized prosecutions of suspected Communists under the Smith Act. In 1949 Truman tried to demonstrate his cold warrior credentials
by authorizing the Justice Department to prosecute twelve high-ranking officials of the Communist Party for violating the Smith Act.

D. He refused to publicly acknowledge the allegations. Truman was a vocal anti-Communist.

Question: How did the Supreme Court rule on the Smith Act convictions in Dennis v. United States?

A. It overturned the convictions on due process grounds. The Court did not overturn the convictions.

*B. It upheld the convictions using the "clear and present danger" standard. In the 1951 decision in Dennis v. United States, the Supreme Court
upheld the conviction of the Communist leaders on the grounds that they posed a "clear and present danger" to the United States by advocating the violent
overthrow of the government.

C. It sent the case back to the lower courts for further review. The Court did not send the case back to the lower courts.

D. It argued that Communists did not have standing, and so it refused to hear the case. The Court did not rule that the defendants lacked
standing.

Question: Which groups were especially vulnerable to charges of communism in the 1950s?

*A. Liberal political activists Liberal civil rights and civil liberties groups as well as labor unions were particularly vulnerable to such charges and rushed to
rid their organizations of suspected Communists.

B. Conservative political activists Conservatives were rarely accused of having Communist sympathies.

C. All groups were equally vulnerable. Some groups were targeted more than others.

D. Churches and religious organizations Religious groups were not especially vulnerable.

Question: What was the impact of Senator Joseph McCarthy on the anti-Communist crusade during the early 1950s?

A. He ended it. McCarthy did not end the anti-Communist crusade.

B. He sparked it. The anti-Communist crusade was already in full swing.

C. He convinced Republicans to use it as a campaign issue. Republicans had already campaigned on the basis of anticommunism.

*D. He served as the public face of anticommunism. He served as the public face of anticommunism and was its vocal supporter.
Question: How did Senator Joseph McCarthy gain influence in the anti-Communist movement in the 1950s?

A. He used his extensive military experience. McCarthy's military experience was not relevant to his role as an anti-Communist.

B. He served as a leader in the Republican Party. McCarthy was not a leader in the Republican Party necessarily.

*C. He used his position as the head of a Senate subcommittee. McCarthy used his position as the head of the Permanent Investigation
Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations to harass current and former government officials and employees.

D. He headed the House Committee on Un-American Affairs (HUAC). McCarthy served in the Senate, not the House.

Question: How did other Republicans respond to McCarthy's investigations of government employees and officials?

*A. They viewed them as a way to potentially win the presidency. McCarthy had plenty of assistance from members of his own party who
considered him a potent weapon in their battle to reclaim the White House. The respected conservative Republican senator from Ohio, Robert A. Taft, told
McCarthy "to keep talking and if one case doesn't work he should proceed with another."

B. They began to think about him as a candidate for the presidency. Republicans did not generally consider McCarthy as suitable for the White
House.

C. They feared McCarthy's tactics and thought he should be stopped. Other Republicans encouraged McCarthy to continue his investigations.

D. They believed that McCarthy could never substantiate any cases. Republicans believed that McCarthy could eventually substantiate some of the
cases.

Question: How did McCarthy's actions compare to the anti-Communist crusades of other politicians during the early 1950s?

A. McCarthy was a renegade shunned by his party. McCarthy was not shunned by his party.

*B. McCarthy sought more publicity than other politicians but reflected the same attitudes. McCarthy sought more publicity than other
politicians and was wilder in his accusations but fit into the anti-Communist consensus.

C. He was of little consequence compared to other members of the Democratic and Republican Parties. McCarthy was more vigorously anti-
Communist than most Republicans and Democrats.

D. The Democratic Party protested McCarthy's investigations but the Republican Party embraced them. The Democratic Party did not initially
protest McCarthy's investigations.

Question: Why were McCarthy's accusations so damaging to most politicians and government employees and officials?

A. McCarthy found many individuals who were members of the Communist Party. Most people McCarthy investigated were not found to be
members of the Communist Party.

*B. The charges were difficult to discredit and caused lasting damage. McCarthy specialized in a concoction of allegations so complex and
convoluted that it was impossible to refute them simply or quickly. By the time they could be discredited, the damage was already done.

C. McCarthy found legitimate evidence to substantiate charges. McCarthy did not substantiate charges with evidence.

D. Other politicians trusted McCarthy. McCarthy's accusations were not so damaging because politicians trusted McCarthy.

Question: What eventually caused McCarthy's approval ratings to decline in 1954?

A. Americans no longer supported the anti-Communist crusade. Americans continued to support the anti-Communist crusade.

B. McCarthy was found to have fabricated evidence in his attacks on the Truman administration. McCarthy was not discovered to have
fabricated evidence.

C. McCarthy started to attack members of his own party. McCarthy's approval ratings did not decline when he started to attack members of his own
party.

*D. Televised hearings of McCarthy's hearings on communism in the army showed him in a bad light. For two months the relatively new
medium of television broadcast live the Army-McCarthy hearings, during which the cameras showed many viewers for the first time how reckless McCarthy had
become.

Question: What happened to the anti-Communist consensus after the Senate censured McCarthy in 1954?

*A. It continued, as strong as ever. In 1954, Congress passed the Communist Control Act, which required "Communist infiltrated" groups to register with
the federal government. Federal, state, and municipal governments required employees to take a loyalty oath affirming their allegiance to the United States.

B. It unraveled, discredited by McCarthy's failure to prove anything. The anti-Communist consensus did not unravel.

C. It became more focused on the Cold War abroad. The anti-Communist consensus continued to seek out disloyalty among Americans.

D. The anti-Communist consensus focused only on private officials and not government employees or institutions. The anti-Communist
consensus still impacted government employees and institutions.

Question: How did the Senate respond to Senator Joseph McCarthy's loss of popularity in 1954?

A. By taking away his committee assignment McCarthy retained his committee assignment.

B. By expelling him from the Senate The Senate did not expel McCarthy.
*C. By censuring him In December 1954, the Senate voted to censure McCarthy for conduct unbecoming a senator, having violated senatorial decorum by
insulting colleagues who criticized him. McCarthy retained his seat on the Subcommittee and all his Senate prerogatives, but he never again wielded substantial
power.

D. By giving him a vote of confidence The Senate did not give McCarthy a vote of confidence.

Question: What was the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in Yates v. United States in 1957?

A. The Court overturned the conviction of the Rosenbergs. The case did not overturn the conviction of the Rosenbergs.

B. The Court disbanded the House Committee on Un-American Affairs (HUAC). The Supreme Court did not disband HUAC.

C. The Court no longer had jurisdiction over cases involving anticommunism. The Supreme Court still had jurisdiction over cases involving
anticommunism.

*D. The Court prevented prosecutions just for a person's political views or beliefs. In the ruling, the Supreme Court dealt a severe blow to
enforcement of the Smith Act by stating that the Justice Department could not prosecute someone for merely advocating an abstract doctrine favoring the violent
overthrow of the government.

Question: What organization or individual did the most to fuel the Red scare of the 1950s?

*A. The FBI J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI did more to fuel the second Red scare than the Wisconsin senator. Hoover and his bureau did greater damage than
McCarthy because they provided the information that Communist hunters used throughout the government.

B. Senator Joseph McCarthy Other individuals did more to fuel the Red scare.

C. HUAC HUAC had a limited role in fueling the Red scare.

D. The CIA The CIA had only a limited role in fueling the Red scare.

Question: What allegations did McCarthy make in the 1950s about the United States State Department?

A. The State Department refused to criticize the Soviet Union. McCarthy did not focus on the State Department's lack of critical speech on the
Soviets.

*B. There were Communists working in the State Department, and the government knew it. Aware of the power of the Communists-in-
government issue, McCarthy gave a speech in February 1950 in Wheeling, West Virginia. Waving sheets of paper in his hand, the senator announced that he had
"the names of 205 men known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy
of the State Department."

C. The State Department was mishandling its funds. This was not McCarthy's criticism.

D. The State Department was conducting secret negotiations with China. This was not McCarthy's criticism.

Question: How did Democratic Senator Millard Tydings of Maryland respond to McCarthy's allegations about the State Department?

A. He began removal proceedings in the Senate to have McCarthy dismissed from the Senate. He did not move to have McCarthy removed.

B. He began giving his own public speeches, in the same towns as McCarthy, railing against the senator. He did not follow him around giving
speeches.

*C. He launched a committee investigation of McCarthy's allegations. When Senator Millard Tydings of Maryland, a Democrat who headed the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, launched an investigation of McCarthy's charges, he concluded that they were irresponsible and unfounded.

D. He applauded McCarthy for exposing the cover-up. As a Democrat, Tydings did not support McCarthy's anti-Communist rhetoric.

Question: How did Tydings's committee investigation impact McCarthy?

A. It devastated his political career. As the investigations found nothing to support the allegations, it did not destroy his political career.

B. He was brought up on charges. The committee did not file charges against McCarthy.

*C. It emboldened him. The committee's findings did not stop McCarthy; if anything, it emboldened him to go further. He accused Tydings of being "soft on
communism" and campaigned against his reelection in 1952. McCarthy won reelection to the Senate easily.

D. He abandoned his public crusade against communism. McCarthy did not abandon his crusade.

Question: How did the committee investigation affect Senator Tydings?

A. It increased his popularity among Democrats. It did not have this effect.
*B. It cost him his career and hurt his party. Tydings's defeat in the election scared off many critics from openly confronting McCarthy.
C. It raised his public profile, and he decided to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. He did not seek the Democratic nomination.

D. He was sued by McCarthy for defamation. McCarthy did not sue Tydings.

Question: Why did McCarthy send aides to Europe in the early 1950s?

A. To infiltrate Communist societies and gather intelligence This was not the mission of McCarthy's aides.

B. To provide logistical assistance to European anti-Communist groups McCarthy would have violated the separation of powers had he done this, as
the president controls foreign policy.

C. To forge alliances with labor activists in Europe against communism Many labor organizations were sympathetic to communism and would be
unlikely allies for McCarthy.

*D. To purge pro-Communist literature from State Department-sponsored libraries McCarthy dispatched two aides to travel to Europe and purge
what they considered disreputable books from the shelves of overseas libraries sponsored by the State Department.

Question: What tactics did McCarthy use that made him so difficult to refute?

A. His arguments were sound and reasonable and left little room for substantive criticism. McCarthy was not known for making logical,
reasonable approaches to combating communism.

*B. He bullied and constructed complex and convoluted arguments that were difficult to understand or refute. He specialized in the
"multiple untruth," a concoction of allegations so complex and convoluted that it was impossible to refute them simply or quickly.

C. He provided irrefutable evidence in public hearings. He did not provide evidence, but arguments based on complex and convoluted arguments.

D. He made several documentaries with Hollywood filmmakers to demonstrate the Communist threat. McCarthy was more likely to accuse
Hollywood filmmakers of being Communists than to work with them.

Question: What was the purpose of the Communist Control Act of 1954?

A. To register the Communist Party with the Federal Elections commission The act did not intend to legitimize the Communist Party.

*B. To force suspected Communist groups to register with the federal government Congress passed the Communist Control Act, which required
"Communist-infiltrated" groups to register with the federal government. Federal, state, and municipal governments required employees to take a loyalty oath
affirming their allegiance to the United States and disavowing support for any organization that advocated the overthrow of the government.

C. To deport all suspected Communists Many suspected Communists were Americans, who could not be deported.

D. To strip American Communists of their citizenship The Act did not intend to revoke citizenship.

Topic: The Cold War Expands, 1953–1961

books:

Nuclear Weapons and Containment

Interventions in the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa
Early Intervention in Vietnam, 1954–1960

Question: What was President Eisenhower's approach to combating communism?

A. He actively used the military to push back communism. Eisenhower was skeptical of using military force to fight communism.

B. He opposed the doctrine of containment and favored a policy of appeasement. Eisenhower was not a proponent of appeasement.

*C. He favored using diplomacy to combat communism. Rather than pushing back against communism, the Eisenhower administration expanded the
doctrine of containment around the world by entering into treaties to establish regional defense pacts.

D. He opened relations with Communist states, believing dialogue would help end communism. Eisenhower did not favor open dialogue with
Communist states.

Question: How did Eisenhower's economic views impact his foreign policy?

*A. He feared close partnerships between the private sector and the military would have a negative impact on economic growth and
individual liberty. Eisenhower's commitment to fiscal discipline had a profound effect on his foreign policy. The president worried that the alliance between the
government, defense contractors, and research universities—which he dubbed "the military-industrial complex"—would bankrupt the economy and undermine
individual freedom.

B. He argued that the United States needed to decrease its financial commitment to its allies. He did not push for less foreign assistance.

C. He was a proponent of increased subsidies for defense contractors, arguing it would increase America's role in the world. He did not
push for increased defense subsidies.

D. He argued that there was no relationship and that America could disengage from the world with little economic impact. Eisenhower
believed the United States was part of a global economy.

Question: What was Eisenhower's New Look strategy?

A. A campaign of anti-Communist propaganda to be launched in print, radio, and film The New Look strategy did not aim to fight communism
through propaganda.

*B. A military strategy that prized developing a nuclear arsenal over prioritizing more traditional ground forces Eisenhower implemented
the New Look strategy, which placed a higher priority on building a nuclear arsenal and delivery system than on the more expensive task of maintaining and
deploying armed forces on the ground throughout the world.

C. A call for increased U.S. military bases around the world Eisenhower's strategy aimed to decrease the American global military footprint.

D. A strategy to develop new uniforms for the military The strategy was not focused on uniforms.

Question: What was the theory underlining mutually assured destruction (MAD)?

A. Nuclear weapons should all be destroyed, as a nuclear war would lead to MAD. The theory did not propose destroying all nuclear weapons.

*B. The only way to avoid MAD was for countries to have equal numbers of nuclear weapons. The buildup of nuclear warheads provoked an
arms race by encouraging the Soviet Union to do the same. Peace depended on the superpowers terrifying each other with the threat of nuclear annihilation—that
is, if one country attacked the other, retaliation was guaranteed to result in shared obliteration. This strategy was known as mutually assured destruction, and its
acronym—MAD—summed up its nightmarish qualities.

C. The war against communism should be abandoned because it would lead to MAD. This was not part of the theory.

D. The United States should give up its nuclear weapons only if the Soviet Union did. This was not part of the theory.

Question: How did political revolutions in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia impact American foreign policy?

A. The revolutions were supported by the United States. The United States did not support the revolutions.

B. They forced the United States to accept the spread of communism. Not all the revolutions were Communist revolutions.

*C. Many policymakers viewed the revolutions as a threat to America. The efforts of Iranian, Guatemalan, and Cuban leaders to seize control of
their countries' resources mirrored the surge of nationalism that swept through former European colonies in the 1950s. Following World War II, revolutionary
nationalists in the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia toppled colonial governments and wielded the power of their newly liberated regimes to take charge of
their own development. Such actions collided with U.S. policy.

D. The United States declared war on many countries to restore the prerevolutionary governments. The United States did not invade these
countries.

Question: How did Eisenhower respond to revolutions across the globe?

A. He condemned them publicly, but refused to get involved. He did not refuse to get involved.

*B. He utilized the CIA to help undermine revolutionary governments. In a manner first suggested in NSC-68, the Eisenhower administration
deployed the CIA to help topple governments considered pro-Communist as well as to promote U.S. economic interests.

C. He only chose to intervene in Latin American revolutions, as they were the only direct threat to the United States. He did not limit
intervention to Latin America.

D. He limited intervention to Africa, where he thought the threat was the greatest. He did not limit intervention to Africa.

Question: What commodity drew American intervention abroad in the 1950s?

A. Oil Oil and gas were replaced by another important commodity in the 1950s.

B. Nickel Nickel was in wide use in the 1950s.

C. Gold Gold did not draw U.S. interest abroad.

*D. Fruit In 1954 the economics of fruit and shipping replaced oil as the catalyst for U.S. intervention. Eisenhower allowed the CIA to hatch a plot that resulted
in a coup d'état, or government overthrow, that installed a right-wing military regime in Guatemala, which safeguarded both the Panama Canal and the United
Fruit Company.
Question: What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?

*A. It authorized the president to use military action to fight communism in the Middle East In 1957, to throttle increasing Communist
influence in the Middle East, Congress approved the Eisenhower Doctrine, which gave the president a free hand to use U.S. military forces in the Middle East
"against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by International Communism."

B. A strategy of strategic retreat from foreign entanglements The doctrine did not seek to decrease foreign engagement.

C. A plan to mobilize troops against Communist China He did not intend to invade China.

D. A commitment to open dialogue with the Soviets This was not part of the doctrine.

Question: What was Eisenhower's "domino theory" in Southeast Asia?

A. If the United States could topple one Communist regime in the region, they would all fall soon after. This was not part of the theory.

B. Southeast Asia was not important enough to include in the domino theory. He thought Southeast Asia was very important.

*C. If one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, the others in the region would soon follow. President Dwight Eisenhower, who had
brought the Korean War to a close in 1953, believed that if Vietnam fell to the Communists, the rest of Southeast Asia and Japan would "go over very quickly" like
"a row of dominos," threatening American strategic power in the Far East as well as free access to Asian markets.

D. Communism was unlikely to spread in Southeast Asia. He thought it was likely to spread.

Chapter 25: Troubled Innocence, 1945–1961

Topic: Peacetime Transition and the Boom Years

books:

Peacetime Challenges, 1945–1948

Economic Conversion and Labor Discontent
Truman, the New Deal Coalition, and the Election of 1948
Economic Boom
Baby Boom
Changes in Living Patterns

Question: What economic concerns did Americans have immediately after World War II?

A. High unemployment and lack of business regulation Businesses complained of too much regulation.

*B. High inflation and shortages of consumer goods These problems and others raised fears that the United States would again fall into a depression
with the switch from a wartime to a peacetime economy.

C. Increased demand for American goods and worker productivity Policymakers worried that the crippled European economies would have low
demand for American goods, and most Americans had more immediate worries than worker productivity.

D. How women would continue to work after the switch to a peacetime economy Americans assumed women would not work after the switch to a
peacetime economy.

Question: What concerns did Americans hold about family life at the end of World War II?

A. Worries that women would no longer want to be mothers Americans held wider concerns about family structure than whether women would want
to be mothers.

*B. Concerns that the war had caused a breakdown of family life and the traditional American family Some observers worried that the very
existence of the traditional American family was in jeopardy.

C. Fear that women would have too many children Americans did not fear that women would have too many children.

D. Anxiety that men would not wish to form families Many Americans wanted men to work and assume the traditional breadwinner role again.

Question: What attitude characterized the American people in the immediate aftermath of World War II in 1945?

A. Growing fear over the Cold War The Cold War had not yet begun at this point.

B. Complete confidence in future success While Americans may have felt confident, they were also beset by many nagging worries.
*C. Relief at the end of the war but worry about the future While joyful that the war was over, many Americans experienced deep anxiety over the
transition to a peacetime economy, and these tensions affected family life.

D. Frustration over the slow pace of civil rights progress Most Americans were not committed to rapid change in civil rights.

Question: Why were so many Americans concerned about economic security immediately after World War II?

A. They wanted higher wages and overtime pay. Most Americans already enjoyed high wages and overtime pay.

B. Americans lacked the savings necessary to buy consumer goods. Most Americans had savings from their wartime earnings.

*C. They worried about the return of another depression. In the absence of war-driven production and with the return of millions of veterans to the
job market, Americans feared massive unemployment and another depression.

D. Unemployment was high and growing. Unemployment was not high immediately after World War II.

Question: What was the goal of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, or GI Bill?

A. To encourage members of the armed forces to reenlist The purpose of the bill was to make it easier for them once they left the armed forces.

B. To prevent veterans from endorsing communism The bill's writers were not deeply concerned about returning veterans adopting communism.

C. To give aid to disabled veterans All veterans received assistance under the GI Bill.

*D. To help veterans in the transition to civilian life The GI Bill offered veterans educational opportunities and financial assistance as they returned
home to make the transition to civilian life easier.

Question: Why were President Harry Truman's early attempts to handle economic reconversion largely unsuccessful?

*A. He wavered between different policies and satisfied no one. In the face of shortages and high prices for available commodities, the president
wavered between retaining World War II price controls to benefit consumers and eliminating them to help corporate industrialists. He satisfied neither.

B. He kept price controls on the economy too long. Truman ended price controls after World War II.

C. He failed to address the issue of employment for veterans. Truman tried to address the issue of employment for veterans.

D. He favored big business over the working class. Truman tried to satisfy both the working class and big business.

Question: What was the impact of the Taft-Hartley Act on unions during the postwar period?

A. It reduced the amount of overtime pay union members could collect. The Taft-Hartley Act did not affect specific collective bargaining provisions
such as overtime pay.

B. It limited the ability of unions to expand to other industries where women worked. The Taft-Hartley Act did not explicitly impact women.

*C. It reduced the power of unions by limiting their ability to organize and strike. The Taft-Hartley Act limited the ability of unions to organize
and go on strike if national interests were at stake, thus hampering union power.

D. It helped unions grow by making organizing easier. The Taft-Hartley Act did not help unions grow.

Question: How did the desegregation of the armed forces impact the political alignment in the election of 1948?

A. Truman lost the election because white Southerners voted Republican. Truman had alienated white southern segregationists, a significant force
in the Democratic Party. Strom Thurmond, the governor of South Carolina, mounted a presidential challenge by heading up the States' Rights Party, known as the
Dixiecrats, which threatened to take away traditional southern Democratic voters from Truman.

*B. The decision drove southern Democrats to support a third party. The decision drove southern Democrats to support a third party.
C. Republicans gained African American voters. Republicans did not gain Africa American voters.

D. African Americans voted Democratic for the first time. African Americans mostly voted Democratic during the 1930s.

Question: Why did the left wing of the Democratic Party criticize President Harry Truman in 1948?

A. They objected to his refusal to cut taxes. Tax policy was not at issue.

B. They were against his decision to desegregate the military. The left supported Truman's decision to desegregate the military.

C. They opposed his policies toward unions. Truman's union policy was largely not at issue.

*D. They disliked his conduct of foreign affairs. The Democratic Party's left was strongly critical of Truman's conduct of foreign affairs.
Question: What was the broader significance of President Harry Truman's election in 1948?

A. He had managed to hold onto the labor vote. Winning this group alone was not the most significant factor.

B. He had gained the majority of African American votes. Winning this group alone was not the most significant factor.

C. He had won Republican votes. Truman relied on what had become traditional Democratic voters.

*D. He had successfully held together the New Deal coalition. Truman succeeded in holding together the winning alliance that Franklin Roosevelt
had first put together. He did this by stitching together a coalition of laborers, minorities, farmers, and liberals and won enough votes in the South to come out
ahead despite long odds.

Question: Why was President Harry Truman unable to win passage of his "Fair Deal" programs and civil rights proposals?

*A. They were blocked by conservative Republicans and southern Democrats. A coalition of southern Democrats and conservative Republicans
blocked passage of civil rights proposals and Truman's so-called Fair Deal programs, including national health insurance, federal aid to education, and agricultural
reform.

B. Northern Democrats and African Americans voted them down. Northern Democrats and African Americans generally favored these proposals.

C. The outbreak of the Korean War diverted attention from domestic issues. Some of these proposals were defeated before the Korean War broke
out.

D. Polls showed most Americans opposed them. There were no such polls.

Question: What defined the "vital center liberalism" of the postwar period?

A. Support for radical left policies that would redistribute wealth "Vital center liberalism" objected to radical leftist policies.

*B. Support for tinkering with the economy through policy adjustments "Vital center liberalism" of the postwar period supported tinkering with the
economy through policy adjustments rather than taking any radical measures favored by the extreme left or right.

C. Rejection for the civil rights movement "Vital center liberalism" supported the goals of the civil rights movement.

D. Support for labor unions and equal employment rights for women Support for labor unions and equal employment rights for women were not
defining features of "vital center liberalism."

Question: What characterized the 1950s for most Americans?

A. Stagnant wages Wages increased during the 1950s.

B. High gas prices Gas prices were low during the 1950s.

C. High unemployment Unemployment was low during the 1950s.

*D. Prosperity and economic growth From 1945 to 1960, the average real income for American workers increased by as much as it had during the fifty
years preceding World War II, and some 60 percent of Americans achieved middle-class status.

Question: What broad social changes in the 1950s led to a boom in consumer purchases?

*A. The increased birth rate and migration of Americans to the suburbs The increased birth rate and migration of Americans to the suburbs led to
a boom in consumer purchases during the 1950s.

B. The demobilization of young men The demobilization of men in the military did not directly lead to a boom in consumer purchases.

C. Smaller family size The size of families increased during the postwar period.

D. Immigration from Europe Immigration from Europe was low in this period.

Question: How did the postwar baby boom lead to an increased demand for consumer products?

A. Americans worked more hours to support their children. Americans' working more hours did not lead to the increase in demand for consumer
products.

*B. Companies provided products targeting every stage in a child's life. Companies supplied goods for infants through teenagers.
C. Americans spent more money on goods meant for babies. The increase in consumer products was driven by families buying more products
throughout their children's lifetimes and not just when they were babies.

D. Companies created more products for working mothers. Most new products did not target working mothers.
Question: Refer to the figure Figure 25.1 Economic Growth, 1945-1964

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following contributed to the dramatic economic growth from 1945 to 1964?
A. The collapse of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union did not collapse until 1989.

*B. Wartime production and strong consumer demand As industries shifted from war equipment to consumer goods, productivity remained high. More
Americans entered the middle class in the two decades following World War II, while rising union membership ensured higher incomes for the working class. As a
result, the purchasing power of most Americans increased in the immediate postwar period.

C. The formation of the European Union The European Union had not yet been created.

D. The discovery of massive gold deposits in the United States The growth was not related to mining.

Question: What was a critical way into the middle class during the postwar period?

A. Living in the Midwest, West, or Northeast Americans from all regions entered the middle class in this period.

B. Union membership White-collar workers entered the middle class as well as unionized workers.

*C. Obtaining a college degree Traditionally, colleges and universities had been accessible only to the upper class. That began to change in the postwar
era.

D. Owning one's own business Employees receiving wages and salaries also entered the middle class in this period.

Question: What was the key difference between the economic growth of postwar America and the economic prosperity of the 1920s?

A. The economic gains of the 1920s were shared by all classes. The economic gains of the 1920s went primarily to the very wealthy.

*B. The economic gains of the 1950s were shared by all classes. The economic gains of the 1950s were widely shared by all classes.
C. The economic gains of the postwar period went primarily to union members. Non-union members also benefited from postwar prosperity.

D. The government had a larger role in the prosperity of the 1920s. The government had a relatively small role in the prosperity of the 1920s.

Question: What was the role of the automobile in postwar economic growth?

A. The automobile allowed Americans to travel farther. The ability of Americans to travel farther did not necessarily contribute to the new consumer
culture.

B. The automobile fed into the new youth culture. The automobile did not contribute to postwar prosperity by feeding into the new youth culture.

C. The automobile allowed more women to work. The automobile did not help postwar prosperity by allowing more women to work.

*D. Many new types of businesses arose to support the new car culture. Many new businesses such as motels and fast-food restaurants supported
the new car culture.

Question: How did Governor Adlai Stevenson make a connection between his advice to the graduates of Smith College and the Cold
War?

*A. He linked their being housewives and mothers to maintaining freedom. Stevenson told them they could do their part to maintain a free
society as wives and mothers. Educated women had an important role to play in maintaining a household that boosted their husbands' morale, he said.

B. He urged them to enter civil service to fight communism. Stevenson did not encourage young women to enter civil service.

C. He told them to get jobs to help build the economy. Stevenson did not suggest that women work outside the home.

D. He suggested they enlist in the military to free men for combat. Stevenson did not encourage women at Smith to enter the military.

Question: What accounted for the dramatic increase in the birthrate and eagerness of couples to marry earlier during the postwar
period?

A. More women decided not to attend college. The birth rate did not increase because fewer women attended college, as the number of college-educated
women remained small.

B. The lack of available birth control made increased births inevitable. Birth control had been equally lacking in earlier times when the birthrate had
been lower.

*C. Public leaders promoted family life and childrearing. Public officials, religious leaders, and the media urged young American men and women to
build families, which would strengthen the moral fiber of the United States in its battle to contain communism.

D. The government provided subsidies for families with many children. The government did not subsidize having children.

Question: Refer to the figure Figure 25.2 The Baby Boom, 1946-1964
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What accounted for the increase in births during the Baby Boom?

A. Government incentives made it financially feasible to have more children Government programs were not aimed at increasing birth rates.
*B. Economic prosperity and improved health care made it easier to support larger families The U.S. population increased dramatically in the
postwar decades. Economic prosperity made it easier to support large families, women's early age at marriage contributed to high fertility, and improved health
care led to the survival of more children.

C. American presidents encouraged the population to have more children in an effort to increase the size of the military over the long
term Presidents did not encourage increased child birth to support the military.

D. State and local governments made direct payments to couples who had more than two children to increase the labor force State and
local governments did not provide lump-sum payments.

Question: Why did the American government support strong nuclear families?

A. Government officials thought that strong families would reduce the need for government benefits. Government officials were not concerned
with reducing dependence on government benefits.

B. The government wanted to prevent the population of the Soviet Union from surpassing that of the United States. The government did
not support strong nuclear families because of concern with population size.

*C. The government believed strong families were a weapon in the Cold War. The government believed families would strengthen the moral fiber
of the country and help the United States contain communism.

D. The government believed large families would lead to prosperity and economic growth. The government did not claim that large families
would lead to economic growth.

Question: What was the impact of vaccine development on childhood in the United States?

A. Vaccines discredited the idea that African American children spread disease. The idea that African American children spread disease was not a
prevalent one.

B. Vaccines allowed children to travel abroad without concern. Most American children did not travel abroad.

C. Vaccines allowed American families to have fewer children. American families had more, rather than fewer, children in this period.

*D. Vaccines led children to enjoy a healthy childhood and adulthood. Before entering school, children in the 1950s received vaccinations against
diphtheria, whooping cough, and tuberculosis. With the development of polio vaccines, a very serious disease was controlled.

Question: What patterns of migration occurred in the United States during the postwar period?

*A. Movement from cities to suburbs and to the West and South The economic and demographic booms encouraged migration out of the cities so
that growing families could have their own homes, greater space, and a healthier environment. No section of the nation expanded faster than the West and South.

B. Movement from rural areas to cities and from the South to the Northeast Few Americans migrated to cities or to the Northeast during the
postwar period.

C. Movement from rural areas to cities and from the West to the South Few Americans migrated to cities from rural areas during the postwar
period, and the West gained in population.

D. Movement from cities to suburbs and from the Northeast to the Midwest While the movement from cities to suburbs was important, areas of the
country other than the Midwest gained in population.

Question: What regions in America experienced the most growth during the postwar period?

*A. The West and South The West and South experienced the greatest growth during the postwar period.
B. The Midwest and Northeast The Midwest and Northeast grew more slowly during the postwar period.

C. The Northeast and South The Northeast grew slowly during the postwar period.

D. The Great Plains and Midwest The Great Plains and Midwest grew slowly during the postwar period.

Question: How did the Veterans Administration contribute to housing development?

A. By subsidizing the construction of new homes in rural areas The administration did not focus on home construction.

*B. By helping veterans purchase homes After the war, the Veterans Administration offered even lower mortgage rates and did not require substantial
down payments for ex-GIs.

C. To inspect dilapidated housing in tenements The administration did not focus on home inspection.

D. To provide subsidies for home improvement projects The administration did not focus on home improvement projects.

Question: What new technology was critical to the settlement of the West and South?
A. The automobile The automobile was important, but another technology made life in the South and West more bearable than it had been in earlier times.

*B. Air-conditioning Air-conditioning allowed people to live more comfortably in hot environments.
C. More efficient heating systems More efficient heating systems were not critical to the settlement of the West and South.

D. National communication networks National communication networks did not play a large part in the settlement of the West and South.

Question: What were the key advantages of a suburban home in the minds of many postwar Americans?

*A. Having more space Many Americans sought a home with a front lawn, backyard, and more space.
B. Being close to neighbors People moved to the suburbs, leaving city apartments and row houses that put them close to neighbors.

C. Being distant from parents Farther distance from parents was not necessarily an advantage of postwar suburban homes.

D. Being distant from work Distance from work was not necessarily an advantage of postwar suburban homes.

Question: What was the significance of William Levitt's Levittown, built in the postwar period?

A. He integrated white and African American residents into Levittown. Levittown was initially all white.

B. He integrated businesses and employment opportunities into Levittown. Levittown did not have a great number of businesses; it was primarily
residential.

C. He created a socially exclusive neighborhood for the upper class. Levittown targeted the middle class and working class rather than the upper
class.

*D. He used mass-production methods to build, making suburban homes affordable. Levitt used mass-production methods to build homes
cheaply, which meant he could keep suburban home prices low; as a result, the working class could move to the suburbs.

Question: How did the federal government support suburban development?

A. The government integrated public housing into suburban developments. Public housing was largely excluded from suburban developments.

B. The government provided building developments with no-interest loans. The government did not provide developers with no-interest loans.

*C. The government provided low-interest mortgages and a network of roadways. The Federal Housing Administration and Veterans
Administration provided long-term mortgages to qualified buyers at low interest rates. The federal government also cooperated by building roads that would make
commuting possible.

D. The government gave grants that funded local roads, school, and sewer construction. Government grants did not fund building of the
infrastructure.

Question: Why did the growth of suburbs boost the auto industry?

*A. Residents could not go shopping, work, or run errands without driving. Residents would often have to purchase a second car because
husbands needed the family car for driving to work.

B. Having more than one car became a status symbol. Owning more than one car was not necessarily a status symbol.

C. Children needed to be driven to school. Children were not usually driven to school during this time.

D. Public transportation existed but was not reliable. Public transportation did not exist in many suburban communities.

Question: What was the purpose of restrictive covenants in postwar suburban housing?

A. To prevent African Americans from moving into any suburban neighborhood Racial covenants applied only to specific neighborhoods.

*B. To preserve the racial exclusivity of a neighborhood Racial covenants aimed to keep minorities from buying in certain neighborhoods.
C. To allow people of any race to live in a neighborhood Racial covenants did not allow any race to live in a neighborhood.

D. To prohibit blacks from working as servants in white neighborhoods These agreements did not affect the work of African Americans.

Topic: The Culture of the 1950s

books:
 The Rise of Television
Wild Ones on the Big Screen
The Influence of Teenage Culture
The Lives of Women
Religious Revival
Beats and Other Nonconformists

Question: What values did television programs promote in the 1950s?

A. They promoted morally ambiguous values, in an attempt to allow the viewers to form their own values. The values promoted by 1950s
programming were not ambiguous.

*B. They promoted a specific set of absolute moral values. In the course of a half hour, the shows pitted good versus evil, and honesty and decency
inevitably triumphed. These youth-oriented television programs showcased a simple world of moral absolutes.

C. They were value neutral, promoting only entertainment. Programming was not value neutral, and programming was political as was well as
entertaining.

D. They explored the dark side of values through programming focused on war. The most popular shows were did not focus on dark values or
war.

Question: How did television influence Americans' lives?

*A. It shaped their desires and views. Television played a large role in shaping people's lives, reflecting their desire for success, and reinforcing the era
as a time of innocence.

B. It challenged racial norms. Television programming did not challenge racial norms.

C. It challenged gender norms. Television did not challenge gender norms.

D. It increased desire for consumer products. Television had a broader impact than increasing desire for consumer products.

Question: At which group was most television programming targeted during the 1950s?

A. Female viewers Most 1950s television programming did not target female viewers.

B. Members of the upper class Most television programming did not aim to attract the upper class.

*C. The mainstream audience Most television programming during the 1950s was directed at a mainstream audience.
D. Children Much television programming during the day targeted children, but nighttime fare aimed at a broader audience.

Question: What types of families did television depict during the 1950s?

*A. Nuclear families who stayed together to solve their problems Most television programs depicted nuclear families that worked together to solve
their problems in just one episode.

B. Nuclear families who encountered very serious, chronic problems Most television programs depicted nuclear families, but not those with serious
problems.

C. Single-parent households Most television programs depicted married couples.

D. Divorced families Most television programs depicted intact families.

Question: How were working-class families portrayed on television?

A. Negatively; they were often portrayed as uneducated and lazy. Working -class families were not portrayed negatively.

B. They were romanticized; most programs glamorized blue-collar life. Blue-collar jobs were not glamorized in most programs.

*C. The working world was portrayed with relative accuracy, but mainstream values were still promoted. Television portrayed working-class
families in grittier fashion on shows such as The Life of Riley, whose lead character worked at a factory, and The Honeymooners, whose male protagonists were a
bus driver and a sewer worker. Nevertheless, like their middle-class counterparts, these families stayed together and worked out their problems despite their
more challenging financial circumstances.

D. Working-class families were rarely shown on television. Many programs focused on working-class families.

Question: How did television treat racial minorities during the 1950s?

A. Several television shows featured African American characters in roles that followed racial norms. Few shows had African American lead
characters.
*B. Most programs avoided depicting minorities. Minorities rarely appeared in regular TV programs.
C. Most shows depicted African Americans as blue-collar workers. African Americans were usually depicted as service sector workers.

D. Most shows depicted African Americans in roles that challenged racial stereotypes. No shows challenged the stereotyping of African
Americans.

Question: Where could young people turn for alternative role models during the 1950s?

A. Actors and actresses Young people did not turn to actors or actresses.

B. Books that celebrated rebellious youth Young people did not generally turn to books.

C. Television programs that depicted rebellious youth Television programs did not depict rebellious youth.

*D. Hollywood movies featuring rebellious youth Young people were attracted to Hollywood movies that depicted rebellious youth.
Question: How did Hollywood generally portray women in films during the 1950s?

*A. As loyal wives and girlfriends Hollywood in general cast women in the roles of loyal wives and girlfriends.
B. As figures who threatened male supremacy Hollywood generally portrayed women as loyal wives and girlfriends who supported the males in their
lives.

C. As independent working women Hollywood generally did not portray women as independent working women.

D. As cultural leaders Hollywood usually did not show women in roles as cultural leaders.

Question: How did the popular culture industry market to teenagers?

A. They promoted patriotism as a cherished value in films for teenagers. Patriotism was not the primary theme in films for teens.

B. They promoted the importance of education and obedience to parents. Education and filial piety were not dominant themes in films for teens.

C. They promoted respect for authority. Respect for authority was not a dominant theme of teen films.

*D. They popularized teen angst. If parents expected young people to behave like Ozzie and Harriet Nelson's sons, the popular culture industry provided
teenagers with alternative role models. In Rebel without a Cause (1955), actor James Dean portrayed a 17-year-old filled with anguish about his life. A sensitive
but misunderstood young man, he muses that he wants "just one day when I wasn't all confused . . . [when] I wasn't ashamed of everything . . . [when] I felt I
belonged some place." The Wild One (1954), which starred Marlon Brando, also popularized youthful angst.

Question: What message did Hollywood offer women regarding sexuality during the 1950s?

A. Women did not have sexual desires. Hollywood portrayed women with sexual desires.

B. Women used sexuality to their advantage. Hollywood taught women that if they didn't eventually settle down, they would pay a price.

*C. Sexuality must be contained eventually in the role of a wife. Films showed that sexuality eventually was confined to the woman's role as wife.
D. Sexual promiscuity among unmarried women was unacceptable. Some movies revealed that women also had a powerful libido, though in the end
they became domesticated or paid a terrible price.

Question: What was the word "teenage" used to describe during the postwar period?

A. Prospective adults Teenagers were not seen as prospective adults in this period but as a special group.

*B. A distinct group with its own tastes In the postwar period, teenagers were a group with distinctive tastes, desires, and lifestyle.
C. Rebellious young people Teenagers were not just rebellious young people.

D. A group that protested the dominant culture Teenagers did not necessarily protest the dominant culture.

Question: How did the postwar period contribute to the development of teenagers as a distinct group?

A. Teenagers could use cars to gain more independence. Cars were not responsible for the development of teenagers as a distinct group.

*B. Teenagers could afford to purchase goods because of prosperity. Because of postwar prosperity, teenagers were able to purchase consumer
products, making them a distinct market that could be targeted.

C. Teenagers were dissatisfied with the anticommunism crusade. Teenagers generally accepted the anticommunism crusade, as their parents did.
D. Americans starting paying less attention to teenagers. Americans started paying more attention to teenagers in this period.

Question: How did high schools contribute to teenage identity?

*A. They reinforced teenage identity and exposed teenagers to alternate identities. Public high schools reinforced teenage identity. Following
World War II, high school attendance exploded. In 1930, 50 percent of working-class children attended high school; thirty years later, the figure had jumped to
90 percent. The percentage of black youths attending high school also grew, doubling from 1940 to 1960. For the first time, many white middle-class teenagers
saw the fashions and heard the language of working-class youths close up, and both emulated and feared what they encountered.

B. They developed programs to promote a set of white, middle-class values. Many high schools allowed teenagers the freedom to express
themselves through fashion and culture.

C. Most high schools promoted purely secular values. A Christian ethos was dominant in many public high schools.

D. They attempted to stifle individuality and promote a conformist culture. While some high schools did promote conformity, the majority allowed
students the freedom to express themselves.

Question: What was the impact of rock 'n' roll on the music industry during the postwar period?

A. Rock 'n' roll allowed the music industry to earn more money from white adults. Few white adults listened to rock 'n' roll.

B. Rock 'n' roll allowed the music industry to reach black teenagers. Black teenagers were not the primary audience of rock 'n' roll.

C. Rock 'n' roll allowed the music industry to reach white teenagers. The music industry had reached white teenagers before.

*D. Rock 'n' roll popularized black music for white teen audiences. Rock 'n' roll popularized black music in the postwar period and made it
acceptable to white teenagers.

Question: How did black musicians' influence on Elvis Presley affect his reception among white audiences?

A. White audiences refused to accept his music because of the similarities to blues and other black musical forms. While many whites did
reject Presley's music for racial reasons, many white (and black) youths embraced it.

*B. Although older whites tended to view Presley's music with skepticism and fear, many young white people flocked to Presley's
music. Although blacks pioneered the sound, the music entered the mainstream largely through white artists who added rural flavor to rhythm and blues. Born
in Tupelo, Mississippi, and living in Memphis, Tennessee, Elvis Presley adapted the fashion and sensuality of black performers to his own style. Elvis's snarling
singing and pelvic gyrations excited young people, both black and white, while upsetting their parents.

C. Most white audiences rejected Presley's music because they thought it a cheap imitation of black music. Few whites criticized Presley for
popularizing musical forms developed by black musicians.

D. Few whites were aware of Presley's music, as he largely played black theaters. Presley played to largely white audiences.

Question: Which trend contributed to the emergence of a teenage identity during the postwar period?

*A. The growth of high schools Following World War II, high school attendance grew. In 1930, 50 percent of working-class children attended high school;
thirty years later, the figure had jumped to 90 percent.

B. The migration of Americans to the suburbs Teenage identity developed in the cities as well as in suburbs.

C. The growth of college attendance The teenage culture was far more widespread than among college students.

D. The increasing number of teen workers More American youths attended high school than in earlier times, and fewer had jobs.

Question: What was the primary message women received about personal fulfillment during the 1950s?

A. They could find it through romantic love. American women were not told personal fulfillment occurred only through romantic love.

B. They could find it only through a career. Women were not told that personal fulfillment was possible through a career.

C. They could find it only by combining a family and career. Women were not encouraged to combine family and a career during the postwar period.

*D. They could find it only though marriage and motherhood. American women received the message that personal fulfillment was possible only
through marriage and motherhood.

Question: In the 1950s, what did Dr. Benjamin Spock say was the key to children's reaching their full potential?

A. A couple's staying married Dr. Spock assumed that married couples would stay married.

*B. The mother's staying home Dr. Spock advised mothers that their children would reach full potential only if wives stayed at home and watched over
their offspring.

C. Couples' sharing of childrearing responsibilities Dr. Spock did not encourage couples to share childrearing but assumed that women had the primary
responsibility for it.

D. Women's working only part-time Dr. Spock urged women not to work at all.

Question: What did the authors of the novel Modern Women, the Lost Sex mean when they argued that the phrase "independent
woman" was a "contradiction in terms"?

A. That for a woman to not be independent contradicted her nature The argument does not support the idea of an independent woman.

*B. That women could only find their purpose through marriage The authors argued that women could only find meaning through marriage and
motherhood.

C. That women should find jobs to support their families The authors argued that a woman's only role was that of wife and mother.

D. That more women should exercise their right to vote The authors did not make civic participation a cornerstone of female identity.

Question: What was the "problem that has no name" identified by Betty Friedan?

A. The inability of men to function as sole breadwinner Friedan focused on the personal fulfillment of women.

B. The inability of women to locate good childcare for their children Friedan identified a more personal and less practical problem than the difficulty
of finding childcare.

*C. A general lack of fulfillment felt by married women with children Many women experienced anxiety and depression, suffering from what Betty
Friedan called "a problem that has no name," a malady that did not derive from any personal failing but from the unrewarding roles women were expected to
play.

D. Men's lack of fulfillment with being fathers Friedan focused on women.

Question: Which of the following describes married women's labor force participation from 1940 to 1960?

*A. Labor force participation increased significantly. Although most married women with families did not work during the 1950s, the proportion of
working wives doubled from 15 percent in 1940 to 30 percent in 1960, with the greatest increase coming among women over the age of 35.

B. Labor force participation remained the same. The labor force participation of married women did not remain the same.

C. Labor force participation decreased. Labor force participation did not decrease.

D. Labor force participation increased until 1950, when it began a dramatic decline. It did not decline from 1950 to 1960.

Question: Which group of women was most likely to work during the 1950s?

A. Women with college degrees Women with college degrees were not the group most likely to work during this time.

*B. African American women African American and women from working-class immigrant families were most likely to work during the 1950s.
C. Middle-class women with children Middle-class women with children were not likely to work during the 1950s.

D. Women with young children Women with young children were not likely to work in the 1950s.

Question: What message did women's magazines send to women about working during the 1950s?

A. The magazines ignored women who had successful careers. The magazines profiled many working women.

*B. Working women were celebrated in articles, but ads focused on housewives. Working women were celebrated in magazine articles in the
1950s, but the advertisements within the magazines focused on stay-at-home women who were housewives.

C. The magazines consistently criticized working women, carrying on a crusading campaign against them. The magazines did not consistently
criticize working women but included favorable articles about them.

D. The magazines profiled both housewives and successful working women in articles. The magazines profiled many working women.

Question: What role did women play in labor unions from 1940 to 1960?

A. Women played minor roles, preferring not to get involved. Women were actively involved in labor unions.

B. Women supported unions largely by providing meals to striking men. Women were actively engaged in unions.

*C. Women played significant roles in labor unions. Working women played significant roles in labor unions, where they fought to reduce disparities
between men's and women's income and provide a wage for housewives, recognizing the importance of their unpaid work to maintaining families.

D. Women were not allowed to engage in union activity. Women played active roles in labor unions.
Question: What was the mission of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)?

A. To advocate for gender equality Gender equality was not the primary mission of the YWCA.

B. To promote anticommunism Anticommunism was not the primary mission of the YWCA.

*C. To promote charitable and public service activities Many other women joined clubs and organizations like the Young Women's Christian
Association (YWCA), where they engaged in charitable and public service activities.

D. To lobby Congress for Prohibition They did not lobby Congress for Prohibition.

Question: Which of the following describes attendance at religious services from 1940 to 1950?

A. Attendance at Christian services increased, while attendance at synagogues decreased. Attendance at synagogues did not decrease.

B. Attendance for all religious denominations decreased. Attendance did not decrease.

*C. Attendance at for all religious denominations increased. Americans worshipped in growing numbers. Between 1940 and 1950, church and
synagogue membership rose by 78 percent, and more than 95 percent of the population professed a belief in God.

D. Attendance at Christian services decreased, while attendance at synagogues increased. Attendance at Christian services did not decrease.

Question: What accounted for the religious revival in the United States during the 1950s?

*A. Religion helped people feel secure amid the Cold War. The arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union heightened the dangers of
international conflict for ordinary citizens, and the social and economic changes that accompanied the Cold War intensified personal anxiety. Churchgoing provided
comfort while underscoring the contrast between the United States, a nation of religion, and the "godless" communism of the Soviet Union.

B. Religion provided relief from the great strain caused by family life. Religious practice rose even among those not experiencing family strain.

C. High unemployment and inflation caused economic difficulties that prompted a return to religion. The 1950s were marked by widespread
prosperity rather than economic difficulties.

D. The government provided churches with financial support. The government did not provide churches with financial support.

Question: How did churchgoing illustrate the differences between the United States and the Soviet Union?

A. Most Americans were Protestant or Catholic, whereas the Soviets were largely Orthodox. The Soviets were not Orthodox.

B. Most Americans were Catholics, whereas the Soviets were Protestant. Neither of these statements is correct.

*C. The Soviet Union promoted atheism, and churchgoing highlighted this difference. Churchgoing underscored the contrast between the United
States, a religious nation, and the "godless" communism of the Soviet Union.

D. It proved that Americans could be as religious as Communists. Communists were not religious.

Question: How did Roman Catholic bishop Fulton J. Sheen and other religious figures gain a national following during the 1950s?

A. They had national radio shows. Radio does not account for the popularity of Fulton J. Sheen.

*B. They had shows on television. These religious figures could reach vast audiences by appearing on television.
C. The Catholic Church and other large denominations supported them. Support from the Catholic Church does not account for the popularity of
Sheen and others.

D. They preached a gospel that linked religious belief to prosperity. Sheen and other religious leaders did not necessarily link religious belief to
prosperity.

Question: What was the connection between American identity and religious belief during the 1950s?

A. Religious belief became separate from national identity. Religious belief became significantly tied to national identity in this period.

B. Only Protestantism was accepted as American. Catholicism and the Jewish religion were also embraced as American.

C. Atheism was accepted as long as individuals conformed to the national culture. Atheism was not accepted as American.

*D. Atheism or a lack of religious belief was seen as un-American. Atheism or a lack of religious belief was considered un-American; as one
magazine proclaimed, a good American could not be "un-religious."

Question: Who were the Beats of the 1950s?

A. Rock 'n' roll performers The Beats were not rock 'n' roll musicians.

B. Teenagers who rebelled against middle-class culture The Beats were not necessarily teenagers.

*C. Intellectuals and artists who critiqued middle-class life The Beats were a small group of young poets, writers, intellectuals, musicians, and artists
who attacked mainstream politics and culture.

D. African American activists who demanded an end to segregation The Beats were not African American activists.

Question: What was the Beats' criticism of middle-class American life during the 1950s?

A. The focus on children The Beats did not criticize the focus on children.

*B. The push for conformity The Beats criticized the need for conformity, which they equated with sterility.
C. The focus on acquiring possessions The Beats' criticism was broader than the focus on obtaining possessions.

D. The push for individuals to marry The Beats offered a broader criticism than the push for individuals to marry.

Question: How did the Beats view African American culture?

A. They rejected African American culture as inferior to white culture. The Beats did not reject African American culture.

B. They attempted to copy African American culture and music and pass it off as their own. While Beats did engage in cultural appropriation,
most did not fail to acknowledge the influence of blacks on their work.

*C. They praised African American culture and sought to emulate it in their work. At a time when whiteness was not just a skin color but a
standard of beauty and virtue, the Beats and authors such as Norman Mailer looked to African Americans as cultural icons, embracing the spontaneity and
coolness they attributed to inner-city blacks.

D. They rarely interacted with African American culture. The Beats frequently sought out black culture.

Question: What impact did African American musicians like Dizzy Gillespie and Miles Davis have on American culture?

A. Their music was largely rejected by whites and fostered more racial tensions. Their music did not reinforce racial tensions.

*B. They influenced generations of white musicians and helped break down racial barriers. The bebop rhythms of trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie
and alto saxophonist Charlie Parker revolutionized jazz, as did trumpeter Miles Davis and tenor saxophonist John Coltrane, who experimented with more complex
and textured forms of this music and took it to new heights. Like rock 'n' roll musicians, these black artists broke down racial barriers as their music attracted
white audiences.

C. Other than the Beats, few Americans were aware of these musicians. Many people were influenced by these musicians.

D. They caused many artists to disavow jazz and other black musical forms. Few people disavowed jazz.

Question: What changed for homosexual men and women during the postwar period?

A. Homosexuals started to live in communities in cities. Homosexuals lived in communities in cities before the 1950s.

*B. Some tried to form groups to promote gay rights. In 1951, a group of politically active homosexuals formed the Mattachine Society in Los
Angeles, which then spread to the East Coast. Following suit, in 1954, a group of lesbians founded the Daughters of Bilitis in San Francisco.

C. Many were able to live openly as gay in the suburbs. Few openly gay people lived in the suburbs during the 1950s.

D. Many were able to be openly gay at their job for the first time. Few homosexuals were openly gay anywhere in this period.

Question: What was the impact of Dr. Alfred Kinsey's book Sexual Behavior in the Human Female?

A. The book maintained that women were asexual. Kinsey disputed the notion that women were asexual.

B. The book criticized expressions of sexuality in older women. The book did not criticize these expressions.

*C. The book claimed that women were as sexual as men. Kinsey revealed that many women rejected the double standard that allowed men, but
not women, to lose their virginity before marriage.

D. The book criticized expressions of female sexuality. The book accepted expressions of female sexuality.

Question: What type of lifestyle did Playboy depict during the 1950s?

A. One that ended sexual pleasure when a man had children Playboy presented a sophisticated and sexually active lifestyle as attractive.

B. One with sexual pleasure confined to marriage Playboy did not depict a lifestyle in which sexuality was confined to marriage.
C. One marked by sexual immorality Playboydid not endorse sexual immorality.

*D. One marked by sexual pleasure and sophistication Playboy depicted a lifestyle of sexual pleasure and sophistication.

Topic: The Growth of the Civil Rights Movement

books:

The Rise of the Southern Civil Rights Movement

School Segregation and the Supreme Court
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
White Resistance to Desegregation
The Sit-Ins
The Civil Rights Movement and Minority Struggles in the West

Question: Where did African American civil rights' activists achieve the most significant results in the 1940s?

A. With state and local governments State and local governments were among the most resistant to civil rights activism.

B. In Hollywood and popular culture African Americans did not make much headway in Hollywood or popular culture.

*C. With the federal government During World War II, blacks waged successful campaigns to pressure the federal government to tackle discrimination,
and organizations such as the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the NAACP attacked racial injustice.

D. They achieved no significant results in the 1940s Blacks achieved many significant victories during the 1940s.

Question: Why was 1946 a pivotal year in the civil rights movement?

A. A majority of whites began to support the civil rights movement. A majority of whites did not support civil rights in 1946.

B. It was the year most blacks began to abandon the civil rights movement. Blacks did not abandon the movement in 1946.

*C. There was an upsurge in white violence against blacks. In 1946 violence surfaced as the most visible evidence of many white people's
determination to preserve the traditional racial order. A race riot erupted in Columbia, Tennessee, in which blacks were killed and black businesses were torched.
In South Carolina, Isaac Woodard, a black veteran still in uniform and on his way home on a bus, got into an argument with the white bus driver.

D. African Americans began to network with Native Americans on a joint civil rights movement. This did not take place in 1946.

Question: How did President Truman respond to the racial violence of 1946?

A. Truman refused to discuss it publicly, fearing it would exacerbate the violence. Truman did respond publicly.

*B. Truman created a commission to investigate the violence. In December of 1946, Truman created the Committee on Civil Rights through an
executive order.

C. Truman stationed National Guard troops in black neighborhoods. He did not utilize the National Guard.

D. He ordered state and local governments to investigate the violence. He did not pressure state and local governments to investigate.

Question: What was the focus of efforts by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) during the
1950s?

A. Violence against African Americans The NAACP did not focus on violence against African Americans.

B. Inequality in pay The NAACP did not stress inequality in pay.

C. Segregation in public facilities like restaurants The NAACP did not focus on segregation in public facilities.

*D. School segregation The NAACP focused on ending school segregation during the 1950s.
Question: Why did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) focus on school segregation during the
1950s?

*A. The NAACP viewed it as a way for blacks to gain access to college and better jobs. Before African Americans could attend college, they had
to obtain a first-class education in public schools. All-black schools typically lacked the resources provided to white schools. The NAACP sought to integrate schools
because they believed integration offered the best and quickest way to secure quality education.
B. Blacks lacked access to any schools in the South. Blacks had access to schools in the South, but they were inferior to the schools whites attended.

C. The NAACP viewed it as easier to attack than segregation in public accommodations. The NAACP did not necessarily view school segregation
as easier to attack than segregation in public accommodations.

D. School segregation existed only in a few states, making it an easy target. School segregation was widespread during the 1950s.

Question: What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

A. The Court upheld segregated schools, saying that separate schools could be equal. The Court said that separate schools were unequal.

*B. The Court said that segregated schools were inherently unequal. The Court declared that separate schools were, by their nature, unequal,
overturning the precedent set by an earlier Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson.

C. The Court ruled that school segregation was unacceptable in private schools. The ruling applied to public schools.

D. The Court ruled that school segregation was acceptable only in higher education. The ruling applied to lower levels of education.

Question: Beyond challenges to segregated schools in court, how did African Americans protest segregation during the 1940s?

A. Through public demonstrations in the South African Americans did not publically protest school segregation in the 1940s in the South.

*B. Through grassroots efforts to gain more resources for black schools In the late 1940s, black families in towns throughout the South joined
together to pressure white officials to provide buses to transport children to school, to raise the salaries of black teachers, and to furnish classrooms with critical
supplies.

C. Through the creation of private black schools African Americans did not create private black schools to fight segregation.

D. By pulling their children from school in protest Because they valued education, African Americans generally did not pull their children from the school
system.

Question: Why did the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education fail to result in the quick desegregation of schools?

A. The Court was divided about the decision. The Court's initial ruling had been unanimous.

B. The Court later reversed its decision. The Court never reversed its decision.

*C. Many states refused to enforce it. School segregation remained common because many states refused to enforce the ruling and federal judges in the
South—who had the responsibility to oversee the transition—were sympathetic to segregation and thus did not push school districts to move more quickly.

D. States lacked the money needed to end segregation. States had the money necessary to end segregation.

Question: What sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A. The failure of southern states to follow the Brown v. Board of Education decision against school segregation The Montgomery Bus Boycott
had nothing to do with school desegregation.

B. A decline in bus use by white passengers in the city of Montgomery A decline in ridership by white passengers did not spark the bus boycott.

C. Violent attacks by whites on African American passengers in Montgomery Violence did not spark the bus boycott.

*D. Rosa Parks's arrest for refusing to give her seat to a white man On December 1, 1955, Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. Her
arrest rallied civic, labor, and religious groups around her and sparked a bus boycott that involved nearly the entire black community.

Question: What was the broader significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A. African Americans started to protest segregation of public transit in the North. Public transportation was not segregated in the North.

*B. Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as a major leader of the civil rights movement. As a result of the boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. became the
most charismatic leader of the civil rights movement because of his personal courage and power of oratory.

C. White Southerners started to question whether segregation was worth upholding. Many white Southerners continued to defend segregation
with passion.

D. Segregation in all public transportation systems ended. The bus boycott did not end segregation in all public transportation systems.

Question: Why was Martin Luther King Jr. such an effective leader in the civil rights movement?

*A. He was able to inspire both African Americans and whites. King had the personal courage and power of oratory to inspire nearly all segments of
the African American community and also communicate the goals of the civil rights movement to sympathetic whites.

B. He had a high level of education. His education alone did not make him an effective leader.
C. He was committed to it. Other African Americans were also committed to the civil rights movement.

D. He could take greater risks because of his young age. Martin Luther King did not take greater risks because of his young age.

Question: What principle did Martin Luther King Jr. use to fight segregation in the South in the 1950s?

A. Legal challenges Challenging segregation through court action was the strategy of the NAACP, not King.

*B. Nonviolent protest King was familiar with the nonviolent methods of the Indian revolutionary Mohandas Gandhi and the civil disobedience of the
nineteenth-century writer Henry David Thoreau, though he drew his inspiration and commitment to these principles mainly from the black church and secular
leaders such as A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin.

C. Gaining political office Before African Americans could be elected to political office in the South, it would be necessary to secure their voting rights in the
South.

D. Boycotting white businesses Boycotts were one strategy used by King and others in the civil rights movement, but they are not the broader principle that
inspired King and others.

Question: What was the purpose of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), formed by Martin Luther King Jr. and other
black ministers in 1957?

A. To lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott The SCLC was formed after the conclusion of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

B. To launch bus boycotts in more southern cities The SCLC attempted to start bus boycotts in other southern cities, but it had a broader purpose.

*C. To spread nonviolent protest across the South The SCLC was formed to organize nonviolent protests against segregation across the South.
D. To lobby Congress for new civil rights laws The SCLC was not formed to lobby Congress.

Question: How did white southern congressmen view the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision?

*A. They claimed it was an abuse of judicial power. In 1956, 101 southern congressmen issued a manifesto declaring the 1954 Brown opinion "a clear
abuse of judicial power" and pledging to resist its implementation through "lawful means."

B. They respected the decision, although they disagreed with it. White southern congressmen did not respect the decision and vowed to try to resist
it.

C. They encouraged school districts to enforce it. They did not encourage their districts to enforce it.

D. They refrained from taking a position to avoid controversy. They took a position on the Court's decision.

Question: What was the significance of the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957?

A. Whites showed willingness to pull children from the school to protest desegregation. White residents did not pull their children from the
school.

B. White Southerners took a stand in opposition to school integration there. White opposition to desegregation in Little Rock was not unique.

*C. President Dwight Eisenhower used federal power to enforce desegregation. Faced with blatant state resistance to federal authority, President
Dwight D. Eisenhower, a lukewarm supporter of school desegregation, placed the National Guard under federal control and sent in an army division to restore
order after a mob blocked the students from entering the school.

D. It was the last school in the South to desegregate. Central High School was not the last school in the South to desegregate.

Question: Who were the "Little Rock Nine" who became famous in 1957?

A. White students who opposed the desegregation of Central High School The "Little Rock Nine" were not white students.

*B. The black students who desegregated Central High School The black students who desegregated Central High School were the "Little Rock
Nine." They attended classes for the year under protection of the National Guard, but still encountered considerable harassment from white pupils inside the
school.

C. A committee of white civic leaders who opposed the desegregation of Central High School The "Little Rock Nine" were not white residents.

D. African American community leaders who supported the desegregation of Central High School The "Little Rock Nine" were not African
American community leaders.

Question: How did the actions of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the White Citizens' Council (WCC) in the 1950s differ?

A. The KKK used violence to try to uphold segregation; the WCC used the southern courts. The Ku Klux Klan did use violence, but the WCC did
not rely on the courts.

B. The KKK resisted desegregation; the WCC worked to implement it. Both the KKK and the WCC opposed desegregation.
*C. The KKK used violence to intimidate blacks; the WCC used economic pressure. The KKK threatened, injured, and killed those they
considered "uppity" blacks. The WCC, drawn largely from businessmen and professionals, relied on intimidating blacks by threatening to fire them from jobs or
denying them credit from banks.

D. The KKK lynched African Americans who supported desegregation; the WCC simply shunned them. The KKK did sometimes lynch blacks,
but the WCC actively tried to intimidate African Americans who supported desegregation.

Question: What was the broader impact of the actions by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the White Citizens' Council (WCC) on the South
in the 1950s?

A. They made it impossible for white Southerners to support segregation. Both the KKK and the WCC worked to uphold segregation.

B. They created a climate that encouraged African Americans to leave the South in massive numbers. African Americans did not leave the
South in massive numbers in the 1950s.

C. They encouraged white Southerners to use political channels to protest desegregation. The two groups had a more damaging impact on the
South.

*D. They created a climate that encouraged extralegal violence against blacks. The WCC and the KKK created a racial climate in the Deep South
that encouraged whites to believe they could get away with murder to defend white supremacy.

Question: Why was the young African American Emmett Till murdered in Mississippi in 1955?

A. For participating in a sit-in Till had not participated in a sit-in.

B. For attempting to enroll in a white school Till had not tried to enroll in a white school.

C. For attempting to vote Till had not attempted to vote.

*D. For allegedly making a pass at a white woman Till was murdered for allegedly making a pass at a white woman. An all-white jury acquitted the
two whites accused of the murder.

Question: What event sparked national sit-ins?

A. The Montgomery Bus Boycott The sit-ins used a different strategy to attack a different aspect of segregation.

*B. A first sit-in, in Greensboro, North Carolina Mass demonstrations did not really get off the ground until February 1960, when four students at North
Carolina A&T University in Greensboro waged sit-ins at the whites-only lunch counters in Woolworth and Kress department stores. Their protests sparked similar
efforts throughout the Southeast, expanding to over 200 cities within a year.

C. The Brown v. Board of Education decision That Court decision did not spark the national sit-in movement.

D. The desegregation of Central High School The desegregation of Central High School did not inspire the national sit-in movement.

Question: How was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) connected to the sit-in movement?

A. It was formed by young blacks who rejected sit-ins as ineffective. The founding members of SNCC thought the sit-ins effective.

B. Like the sit-ins, it was inspired by Martin Luther King Jr. King had not inspired the sit-ins.

C. Like the sit-ins, it originated in the North. Neither the sit-ins nor SNCC originated in the North.

*D. It was formed by sit-in veterans. Young whites and African Americans formed SNCC.
Question: What was the significance of Emmett Till's 1955 murder to young African Americans in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)?

A. It proved that they needed an alliance with white Northerners. Till's murder did not prove the necessity of having an alliance with white
Northerners.

B. It demonstrated that challenging segregation was risky. African Americans knew that challenging segregation was risky.

*C. It mobilized them to fight segregation. These young activists often saw their hopes dashed by numerous examples of southern segregationist
resistance, including the 1955 murder of Emmett Till, which both horrified and helped mobilize them to fight for black equality.

D. It revealed that white Southerners would not allow desegregation without violence. African Americans already recognized that whites would
not let segregation end without violence.

Question: Refer to the map Map 25.1 Lunch Counter Sit-ins, February-April 1960
to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

Where were the vast majority of sit-ins, according to the map?

A. In the Northeast The map does not show a large number of sit-ins in the Northeast.

*B. The South After starting slowly in the late 1950s, lunch counter sit-ins exploded in 1960 following a sit-in by college students in Greensboro, North
Carolina. Within three months, sit-ins erupted in fifty-eight cities across the South.

C. The Gulf Coast The map does not show a large number of sit-ins on the Gulf Coast.

D. The Midwest The map does not show a large number of sit-ins in the Midwest.

Question: Which of the following describes African American migration to the West from 1940 to 1960?

*A. It increased significantly. World War II also sparked a migration of African Americans to the West as part of the larger population movement to the
Sun Belt. From 1940 to 1960, the black population in the region jumped from 4.9 to 5.4 percent of the total population and numbered more than 1,200,000.

B. It decreased slightly. It did not decrease slightly.

C. Migration rates did not change. Migration rates changed significantly.

D. It dropped off significantly. It did not decrease significantly.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Without regard to the consent of the governed, outside agitators
are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public-school systems. If done, this is certain to destroy the system of
public education in some of the States."

Who are the "outside agitators" referred to in the passage?

A. Foreign immigrants Immigrants were not seen as "outside agitators" by Southerners.

B. Native Americans The passage does not refer to Native Americans.

C. Communists The passage does not refer to Communists.

*D. Northern whites Many Southerners saw northern whites who traveled to the South to fight for civil rights as "outside agitators."
Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Whatever may be the difference in approach to their goal, the
Negro and white students, North and South, are seeking to rid America of the scourge of racial segregation and discrimination—not
only at lunch counters but in every aspect of life."

What does the passage convey about whites and blacks in the civil rights movement?

A. That whites should stay out of the civil rights movement The passage does not suggest whites cannot help.

B. That whites have taken over the civil rights movement The passage does not suggest that whites have become dominant within the movement.

*C. That whites and blacks have the same goals, if different methods The author notes that whites and blacks have different approaches but the
same desire to end racial segregation.

D. That whites need to stop using the same methods as black activists The passage notes that they do not use the same tactics.

Topic: Domestic Politics in The Eisenhower Era

books:

Modern Republicanism
The Election of 1960

Question: How did President Dwight D. Eisenhower's leadership contribute to the image of the 1950s as a bland period?

A. He critiqued the rise of the youth culture and rock 'n' roll. Eisenhower did not critique the rise of the youth culture.

B. He ignored the rise of communism globally. Eisenhower addressed the rise of communism.

C. He tried to calm blacks and whites during the civil rights conflict. Eisenhower largely ignored conflict over civil rights for African Americans.

*D. He created an image of stability and sound leadership despite turmoil. Eisenhower, or "Ike," as he was affectionately called, convinced the
majority of Americans that their country was in good hands regardless of political turbulence at home and heated international conflicts abroad.

Question: How did Richard Nixon balance Dwight Eisenhower's qualities as a presidential candidate in 1952?

A. He had a strong record as a World War II hero. Eisenhower was a World War II hero; though Nixon was a veteran, he did not have heroic credentials.

*B. He was younger and more partisan. Nixon was twenty-three years younger than Eisenhower and had a record of being willing to attack Democrats
as soft on communism.

C. He was able to work effectively with Democrats. Nixon did not have a proven record of working with Democrats.

D. He had experience handling economic affairs. Nixon did not have a strong record handling economic affairs.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "This is what I mean by my constant insistence upon 'moderation' in
government. Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm
programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes you can
do these things. Among them are H. L. Hunt (you possibly know his background), a few other Texas oil millionaires, and an occasional
politician or businessman from other areas. Their number is negligible and they are stupid."

What did Eisenhower mean by moderation?

A. A policy proposal that completely overhauled the federal government He did not think these kinds of proposal were moderate.

B. Policy proposals that made little to no change at all He did not think this was moderation.

*C. Policies that made modest changes to programs rather than increasing or ending programs Eisenhower was critical of proposals that go
too far in either direction.

D. Eisenhower thought moderates were stupid. He did not refer to moderates as stupid.

Question: What defined "Modern Republicanism" during the 1950s?

*A. Blending traditional Republican ideals with the New Deal Modern Republicanism was an attempt to fit traditional Republican Party ideals of
individuals and fiscal restraint within the framework of the changes to government and social services enacted under the New Deal.

B. Trying to curtail New Deal programs while upholding the rights of unions to organize Republicans did not curtail New Deal programs during
the 1950s and were not pro–labor union.

C. Attempting to gain support from white Southerners by promoting desegregation Modern Republicans did not necessarily attempt to gain
support from white Southerners, and supporting desegregation would not be the way to do so.

D. Blending support for civil rights with strong anticommunism Modern Republicanism did not entail supporting civil rights.

Question: Refer to the map Map 25.2 The Election of 1960

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following describes the geographic distribution on votes in the 1960 election?

A. The Republicans were concentrated in the Midwest and Northeast. The map does not show this distribution.

B. The Democrats held most of the Southwest and Midwest. These areas were not controlled by Democrats.

*C. The Democrats drew most of their support from the East, the Republicans from the West. The map shows Nixon winning most states in
the West and Kennedy most in the East.

D. There is no geographic distinction in the map. That map show a clear distinction.

Question: What specific policies did the Eisenhower administration support during the 1950s as part of Modern Republicanism?

A. The expansion of the rights of workers to unionize Eisenhower did not support the expansion of the rights of workers to unionize.

B. Enforcement of antilynching legislation The Eisenhower administration did not support the enforcement of antilynching legislation.

C. National health insurance National health insurance was not a policy of the Eisenhower administration.

*D. Creation of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Departing from traditional Republican criticism of big government, the
Eisenhower administration added the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to the Cabinet in 1953. The president justified expanding the federal
government in domestic matters as part of fighting the Cold War.

Question: Why did Vice President Richard Nixon ultimately lose the election of 1960 to John F. Kennedy?

A. The public was tired of the Eisenhower administration's foreign policy. The public was not tired of the Eisenhower administration's foreign policy.

B. The economy had fallen into a depression by 1960. The economy experienced a slight recession in 1960 but nothing as severe as a depression.
*C. President Eisenhower's popularity did not carry over to Nixon. President Eisenhower's popularity did not carry over to Nixon; this, along with
several other factors, caused Nixon to lose the election of 1960.

D. President Eisenhower's popularity declined by the end of his term. Eisenhower remained popular till the end of his term.

Question: What group of voters was key to the victory of John F. Kennedy over Richard Nixon in the presidential election of 1960?

*A. African Americans Kennedy won back for Democrats 7 percent of black voters who had supported Eisenhower in 1956, and he won the election overall
by a margin of less than 1 percent of the popular vote, underscoring the importance of the African American electorate.

B. Women Women voters did not make the difference in Kennedy's election.

C. White Southerners Kennedy lost some traditionally Democratic white southern voters to Nixon due to his Catholic faith and his apparent openness to civil
rights.

D. Strong anti-Communists Nixon was able to win the votes of strong anti-Communists based on his long record of seeking out Communists.

Chapter 26: Liberalism and Its Challengers, 1960–1973

Topic: The Politics of Liberalism

books:

Kennedy's New Frontier

Kennedy, the Cold War, and Cuba

Question: What defined postwar liberalism during the 1960s?

A. A desire to curtail federal spending with support for wars of national liberation Republicanism sought to curtail federal spending, and
communism supported wars of national liberation.

*B. Strong anticommunism coupled with a desire to expand the government's role in the economy Postwar liberalism combined strong anti-
Communist beliefs with a desire to expand the government's role in the economy.

C. Support for an improved relationship with the Soviet Union and commitment to a broad redistribution of wealth Postwar liberalism was
not defined by support for an improved relationship with the Soviet Union.

D. Support for democratically elected governments around the globe and for expansion of civil rights at home Postwar liberalism had
different primary goals both in foreign affairs and domestically.

Question: In the minds of most Americans during the 1960s, what differentiated capitalism in the postwar period from capitalism
during the 1920s?

A. The failures of the Depression and World War II showed that the faith the people of the 1920s had had in capitalism was unjustified.
Americans of the 1960s remained convinced of the benefits of capitalism.

B. Corporations were more socially responsible during the postwar period than they had been in the 1920s. Americans did not think
capitalism differed because corporations were more socially responsible.

C. Capitalism before the war had high unemployment while after the war unemployment was low. The difference between capitalism before
and after the war in the minds of most Americans was not levels of unemployment.

*D. Capitalism during the postwar period benefitted all of society while in the 1920s only a few people benefitted. Capitalism during the
postwar period benefitted all of society while during the previous period only a few people received all the gains from capitalism.

Question: What defined John F. Kennedy's "New Frontier" plan?

*A. A promise to battle tyranny, disease, and war As president, JFK, as he became popularly known, pledged a "New Frontier" to battle "tyranny,
poverty, disease, and war," but, lacking strong majorities in Congress, he had to content himself with making small gains on the New Deal foundation established
by Franklin Roosevelt.

B. A promise to redistribute wealth by taxing the very rich Kennedy did not mention higher taxes.

C. A promise to end the fight against communism and use the money to expand social programs Kennedy promised to continue the fight
against communism.

D. A promise to help racial minorities Kennedy did not promise to help racial minorities.
Question: What was John F. Kennedy's main approach to the battle against communism during the early 1960s?

*A. He sought to export his model of reform capitalism into the developing world. Kennedy believed that the same reform capitalism that had
worked well in the United States should become a global model, especially in newly developing nations in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

B. He sought to use military force to fight communism. Kennedy did not necessarily wish to use military force to fight communism.

C. He hoped to use free trade to export laissez-faire capitalism. Kennedy did not seek to export capitalism without government restrictions.

D. He sought to provide the developing world with military assistance. Kennedy's main strategy was not to provide the developing world with
military assistance.

Question: Why were the liberals in the Kennedy administration so insistent they could reshape the "Free World" in America's image?

A. They believed that the countries would choose capitalism without any influence. Liberals did not necessarily believe the other countries would
naturally choose capitalism.

B. They believed that America could use military force to achieve their goals. Liberals did not seek to use military force to achieve their goals.

*C. They believed in American intellectual, technological, and moral superiority. They believed in the righteousness of the American cause and
believed that America's technological superiority, ingenuity, and willpower would spread American beliefs and values around the globe.

D. They believed that American economic assistance would build goodwill. They did not believe that economic assistance alone would reshape the
"Free World."

Question: What was the result of Kennedy's intervention in the Cuban Revolution?

A. The Kennedy administration sent troops but eventually withdrew them after the fighting between Cuban and U.S. troops proved
inconclusive. The fighting that took place at the Bay of Pigs was a decisive defeat for American-backed Cuban insurgents.

B. The American troops were defeated by the Cuban troops, but Kennedy kept the matter from becoming public. The Kennedy
administration did not keep the defeat at the Bay of Pigs from becoming public, but American troops were only minimally involved.

C. The American troops removed Fidel Castro from power and installed a capitalist government. American troops did not remove Fidel Castro
from power.

*D. Cuban troops easily defeated American-backed Cuban rebels, humiliating the Kennedy administration. On April 17, 1961, an invasion
force of between 1,400 and 1,500 Cuban exiles, trained by the CIA, landed by boat at the Bay of Pigs on Cuba's southwest coast. After three days of fighting,
Castro's troops defeated the insurgents.

Question: How did the Bay of Pigs invasion affect American and Soviet relations during the early 1960s?

A. The Soviet Union sought to negotiate with the United States regarding control over the developing world. The failed invasion did not
convince the Soviets to negotiate with the United States regarding control of the developing world.

B. The invasion caused the Soviet Union to increase its military spending. The Soviet Union did not increase its military spending because of the
Bay of Pigs invasion.

*C. The invasion caused relations to deteriorate as the United States increased military spending and the Soviet Union constructed a
wall separating West Berlin from the rest of Berlin. Two months after the invasion Kennedy met Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at a confrontational
summit meeting in Vienna. Returning from Vienna, Kennedy persuaded Congress to increase the defense budget, dispatch additional troops to Europe, and bolster
civil defense. The Soviets responded in August by constructing a wall through Berlin.

D. The invasion caused Soviet and American relations to improve as the Soviet Union viewed the United States as stronger. The failed
invasion did not convince the Soviets that the United States was stronger.

Question: What sparked the Cuban Mission Crisis in 1962?

*A. The United States government's discovery that the Soviet Union was constructing missile sites in Cuba On October 22, 1962, Kennedy
went on national television to inform the American people that Soviet missile sites were under construction in Cuba. The administration decided to blockade Cuba
to prevent Soviet ships from supplying the deadly missile warheads that would make the missiles fully operational, putting the two nations on the brink of war.

B. The Soviet discovery of the American invasion of Cuba and attempt to overthrow Castro The Bay of Pigs incident did not spark the Cuban
Mission Crisis.

C. The Soviet decision to trade with Cuba The Soviet Union had been trading with Cuba for a considerable time before the Cuban Missile Crisis.

D. The United States' decision to trade with Cuba The United States had cut off trade with Cuba after Fidel Castro had taken power.

Question: Refer to the image Edmund Valtman, The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1961
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Why does Castro tell Khrushchev that removing the missiles will hurt him more than Castro?

A. Because the USSR would now have to pay reparations to the United States There were no reparations.

*B. Because the missile crisis had not really been about Cuba The Missile Crisis was part of the Cold War between the United States and the USSR.
C. Because the Soviets would now have to go to war with the United States. Removing the missiles was an effort to prevent war.

D. Because Castro was not a reliable ally The cartoon does not speak to Castro's trustworthiness.

Topic: The Civil Rights' Movement Intensifies, 1961-1968

books:

Freedom Rides
Kennedy Supports Civil Rights
Freedom Summer and Voting Rights
From Civil Rights to Black Power

Question: What describes President John F. Kennedy's record on civil rights?

A. He vigorously pushed for rights for African Americans. Kennedy did not vigorously push for rights for African Americans.

B. He supported civil rights during the campaign but publicly changed his mind once elected. Kennedy did not publicly change his mind on civil
rights after he was elected.

*C. He provided verbal but not political support for civil rights. Kennedy provided verbal support for civil rights and did introduce a civil rights bill
but did not push hard for passage of that legislation.

D. He consistently opposed civil rights, reflecting his southern roots. Kennedy did not consistently oppose civil rights.

Question: What was the purpose of the Freedom Rides in 1961?

*A. To test whether transportation facilities in the South were complying with a 1960 Supreme Court ruling against segregation The
Freedom Rides tested whether bus and train facilities in the South were complying with a 1960 Supreme Court ruling that outlawed segregation in those facilities
serving interstate passengers.

B. To expose unequal pay for African Americans who worked in transportation The Freedom Rides were not aimed at winning higher wages for
African American workers.

C. To challenge segregation in school buses throughout the South The Freedom Rides did not challenge segregation in school buses.

D. To encourage more African Americans to register to vote and cast their ballots The Freedom Rides did not target voting rights.

Question: How did white Southerners attempt to stop the Freedom Rides?

A. With action by the Alabama National Guard White Southerners did not use the Alabama National Guard to threaten or attack the Freedom Riders.

*B. With violent attacks Klan-dominated mobs in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama, attacked two buses containing CORE Freedom Riders, seriously
wounding several passengers in the first phase of the rides; later, mobs attacked the second wave of riders, representing SNCC.

C. With threats to the Freedom Riders of losing their jobs White Southerners did not use economic threats of any kind to try to deter the Freedom
Riders.

D. With verbal attacks in the press White Southerners did not rely on verbal attacks to stop the Freedom Rides.

Question: What was the response of the Kennedy administration to the Freedom Rides?

A. It worked vigorously to uphold the Supreme Court's ruling. The administration did not work vigorously to uphold the Court's ruling.

*B. It provided the riders with protection after threats of significant violence occurred. The administration only provided the riders with
protection after threats of significant violence occurred.

C. It provided the riders with verbal support but no practical help. The administration eventually provided the riders with protection from the
Alabama National Guard.

D. It refused to protect the riders and told them to fend for themselves. The administration eventually protected the riders, although it did not do
so initially.

Question: What principle did Martin Luther King Jr. promote as a civil rights tactic in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail"?

*A. Nonviolent direct action King advocated the use of nonviolent direct action.
B. Mass protest King supported mass protests as one tactic among many, all of which followed the principle of nonviolent direct action.

C. Widespread work stoppage King did not advocate refusing to work.

D. Using newspapers to gain publicity King did not advocate using newspapers to gain publicity.

Question: What event eventually led President John F. Kennedy to speak out in support for the civil rights movement?

*A. The killing of four black girls at a church and attacks on civil rights activists in Birmingham The killing of four black girls at the Sixteenth
Street Baptist Church and "Bull" Connor's violent tactics targeting civil rights activists led Kennedy to speak in support of the civil rights movement.

B. The violent attacks on the "Freedom Riders," which left some of them dead None of the "Freedom Riders" were killed, and Kennedy's more
aggressive action came after the "Freedom Rides" had ended.

C. The murders of Emmett Till and dozens of civil rights workers The murder of Emmett Till had taken place some years before Kennedy took office.

D. James Meredith's attempt to desegregate the University of Mississippi Kennedy spoke the same day as Meredith's attempt, but that event did
not prompt the speech.

Question: How did Alabama Governor George Wallace dramatize his opposition to desegregation?

A. He blocked polling stations in Alabama to uphold the exclusion of blacks from voting. Wallace did not block polling places.

B. He stood alongside "Bull" Connor and attacked the Freedom Riders. Wallace did not attack the Freedom Riders.

*C. He blocked the entrance to the University of Alabama's administration building to prevent the entrance of two black students.
Wallace blocked the entrance to the University of Alabama's administration building to prevent the entrance of two black students.

D. He used a gun to intimidate James Meredith when he attempted to desegregate the University of Mississippi. Wallace did not attempt to
intimidate James Meredith.

Question: What was the goal of the March on Washington in 1963?

A. To obtain greater economic rights for African Americans The goal of the march was not specifically to gain greater economic rights for African
Americans.

B. To reduce pressure on lawmakers The March on Washington sought to increase public pressure on lawmakers.

*C. To convince lawmakers to act on civil rights legislation The purpose was to convince lawmakers to act on civil rights legislation.
D. To challenge a law barring protests in specific parts of the capital The goal was not to challenge a law regarding protests.

Question: What was the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on racial discrimination in the United States?

A. It prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations and education. The law was broader than prohibiting racial discrimination in public
accommodations.

*B. It prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and increased federal enforcement of civil rights laws. The law prohibited
discrimination in public accommodations, increased federal enforcement of school segregation and the right to vote, created a federal agency to help resolve racial
conflicts, and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race and gender.

C. It prohibited employment discrimination on the basis of race and gender and in the armed forces. The armed forces had been desegregated
years before.

D. It forced states to enforce Supreme Court rulings striking down racial segregation. States were already required to comply with Supreme
Court rulings.

Question: Why did African Americans launch a campaign to increase the access of African Americans to voting after the passage of
the Civil Rights Act?

A. The Civil Rights Act did not address voting rights. The Civil Rights Act did address voting rights but did nothing to attack many methods used to keep
African Americans from voting.

B. African Americans were still afraid to vote. African Americans' fear of voting—or the absence of such fear—was not the issue.
C. The federal government did not enforce the Civil Rights Act. African Americans launched the voting rights campaign soon after the Civil Rights Act
passed, before the federal government could demonstrate its dedication to enforcing the act.

*D. The Civil Rights Act did not attack the many ways that African Americans were prevented from voting in the South. The Civil Rights
Act did not include mechanisms to address the literacy tests, poll taxes, and biased administration of voter registration procedures that prevented most African
Americans in the South from voting.

Question: What was the goal of Freedom Summer, the civil rights actions of 1964?

A. To create a biracial movement of African Americans and white southerners Freedom Summer did not explicitly seek support from white
southerners.

B. To draw attention to poverty among African Americans in the South The goal of Freedom Summer was not to draw attention to poverty.

C. To draw attention to the violence black children faced in desegregated schools Freedom Summer was not focused on school segregation.

*D. To increase African American voting in the South To focus national attention on the lack of voting rights—and the lack of protection for civil rights
workers—several groups launched the Freedom Summer project in Mississippi. They assigned some 800 volunteers from around the nation, mainly white college
students, to work on voter registration drives and in "freedom schools" to improve education for rural black youngsters.

Question: How did the Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party (MDFP) challenge racial discrimination in the Democratic Party in 1964?

A. By refusing to attend the national party convention in Chicago The MDFP action came in 1964, when the convention was held elsewhere.

*B. By sending alternate delegates to the Democratic national convention Because the regular all-white state Democratic Party of Mississippi
excluded blacks, the civil rights coalition formed an alternative Democratic Party open to everyone and sent a delegation to the Democratic National Convention to
challenge the seating of the all-white delegates.

C. By nominating candidates for national offices as alternatives to the official Democratic candidates The MFDP did not nominate alternative
candidates.

D. By leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party MDFP did not leave the Democratic Party.

Question: What did President Lyndon B. Johnson offer the Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party (MDFP) in 1964 in order to avoid a
convention fight?

A. Time to speak at the party convention Johnson did not give the MDFP time to speak at the convention.

B. A guarantee that he would fight for voting rights Johnson did not guarantee that he would fight for an end to discrimination in voting.

*C. Two at-large seats and a promise that state parties would not discriminate in the future Johnson gave the MDFP two of the at-large
delegate seats, assurances by all delegates to support the Democratic Party's nomination, and a promise that state Democratic parties would stop discriminating
against African Americans in the future.

D. Replacement of the all-white Mississippi delegation Johnson did not replace the all-white Mississippi delegation.

Question: What was the outcome of the MDFP's decision to attend the 1964 Democratic Party convention in protest?

A. MDFP acceptance of Johnson's compromise and peace at the convention The MDFP did not accept Johnson's compromise.

*B. Reform of the Mississippi Democratic Party to include both blacks and whites The MDFP did not accept the compromise Johnson offered, but
in the next election year the Mississippi Democratic Party sent an integrated delegation, showing acceptance of the principle of an end to discrimination.

C. African Americans abandoned the Mississippi Democratic Party African Americans did not leave the Mississippi Democratic Party.

D. Launch of a black-run third party in Mississippi African Americans did not start a permanent third party in Mississippi.

Question: The March on Selma in 1964 highlighted what issue that African Americans faced?

*A. Voting rights The March on Selma highlighted the inability of African Americans to vote in Alabama.
B. Poverty The March on Selma did not highlight black poverty.

C. Inferior black schools The March on Selma did not target school problems.

D. Segregation in public accommodations The March on Selma did not highlight continued segregation in public accommodations.

Question: What was significant about the violence that occurred during the March on Selma?

*A. It prompted President Lyndon Johnson to push strongly for the Voting Rights Act. Events in Selma prompted President Johnson to take
action. On March 15, he addressed a joint session of Congress and told lawmakers and a nationally televised audience that the black "cause must be our cause
too. Because it is not just Negroes, but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice." At his urging, Congress passed the
Voting Rights Act that summer.

B. It prompted President Lyndon Johnson to denounce the civil rights movement for its attacks. Members of the civil rights movement were the
victims of the attacks, not the perpetrators.

C. It damaged Martin Luther King Jr.'s reputation as a civil rights leader. King continued to be held in high regard by many, although not by white
supremacists.

D. It resulted in dismissal of Selma's police commissioner. Selma's police commissioner was not punished.

Question: How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ensure that African Americans could exercise their right to vote?

A. It mandated a certain percentage of state legislators to be African Americans in each southern state. The Voting Rights Act did not set
quotas for state legislators.

B. It sent federal troops to southern states to enforce the right to vote. The Voting Rights Act did not necessarily send federal troops to southern
states.

*C. It banned the use of several barriers to African American voting and empowered the federal government to enforce the law. The
Voting Rights Act banned the use of literacy tests for voter registration, authorized a federal lawsuit against the poll tax, empowered federal officials to register
disfranchised voters, and required several southern states to submit any proposed changes in voting procedures to Washington and have them approved before
they could be implemented.

D. It prohibited southern states from holding primaries, eliminating the chief obstacle to African Americans' voting. The Voting Rights Act
did not prohibit southern states from holding primaries, nor were primary elections the chief obstacle to African Americans' voting.

Question: Refer to the figure Figure 26.1 Black Voter Registration in the South, 1947-1976
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What was the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on black voter registration in the South?

*A. Voter registration increased significantly. Passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act removed barriers such as literacy tests and poll taxes,
strengthened the federal government's enforcement powers, and enabled more than 60 percent of southern blacks to vote by the late 1960s.

B. Voter registration decreased dramatically. The graph does not indicate a decrease in registration.

C. Voter registration remained unchanged. The graph shows significant change.

D. Voter registration increased slightly. The graph does not support this interpretation.

Question: What strategies did SNCC and CORE turn to after 1964?

A. Television advertising They did not utilize television ads.

*B. Black self-determination and self-defense Increasingly after 1964, SNCC and CORE began exploring new ways of seeking freedom through
strategies of black self-determination and self-defense.

C. Sit-ins and protest marches These strategies were used before and after 1964.

D. Nonviolent resistance Nonviolent resistance was used before and after 1964.

Question: Which group was Malcolm X part of?

A. SNCC He was never a part of SNCC.

B. CORE He was never a part of CORE.

*C. The Nation of Islam Born Malcolm Little, he had engaged in a life of crime, which landed him in prison. Inside jail, he converted to the Nation of Islam.
D. The American Indian Movement He was not part of the American Indian Movement.

Question: What was the platform of the Nation of Islam?

A. They promoted racial integration. They did not promote integration.

B. They promoted school desegregation. They did not promote desegregation.

*C. They favored black separatism. The group was based partly on Muslim teachings and partly on the belief that white people were devils (not a doctrine
associated with orthodox Islam).

D. They favored affirmative action. Affirmative action was not a policy at the time.

Question: Why did Malcolm Little change his name to Malcolm X?

*A. He rejected his birth name as a "Slave name." After his release from jail, Malcolm rejected his "slave name" and substituted the letter X to
symbolize his unknown African forebears.

B. He believed it would prevent him from getting a job, as it was the name he was convicted under. His change of name was not for
employment purposes.

C. He thought it would draw more media attention. While Malcolm did get media attention, he did not change his name to garner it.

D. He thought it would help him conceal his lineage. He did not change his name to conceal his lineage.

Question: What was Malcolm X's relationship with civil rights leaders?

A. He formed strong partnerships with them. Malcolm X did not form partnerships with civil rights leaders.

B. He disagreed with their tactics but did not criticize them publicly. Malcolm X had strong opinions about the civil rights movement and did not hide
them.

*C. He disagreed with their strategies and goals and publicly criticized them. Favoring self-defense over nonviolence, he criticized civil rights
leaders for failing to protect their communities.

D. He utilized their political contacts to further his own ends. He did not rely on their political contacts.

Question: Why did Malcolm X abandon his commitment to black separatism after 1963?

A. He was moved by the death of JFK. He was critical of JFK before and after his death.

*B. His pilgrimage to Mecca changed his views. He noted that he learned that Islam was a religion for all races through his pilgrimage and changed his
views thereafter.

C. He converted to Christianity. He did not convert to Christianity.

D. He became close friends with President Johnson and changed his views. He was not close friends with Johnson.

Question: What was Malcolm X's impact on young black activists?

*A. He inspired many young activists who were dissatisfied with the civil rights movement. Black militants, echoing Malcolm X's ideas,
challenged racial liberalism. They renounced the principles of integration and nonviolence in favor of black power and self-defense.

B. He had minimal impact, as most young activists rejected his call to self-determination and self-defense. Although many did reject his
principles, a sizable number did not.

C. He convinced many to join the Nation of Islam. While many did, most young activists inspired by Malcolm X started their own movements.

D. He refused to work with any former members of the civil rights movement. He did not refuse to work with former members.

Question: How did black radicals interact with white civil rights activists?

A. Black radicals sought to include white activists in their movements. Most did not include white activists.

B. They allowed whites to help behind the scenes but not in public forums. They did not allow whites to work only behind the scenes.

*C. They refused to allow whites to participate in their organizations. Instead of welcoming whites within their organizations, black radicals
believed that African Americans had to assert their independence from white America.

D. Black Radicals sought partnerships with upper-class whites, while eschewing those from the lower class. Black radicals did not work with
upper class whites.

Question: What caused urban race riots in the 1960s?

A. The closing of several black schools The riots were not related to school closures.

*B. High unemployment, poor housing, and police misconduct Black power emerged against a backdrop of riots in black ghettos, which erupted
across the nation starting in the mid-1960s: in Harlem and Rochester, New York, in 1964; in Los Angeles in 1965; and in Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, Newark,
and Tampa in the following two years. Urban blacks, many in the North and West, faced problems of high unemployment, dilapidated housing, and police
mistreatment that civil rights legislation had done nothing to correct.
C. Reaction to the desegregation of urban schools The riots were not related to school desegregation.

D. The closing of several black churches The riots were not related to church closures.

Question: How did blacks' view of the urban riots differ from whites' views?

A. Blacks viewed the riots as the result of criminal behavior; whites viewed them as a part of the civil rights struggle. Blacks did not view
the riots as criminally motivated, nor did most whites see them as an extension of the civil rights movement.

*B. Blacks viewed the riots as a response to overwhelming reasons; whites viewed them as a part of a criminal element in black
society. While many whites perceived the ghetto uprisings solely as an exercise in criminal behavior, many blacks viewed the violence as an expression of
political discontent—as rebellions, not riots.

C. Whites and blacks had similar views on the riots, as both saw them as legitimate expressions of political discontent. Whites and blacks
rarely had similar views on the riots.

D. Blacks and whites believed that the riots were the result of criminal agitators. Blacks did not view the riots as being related to criminal
behavior.

Question: What was the conclusion of the Kerner Commission on the source of the urban violence?

A. It found that economic disparity was at the root of the problem. While it noted economic disparity, the commission did not cite it as the main
cause.

B. It found that black criminal behavior was the main source. It did not find black criminal behavior to have any relation to the violence.

*C. It found that white racism was at the heart of the riots. The Kerner Commission, appointed by President Johnson to assess urban disorders and
chaired by Governor Otto Kerner of Illinois, concluded in 1968 that white racism remained at the heart of the problem.

D. It found that African Americans' lack of civic participation was the cause of the unrest. It did not blame blacks for the unrest.

Question: In which city did the Black Panther Party begin?

A. Albany, New York It did not originate in Albany.

*B. Oakland, California New groups emerged to take up the cause of black power. In 1966 Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, college students in Oakland,
California, formed the Black Panther Party.

C. Williamsport, Pennsylvania It did not originate in Williamsport.

D. Savannah, Georgia It did not originate in Savannah.

Question: Which of the following strategies did the Black Panther Party employ?

*A. Armed confrontation and community organizing The Panthers dressed in black leather, sported black berets, and carried guns. They did not,
however, rely on armed confrontation and bravado alone. The Panthers established day care centers and health facilities, often run by women, which gained the
admiration of many in their communities.

B. Nonviolent, nonpassive resistance The Panthers did not use the techniques of the civil rights' activists.

C. Forging alliances with white civil rights' activists The Black Panthers did not work with white activists.

D. Supporting political candidates The Panthers focused on grassroots organizing.

Question: To whom did the Black Panthers have the greatest appeal?

A. Black women While women participated in the movement, the movement did not actively recruit women.

B. Upper-class blacks The movement attracted some upper-class blacks, but they were not the majority of members.

*C. Younger black men Dressed in black leather, sporting black berets, and carrying guns, the Panthers appealed mainly to younger black men.
D. Recent immigrants from Africa The Panthers did not actively recruit immigrants.

Question: How did state and federal government respond to the actions of the Black Panthers?

A. They created commissions to investigate the issues raised by the Panther's activism. Commissions were not created in response to the
Panthers.

*B. They cracked down on the movement and arrested several of their leaders. Panthers had many violent confrontations with the police, which
led to the deaths of Panthers in shootouts and the imprisonment of key party officials. By the early 1970s, government crackdowns on the Black Panthers had
destabilized the organization and reduced its influence.
C. They ignored the Panthers, hoping the movement would fade away. They did not ignore the party.

D. They filed civil suits against the Panthers in state and federal courts. They did not file civil suits.

Question: How did the death of Martin Luther King Jr. affect the civil rights movement?

A. It energized the movement, leading to nationwide campaigns for black rights. The death of King did not spark a nationwide movement.

*B. It left many blacks disillusioned about the prospects for civil rights. The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 furthered black
disillusionment. He was shot and killed by James Earl Ray in Memphis, where King was supporting demonstrations by striking sanitation workers. In the wake of
his murder, riots erupted in hundreds of cities throughout the country.

C. It had minimal impact on the movement, as King was relatively unknown at the time of his death. King was extremely well-known at the
time of his death.

D. It had a larger impact in the West than in the East. King's death was not felt more in the West than in the East.

Topic: Federal Efforts toward Social Reform, 1964–1968

books:

The Great Society

The Warren Court

Question: What areas did President Lyndon B. Johnson outline as the focus for his "Great Society" program?

A. Culture, recreation, and physical fitness Johnson did not outline culture, recreation, and physical fitness as areas of focus for his "Great Society"
program.

B. Health and education Johnson did not outline health as an area of focus in the "Great Society," though education was one of his goals.

C. Racial discrimination, immigration, and greater prosperity Johnson's "Great Society" did not outline the need to focus on immigration and
prosperity in addition to ending racial discrimination.

*D. Racial justice, poverty, education, the environment, and cities Johnson's "Great Society" program proposal outlined the need to focus on
education, the environment, and cities in addition to providing racial justice and working to eliminate poverty.

Question: What was the overall goal of President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" program?

A. To improve the health of the country Johnson did not just seek to improve the health of the country.

*B. To meet the desires for beauty and community Johnson saw the Great Society as "a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the
body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community."

C. To provide jobs for everyone Johnson's "Great Society" did not just seek to provide jobs for everyone.

D. To give all Americans opportunities for education Johnson's "Great Society" did not seek to provide everyone with opportunities for education.

Question: How did President Lyndon B. Johnson attempt to solve the problem of poverty in America?

A. By improving higher education Johnson's approach did not focus on improving higher education.

*B. By empowering poor people so they could better their lives themselves In designing the Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) of 1964, the new
president wanted to offer the poor "a hand up not a handout."

C. By ending regional disparities through direct assistance Johnson did not focus on ending regional disparities but targeted poverty wherever it
existed.

D. By ending racial disparities Johnson's approach did not focus on ending racial disparities.

Question: What was the purpose of the Kennedy administration's Revenue Act, which Congress had passed in 1962?

A. To balance the budget by more vigorous prosecuting of income tax fraud The Revenue Act did not focus on balancing the budget.

B. To gain more tax revenue by increasing corporate taxes The Revenue Act did not increase corporate taxes.

C. To provide African Americans with more jobs The Revenue Act did not seek to provide African Americans with more jobs.

*D. To end poverty through economic growth The purpose of the Revenue Act was to end poverty through economic growth.
Question: What was the impact of President Lyndon B. Johnson's tax cut on America's GNP from 1963 until 1970?

*A. It soared. GNP soared from $591 billion in 1963 to $977 billion by the end of the decade.
B. It stagnated with low growth. GNP grew at a high rate.

C. It declined. GNP did not decline from 1963 until 1970.

D. It doubled and then declined. GNP continued to rise.

Question: What was one key reason President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty was unsuccessful at ending poverty?

A. Congress opposed the program. Congress did not oppose the program.

B. He abandoned the idea by the end of his presidency. Johnson did not abandon the idea.

*C. He didn't ask Congress for enough money. It would have taken an annual appropriation of about $11 billion to lift every needy person above the
poverty line. Johnson asked Congress for just under $1 billion a year to reduce opposition from cost-minded legislators who wanted to starve his programs if they
could not stop them.

D. He switched positions to concentrate on economic growth. Economic growth helped the War on Poverty gain what success it did.

Question: What was the significance of the Warren Court during the 1950s and 1960s?

A. It struck down many laws passed during the Johnson administration. The Warren Court upheld laws passed during the Johnson administration.

*B. It represented the high tide of liberalism. The Warren Court represented the high tide of liberalism by protecting the civil rights of African
Americans and by rulings that addressed the criminal justice system, religion, and private sexual practices, all of which involved liberal interpretations of the
individual freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.

C. It issued several decisions that bolstered the rights of women in those decades. The Court was significant for its impact on domestic policy,
civil rights, and criminal rights.

D. It took a strong anti-Communist stance. The Court was significant for its impact on domestic policy, civil rights, and criminal rights.

Question: How did the Supreme Court's decision in Gideon v. Wainwright change the legal system?

A. It mandated that all suspects must be read their rights when arrested. Gideon v. Wainwright addressed different constitutional rights in criminal
cases.

*B. It mandated that states must provide indigents accused of a felony with legal representation. The Warren Court mandated that states
must provide indigents accused of a felony with legal representation.

C. It strengthened the ability of the federal government to enforce the Voting Rights Act. The Gideon v. Wainwright case did not address the
Voting Rights Act.

D. It upheld the Voting Rights Act. The Gideon v. Wainwright case did not address the Voting Rights Act.

Question: How did religious groups react to the Warren Court's decisions on pornography and contraception?

*A. They strongly opposed the decisions and criticized the Court for the rulings. These rulings unleashed a firestorm of criticism, especially from
religious groups that accused the Warren Court of undermining traditional values of faith and decency.

B. They supported the ruling and praised the Court for the rulings. Religious groups did not support the ruling.

C. They opposed the decision but praised the Court for its integrity. Religious groups did not praise the Court for the decisions.

D. They were silent on the decisions, which they viewed as political. Religious groups were not silent on the decisions.

Topic: The Vietnam War, 1961–1969

books:

Kennedy's Intervention in South Vietnam

Johnson Escalates the War in Vietnam

Question: How did the domino effect lead President John F. Kennedy to increase the U.S. commitment in Vietnam in the early 1960s?

A. Kennedy thought that providing aid to Vietnam was as risky as playing dominoes. The risk of the game was not what constituted the domino
effect.

B. Kennedy believed that if Vietnam lacked a strong military, it would become Communist. Kennedy did not link military strength to
communism.

C. Kennedy feared that if Vietnam became Communist, so would Western Europe. Kennedy did not link the fall of Vietnam to communism to the
same fate in Western Europe.

*D. Kennedy believed that if Vietnam became Communist, other countries in the region would as well. Kennedy shared his predecessors'
belief that the Soviet Union was behind wars of national liberation throughout the Third World, and that if Communists toppled one regime in Asia it would
produce a "domino effect," with one country after another falling to the Communists.

Question: Why did President John F. Kennedy find it so difficult to control the situation in Vietnam during the early 1960s?

A. The American people did not care about Vietnam. Kennedy did not find it difficult to control the situation in Vietnam because of the views of the
American people.

B. Congress refused to send American troops. Congress was willing to send American troops.

*C. The United States did not control the situation on the ground. The United States poured more than $1 billion into South Vietnam to implement
land reform and create a stable government, but Ngo Dinh Diem spent the money on building up military and personal security forces to suppress all political
opposition.

D. Congress refused to appropriate the money Kennedy requested for South Vietnam. Congress did appropriate the money Kennedy requested
for South Vietnam.

Question: What accounts for the popularity of the Vietcong over Diem's region in Vietnam among the Vietnamese during the early
1960s?

A. They vowed to establish a democratic government. The source of the Vietcongs' popularity was not the promise to establish a democratic
government.

*B. They promised land reform instead of corruption. The rebels promised land reform and recruited local peasants disturbed by the Diem regime for
its corruption and curtailment of religious freedom.

C. They promised industrial jobs for Vietnamese peasants. The Vietcong did not promise industrial jobs.

D. Their stand on gender equality appealed to Vietnamese women. The Vietcong did not take a stand in favor of gender equality.

Question: What was the goal of the Peace Corps when President John F. Kennedy founded the program in the early 1960s?

A. To push developing countries to build up their military The Peace Corps did not encourage countries to invest in their military.

*B. To inspire developing countries to pursue democracy The purpose of the Peace Corps was to inspire developing countries to pursue democracy.
C. To convince developing countries to reduce military spending The Peace Corps did not try to convince developing countries to reduce military
spending.

D. To urge developing countries to promote an equitable distribution of wealth The Peace Corps did not work to convince countries to promote an
equitable distribution of wealth.

Question: Why did Lyndon B. Johnson expand the U.S. role in Vietnam after he assumed the presidency in 1963?

A. He believed that withdrawing would threaten the United States' reputation as hard on communism. Johnson was not initially concerned
about the reputation of the United States regarding communism.

B. He viewed the country as important because of its proximity to China. Johnson did not escalate America's role in Vietnam because of its
proximity to China.

C. He viewed Vietnam as a critical country because of its economic importance as a trading partner. Johnson did not view Vietnam as an
important trading partner.

*D. He feared that being perceived as soft on communism would threaten his domestic agenda. Privately, the new president harbored
reservations about fighting in Vietnam, but he was fearful of being considered soft on communism and was concerned that a demonstration of weakness would
jeopardize congressional support for his domestic plans.

Question: What was the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution that Congress passed in 1964?

*A. President Lyndon B. Johnson used it as the basis for escalating American involvement in Vietnam. Johnson used the resolution as the
legal basis for his decision to escalate American involvement in Vietnam.

B. President Lyndon B. Johnson used it to convince Congress to send more military advisers to Vietnam. Johnson escalated the war in a way
beyond sending more advisers.
C. President Lyndon B. Johnson used it as the pretext to provide South Vietnam with more economic aid. Johnson did not use it to provide
South Vietnam with more economic aid.

D. The resolution sparked deeper Chinese involvement in Vietnam, which resented American interference in the region. The resolution did
not spark more Chinese involvement in Vietnam.

Question: What accounts for the ineffectiveness of the "Operation Rolling Thunder" bombing campaign aimed at harming Vietcong
military capability during the Vietnam War?

A. The Vietcong simply produced more military goods from the remaining factories. The Vietcong did not necessarily produce more military goods
from the remaining factories.

B. The Vietcong were able to move industrial production to other countries. The Vietcong did not move industrial production to other countries.

*C. North Vietnam was a poor, rural country and lacked good industrial and infrastructure targets. North Vietnam was a poor, rural country
and lacked good industrial and infrastructure targets.

D. The Vietcong mounted an effective air defense that warded off the attacks. The Vietcong did not mount an effective air defense.

Question: How did American military tactics create a backlash among the Vietnamese?

A. Americans refused to communicate with Vietnamese peasants for fear they were part of the Vietcong. Americans communicated with
Vietnamese peasants to a degree.

B. Americans refused to share food with the Vietnamese they encountered. Americans did share supplies with Vietnamese villagers at times.

C. American tactics increased the death toll of Vietcong rebels. The death toll among the Vietcong did not create resentment among the Vietnamese.

*D. The Americans dropped bombs that used new chemical weapons, including napalm and Agent Orange. The Americans dropped bombs
that used new chemical weapons, including napalm and Agent Orange, which hurt civilians and added to the resentment of South Vietnam's people against their
government and its American allies.

Question: What accounts for the emergence of racism among American troops in Vietnam during the 1960s?

A. American soldiers were primarily from the South. A majority of American soldiers were not necessarily from the South.

B. American soldiers viewed the South Vietnamese military as incompetent. Racism did not arise among American troops because of their opinions
of the South Vietnamese military.

C. American soldiers compared the Vietnamese to Chinese immigrants in the United States. American soldiers did not necessarily compare the
Vietnamese to Chinese immigrants.

*D. American soldiers were frustrated with the ineffectiveness of American military action. American frustration also bred racism, as many
American soldiers could not relate to the Vietnamese way of life and dismissed the enemy as "gooks." Frustrated by rising casualties from an enemy they could
not see, some American soldiers indiscriminately burned down villages and killed noncombatant civilians.

Question: How did the Tet Offensive impact American public opinion?

A. It bolstered confidence that the war was progressing well. The Tet Offensive did not bolster confidence.

*B. It convinced many that the war was going badly. The Tet Offensive proved psychologically costly to the United States. Afterward, the most
revered television news anchor, Walter Cronkite of CBS, turned against the war and expressed the doubts of a growing number of viewers.

C. It increased public support for sending more troops. The Tet Offensive did not cause public support for sending more troops to increase.

D. It caused Americans to lose interest in the Vietnam War. The Tet Offensive increased the interest of many Americans in the Vietnam War.

Question: Refer to the map Map 26.2 the Vietnam War, 1968
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the map indicate about the difficulties faced by American troops in Vietnam?
A. The high altitudes proved debilitating to American troops. Altitude sickness was not a factor.

B. The Vietnamese navy proved stronger than planned for. There were few naval battles in this war.

*C. The unfamiliar territory proved difficult for American troops and advantageous for the Vietnamese. The United States wielded vastly
more military personnel and weaponry than the Vietcong and North Vietnamese but faced a formidable challenge in fighting a guerrilla war in a foreign country.

D. Chinese troops played a decisive role. Chinese troops were not involved in the fighting.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Establishment

books:

The New Left

The Counterculture
Liberation Movements
The Revival of Conservatism

Question: What was the impact of the civil rights movement on other movements on the left?

A. The civil rights movement was largely ignored by other movements on the left. The civil rights movement had a significant impact on other
movements on the left.

*B. The civil rights movement provided a model for attacking problems to other movements on the left. The civil rights movement provided
a model by combining ideas of freedom, equality, and community with direct-action protest.

C. The civil rights movement provided a large tent that united all movements on the left. The civil rights movement did not unite all movements
on the left, as others focused on different goals.

D. The civil rights movement divided movements on the left. The civil rights movement did not necessarily divide movements on the left.

Question: According to Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), what was the difference between the Old Left and New Left?

*A. The Old Left was autocratic, while the New Left proposed the adoption of participatory democracy. According to SDS, the Old Left
revolved around the Communist Party and was autocratic, while the New Left proposed the adoption of participatory democracy, which would return power to the
people.

B. The New Left focused on racial discrimination while the Old Left focused on class issues. SDS did not claim that the New Left focused entirely
on racial discrimination.

C. The New Left treated women as equal while the Old Left placed them in a subordinate role. SDS did not claim that the New Left treated
women as equal.

D. The New Left included African Americans as equal members in the class struggle while the Old Left ignored them. SDS did not claim
that the New Left included African Americans as equal members.

Question: How was the New Left structured as a social movement?

A. A centralized movement centered on Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) The New Left was never centered on a single organization.

B. A centralized movement centered on CORE The New Left was never centered on a single organization.

*C. A decentralized group of organizations with minimal coordination The New Left never consisted of one central organization such as SDS; after
all, many protesters challenged the very idea of centralized authority.

D. Centered on Tom Hayden as leader The New Left was not centered on a single leader.

Question: What was significant about the Berkeley Free Speech Movement of 1964?

A. It launched Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). SDS was formed before the Free Speech Movement.

B. It marked the abandonment of civil rights goals by white college students. The Free Speech Movement resulted from campus actions in favor of
a civil rights group.

*C. It marked the first of many protests on college campuses in the 1960s. The Free Speech Movement (FSM) held rallies in front of the
administration building, culminating in a nonviolent, civil rights–style sit-in to assert their right to participate in such activities. By the end of the decade hundreds
of demonstrations had erupted on campuses throughout the nation.

D. It convinced the University of California to admit African American students. The University of California already admitted African American
students.
Question: How did the Vietnam War accelerate student radicalism on college campuses?

A. Students were required to participate in ROTC. Students were not required to participate in ROTC.

B. The student deferment ended and male college students could be drafted. Student deferments did not end.

C. Antiwar professors led the student movement. Professors did not lead the student movement.

*D. Male college students worried that they would end up fighting in the war. All college men were eligible for the draft once they graduated and
lost their student deferment. Thus, as more troops were sent to Vietnam, student concern intensified.

Question: What was the impact of the antiwar movement on the Vietnam War?

A. It raised support for the war, as most Americans rejected the protestors. The antiwar movement did not necessarily increase support for the
war.

*B. It increased attention on the war. The activist minority received wide media attention and helped raise awareness about the difficulty of waging the
Vietnam War abroad and maintaining domestic tranquility at home.

C. It caused President Johnson to suspend the draft. Johnson did not suspend the draft.

D. It convinced President Johnson to decrease U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Johnson continued to escalate despite the antiwar protests.

Question: What was the difference between the tactics used by the New Left and those used by the counterculture to transform
American society during the late 1960s?

A. The New Left focused on transforming ideas about sexuality while the counterculture focused on transforming ideas about work and
employment. The New Left did not focus on ideas about sexuality; the counterculture did not focus on employment issues.

B. The counterculture attempted to work through the Democratic Party while the New Left attempted to form a third party. The
counterculture did not attempt to work through the Democratic Party, and the New Left did not attempt to form a third party.

C. The counterculture used violence to change politics while the New Left used nonviolent direct action protest. The counterculture did not
use violence to change politics.

*D. The counterculture focused on changing middle-class values while the New Left focused on transforming the political system. The
New Left's challenge to liberal politics attracted many students, and the counterculture's rejection of conventional middle-class values of work, sexual restraint,
and faith in reason captivated even more.

Question: What was the relationship between the counterculture and rock 'n' roll during the late 1960s?

A. Rock 'n' roll inspired political activism among the counterculture. Members of the counterculture were not generally politically active.

*B. Rock 'n' roll inspired some counterculture attitudes. Although most of the songs that reached the top ten on the record charts did not undermine
traditional values, the music of groups like the Beatles, Rolling Stones, The Who, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, and the Doors spread counterculture
messages of youth rebellion.

C. The counterculture viewed rock 'n' roll as controlled by corporations. The counterculture embraced rock 'n' roll.

D. Rock 'n' roll sparked the counterculture movement. Rock 'n' roll did not necessarily spark the counterculture movement.

Question: How did the counterculture view changing ideas of sexuality during the late 1960s?

*A. It saw sexual freedom as essential for transforming personal and social behavior. The counterculture viewed the elimination of sexual
restriction as essential for transforming personal and social behavior. The 1960s generation did not invent sexual freedom, but it did a great deal to shatter time-
honored moral codes of monogamy, fidelity, and moderation.

B. It saw existing ideas about sexuality as discriminatory against women. The counterculture was not concerned with ending discrimination against
women.

C. It saw existing ideas of sexuality as supportive of American politics. The counterculture did not object to existing ideas of sexuality on political
grounds.

D. It saw prevailing ideas of sexuality as reinforcing the American class structure. The counterculture did not object to existing ideas of sexuality
on class grounds.

Question: What describes the impact of the counterculture of the 1960s on women's sexual rights?

A. Women did not join the counterculture because of the high risks associated with sexual freedom. Many women did join the counterculture.

B. Women did not have any greater sexual freedom in the aftermath of the counterculture. Women had much more sexual freedom after the
counterculture changed existing sexual norms.
*C. Women had more sexual freedom but also had greater risks than men. Women did have both more sexual freedom and greater risks than
men after the counterculture changed existing sexual norms.

D. Men and women in the counterculture enjoyed the same sexual freedom and assumed the same risks. Men and women in the
counterculture did not assume the same risks regarding sexual freedom.

Question: What rights did women enjoy during the 1950s?

A. Women had control over reproduction but could not gain access to white-collar jobs. Women did not control reproduction during the 1950s.

*B. Women could vote but did not have equal access to employment and education or control over reproduction. Women could vote but
did not have equal access to employment and education or control over reproduction.

C. Women could not vote and lacked access to education and employment. Women could vote during the 1950s.

D. Women had equal access to education, employment, and political participation but not control over reproduction. Women did not have
equal access to employment and education.

Question: What was the driving force behind the counterculture movement?

A. A staunch patriotism While many in the counterculture considered themselves patriots, it was not the defining feature of the movement.

B. A strong Christian ethos Religion was not a driving factor in the movement.

*C. A rejection of middle-class values The New Left's challenge to liberal politics attracted many students, and the counterculture's rejection of
conventional middle-class values of work, sexual restraint, and rationality captivated them even more.

D. A commitment to free market capitalism The counterculture was not an economic movement.

Question: What ideas and practices did the counterculture support?

A. Free markets and free minds The counterculture did not advocate free market ideology.

B. A strong opposition to illegal drugs They were not strongly opposed to drugs.

C. Chastity and a strict moral code They supported neither of these.

*D. Self-gratification and heightened states of consciousness Cultural rebels emphasized living in the present, immediate gratification, authenticity
of feelings, and reaching a higher consciousness through mind-altering drugs.

Question: How did rock 'n' roll music impact the counterculture?

A. By reflecting their commitment to civic participation Civic participation was not a major theme in rock music.

B. By challenging the anti-establishment view of the counterculture. Rock music was largely anti-establishment.

*C. By echoing the values and beliefs of the counterculture Although most of the songs that reached the top ten on the record charts did not
undermine traditional values, the music of groups like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, the Grateful Dead, the Jefferson Airplane, and the Doors spread
counterculture messages.

D. By promoting American military intervention abroad Few rock bands promoted military intervention.

Question: What were the sexual mores promoted by the counterculture?

A. They promoted chastity and monogamy. They did not promote chastity or monogamy.

*B. They promoted sexual freedom and a casual attitude toward sex. The counterculture viewed the elimination of sexual restrictions as essential
for transforming personal and social behavior. The 1960s generation did not invent sexual freedom, but it did a great deal to shatter time-honored moral codes of
monogamy, fidelity, and moderation.

C. They were vehemently opposed to homosexuality. The counterculture movement had very permissive attitudes toward homosexuality.

D. They promoted moderation in sex. They did not promote moderation.

Question: What did the Broadway musical Hair attempt to convey about the counterculture?

A. It rejected the sexual openness of the counterculture. The musical did not reject sexual freedom.

B. It accepted the concept of sexual openness but not public nudity. The musical did not oppose public nudity.

*C. It supported their values by incorporating nudity in the production. It supported their values by incorporating nudity in the production.
D. It attempted to counter the counterculture with overt religious overtones. The production was not religious.

Question: How did Hollywood respond to the counterculture?

*A. They marketed their values by producing "R" and "X" rated films. The movie industry adopted ratings of "X" and "R" that made films with
nudity and profane language available to a wider audience.

B. As their audience was largely middle class, they produced films that rejected the counterculture message. Hollywood did not completely
reject movies that conveyed the counterculture message.

C. They refused to promote counterculture values in anything other than documentaries. They did not focus on counterculture documentaries.

D. They lobbied Congress to prevent sexually explicit films from being produced. They did not oppose the production of sexually explicit films.

Question: How did the counterculture affect women's sexuality?

A. As a male-dominated movement, women did not see much sexual liberation. Women played significant roles in the counterculture movement.

*B. It allowed women a new level of sexual freedom. With sexual conduct in flux, society had difficulty maintaining the double standard of behavior
that privileged men over women. The counterculture gave many women a chance to enjoy sexual pleasure that had long been denied them.

C. It repressed women's sexuality as men viewed women's sexuality as inferior to men's. Most people in the counterculture movement did not
see women as sexually inferior.

D. Most women rejected the idea of sexual liberation. While some did, many more did not.

Question: How did birth control affect women's sexual freedom?

*A. It contributed to women's sexual freedom by giving them more control over their choices. The availability of birth control pills for women,
introduced in 1960, made much of this sexual freedom possible. Although sexual liberation still carried more risks for women than for men, increased openness in
discussing sexuality allowed many women to gain greater control over their bodies and their relationships.

B. It discouraged sexual freedom by giving women fewer options to control their sexual freedom. Birth control did not limit sexual freedom.

C. It had minimal impact, as few women used birth control. Many women used birth control.

D. It prevented many women from finding sexual partners, as men rejected the idea of birth control. While some men did reject birth control,
the majority did not.

Question: How did many women benefit from joining the political and social movements of the 1960s?

*A. They opened the door to women launching their own social movement. These movements provided women the opportunity to develop the
connections, experiences, principles, and grievances to launch their own social movement.

B. They addressed gender discrimination in education and employment. These movements did not address gender discrimination in education and
employment.

C. They treated women as equals and provided them with leadership opportunities. These movements tended not to treat women as equals.

D. It provided them with an alternative to the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was one of the movements from which women
benefited.

Question: How did the Equal Pay Act of 1963 address gender discrimination?

A. It required companies to pay women overtime. Companies were already required to pay women overtime.

B. It required employers to have a certain percentage of women in management. The Equal Pay Act did not require employers to have a certain
percentage of women in management.

*C. It required employers to give men and women equal pay for equal work. The Equal Pay Act required employers to give men and women
equal pay for equal work.

D. It required employers to hire a certain percentage of women who applied for work. Employers were not required to hire a certain percentage
of women who applied for work.

Question: How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 affect the cause of women's rights?

A. The law set women's rights back by focusing on African American rights. The law had an effect on women's rights.

B. The law helped only African American women since it focused on fighting racial discrimination. The law helped all women.

C. The law targeted state hiring practices for women. The law did not target state hiring practices for women.
*D. The law set up an enforcement mechanism for fighting gender discrimination. The 1964 Civil Rights Act opened up further opportunities for
women when it prohibited sexual bias in employment and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

Question: Why were women activists divided about whether to support the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) during the 1960s?

A. Many female activists already believed that women had achieved equality. Female labor activists did not believe that women had already
achieved equality.

*B. Labor activists feared it would jeopardize female work laws while others thought it essential. Female labor activists feared the ERA would
jeopardize legislation related to women's wages, hours, and working conditions while other women activists viewed it as essential to eliminating gender
discrimination.

C. Labor activists wanted to overturn female workplace laws while others wanted to uphold them. Female labor activities did not want to
overturn laws targeting only women in the workplace.

D. Many women believed that the Equal Rights Amendment would result in too much divorce. The chief grounds of disagreement with the ERA
were not over the potential impact on divorce.

Question: What group of women did Betty Friedan reach with her book The Feminine Mystique?

*A. College educated and professional women Friedan described the isolation and alienation experienced by her female friends and associates, raising
the consciousness of many women, particularly college graduates and professionals. However, not all women saw themselves reflected in Friedan's book.

B. White working-class women Friedan's book did not appeal to many white working-class women.

C. African American women Friedan's book did not appeal to many African American women.

D. Elderly women Friedan's book did not appeal to many elderly women.

Question: Why did college-educated, professional women react more strongly to Betty Friedan's critique of prescribed gender roles in
the Feminine Mystique?

A. They did not enjoy raising their children. Many college-educated, professional women did enjoy raising their children.

B. They were tired of working. Many college-educated professional women did not work.

C. Working women saw work as empowering. Many African American and white working-class women did not view work as empowering because they
worked to support their families.

*D. Many working women had not experienced domestic isolation. Many African American and white working-class women worked to support their
families and thus had not experienced domestic isolation.

Question: Why were white, middle-class, college-educated women more likely to join the National Organization for Women (NOW)
than working-class or African American women during the 1960s?

A. Working-class and African American women did not value reproductive rights. Working-class and African American women valued reproductive
rights.

B. White, middle-class women were less likely to value reproductive rights. White, middle-class, college-educated women valued reproductive
rights.

*C. White, middle-class, college-educated women were more likely to support the Equal Rights Amendment. White, middle-class, college-
educated women were more likely to support the Equal Rights Amendment.

D. NOW did not recruit African American or working-class women as members. NOW recruited African American and working-class women as
members.

Question: What was the purpose of the National Organization for Women (NOW) when founded in 1966?

A. To promote the Equal Rights Amendment NOW's purpose was broader than promoting the Equal Rights Amendment.

*B. To win equality for all American women NOW sought equality for all women in America.
C. To end pay disparities for women NOW's purpose was broader than ending pay disparities.

D. To support the civil rights movement NOW focused on rights for another group.

Question: How were female activists treated by the antiwar and civil rights movements?

A. Female activists were given leadership roles in the antiwar movement, but they were typically relegated to clerical tasks in the civil
rights movement. Few female activists held leadership roles in the antiwar movement.
*B. Female activists were less likely to be in leadership roles and in the antiwar movement were sometimes asked to provide men
with sex. Female activists were less likely to be in leadership roles and in the antiwar movement were sometimes asked to provide men with sexual favors.

C. Female activists were treated equally to men in both movements. Female activists were not treated equally in either movement.

D. Female activists were treated equally by civil rights organizations but not in the antiwar movement. Women were not treated equally by
civil rights organizations.

Question: What was the purpose of consciousness-raising groups that many feminists formed during the late 1960s?

A. To provide women with vocational training Consciousness-raising groups did not provide women with vocational training.

B. To help women develop self-defense skills Consciousness-raising groups did not teach women self-defense skills.

C. To allow women to live together without men Consciousness-raising groups did not allow women to live together without men.

*D. To allow women to share experiences of oppression The purpose of consciousness-raising groups was to allow women to share experiences of
oppression in the household, the workplace, the university, and movement organizations.

Question: What was the source of the conflict between those who supported and those who opposed the Supreme Court decision in
the 1974 case of Roe v. Wade?

A. Supporters of the decision viewed abortion as critical to women's ability to work while those who opposed it believed women should
not work. Feminists did not usually connect abortion to women's ability to work.

B. Those who supported the decision viewed abortion as harmful to social morality; opponents saw it as critical to women's
reproductive rights. Those who opposed abortion did not frame it as an issue that simply harmed the moral fiber of society.

*C. Decision supporters viewed abortion as a question of reproductive rights while those who opposed it viewed abortion as murder.
Feminists who supported the Court's decision saw abortion as a question of reproductive rights, while those who opposed it, both men and women, viewed
abortion as murder.

D. Supporters of the decision thought it a blow against racial discrimination while those who opposed it found it racist. The divide over the
Court's decision was not based on racial issues.

Question: Which of the following describes the growth of Spanish-speaking populations in the United States during the 1960s?

A. The population declined slightly. The population did not decline slightly.

*B. The population increased dramatically. During the 1960s, the size of the Spanish-speaking population in the United States tripled from three million
to nine million.

C. The population decreased dramatically. The population did not decline dramatically.

D. The population increased slightly. The population did not increase slightly.

Question: How did Cesar Chavez advocate for Mexicans in the United States?

A. He advocated for federal funds to help resettle Mexican Americans in Mexico. He did not seek funds to return people to Mexico.

B. He promoted interracial marriage to help assimilate Mexican Americans. He did not promote interracial marriage or assimilation.

*C. He advocated for the right to organize for Mexican laborers. In the 1950s Cesar Chavez had emerged as the leader of oppressed Mexican
farmworkers in California. He sought the right to organize a union and gain higher wages and better working conditions for Mexicans.

D. He promoted white middle-class values as the key to Mexican American's success. He did not promote white, middle-class values.

Question: What was the difference in the goals of younger and older Mexican Americans who lived in cities on the West coast?

A. They were divided over educational equality. The groups did not divide over educational equality.

*B. They were split over cultural assimilation. Younger Mexican Americans did not support cultural assimilation, while older Mexican Americans tended
to do so.

C. They were split over employment issues. Employment issues were not the source of the division.

D. They differed over the use of violent methods of resistance. Many younger Mexican Americans joined the Brown Berets, a self-defense group and
ethnic pride group, but they did not endorse the use of violent methods.

Question: How did the Voting Rights Act impact Latinos in the United States after 1975?
*A. Many Spanish-speaking communities took advantage of the provisions about literacy. Many Spanish-speaking communities took advantage
of the protections to increase voter registration in communities where literacy in English was low.

B. Many Spanish-speaking communities took advantage of the law to run for political office. Spanish-speaking communities did not necessarily
take advantage of the law by running for political office.

C. Spanish-speaking citizens found that for the first time they could vote without fear of violence. Few Spanish-speaking citizens had
experienced violence while voting previously.

D. Spanish-speaking citizens were no longer prevented from voting by the poll tax. The poll tax had been invalidated by a constitutional
amendment.

Question: What describes living conditions for Native Americans in 1970 in the United States?

A. Most had assimilated into American society but earned less than white Americans. Most Native Americans had not assimilated.

*B. Most lived in poverty on reservations amid a host of social problems. Most Native Americans lived in poverty on reservations and experienced
high levels of alcoholism, low education levels, low life expectancy, and poor housing.

C. Most lived on reservations in relatively good living conditions due to casino gambling. Casino gambling was adopted by Native Americans
many years later.

D. Most lived in cities and earned about the same income as white Americans. Most Native Americans did not live in cities in 1970.

Question: How did Asian Americans participate in the struggles for liberation?

A. They strongly supported the Vietnam War to liberate Vietnam from communism. Most Asian Americans did not support the war.

*B. They engaged in protests against the Vietnam War. Asian American college students on the West Coast formed their own liberation struggle. At
the University of California, Berkeley, and San Francisco State University, they participated in demonstrations against the Vietnam War.

C. They opposed civil rights for blacks. Most did not oppose civil rights, and most opposed racism.

D. They supported restrictions on immigration to prevent job losses to incoming immigrants. They did not oppose immigration.

Question: What problems did Chinese immigrants face in the 1960s?

*A. They could not get Chinese language education for their children. The children of newly arrived Chinese immigrants faced different problems,
doing poorly in public schools that taught exclusively in English. Established in 1969, the Chinese for Affirmative Action filed a lawsuit against San Francisco school
officials for discriminating against students with limited English-language skills.

B. They could not go to movies, restaurants, or bars because of discriminatory laws. There were few laws preventing immigrants from utilizing
public spaces.

C. They feared their children would never be assimilated to American culture. Few immigrants feared their children would never assimilate.

D. They faced much higher income taxes than other immigrants. Income taxes were not apportioned by ethnicity.

Question: According to estimates, what percentage of the American population in 1960 was homosexual?

A. 2 percent The percentage was higher than 2%.

B. 15 percent The percentage was not 15%.

*C. 10 percent Estimated at 10 percent, the population of gays and lesbians remained largely invisible to the rest of society.
D. 5 percent The percentage was higher than 5%.

Question: What were the Stonewall Riots of 1969?

A. Immigrants rioting for higher pay in New York City The riots were not perpetuated by immigrants.

*B. A response to police crackdowns on gay clubs Police regularly cracked down on gay bars like the Stonewall Tavern in New York City's Greenwich
Village. But on June 27, 1969, gay patrons battled back in the Stonewall riots.

C. Riots by schoolchildren unhappy with the conditions of New York City schools The riots were not related to education.

D. Riots by African Americans protesting discrimination The riots were not racially motivated.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We, the native Americans, re-claim the land known as Alcatraz
Island in the name of all American Indians by right of discovery."
Why did the Indians employ the phrase "right of discovery" to justify their take-over of Alcatraz Island?

A. To illustrate that they were willing to negotiate, like their ancestors were. The employment of the phrase was not intended to convey a
willingness to negotiate.

*B. The phrase was used ironically, as Europeans who drove Indians off their lands in the colonial period used the same phrase. The
phrase was indeed intended to be ironic, as settlers had claimed Indian land by "right of discovery."

C. It was a phrase borrowed from the African American civil rights movement. The phrase was not borrowed from the civil rights movement.

D. The phrase was borrowed from the homosexual community in their fight for civil rights. The phrase was not used by the homosexual
community.

Question: What describes the brand of conservatism that emerged in the 1960s?

A. It focused entirely on support for laissez-faire economics. The conservatism of the 1960s endorsed less government regulation but focused on
other issues as well.

*B. It focused on economic, social, foreign policy, and moral-values issues. The conservatism of the 1960s united libertarian support for laissez-
faire economics with opposition to social welfare policies, moralistic concerns for defeating communism, and defense of religious devotion, moral decency, and
family values.

C. It focused on opposition to the Vietnam War and urged an end to the Cold War. The conservatism that emerged was ardently anticommunism.

D. It focused on opposition to abortion, gay liberation, and the civil rights movement. The conservatism that emerged did not focus on opposition
to the civil rights movement.

Question: What two groups joined forces in the 1960s to form the modern conservative movement?

A. White working-class women with affluent white Americans White working-class women were not a part of the initial conservative movement.

B. Right-wing religious activists with African Americans Right-wing religious activists did not join forces with African Americans to form the modern
conservative movement.

C. Intellectual and political conservatives with middle-class men and women Intellectual and political conservatives and middle-class men and
women did not form the modern conservative movement.

*D. Right-wing religious activists with political and intellectual conservatives Right-wing religious activists who had formed grassroots
organizations joined forces with political and intellectual conservatives to form the modern conservative movement.

Question: What segment of the American people participated in the right-wing revival at the grassroots level during the 1960s?

A. Working-class men and women in the South Working-class men and women in the South did not participate in the right-wing revival at the grassroots
level.

B. Affluent college-educated professionals in the Northeast Affluent college-educated professionals in the Northeast did not participate in the right-
wing revival at the grassroots level.

*C. Middle-class men and women who lived in the Sun Belt suburbs Middle-class men and women who lived in the Sun Belt suburbs participated in
the right-wing revival at the grassroots level.

D. Working-class white men who lived in the Midwest Working-class white men who lived in the Midwest did not participate in the right-wing revival at
the grassroots level.

Question: What was the significance of George Wallace's 1964 presidential campaign?

*A. He united a populist message against the political establishment with concern for working-class Americans. Wallace united a populist
message against the political establishment with concern for working-class Americans.

B. He united working-class whites and African Americans against the establishment in the South. Wallace did not attract support from African
Americans.

C. He united support from middle-class professionals in the Sun Belt with the Northeast. Wallace did not attract support from middle-class
professionals in the Northeast.

D. He demonstrated that a majority of Americans supported conservatism. A majority of Americans did not support conservatism in 1964.

Chapter 27: The Swing toward Conservatism, 1968–1980

Topic: Nixon: War and Diplomacy, 1969–1974
books:

The Election of 1968

The Failure of Vietnamization

Question: What groups of voters propelled Richard Nixon to the presidency in 1968?

A. A coalition of African American and working-class voters who wanted more government programs Nixon did not appeal to voters who
wanted more government programs.

*B. Different groups of conservative voters who blamed liberals for the radicalism of the late 1960s Nixon appealed to disaffected Democrats
as well as traditional Republicans, winning Southerners by pledging to slow enforcement of civil rights legislation and opposing forced busing to achieve racial
integration in schools and appealing to other conservatives by criticizing antiwar protesters and promising to end the Vietnam War with honor.

C. Northeast liberals and female voters from around the country who disliked the radicalism of the late 1960s. Northeast liberals and female
voters from around the country were more likely to favor the radicalism of the late 1960s than to oppose it.

D. White conservative voters in the South and white union members in the Midwest who were concerned about Vietnam Union members
generally voted for the Democrat Hubert Humphrey.

Question: Which of the following describes Nixon's governing philosophy?

A. Strict adherence to conservative orthodoxy Nixon was not a strict conservative.

B. Liberal policies couched in conservative rhetoric The majority of Nixon's policies were not strictly liberal.

*C. Pragmatic conservatism Nixon mixed conservatism with pragmatic politics, supporting some liberal measures while defending the virtues of limited
government and traditional values.

D. Lack of a governing philosophy. Nixon did indeed have a governing philosophy.

Question: What dramatic events disrupted American society in 1968?

A. Reaction to the end of "Prague Spring" The reaction to the end of "Prague spring" was not a major disruptive force in the United States in 1968.

B. The Watergate scandal The Watergate scandal occurred in the 1970s.

C. Urban riots and student protests in Europe The Civil Rights Act passed in Congress in 1964.

*D. Antiwar protests and two assassinations Antiwar protests, violence on college campuses, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and
Robert F. Kennedy all contributed to the disruption of American society in 1968.

_level Question: What was the impact of television broadcasts of the violence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention?

A. Americans viewed neither side as right. Most Americans viewed the police as right rather than the demonstrators.

B. More Americans joined the antiwar movement. More Americans did not join the antiwar movement after viewing the violence at the Democratic
National Convention.

*C. Americans sided with the police attacking demonstrators. During the Democratic National Convention, thousands of protesters were beaten and
arrested by Chicago policemen, who violently released their frustrations on the crowds. Many Americans watched in horror as television networks broadcast the
bloody clashes, but a majority of viewers sided with the police rather than their victims.

D. Americans sided with the demonstrators because of the police brutality. Most Americans sided with the police.

_level Question: How did protests and violence in the United States in 1968 compare to events around the globe?

A. They were much more common in the United States than anywhere else. 1968 was a turbulent era across the globe.

*B. Similar protests occurred around the globe in 1968. Similar protests occurred in France, Czechoslovakia. Yugoslavia, Poland, West Germany,
Italy, Spain, Japan, and Mexico.

C. There were few similar protests around the world. There were many protests across the globe.

D. American protests were more economic, whereas global protests focused more on social issues. Global protests focused on both economic
and social issues.

Question: What was the significance of Richard Nixon's claim in 1968 that he was the "law and order" candidate?
A. He appealed to voters who wanted to expand America's involvement in Vietnam. The point of Nixon's phrase was not to attract voters who
wanted to expand America's involvement in Vietnam.

*B. He appealed to white voters who wanted to rein in black militancy. The point of Nixon's phrase was to appeal to white voters who wanted to
rein in black militancy.

C. He appealed to voters who opposed juvenile crime. Juvenile crime was not a significant campaign issue in 1968.

D. He appealed to voters who wanted the government to curtail social welfare programs. While Nixon appealed to voters who wanted to cut
back on social welfare programs, the phrase "law and order" was not used to attract them.

_level Question: How did Nixon appeal to white southern voters?

A. By pledging his commitment to civil rights Most white Southerners were not in favor of civil rights.

*B. By pledging to roll back civil rights To win southern supporters, he pledged to ease up on enforcing federal civil rights legislation and oppose forced
busing to achieve racial integration in schools.

C. By promising to raise income taxes, which was favored by many Southerners Most Southerners did not favor tax increases.

D. By promising to to drive the remaining Native American tribes from the South Nixon did not promise to remove tribes, and he is remembered
for his native self-determination policies.

Question: How did Nixon handle antiwar protesters in 1968?

A. He acknowledged the legitimacy of their criticisms publicly and sought to end the war. Nixon did not see antiwar protestors as legitimate.

B. He ignored them, believing that acknowledging them would draw attention to their movement. He did not ignore the protesters.

*C. He publicly criticized them but worked to end the war. He criticized antiwar protesters and promised to end the Vietnam War with honor.
D. He had protesters rounded up and arrested on fabricated charges. He did not have protesters arrested.

Question: Who was Nixon's "silent majority"?

A. The silent majority of Americans who opposed the war The "silent majority" were not antiwar.

*B. The silent majority of Americans who rejected the radical culture of the Democratic Party Seeking to portray the Democrats as the party
of social and cultural radicalism, Nixon geared his campaign message to the "silent majority" of voters—what one political analyst characterized as the "unyoung,
the unpoor, and the unblack."

C. The silent majority of Americans who favored civil rights This was not who Nixon referred to as the "silent majority."

D. The silent majority of Americans who were Communists This was not who he was referring to.

Question: Refer to the map Map 27.1 The Election of 1968

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What explains George Wallace's success in southern states in the election of 1968?

A. His opposition to the Vietnam War Opposition to the war was not the source of Wallace's appeal in the South.

B. His support for civil rights legislation He did not support civil rights legislation.

C. His support for open relations with China Wallace did not favor open relations with China.

*D. His staunch opposition to civil rights Wallace ran on a strict segregationist platform and was largely a single-issue candidate.
Question: What did the outcome of the 1968 presidential election signify about American politics?

A. Continued support for liberal policies The election of 1968 did not reflect continued support for liberal policies.

*B. A strong conservative shift among voters In 1968, Richard Nixon and George Wallace together received about 57 percent of the popular vote, a
dramatic shift to the right compared with Lyndon Johnson's landslide victory just four years earlier. Nixon's election ushered in more than two decades of
conservative Republican presidential rule.

C. The growing appeal of radical right and left parties The election of 1968 did not reveal the growing appeal of the radical parties.

D. A lack of interest in political participation among many Americans The outcome of the 1968 election did not reveal a lack of interest in political
participation.

_ebook: The Election of 1968 https://ebooks.macmillanhighered.com/9781319235857?cfi=6/462&begin=4/2/8&end=4/2/8/14

_level Question: What was the goal of the New Right, ushered in by the election of Richard Nixon in 1968?

A. To roll back the gains of the New Deal The New Right did not seek to roll back the New Deal.

B. To expand American involvement in Vietnam The New Right did not seek to expand American involvement in the Vietnam War.

C. To promote civil rights The New Right did not seek to promote civil rights.

*D. To contain or roll back the Great Society The goal of the New Right was to contain or roll back the Great Society.
Question: What describes President Richard Nixon's strategy of Vietnamization during the late 1960s and early 1970s?

*A. Shift the responsibility for fighting from American forces to South Vietnam's army Nixon and Henry Kissinger devised a strategy that
removed American ground forces and turned over greater responsibility for the fighting to the South Vietnamese Army, a process called Vietnamization, although
that did not mean an end to U.S. aggression in the region.

B. Expand the role of the American bombing campaign into Cambodia Nixon's military actions in Cambodia were not really part of his Vietnamization
plan but a response to the situation in South Vietnam.

C. Involve more South Vietnamese in the governing of South Vietnam Vietnamization was a military strategy and did not impact the governing of
the country.

D. Create a unified North and South Vietnamese Army Nixon did not envision creating a unified North and South Vietnamese army.

Question: How did Nixon's approach to Vietnam differ from President Johnson's?

A. His strategy represented a dramatic departure from the war policies of Johnson. He did not dramatically deviate from Johnson's policies.

B. His strategy was much more aggressive than Johnson's. Nixon's strategy was not more aggressive.

*C. His policies did not differ significantly from Johnson's. Despite intimations during the campaign that he had a secret plan to end the war, Nixon's
approach to Vietnam turned out to look similar to Johnson's.

D. His policies were a direct refutation of Johnson's. His policies were not a refutation of Johnson's.

Question: What accounts for President Richard Nixon's decision to bomb and eventually invade Cambodia in 1970?

A. Cambodian troops were attacking American forces in South Vietnam. Cambodian troops were not attacking American forces.

*B. Cambodia harbored North Vietnamese forces and supply lines. Cambodia harbored North Vietnamese forces and part of the Ho Chi Minh Trail,
which was used to supply North Vietnam's army and the Vietcong guerrillas fighting in South Vietnam.

C. Cambodian troops were attacking South Vietnamese troops. Cambodian troops were not attacking South Vietnamese troops.

D. Nixon wanted to overthrow the communist Khmer Rouge. The Khmer Rouge came to power after the United States invaded Cambodia.

Question: Why did American bombing of Cambodia fail to provide the United States with a decisive military victory against the North
Vietnamese?

A. The South Vietnamese did not support the strategy. The South Vietnamese supported this strategy.

B. The United States military did not continue long enough with the bombings. The bombings occurred over a period of several years.

*C. Cambodia was a mountainous jungle with few good bombing targets. Because Cambodia was a mountainous jungle with few good bombing
targets, massive bombing—a strategy that had been developed for fighting against urban and industrial enemies—was not effective.

D. The United States lacked sufficient airplanes to attack effectively. The United States had plenty of airplanes, but the strategy itself was doomed
to be ineffective.

Question: What was the goal of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger's "peace with honor" plan for ending the Vietnam War?

A. Have the United States immediately withdraw from Vietnam Nixon and Kissinger's goal was not immediate American military withdrawal from
Vietnam; they withdrew gradually.

B. Create a unified Vietnam governed by democratically elected rulers Nixon and Kissinger's goal was not to create a unified Vietnam.

*C. End American involvement in Vietnam without comprising American credibility Nixon and Kissinger's goal was to end American involvement
in Vietnam without compromising American credibility with anti-Communist allies around the world.

D. Make a unified Vietnam an American client state The goal of "peace with honor" was not to create a unified Vietnam that would be an American client
state.

Question: What was the eventual outcome of the Vietnam War?

*A. Communist forces captured South Vietnam and unified the country. In 1975, North Vietnamese and Vietcong forces captured Saigon, resulting
in a communist victory and the unification of Vietnam under their rule.

B. South and North Vietnam remained separate countries for several decades. North and South Vietnam did not remain separate for several
decades.

C. South Vietnam unified Vietnam under its government. South Vietnam did not unify Vietnam under its rule.

D. Vietnam remained mired in a civil war until the 1990s. Vietnam did not remain mired in a civil war until the 1990s.

Question: What happened at Kent State in Ohio in 1970?

A. Nixon delivered the speech that ended the Vietnam War. The war was still ongoing in 1970, and Nixon did not give a speech at Kent State.

*B. An antiwar protest was held in which four people were shot. At Kent State University in Ohio, four student protesters were shot and killed by
the National Guard.

C. Conservatives rallied in support of Nixon and were attacked by antiwar protesters. This did not happen at Kent State in 1970.

D. Former president Johnson joined antiwar protesters in a march on campus. Johnson did not join the protesters.

Question: Why were the Pentagon Papers so damaging to the war effort?

A. They proved that Republicans had instigated the war to benefit the military-industrial complex. It was not Republicans who began the war
in Vietnam.

B. They revealed the extent to which Britain and France were secretly supporting the Communists. The British and French were not supporting
the Communists.

*C. They revealed how both Kennedy and Johnson had misled the public about the war. In 1971 the New York Times and the Washington Post
published a classified report known as the Pentagon Papers. This document confirmed that the Kennedy and Johnson administrations had misled the public about
the origins and nature of the Vietnam War.

D. They revealed that Communists had infiltrated the federal government. The papers did not reveal this.

Question: How did the Pentagon Papers further damage public opinion toward the Vietnam War during the 1970s?

*A. By calling into question the honesty of past administrations regarding the war The Pentagon Papers revealed that the Kennedy and Johnson
administrations had misled the American public about the origins of the war.

B. By revealing military estimates that the war was unwinnable without more troops The Pentagon Papers did not state the Vietnam War was
unwinnable without more troops.

C. By revealing that South Vietnam was governed by inept, corrupt leaders The Pentagon Papers did not reveal that South Vietnam was governed
by inept, corrupt officials.

D. By revealing that Communist China was not involved in the war The Pentagon Papers did not reveal that China was not involved in the war.

Question: How did Congress react to the invasion of Cambodia?

A. It rushed to cover up their involvement. The invasion was ordered by Nixon.

*B. It repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that authorized the war. Congress reflected growing disapproval for the war by repealing the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution in 1970 after the Cambodian invasion.

C. It pledged public support for the invasion. Congress did not approve of the invasion.
D. It remained silent, fearing it might alienate the public, which was divided on the invasion. Congress did not remain silent.

Question: How did the War Powers Act, passed in 1973, reflect growing disapproval with the Vietnam War?

A. The act explicitly barred the Nixon administration from bombing Cambodia. The War Powers Act did not explicitly mention Cambodia.

B. The act ended the draft and instituted an all-volunteer military. The War Powers Act did not end the draft.

C. The act placed the military under congressional control. The president remained commander in chief of all American military forces.

*D. The act forced presidents to consult with Congress regarding use of American troops in combat. As an effort to rein in presidential
power, the War Powers Act forced the president to consult with Congress 48 hours after deploying military forces and obtaining a declaration of war from
Congress after troops were on foreign soil beyond 60 days.

Question: How did American public opinion change toward the Vietnam War by the early 1970s?

A. Most Americans wanted Nixon to escalate American involvement in Vietnam. Most Americans did not want Nixon to escalate American
involvement in Vietnam.

B. More Americans supported the war, as it became clear the war was ending. Fewer Americans supported the war.

C. Mostly radicals opposed the war while the majority of Americans supported it. Many Americans who were not radicals also opposed the war.

*D. Most Americans were against the war. By the 1970s polls showed that 70 percent of Americans were against the war.

Topic: Nixon and Politics, 1969-1974

books:

Pragmatic Conservatism
The Nixon Landslide and Watergate Scandal, 1972–1974

Question: What was the goal of President Richard Nixon's program of revenue sharing, adopted in 1972?

A. To encourage states to create collaborative programs that used federal funds The program of revenue sharing did not encourage states to
create collaborative programs that used federal funds.

B. To provide states with federal dollars on the basis of need The program did not provide funds on the basis of need.

*C. To provide states with control over federal tax revenues The goal of Nixon's program of revenue sharing was to provide states with control over
how they used federal tax revenues.

D. To increase the amount of federal dollars flowing to states The goal was not to provide states with more federal dollars.

Question: How did Nixon fulfill his promise to "reverse the flow of power"?

A. By increasing funding to the social welfare programs of the Great Society This was not one of Nixon's initiatives.

B. By opening relations with China This was not part of his campaign to reverse the flow of power.

*C. By cutting the social welfare programs of the Great Society He kept his promise by dismantling Great Society social programs, cutting funds for
the War on Poverty, and eliminating the Office of Economic Opportunity.

D. By encouraging federal civil rights legislation This was not part of his initiative.

Question: How did Nixon select Supreme Court justices during his term?

*A. He appointed conservatives to counterbalance the power of liberals on the Court. Hoping to rein in the liberal Warren Court, Nixon
nominated conservative justices to the Supreme Court.

B. He did not consider political ideology when nominating justices. He did consider political ideology.

C. Nixon appointed liberals, believing the Court should have ideological balance. He did not appoint liberals.

D. Nixon did not make any appointments to the Court during his terms. He did.

Question: How did President Richard Nixon depart from conservatives during his presidency?

A. He slashed federal funds for social welfare programs. Cutting funds for social welfare programs was a conservative goal.
 p g

*B. He strengthened government regulation of the environment and workplace health and safety. Nixon departed from conservatives in 1970
when he persuaded Congress to pass the Environmental Protection Act, which strengthened federal oversight of environmental programs, and again in 1972,
when the federal government increased its responsibility for protecting the health and safety of American workers through adoption of the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA).

C. He increased the federal government's role in education. Nixon increased the federal government's role in other areas.

D. He increased the federal income tax rates for the wealthiest Americans. Nixon did not increase taxes on the wealthiest Americans.

Question: What was the goal of the Environmental Protection Act?

A. To preserve Native American ancestral homelands for traditional uses This was not the goal of the EPA.

B. To transfer control over environmental policy to the states The EPA did not seek to give states control over environmental policy.

*C. To assert federal control over environmental policy In 1970 Congress was persuaded to pass the Environmental Protection Act, which
strengthened federal oversight of environmental programs throughout the country.

D. To decrease federal funding for protecting natural habitats This was not the goal of the EPA.

Question: Which of the following policies represented a break from traditional conservative principles?

*A. The creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Breaking with conservative tradition favoring fewer government
regulations, in 1972 Nixon supported the federal government increasing its responsibility for protecting the health and safety of American workers through
creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

B. The Vietnamization policy This was favored by conservatives.

C. Opposition to civil tights legislation This was favored by conservatives.

D. Tax decreases This was favored by conservatives.

Question: What action was an example of President Richard Nixon's more moderate approach to civil rights issues?

A. Supporting a bill to end school busing Supporting an end to school busing was aimed at slowing school integration, which was not a moderate position.

*B. Expanding affirmative action programs Expanding affirmative action was a moderate, not conservative, civil rights policy as it was an effort to help
African Americans improve their economic standing. Nixon adopted plans that would require construction companies and unions to recruit minority workers
according to their percentage in the local labor force.

C. Naming William Rehnquist and Lewis Powell to the Supreme Court These nominations were meant to bring more conservative voices to the Court.

D. Adopting a policy of "benign neglect" The "benign neglect" policy toward African Americans was aimed at winning the electoral support of white
Southerners, not advancing the cause of civil rights.

Question: What was Nixon's "black capitalism"?

A. A program targeted at exposing the ways African Americans opposed capitalism African Americans did not, by and large, oppose capitalism.

B. A program aimed at decreasing the number of black-owned businesses Nixon did not want to decrease the number of black-owned businesses.

*C. A concept designed to encourage more black participation in open markets Nixon's support of affirmative action was part of a broader
approach to encourage "black capitalism," a concept designed to convince African Americans to seek opportunity within the free enterprise system rather than
through government handouts.

D. An ideology rooted in African nationalism that encouraged blacks to move to Africa to start businesses This was not the goal of Nixon's
"black capitalism."

Question: How did Nixon respond when the Voting Rights Acts of 1965 came up for renewal in 1970?

A. He approved the renewal but with many significant changes that rolled back voting rights in the South. Nixon did not make major changes
to the Voting Rights Act.

B. He vetoed the renewal, believing the act imposed on states' rights. He did not veto the bill.

C. He forced Congress to increase the voting age to 25 before he would sign the renewal. The bill lowered the voting age.

*D. He signed the renewal with minor changes. In 1970 Nixon signed the extension of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, thereby renewing the law that had
provided suffrage to the majority of African Americans in the South. The law also lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 for national elections.

Question: What primarily forced President Richard Nixon to use wage and price controls to curb inflation in 1971?
A. Rising working-class wages Rising wages for the working class did not cause President Nixon to use wage and price controls to curb inflation.

B. High oil prices High oil prices did not cause President Nixon to resort to wage and price controls.

C. Government spending for Great Society programs Government spending for Great Society programs did not cause Nixon to use wage and price
controls to curb inflation.

*D. Government spending for the Vietnam War Government spending for the Vietnam War caused President Nixon to use wage and price controls to
curb inflation.

Question: What was the significance of the election of 1972?

A. Richard Nixon was trounced because his image had been tarnished by scandal. Nixon won the election of 1972.

B. Richard Nixon was able to create a new coalition of African American and white working-class voters. Few African Americans voted for
Nixon.

*C. Richard Nixon was able to appeal to voters across the political spectrum. Nixon was able to appeal to voters across the political spectrum in
winning his landslide victory.

D. Richard Nixon attracted support from labor unions, the first Republican to do so since the New Deal. Labor unions supported Democrat
George McGovern in 1972.

Question: What factors helped propel Nixon to victory in the 1972 election?

A. A series of race riots at the Democratic convention helped convince voters to vote for Nixon. There were no race riots at the Democratic
convention.

B. The massive savings and loan scandal involving Democratic congressmen. There was no savings and loan scandal in 1972.

*C. The assassination attempt on George Wallace and a very weak Democratic presidential candidate. Wallace won impressive victories in
the North as well as the South, but his campaign ended after an assassination attempt that left him paralyzed. With Wallace out of the race, the Democrats
helped Nixon look more centrist by nominating George McGovern, a liberal antiwar senator from South Dakota.

D. The discovery of a plot to assassinate Nixon elevated his popularity. There was no plot to assassinate Nixon.

Question: What was the central issue in the Watergate scandal that caused President Richard Nixon's downfall?

*A. Nixon authorized a cover-up of the administration's involvement in an illegal break-in into Democratic Party headquarters.
President Nixon authorized a cover-up of the administration's involvement in a break-in into Democratic Party headquarters.

B. Nixon ordered a break-in into the Democratic Party headquarters during the 1972 election. Nixon had not ordered the break-in.

C. Nixon refused to fire staff involved in the scandal. Nixon's downfall was not caused by his refusal to fire staff involved in the Watergate scandal.

D. Nixon was directly involved in several break-ins of Democrat Party offices. Nixon was not involved in several break-ins.

Question: What reporters were responsible for breaking the Watergate scandal?

A. Maddow and O'Reilly They were not responsible.

*B. Woodward and Bernstein Watergate did not become a major scandal until after the election. The trial judge forced one of the burglars to reveal the
men's backers. This revelation led two Washington Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, to investigate the link between the administration and the
plumbers.

C. Rehm and Ashbrook They were not responsible.

D. Brokaw and Jennings They were not responsible.

Question: Who was "Deep Throat"?

A. An adult film actress who provided key information about Watergate Deep Throat was not an adult film actress.

B. A congressional aide who provided key information about Watergate Deep Throat was not a congressional aide.

*C. An FBI agent who provided key information about Watergate With the help of Mark Felt, a top FBI official whose identity long remained secret
and whom the reporters called "Deep Throat," Woodward and Bernstein succeeded in exposing the true nature of the crime.

D. A federal court judge who leaked key information about Watergate Deep Throat was not a federal judge.

Question: Who took over the presidency upon Nixon's resignation?

A. Spiro Agnew Vice President Agnew had resigned before Nixon did.
B. Nelson Rockefeller He became vice president after Nixon resigned.

C. George McGovern McGovern ran against Nixon in the 1972 election.

*D. Gerald Ford Vice President Gerald Ford served out Nixon's remaining term. The Republican representative from Michigan had replaced Vice President
Spiro Agnew after Agnew resigned in 1973 following charges that he had taken illegal kickbacks while governor of Maryland. Ford chose Nelson A. Rockefeller, the
moderate Republican governor of New York, as his vice president.

Question: How did President Gerald Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon impact public opinion during the mid-1970s?

*A. It damaged Ford politically. Explaining to the country that he wanted to quickly end the "national nightmare" stemming from Watergate, Ford
pardoned Nixon for any criminal offenses he might have committed as president. Rather than healing the nation's wounds, this preemptive pardon polarized
Americans and cost Ford considerable political capital.

B. It won Ford substantial support. President Ford lost support as a result of the pardon.

C. It convinced Americans that Ford had been involved in the scandal. President Ford was not involved in the Watergate scandal as he replaced
Spiro Agnew as vice president after the scandal occurred.

D. It restored Americans' confidence in the presidency. The pardon did not cause Americans to regain confidence in the executive branch of
government.

Topic: The Presidency of Jimmy Carter, 1976-1980

books:

Jimmy Carter and the Limits of Affluence

The Perils of Détente
Challenges in the Middle East

Question: What explains the appeal of Jimmy Carter in the 1976 campaign for president?

A. His promise to move away from Nixon administration policies Carter focused on other issues during the 1976 campaign.

B. His long and impressive experience in foreign affairs Carter had little experience in foreign affairs.

C. The success of his economic policies in Georgia Carter focused on other issues during the 1976 campaign.

*D. His promise to run the government with integrity Jimmy Carter used his outsider status to his advantage. Shaping his campaign with Watergate
in mind, Carter stressed character over economic issues and promised voters that he would run the government honestly, truthfully, and morally.

Question: Which group was key to helping Carter win the 1976 election?

A. Moderate Republicans Most moderate Republicans did not support Carter.

B. Corporate leaders Most corporate leaders did not support Carter.

*C. Southern blacks As a moderate, postsegregationist governor of Georgia, Carter won the support of the family of Martin Luther King Jr. and other black
leaders. Carter needed all the help he could get and eked out a narrow victory.

D. American Indians Indians did not play a decisive role in the 1976 election.

Question: What was the key economic issue during Jimmy Carter's presidency?

*A. The economy relied on energy, the cost of which was rising sharply. The greatest challenge Carter faced was a faltering economy, resulting
from the fact that the consumer-oriented economy depended on cheap energy, a substantial portion of which came from sources outside the United States.
American drivers who had paid 30 cents a gallon for gas in 1970 paid more than four times that amount ten years later.

B. Rising wages for the working-class were causing inflation. Rising wages for the working-class were not the cause of inflation during Carter's
presidency.

C. High unemployment caused a lack of demand for consumer products. High unemployment was not the primary issue facing the economy.

D. America's economy depended on international trade, which was threatened by OPEC. OPEC did not impact America's ability to trade with
other countries.

Question: How did American manufacturers handle rising oil prices during the late 1970s?

A. By seeking alternative sources of energy such as nuclear power Manufacturers had to purchase energy that existed within the system; nuclear
power was not widely available.

B. By lowering wages for their workers Most manufacturers did not lower wages for their American workers.

*C. By reducing labor and energy costs by moving factories abroad With energy prices rising, American manufacturers sought ways to reduce costs
by moving their factories to Mexico, Central and South America, and several Asian nations that offered cheaper labor and lower energy costs.

D. By supporting more domestic oil production While manufacturers may have supported more domestic oil production, until that production became
available, they had to find a way to work within the existing supplies and prices.

Question: How did rising oil prices impact migration patterns in the United States during the 1970s?

A. It encouraged more Americans to move to cities to save money on gasoline. Americans continued to migrate to the suburbs during the postwar
period.

B. It accelerated a shift in migration from cities to rural areas where manufacturing wages were higher. Americans continued to migrate to
cities during the 1970s.

C. It accelerated a shift from manufacturing-based jobs to service-based jobs in the economy. Rising oil prices did not accelerate a shift from
manufacturing to professional services in the economy.

*D. It accelerated a migration to the Sun Belt. Rising oil prices accelerated a migration of businesses from the Midwest and Northeast to the Sun Belt,
where union membership and wages were lower, which led to a population shift to that area as people sought jobs.

Question: Why did the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) impose an oil embargo on the United States in 1973?

*A. To protest American support of Israel's Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria In 1973, during the Nixon administration, OPEC imposed
an oil embargo on the United States as punishment for its support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War with Egypt and Syria.

B. To protest the treatment of Muslims in the United States The embargo was unrelated to the treatment of American Muslims.

C. To pressure the United States to expand civil rights to African Americans The embargo was not related to civil rights issues.

D. To protest the Watergate scandal The embargo was not related to Watergate.

Question: How did the outmigration of American manufacturing affect the industry?

A. It strengthened the position of labor. Outmigration did not strengthen the position of labor.

*B. It weakened the position of labor. Outmigration weakened the American labor movement, particularly in heavy industry. In the 1970s, union
membership dropped from 28 to 23 percent of the workforce and continued to decline over the next decade.

C. It increased prices. Outmigration decreased prices.

D. It furthered affirmative action. Outmigration did not impact affirmative action.

Question: Refer to the map Map 27.2 The Sun and Rust Belts
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What conditions led businesses to move from the Rust Belt to the Sun Belt in the 1970s?

A. The growth of unions in the Sun Belt attracted many new laborers. Labor unions were much stronger in the Rust Belt.

B. Better race relations in the Sun Belt attracted new industries. Race relations were not better in the Sun Belt.

*C. Non-unionized labor and new defense industries drew businesses away from the Rust Belt. Dramatic economic and demographic shifts
during the 1970s led to industrial development and population growth in the Sun Belt in the South and Southwest at the expense of the Rust Belt in the Northeast
and Midwest. As manufacturers sought cheap, non-unionized labor, they moved factories to the South or overseas while defense industries and agribusiness
fueled growth from Texas to California.

D. Higher wages drew more businesses to the Sun Belt. Higher wages did not attract businesses to the Sun Belt.

Question: What describes the stagflation that the American economy experienced during the late 1970s?

A. Inflation fueled by rising wages Rising wages did not fuel stagflation.

*B. Inflation accompanied by growing unemployment Stagflation was a painful combination of an inflationary spiral accompanied by growing
unemployment.

C. Inflation caused by rising commodity prices Stagflation involved more than just inflation.

D. Inflation combined with an appreciating currency The dollar did not appreciate during the late 1970s.

Question: What was the goal of the U.S. Department of Energy when President Jimmy Carter initially created it in 1977?

*A. To promote the research, development, and conservation of energy The Department of Energy promoted the research, development, and
conservation of energy.

B. To promote the production of domestic energy sources The Department of Energy's goal was broader than promoting the production of domestic
energy sources.

C. To promote rapid expansion of nuclear power When it was founded, the Department of Energy did not focus on just one source of energy.

D. To merge the responsibilities of several federal departments regarding energy into a single agency The federal government previously had
a minimal role in energy production, research, and conservation.

Question: In what ways did Carter embrace conservative principles?

A. He supported a national health insurance plan. This was not a conservative policy.

B. He supported the war in Vietnam. Carter was opposed to the war in Vietnam.

*C. He deregulated many industries. He signed into law bills deregulating the airline, banking, trucking, and railroad industries, measures that appealed
to conservative proponents of free market economics.

D. He opposed civil rights. Carter supported civil rights.

Question: How did Jimmy Carter's approach to foreign policy during the late 1970s differ from previous presidential administrations?

A. He emphasized supporting democratically elected regimes, even if they were Communist. Carter did not support democratically elected
Communist regimes.

B. He attempted to expand trade with Communist countries, especially China. Carter did not attempt to expand trade with China.

C. He emphasized creating more alliances with Western European countries. Carter did not focus on creating more alliances with Western
European countries.

*D. He emphasized human rights, refusing to support anti-Communist dictatorial regimes. Carter emphasized human rights, refusing to
support anti-Communist dictatorial regimes.

Question: What accounts for President Jimmy Carter's decision to end military and economic aid to Argentina, Uruguay, and Ethiopia
during the late 1970s?

*A. Human rights violations Carter held dictatorial governments that had been American allies to a higher moral standard. Thus, he cut off military and
economic aid to repressive regimes in Argentina, Uruguay, and Ethiopia.

B. Socialist policies promoted by the governments Carter ended military and economic aid for another reason that was unrelated to economic policy.

C. Their refusal to support his policies toward the Soviet Union Carter ended military and economic aid for another reason.

D. Because these nations accepted Soviet aid The Soviet Union did not provide the countries with economic aid.

Question: What did President Jimmy Carter's continuation of American aid to such nations as South Africa and South Korea reveal
about his human rights-based foreign policy?

A. Carter only paid lip service to human rights. Carter did shape his policy toward some nations on the basis of human rights.

B. The policy had succeeded in causing human rights reforms in those nations. During Carter's presidency, both South Korea and South Africa
were run by rulers who did violate human rights.

*C. He relaxed his standards when it came to American strategic interests. Although President Carter cut off military and economic aid to
repressive regimes in Argentina, Uruguay, and Ethiopia, he relaxed his moral standards when dealing with important U.S. allies such as South Africa and South
Korea, whose support was critical to U.S. national security.

D. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan forced him to abandon the policy. Carter's policy with South Korea and South Africa was not connected to the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Question: Why did President Jimmy Carter sign an agreement to return control of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama in 1999?

A. Panama' government demanded a new treaty in exchange for supporting the United States against the Soviet Union. Panama's
government pushed for the new treaty but did not demand it.

*B. He considered U.S. control of the Canal Zone a vestige of colonialism. Carter returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama because he
considered U.S. control of the Canal Zone a vestige of colonialism, and he sought to provide an example of moral leadership to other world leaders.

C. The Panama Canal had lost its importance to shipping as most ships used other routes. The Panama Canal was still significant for worldwide
trade and for defense reasons.

D. Operating the canal cost the United States too much money every year. Carter did not return the Panama Canal because of its cost.
Question: What was the goal of President Carter's policy of détente?

A. To increase military pressure on the Soviet Union This was not the aim of the policy.

B. To instigate war between Communist nations Carter did seek to divide Communist nations but not to encourage war.

*C. To ease relations with the Soviets The president's pursuit of détente, or the easing of tensions, with the Soviet Union was not very successful.
D. To increase the American nuclear arsenal to pressure the Soviets to disarm This was not the aim of the policy.

Question: What was President Jimmy Carter's goal in extending full diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China in 1978?

A. To expand trade with China Carter's goal in extending full diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China was not to expand trade.

B. To gain a closer relationship with South Korea Carter did not extend diplomatic recognition to the People's Republican of China in order to gain a
closer relationship with South Korea.

*C. To split China and the Soviet Union Carter extended diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in hopes he could drive a greater wedge
between China and the Soviet Union.

D. To develop a closer relationship with Taiwan Carter's decision drove a wedge between Taiwan and the United States.

Question: With which nation did the United States abandon its relationship to pursue full diplomatic relations with China?

A. Great Britain The United States did not abandon its relationship with Great Britain over open relations with China.

B. France The United States did not abandon its relationship with France over open relations with China.

C. Vietnam The United States did not have a relationship with Vietnam.

*D. Taiwan After the fall of China to the Communists in 1949, the United States supported Taiwan, an island off the coast of China, as an outpost of
democracy against mainland China. In abandoning Taiwan by recognizing China, Carter sought to drive a greater wedge between China and the Soviet Union.

Question: What was the 1979 SALT II Treaty?

A. A treaty with Japan to allow the island nation to remilitarize The SALT Treaty did not include Japan.

*B. A treaty with the Soviets to limit weapons production and development In June 1979 Carter and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev signed SALT
II, a new strategic arms limitation treaty.

C. A treaty in which the Soviets turned over control of Alaska to the United States This happened in the nineteenth century.

D. A treaty with the Soviets to cooperate on the space program The treaty was not tied to the space program.

Question: How did the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan impact the SALT II treaty?

A. President Jimmy Carter pushed the Senate to approve the treaty as a result. Carter did not ask the Senate to approve the SALT II treaty after
the invasion of Afghanistan.

B. President Jimmy Carter convinced the Soviet Union to expand the SALT II treaty afterwards. Carter did not seek to expand the scope of the
SALT II treaty after the invasion.

*C. President Jimmy Carter convinced the U.S. Senate to drop the treaty because of the invasion. Carter viewed this action as a violation of
international law and a threat to Middle East oil supplies and persuaded the Senate to drop consideration of the SALT II treaty.

D. President Jimmy Carter halted negotiations with the Soviets on the SALT II treaty. The treaty had already been negotiated and signed and
was with the Senate for ratification.

Question: How did Carter respond to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

A. He asked Congress for a declaration of war against the Soviets. He did not seek a declaration of war.

B. He authorized the military to engage in limited bombing campaigns in Afghanistan. He did not authorize bombing raids.

*C. He asked Congress to increase the U.S. military budget. Carter obtained from Congress a 5 percent increase in military spending.
D. He ignored it in an attempt to continue the thaw in the Cold War. Carter did not ignore the Soviet invasion of Afganistan.

Question: How did Carter put pressure on the Soviets after the Afghanistan invasion?

A. By authorizing increased spying against the Soviets He did not authorize increased spying in response.
*B. By boycotting the Moscow Olympics and reducing trade with the Soviets Carter reduced grain sales to the USSR and led a boycott of the
1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.

C. By funding Islamic terrorists in the Soviet Union Carter did not fund Islamic terrorists.

D. By rallying against the invasion in public to gain American support to assist the Afghan people He did not seek to gain public support.

Question: How did President Jimmy Carter view the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan?

*A. As a violation of international law and a threat to Middle East oil supplies Carter viewed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as a violation of
international law by breaking national sovereignty and as a threat to Middle East oil supplies because it put Soviet troops closer to oil-producing regions.

B. As a violation of the SALT II treaty that had to be punished The invasion of Afghanistan was unrelated to any of the issues with which the SALT II
treaty dealt, although the treaty was involved in the fallout from the invasion.

C. As unrelated to the nation's strategic interests in the Middle East Carter viewed the invasion as a threat to U.S. strategic interests in the Middle
East.

D. As an opportunity for the United States to expand its influence in the Middle East Carter did not see the invasion as an opening for the United
States to expand its influence in the Middle East.

Question: What accounts for President Jimmy Carter's decision to assist the mujahideen, or holy warriors, fighting in Afghanistan
during the late 1970s?

A. He hoped to overthrow the country's monarchy. Afghanistan was not ruled by a monarch.

*B. He wanted to help them defeat the Soviet invasion. Carter supported the mujahideen in order to help defeat the Soviet invasion. As a result, he
authorized the CIA to provide covert military and economic assistance to Afghan rebels resisting the Soviet invasion.

C. He wished to decrease China's influence in the Middle East. China's influence in the Middle East was not a factor in the decision.

D. He wanted to lay the groundwork for the United States to gain control of Afghanistan. Carter had no intention of gaining control of
Afghanistan.

Question: What problems did the United States face with the mujahideen fighters in Afghanistan?

A. They experienced severe language barriers. While language barriers existed, they were not the main problem.

*B. Though cast as freedom fighters, the mujahideen were Islamic fundamentalists who opposed democracy. Although portrayed as
freedom fighters, these Islamic fundamentalists (including a group known as the Taliban) did not support democracy in the Western sense. Among the
mujahideen who received assistance from the United States was Osama bin Laden, a Saudi Arabian Islamic fundamentalist.

C. There were several friendly fire incidents with U.S. troops. The military did not have troops in Afghanistan; it was largely a CIA operation.

D. They were also receiving aid from China, against American advice. The mujahideen were not receiving assistance from China.

Question: What damaging findings did the Church Committee detail in the report of its investigation in the 1970s?

*A. The CIA and FBI had illegally spied on Americans during the Cold War. Led by Frank Church of Idaho, the Senate Select Committee to Study
Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (known as the Church Committee) issued reports revealing that both intelligence agencies had
illegally spied on Americans and that the CIA had fomented revolution abroad contrary to the provisions of its charter.

B. The CIA and FBI had funded different rebel groups in Afghanistan. The committee's findings were not about funding of rebel groups in
Afghanistan.

C. The CIA had made a deal with the Soviet Union to allow the invasion of Afghanistan. The committee's findings were not about funding of rebel
groups in Afghanistan.

D. The CIA and FBI had been infiltrated by Communist spies in the 1960s. The committee's report did not address issues of Communist infiltration.

Question: How did Carter respond to the Church Committee's findings?

A. He reversed course in Afghanistan and became more transparent about covert operations. He did not reverse course or increase
transparency.

B. He escalated the covert conflict. He did not escalate the covert conflict.

C. He asked the Congress for a declaration of war, in order to increase transparency. He did not ask for a declaration of war.

*D. He continued to use the same policies that were criticized by the Committee. Despite the Church Committee's findings, Carter revived some
of these murky practices to combat the Soviets in Afghanistan.

Question: What was the purpose of the Camp David Accords?

A. To open trade between Egypt and Israel The Camp David Accords did not open trade between Egypt and Israel.

B. To end the Yom Kippur War The Camp David Accords came five years after the Yom Kippur War had ended.

*C. To take a step toward peace between Israel and Egypt Following two weeks of discussions in September 1978 at the presidential retreat at Camp
David, Maryland, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat reached an agreement on a "framework for peace." For the first
time in its history, Egypt would extend diplomatic recognition to Israel in exchange for Israel's agreement to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, which it had
captured and occupied since 1967.

D. To resolve diplomatic issues between Israel and the Palestinian people The Camp David Accords did not resolve issues between Israel and the
Palestinians.

Question: What did President Jimmy Carter offer Egypt's leader Anwar Sadat to induce him to sign the Camp David Accords?

A. A Nobel Peace Prize Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin did both win the Nobel Peace Prize for signing the Camp David Accords, but Carter
had no influence on that decision and could not offer the prize as an inducement to Sadat.

B. U.S. support for a seat on the United Nations Security Council Other than the five permanent members of the Security Council, other nations have
a seat on a rotating basis.

C. Food for drought-stricken Egypt Egypt had not been stricken by any drought.

*D. American aid to Egypt Carter facilitated Sadat's acceptance of the Camp David Accords by promising to extend foreign aid to Egypt.
Question: What issues were left unresolved by the Camp David Accords?

A. The OPEC Oil Embargo Neither Israel nor Egypt was part of OPEC.

B. The return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt This was resolved by the Accords.

*C. The establishment of a Palestinian state The treaty, however, left unresolved controversial issues between Israelis and Arabs concerning the
establishment of a Palestinian state and control of Jerusalem.

D. The Iran hostage crisis The hostage crisis had not happened yet.

Question: What role did the United States play in the Iranian Revolution?

*A. The United States overthrew a democratically elected leader, leading to fundamentalist uprisings against the new, secular state.
In 1953 the CIA helped overthrow Iran's democratically elected president, replacing him with a monarch and staunch U.S. ally, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the shah
of Iran. For more than two decades, the shah ruled Iran with U.S. support, seeking to construct a modern, secular state allied with the United States. In doing so,
he used repressive measures against Islamic fundamentalists, deploying his secret police to imprison, torture, and exile dissenters. In 1979 revolutionary forces
headed by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, an Islamic fundamentalist exiled by the shah, overthrew his government.

B. The United States played a limited role, providing logistical advice to the revolutionaries. The United States did not support the
revolutionaries.

C. The United States encouraged Syria to invade Iran to overthrow the revolutionary government. The United States did not encourage Syria
to invade Iran.

D. The United States partnered with the Soviets to overthrow the revolutionaries. The United States did not partner with the Soviets.

Question: How did the Revolution change Iran?

A. It led to a pluralistic political system balanced between fundamentalists and moderates. It did not lead to a coalition government.

B. Though successful early on, the revolutionary government lost control to a secular counterrevolution. The government was not overthrown
by counterrevolutionaries.

*C. The new Ayatollah instituted a strict interpretation of Sharia law. In 1979 revolutionary forces headed by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, an
Islamic fundamentalist exiled by the shah, overthrew his government. Khomeini intended to end the growing secularism in Iran and reshape the nation according
to strict Islamic law.

D. Though successful early on, Iran was invaded by Iraq and the revolution fell apart. The revolution did not fall apart.

Question: What sparked the Iran hostage crisis in 1979?

*A. The decision by the United States to allow the shah of Iran to come to the United States for cancer treatment When the deposed shah
needed treatment for terminal cancer, President Carter invited him to the United States for medical assistance as a humanitarian gesture despite warnings from
Iran's government that it would consider this invitation a hostile action. On November 4, 1979, the Ayatollah ordered fundamentalist Muslim students to seize the
U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold its fifty-two occupants hostage until the United States returned the shah to Iran to stand trial.

B. The invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan did not spark the Iran hostage crisis.
C. The seizure of Iranian fundamentalist Muslim students by American troops in Iran The hostages seized in Iran were Americans, not Muslims.

D. The Camp David Accords, to which fundamentalists in Iran objected bitterly The Camp David Accords did not spark the Iran hostage crisis.

Question: What was Carter's initial response to the hostage crisis?

A. He ordered a covert military rescue. This was not his initial response.

B. He did nothing initially, fearing the consequences of any action. He did take immediate action in response the crisis.

*C. He froze Iranian assets in the United States and established a trade embargo. President Carter retaliated by freezing all Iranian assets in
American banks, breaking off diplomatic relations, and imposing a trade embargo.

D. He offered to pay a ransom. He did not offer a ransom.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "I strongly protested the violation of my diplomatic immunity, but
these protests were ignored. . . . I was taken to the Embassy living room on the ground floor where a number of other hostages were
gathered. Some students attempted to talk with us, stating how they didn't hate Americans—only our U.S. Government, President
Carter, etc."

What did the student-terrorists attempt to convey to the hostages, according to the passage?

A. That the hostage taking was an attack on all Americans, as all were responsible for interfering in Iranian domestic issues The student
hostages did not attempt to convey hatred toward all Americans.

*B. That the hostage takers did not have any animosity towards the hostages The student attempted to convey that their fight was with the U.S.
government, not all Americans.

C. That they planned to take retribution against the hostages, even if their demands were met The student-terrorists attempted to convince
the hostages that they were not the focus of Iranian hostility.

D. That the American hostages had committed crimes against the Iranian Republic They told the hostages that they were not to blame.

Question: How did the Islamic fundamentalists change Iran's government when they overthrew the shah in 1979?

A. They attempted to expand trade with other Muslim countries. The Islamic fundamentalists' primary goal was not to expand trade.

B. They tried to improve the country's education system. The Islamic fundamentalists did not attempt to improve the country's education system.

C. They moved to increase the influence of secularism in Iran. Islamic fundamentalists attempted to decrease secularism in Iran.

*D. They reshaped the nation according to strict Islamic law. The Islamic fundamentalists reshaped the nation according to strict Islamic law.
Question: What domestic impact did the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979–1980 have on the United States?

A. Bitter debate arose between those sympathetic to the hostages and those who blamed them. Americans were united in sympathizing with
the hostages, although they divided on President Jimmy Carter's handling of the situation.

*B. The American cut-off of Iranian oil supplies led to energy problems. The cut-off of Iranian oil shipments contributed to a 130 percent rise in
the price of gasoline in the United States. For most Americans this meant shortages and high gas prices.

C. The oil shortage that resulted caused a long-lasting economic depression. Oil shortages and rising oil prices caused a recession but not a
depression.

D. The economy rebounded as employment rose due to increased defense spending. The economy did not rebound but suffered as a result of the
Iran hostage crisis.

Topic: The Persistence of Liberalism in the 1970s

books:

The Persistence of Liberalism in the 1970s

Popular Culture
Women's Movement
Environmentalism
Racial Struggles Continue

Question: How did the counterculture continue to impact American society during the 1970s?
A. By continuing to promote antiwar protests The counterculture was largely a cultural movement rather than a political one.

*B. By continuing to overturn taboos regarding sex and drug use The influence of the counterculture remained strong in the 1970s. American youth
and many of their elders experimented with recreational drugs, and the remaining sexual taboos of the 1960s fell. In addition, long hair styles and colorful clothes
entered the mainstream, and rock continued to dominate popular music.

C. By supporting the growth of the student movement on college campuses The student movement declined during the 1970s.

D. By causing a sharp growth in crime Other than promoting the use of illegal drugs, the counterculture did not cause a sharp growth in crime.

Question: What happened to the divorce rate in the decade after 1965?

A. The divorce rate remained the same. It changed significantly.

B. The divorce rate decreased slightly. It did not decrease slightly.

*C. The divorce rate increased dramatically. The divorce rate increased 116 percent in the decade after 1965; in 1979 the rate peaked at 23 divorces
per 1,000 married couples.

D. The divorce rate decreased dramatically. It did not decrease dramatically.

Question: What themes were popular in rock music during the late 1960s and 1970s?

A. Patriotic themes Most rock music did not promote patriotism.

*B. Themes of pessimism and despair The antiwar movement and counterculture influenced popular culture in many ways. Rock musicians such as Bruce
Springsteen, Jackson Browne, and Billy Joel sang of loss, loneliness, and urban decay.

C. Uplifting and positive themes Few rock musicians promoted these themes.

D. Themes promoting American intervention abroad Rock music was more likely to promote antiwar themes.

Question: What was the significance of the 1970s film M *A*S*H?

A. It satirized the Korean War. M *A*S*H did not satirize the Korean War.

*B. It satirized the Vietnam War. M*A*S*H, set in the Korean War, offered a thinly veiled satire of the horrors of the Vietnam War.
C. It depicted the brutal reality of war. M *A*S*H depicted some of the brutal realities of war, but that was not the source of its main impact.
D. It satirized the McCarthyism of the 1950s. M *A*S*H did not satirize the McCarthyism of the 1950s.
Question: Who did the television show All in the Family appeal to in the 1970s?

A. Middle-class blacks The show was not marketed toward middle-class blacks.

B. Immigrants The show had slight anti-immigrant themes.

*C. Working-class whites The television sitcom All in the Family gave American viewers the character of Archie Bunker, an opinionated, white, blue-collar
worker, in a comedy that dramatized the contemporary political and cultural wars as conservative Archie taunted his liberal son-in-law with politically incorrect
remarks about minorities, feminists, and liberals.

D. Liberal women The show promoted more conservative values.

Question: Why did the women's movement attract powerful enemies during the 1970s?

A. It attacked religion. The women's movement did not attack religion.

B. It was anti-men. The women's movement was not anti-men.

C. It supported gay rights. The women's movement did not necessarily support gay rights.

*D. It supported abortion rights. The women's movement attracted powerful enemies because some opponents viewed abortion, a critical issue of the
women's movement, as murder.

Question: Why did Phyllis Schlafly oppose the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) during the 1970s?
*A. She argued that it would create a unisex society. Schlafly argued that the ERA would create a "unisex society" and deprive "women of the rights
they already have, such as the right of a wife to be supported by her husband," attend a single-sex college, use women's only bathrooms, and avoid military
combat.

B. She argued that it would limit women's career potential. Schlafly did not argue that the ERA would limit women's career potential.

C. She argued that it would result in broken families. Schlafly's critique was broader than arguing that the ERA would result in broken families.

D. She argued that it would destabilize family life. Schlafly's critique was broader.

Question: What did the Supreme Court decide in the 1973 Roe v. Wade case?

A. That women could not attend the same public colleges as men Many public colleges were co-ed and this case did not address that issue.

B. That women could vote in state and local elections Women gained this right in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the case did
not deal with voting rights.

C. That women were constitutionally entitled to maternity leave The case did not address maternity leave.

*D. That women had the right to get abortions The 1973 Supreme Court victory for abortion rights in Roe v. Wade has not ended the controversy.
Question: How did Congress respond to the Roe v. Wade decision?

A. Congress supported the decision and began passing laws federally funding abortion clinics. Congress did not support the decision.

*B. Congress opposed the decision and passed laws restricting federal funding for abortion. In 1976 Congress responded to abortion
opponents by passing legislation prohibiting the use of federal funds for impoverished women seeking to terminate their pregnancies.

C. Congress ratified a constitutional amendment banning abortion. Congress did not pass an amendment banning abortion.

D. Congress was divided on the issue, and gridlock prevented it from responding. Congress was not gridlocked on abortion.

Question: What accounts for the failure of feminists to win ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the 1970s and early
1980s?

A. The feminist movement died out by 1982. The feminist movement remained active in 1982.

B. Male-dominated legislatures preferred that women remain at home and not work. The ERA did not fail to pass because male-dominated
legislatures preferred that women remain at home.

*C. Traditional notions of femininity appealed to male-dominated legislatures. The ERA failed to pass because traditional notions of femininity
appealed to male-dominated legislatures, and to many women as well.

D. Most state legislatures refused to consider the amendment. A majority of legislatures approved the ERA, although the number was not sufficient
for final ratification.

Question: What did the feminist movement accomplish by the 1980s despite the failure to win ratification of the Equal Rights
Amendment?

A. Women earned the same pay as men in practice. Women still did not earn the same pay as men in practice.

B. Women formed 50 percent of the members of Congress. While the number of women in Congress rose, they still formed a small minority of both
houses.

*C. More women entered colleges and the professions than before. More women entered colleges and professions because of pressure from the
feminist movement.

D. Abortion became legal throughout pregnancy. Abortion was legal only in the first two trimesters.

Question: What victories did women achieve despite the failure of the ERA?

A. Paid maternity leave and free child care They did not achieve either of these.

*B. Title IX and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Despite the failure to obtain ratification of the ERA, feminists achieved significant
victories. In 1972 Congress passed the Educational Amendments Act, which included Title IX and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

C. Federal domestic violence legislation and an equal pay act They did not achieve either of these.

D. Gender quotas in the workplace and expanded property rights They did not achieve either of these.

Question: What did Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 provide?
A. Public colleges and universities had to accept equal numbers of men and women. It did not create a quota system.

B. High schools had to provide equal access to sports and extracurricular activities. Title IX did not apply to K-12 schools.

*C. It prohibited gender discrimination in public colleges and universities. Title IX prohibited colleges and universities that received federal funds
from discriminating on the basis of sex, leading to substantial advances in women's athletics.

D. It made it easier for women to gain access to federal education loans. It did not increase federal loans to women.

Question: How did the Combahee River Collective seek to change the feminist movement during the 1970s?

A. It sought to include lesbians in the feminist movement. The Combahee River Collective did not seek to include lesbians in the feminist movement.

B. It sought to push for equal pay for equal work. The feminist movement already fully supported the principle of equal pay for equal work.

C. It sought to push for greater reproductive rights. The feminist movement already fully supported greater reproductive rights for women.

*D. It sought to address struggles against race and class. The Combahee River Collective, formed by African American feminists, sought to expand
the feminist movement to include struggles against race and class. The group proclaimed: "We . . . often find it difficult to separate race from class from sex
oppression because in our lives they are most often experienced simultaneously."

Question: What was the primary achievement of the environmental movement in the 1970s?

A. It raised Americans' concern for vanishing rainforests. While many Americans grew more concerned about this issue, that was not the primary
achievement of the environmental movement.

B. It established the National Park System. President Theodore Roosevelt had established the National Park System in the early 1900s.

C. It convinced Americans to favor adoption of nuclear power. Environmentalists typically opposed adoption of nuclear power.

*D. It increased Americans' concern over air and water pollution. Because of the environmental movement, more than 50 percent of Americans
came to see air and water pollution as a top issue facing the country, a measure of the movement's success.

Question: Why did some critics oppose the environmental movement in the 1970s?

*A. They said that meeting environmental regulations cost money and jobs. As the EPA toughened emission standards, automobile
manufacturers complained that it forced them to raise prices and hurt an industry that was already feeling the threat of foreign competition. Workers also felt the
pinch, as declining sales forced companies to lay off employees. Similarly, passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 pitted timber companies in the
Northwest against environmentalists.

B. Many companies preferred to use coal power over other sources. Companies did not oppose the environmental movement because they preferred
to use coal power.

C. Business leaders viewed changing their practices as inconvenient. Business leaders did not oppose the environmental movement because they
viewed changing their business practices as inconvenient but because they saw it as a threat to competitiveness.

D. They said that government regulation was needed to cut pollution. Critics of the environmental movement did not support government
regulation.

Question: What types of communities were disproportionately impacted by sites contaminated with hazardous substances during the
1970s?

A. City centers City centers were not disproportionately impacted by sites contaminated with hazardous substances.

B. Suburban communities Suburban communities were not disproportionately impacted by sites contaminated with hazardous substances.

C. Rural communities Rural communities were not disproportionately impacted by sites contaminated with hazardous substances.

*D. Poor and minority communities Poor and minority communities were disproportionately impacted by sites contaminated with hazardous substances.
Question: What was the long-term impact of the Three Mile Island incident on the energy industry in the United States?

A. It caused an increase in imported nuclear power. The United States did not import nuclear power.

*B. It slowed the expansion and construction of nuclear power facilities. Reaction to the Three Mile incident, and the anti-nuclear protests led by
grassroots groups such as the Clamshell Alliance, convinced power companies to slow the expansion and construction of nuclear power facilities.

C. It caused the federal government to reduce regulation of nuclear power. The Three Mile Island incident did not cause the federal government to
cut its regulation of nuclear power.

D. Energy companies increased use of natural gas. Energy companies did not increase use of natural gas as a result of the Three Mile Island incident.

Question: During the 1970s, how did African Americans expand on the civil right gains they made in the 1960s?
A. By partnering with the gay liberation movement to gain a stronger public voice African Americans did not partner with the gay liberation
movement during the 1970s.

B. By demanding quotas for hiring by private companies While African Americans made some affirmative action demands of this type, they were not
entirely successful.

*C. By electing black officials African Americans, taking advantage of the protections provided by the 1965 Voting Rights Act, elected blacks to many
political offices.

D. By demanding an expansion of welfare programs Demands for expansion of welfare programs did not meet with great success.

Question: What types of programs did black elected officials pursue during the 1970s?

*A. Programs that provided economic benefits for their constituents and affirmative action Black elected officials supported economic benefits
for their constituents and affirmative action programs.

B. Programs that expanded colleges and universities in their communities Black elected officials did not necessarily support expanded colleges and
universities in their communities.

C. Programs that reformed the government to provide more opportunities for black political participation Black elected officials did not
necessarily provide more opportunities for black political participation.

D. Programs that reformed the structure of local governments to merge city and county functions Black elected officials did not necessarily
attempt to merge city and county government functions.

Question: What was the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on Asian Americans and Latinos during the 1970s?

A. Fewer Asian Americans and Latinos voted. More Asian Americans and Latinos voted as a result of the Voting Rights Act.

B. More Asian American and Latino majority districts emerged. More Asian American and Latino majority districts did not emerge as a result of the
Voting Rights Act.

*C. The number of Latino and Asian American elected officials increased. The number of Latino and Asian American elected officials increased
because of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

D. More Asians and Latinos worked in government jobs. More Asians and Latinos may have gotten government jobs in the 1970s, but that was not a
result of the Voting Rights Act.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Free, legal abortions and birth control for the Chicano community,
controlled by Chicanas. As Chicanas we have the right to control our own bodies."

What does the passage convey about Chicana attitudes toward gender and race?

A. That gender transcends race; the problems of women are the same regardless of race The passage does not suggest that gender transcends
race.

*B. That the issues facing Chicana women are unique to them When the author notes that Chicana women have the right to control their bodies,
she implies that gender issues are different for women of different races.

C. That women should have abortions to prevent the spread of patriarchy The author does not encourage abortions.

D. That Chicana women cannot control their bodies She argues they should be able to control their own bodies.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The reaction of black men to feminism has been notoriously
negative. They are, of course, even more threatened than black women by the possibility that black feminists might organize around
our own needs. They realize that they might not only lose valuable and hard-working allies in their struggles but that they might also
be forced to change their habitually sexist ways of interacting with and oppressing black women. Accusations that black feminism
divides the black struggle are powerful deterrents to the growth of an autonomous black women's movement."

What does the author argue about black men?

A. That they have been strong supporters of the rights of black women The passage is critical of black men.

B. That they supported white women's rights but not black women's rights The author does not suggest black men support white women's rights.

C. That black men are too powerless to fight for black women's rights The author does not argue that black men are powerless to help.

*D. That black men have been an obstacle to black women gaining more rights She notes that black men will have to make serious changes in
order to accept black feminism.
Question: What was the state of school segregation in 1969, fifteen years after the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision?

A. Most schools in the South integrated but schools in the Northeast and West were segregated. Most schools in the South remained
segregated.

B. Most schools throughout the country were integrated. Most schools remained segregated in 1969.

*C. Nearly all schools remained segregated. Nearly all schools remained segregated in 1969, largely as a result of de facto segregation in housing.
D. Nearly all schools in the South remained segregated while most schools in the Northeast and West were integrated. Most schools in the
Northeast and West were segregated in 1969.

Question: What was the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education in
1971?

*A. School districts had to bus pupils to achieve integration. In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg, the Court required school districts to bus pupils to
achieve integration.

B. School districts had to offer students the option of attending another school if their school was segregated. The Court went further,
requiring school districts to take active steps to desegregate their schools.

C. School districts had to find ways to voluntarily integrate their schools. The Court required mandatory desegregation and not voluntary
desegregation.

D. School districts had ten more years to integrate the schools. The Court did not allow ten more years to integrate for school districts.

Question: What accounts for the controversy the Supreme Court's decision in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
generated during the 1970s?

A. It forced schools to end gifted and talented programs. The ruling did not force schools to end gifted and talented programs.

B. It forced black parents to send their children to suburban schools. The ruling was not controversial because it forced black parents to send their
children to the suburbs.

C. It impacted school districts in the South that had previously been unaffected by desegregation rulings. School districts in the South had
not been unaffected by the Court's previous rulings regarding desegregation.

*D. It impacted school districts in the North that had ignored the Court's earlier rulings on desegregation. The ruling impacted school
districts in the North that previously had ignored the Court's rulings regarding desegregation.

Question: How did the Supreme Court's ruling in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education impact suburban white
residents of Detroit during the 1970s?

A. It forced schools to end gifted and talented programs. The ruling did not force schools to end gifted and talented programs.

*B. It forced the busing of white children to black urban schools. The ruling forced white parents to have their children bused from the
predominantly white suburbs to schools in black urban neighborhoods.

C. It resulted in more money for urban schools. The ruling did not impact school funding.

D. It cut money from suburban school budgets. The ruling did not impact school funding.

Question: Why did mandatory busing in Boston generate controversy during the 1970s?

*A. It affected white families differently depending on class. Busing in Boston generated controversy because white working-class parents were
forced to bus their children to Roxbury, a black community, while white families in upper and middle-class neighborhoods remained unaffected.

B. It forced the mingling of working-class and upper-class children. The ruling forced white working-class parents to send their children to schools in
black neighborhoods rather than to upper-class neighborhoods.

C. The court decision requiring it had no precedent. The ruling was based on earlier desegregation decisions.

D. Busing took money from other programs that white parents valued. The ruling did not significantly impact school funding.

Question: What was the socioeconomic status of African Americans during the 1970s?

*A. Most earned less than white Americans, and more fell into poverty. Although the percentage of average black income to white income had
grown from 55.1 in 1965 to 61.5 in 1975, African Americans still had a long way to go to catch up with whites. Further, about 30 percent of African Americans slid
deeper into poverty during the 1970s.

B. Most African Americans saw strong gains in income, substantially closing the income gap between them and white Americans. The
income gap between white and Black Americans narrowed only slightly during the 1970s.
C. Most African Americans had stagnant wages but the percent of African Americans in poverty remained constant. The percent of African
Americans in poverty rose.

D. The number of African Americans in poverty rapidly decreased. The number of African Americans in poverty did not decrease.

Question: Why did many white Americans oppose expanded affirmative action for African Americans?

A. They viewed it as unnecessary. White Americans did not oppose expanded affirmative action because they viewed it as unnecessary.

B. Most white Americans believed affirmative action had no impact. White Americans opposed affirmative action because they believed it had a
negative impact on them.

*C. They saw it as a threat to their own positions. Many white Americans opposed affirmative action because they believed it placed them at a
disadvantage if they applied for jobs or admission to educational institutions.

D. They believed that African Americans were not discriminated against. White Americans did not oppose affirmative action out of a belief that
discrimination against African Americans had disappeared.

Topic: The New Right Rises

books:

The New Right Rises

Tax Revolt
Neo-Conservatism
Christian Conservatism

Question: What accounts for the emergence of the New Right during the 1970s?

A. The Watergate scandal caused a loss of trust in big government. The failed promises of the Great Society were more responsible than the
Watergate scandal in causing loss of trust in big government.

*B. Americans against big government and high taxes joined with those concerned with moral issues. The New Right emerged from a
mixture of forces: the revolt against high taxes, the backlash against the federal government, the disillusionment of former liberal intellectuals known as neo-
conservatives, and the growth of Christian conservatism

C. White Americans were disgusted with the black power movement. While many white Americans disagreed strongly with the black power
movement, all of them did not join the New Right.

D. African Americans and feminists who wanted less government interference formed a powerful coalition. African Americans and feminists
were not part of the New Right.

Question: What policies did the economic conservatives of the New Right endorse?

A. Deficit spending to help the economy grow Economic conservatives did not endorse deficit spending.

*B. Low taxes and reduced government spending "Supply-side" economists argued that lowering taxes would actually raise revenues because more
Americans would be employed due to the expanded job growth spurred by available capital, which would in turn increase the number of people paying taxes. At
the same time, supply-side conservatives called for reduced government spending, especially in the social service sector, to ensure balanced budgets.

C. Public works projects to reduce unemployment Economic conservatives favored private enterprise over the government as the engine of job growth.

D. Increased funding for the social safety net Economic conservatives did not support increased funding for social welfare programs.

Question: What caused the neoconservatives to defect to the New Right during the 1970s?

A. They believed the Democratic Party was corrupt. The neoconservatives did not necessarily believe the Democratic Party was corrupt.

B. They believed that less government regulation would end the stagflation of the 1970s. Neoconservatives defected for other domestic policy
reasons.

C. They believed that the Great Society programs did not go far enough in expanding federal power. Neoconservatives supported a smaller,
not larger, government.

*D. They believed that Great Society programs aggravated rather than solved problems. Neoconservatives defected to the New Right because
they believed that federal policies associated with Great Society programs aggravated rather than improved the problems they intended to solve.

Question: What was the significance of evangelical Christians to the New Right during the late 1970s?

*A. They provided much of the leadership of this political movement. Evangelicals provided the leadership and core members for the New Right.
One leader, ERA opponent Phyllis Schlafly, played a major role in connecting the political conservatism of the 1960s with the social conservatism of the following
decade.

B. They became followers of the neoconservatives. Evangelicals agreed with the neoconservatives on some issues but had their own agenda.

C. They caused a growth in Democratic Party membership. Evangelical Christians were more often members of the Republican Party.

D. They became nonpolitical, abandoning the Republican Party. Evangelicals were not nonpolitical.

Question: Why did most evangelical Christians join the New Right during the late 1970s?

A. They wanted to raise taxes to fund social programs sponsored by religious organizations. Taxes were not the primary issue conservative
Christians were concerned with during the late 1970s.

B. They believed that the government's size interfered with the operation of churches. Conservative Christians did not believe the government's
size interfered with the operation of churches.

C. They believed that liberals encouraged promiscuity. Conservative Christians had a broader critique of the liberal coalition.

*D. They believed that liberals had replaced traditional Christian values with a secular creed. Conservatives Christians believed that liberals
and radicals had replaced traditional Christian values with a secular creed based on individual rights.

Question: What distinguished Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, the new evangelical Christian leaders during the 1970s and 1980s,
from the evangelist Billy Graham, who was a leader in the evangelical movement since the 1950s?

*A. They blended religion with electrical politics. The new leaders, Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, blended religion with electrical politics.
B. They were not as interested in politics. The new leaders, Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, were more interested in politics.

C. They were less conservative than Billy Graham. The new leaders, Robertson and Falwell, were more conservative than Graham.

D. They opposed abortion while Graham supported abortion. Graham did not support abortion.

Question: What did the New Right view as the solution to what they perceived as a decline in family values?

*A. Conservative Christian principles The New Right viewed conservative Christian principles as the solution to the perceived decline in family values.
B. A strong government role in education The New Right did not want a strong federal government role in education. In addition to trying to remove
evolution and sex education from the classroom and bring in prayer and patriotism, the New Right stepped up its opposition to abortion.

C. More federal social welfare programs The New Right did not favor more social welfare programs.

D. Federal funding for religious programs The New Right did not seek federal funding for religious programs.

Question: What was the political significance of the emergence of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) during the
1980s?

A. Liberals used it to gain support for providing more aid to countries in Africa ravaged by the virus. In the 1980s, liberals did not seek to
provide more aid for countries in Africa ravaged by the virus.

B. Liberals used it to gain support for the gay liberation movement. Liberals did not use AIDS to gain support for the gay liberation movement.

*C. Conservative Christians used it to attack homosexuals and the gay liberation movement. Scientists could not explain why the disease
initially showed up among gay men in the United States; however, New Right critics insisted that AIDS was a plague visited upon sexual deviants by a wrathful
God.

D. The federal government redirected welfare spending toward AIDS research. The federal government did not redirect welfare spending toward
AIDS research, although it did fund such research.

Question: How did the New Right react to the wave of immigrants from Asia and Latin America during the 1980s?

A. It claimed that they were causing a breakdown in family life. The New Right did not link immigrants to the perceived breakdown in family life.

B. It claimed that the immigrants were unemployed and lazy. The New Right did not claim most immigrants were lazy and unemployed.

*C. It saw them as a threat to Americans' jobs and American culture. The New Right provoked traditional fears that immigrants took away jobs
and depressed wages and questioned whether these culturally diverse people could assimilate into American society.

D. It charged that the new immigrants were causing more crime. The New Right did not charge that the new immigrants caused more crime.
Chapter 28: The Triumph of Conservatism, the End of the
Cold War, and the Rise of the New World Order, 1980-1992

Topic: The Reagan Revolution

books:

Reagan and Reaganomics

Question: What was the significance of President Ronald Reagan's victory in 1980?

A. He was able to add African Americans to the New Right coalition. African Americans supported Jimmy Carter.

B. He became the first Republican president since Herbert Hoover. Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford had all been Republicans.

*C. He consolidated the New Right and reshaped American politics. Ronald Reagan consolidated the New Right and reshaped American politics.
D. He reenergized the Democratic New Deal coalition. Reagan formed a new political coalition that defeated the remnants of the old New Deal coalition.

Question: What position was key to helping Ronald Reagan win the election of 1980?

A. His promise to crack down on crime through more federal spending Reagan did not propose increasing federal spending.

B. His promise to pass legislation expanding abortion rights Reagan opposed abortion.

*C. His promise to make a smaller, less intrusive government Reagan promised to cut taxes, reduce federal spending, relax federal supervision of
civil rights programs, and end Great Society measures and affirmative action.

D. His promise to expand civil rights programs Reagan made no promises to expand civil rights programs.

Question: What twin economic problems was Ronald Reagan trying to fix with his economic program?

A. High rates of economic growth and productivity growth Economic growth and productivity growth are not economic problems; they were also not
present in 1981, when Reagan became president.

*B. High inflation and high unemployment Both inflation and unemployment were high when Reagan ran for the presidency.
C. Government indifference to corporate abuses and growing union power Reagan argued that the government overregulated, and unions had
declined in membership and power in the 1970s.

D. Low interest rates and low federal spending Interest rates were high, and Reagan argued that federal spending was much too high.

Question: What was the focus of "Reaganomics," which President Ronald Reagan supported in the 1980s?

A. Attempting to stimulate the economy through large tax cuts and increased government spending Reaganomics promised to decrease
federal spending.

*B. Trying to stimulate the economy through large tax cuts and reductions in government spending Reaganomics attempted to stimulate the
economy through large tax cuts and reductions in government spending.

C. Hoping to stimulate the economy by replacing welfare programs with vocational training While Reaganomics did support reduced spending on
welfare, it did not suggest substituting spending on vocational training.

D. Working to stimulate the economy through free trade Free trade was not the focus of Reaganomics.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Idle industries have cast workers into unemployment, human
misery, and personal indignity. Those who do work are denied a fair return for their labor by a tax system, which penalizes successful
achievement and keeps us from maintaining full productivity."

What did Reagan blame for the economic troubles facing Americans?

A. Corporate fraud Reagan did not blame corporations.

*B. An unfair tax code Reagan noted that the tax system was largely responsible for the economic troubles facing Americans.
C. Lazy, underprepared workers Reagan did not blame workers.

D. Poor infrastructure Reagan did not blame poor infrastructure.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Now, so there will be no misunderstanding, it's not my intention to
do away with government. It is rather to make it work—work with us, not over us; to stand by our side, not ride on our back.
Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster productivity, not stifle it."

Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

A. Government must spend more money to solve economic problems Reagan did not support more spending.

B. Government needed more resources to solve the nation's problems He did not call for more resources.

C. Government should hire more federal workers He did not advocate more government employees.

*D. Government must become more efficient Reagan argued that he wanted smarter government, not smaller government.
Question: Refer to the map Map 28.1 The Election of 1980
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the map indicate about the geographic distribution of Reagan's support?

A. Most of his support came from the West. The map does not indicate this.

*B. Reagan's support came from all over the country, not one particular region. Reagan won all but four states.
C. Reagan's strongest support came from the South. The map does not indicate this.

D. His strongest support came from the Northeast. The map does not indicate this.

Question: What was the significance of Margaret Thatcher, the British Prime Minister, to Ronald Reagan's presidency?

*A. She provided Reagan with a model of economic reform based on supply-side economics. Reagan had a working example of his ideas in
Thatcher, who combated inflation by slashing welfare programs, selling off publicly owned companies, cutting back health and education programs, and reducing
income taxes on the wealthy by over 50 percent to encourage new investment.

B. She provided Reagan with a model for reducing divorce and improving family life. Thatcher was a model for Reagan for economic and not
social issues.

C. She provided Reagan with a model of how to reduce taxes while also increasing government spending. Thatcher decreased government
spending.

D. She encouraged Reagan to run for president. Thatcher did not encourage Reagan to campaign for president.

Question: How did Reaganomics impact lower middle-class and poor Americans during the 1980s?

*A. They suffered disproportionately from government spending cuts. The Republican administration slashed federal spending by cutting benefits
that mainly affected the poor and marginal workers dependent on government supplements such as Food Stamps, school lunches, Aid to Families with Dependent
Children (welfare), and Medicaid, while maintaining programs that middle-class voters relied on, such as Medicare and Social Security.

B. They gained from increases in government benefit programs. Reagan cut government benefit programs that the poor utilized.

C. They benefited from increased job training. Reaganomics did not provide the poor and lower middle-class with job training opportunities.

D. Their position remained essentially unchanged as reduced government benefits were balanced by substantial tax cuts. Most poor and
lower middle-class Americans did not receive substantial tax cuts.

Question: How did Reaganomics impact the American military during the 1980s?
A. The military relied more on nuclear weapons in order to save money. The military did not rely more on nuclear weapons.

B. Military spending remained constant. Military spending did not remain constant during Reagan's presidency.

*C. Military spending increased sharply. Reaganomics resulted in increased military spending, funded largely by the cuts in domestic programs and by
borrowing.

D. Military spending decreased because of massive tax cuts. Military spending did not decrease during Reagan's presidency.

Question: What best describes the impact of President Ronald Reagan's economic policies on America's class structure during the
1980s?

A. The number of poor people made homeless decreased. The homeless population increased during the 1980s.

B. The middle-class expanded rapidly. The middle-class decreased during the 1980s.

C. The gap between the wealthiest and poorest Americans decreased. A higher percentage of Americans were below the poverty line by the end of
the 1980s.

*D. The percentage of Americans below the poverty line increased. The gap between the wealthiest Americans and poor increased and the total
percentage of Americans below the poverty line increased during Reagan's presidency.

Question: What describes President Ronald Reagan's policies toward the corporate sector during the 1980s?

A. He punished corporations for high profits by raising corporate tax rates. Reagan did not raise corporate income tax rates.

*B. He helped corporations by reducing government regulations. Reagan helped corporations by reducing government regulations; he also moved
to weaken unions.

C. He aided corporations by disbanding the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Reagan did not disband the EPA, although he weakened its
influence.

D. He hurt corporations by increasing federal oversight. Reagan decreased federal oversight of corporate activity.

Question: What was the primary difference between Ronald Reagan's first and second terms as president?

*A. He shifted from economic concerns in his first term to foreign policy in his second. Reagan focused on implementing Reaganomics in his
first term and focused on national defense and foreign affairs during his second term.

B. After implementing Reaganomics during his first term, he focused on social issues such as abortion in his second. President Reagan
focused on foreign affairs and the military during his second term.

C. He focused on winning reelection in his first term and was a do-nothing president in his second. Reagan was an activist president in both
terms.

D. He decreased the size of the military during his first term but had to expand it during the second to address crises. Reagan expanded
the military's size during both terms.

Topic: Reagan and the End of the Cold War, 1981-1988

books:

"The Evil Empire"

Human Rights and the Fight against Communism
Fighting International Terrorism
The Nuclear Freeze Movement
The Road to Nuclear De-escalation

Question: How did Ronald Reagan cloak his anti-Communist rhetoric when he campaigned for president in 1980?

*A. He linked his anti-communist rhetoric to rhetoric of peace. In running for president, Reagan wrapped his hard-line anti-Communist message in
the rhetoric of peace. Still, he made it clear that he did not intend to pursue peace at any price; rather it "must not be a peace of humiliation and gradual
surrender."

B. He tied a massive military build-up to renewed prosperity in America. Reagan did not promise a massive military build-up in his campaign.

C. He said he would support anti-Communist governments only if they protected human rights. President Jimmy Carter linked his foreign policy
to human rights, not Reagan.
D. He linked anti-Communist rhetoric to a rise in American influence around the global. Reagan did not state that his anti-Communist policies
would lead to greater American influence around the globe.

Question: How did President Ronald Reagan back his "evil empire" rhetoric during the 1980s?

A. By reinstituting the military draft Reagan did not reinstitute the military draft.

B. By increasing humanitarian aid in the developing world Reagan did not increase humanitarian aid in the developing world.

C. By refusing to support countries without democratically elected governments Reagan supported countries without democratically elected
governments if they were anti-Communist.

*D. By funding a massive military build-up Reagan backed his "evil empire" rhetoric with a massive military build-up.
Question: What was President Ronald Reagan's strategy for ending the Cold War during the 1980s?

A. Generating more economic growth in the United States Reagan did not seek to end the Cold War by generating more economic growth in the United
States.

B. Increasing the number of U.S. military allies in Eastern Europe Reagan did not increase the number of military allies America had in Eastern
Europe.

*C. Expanding defense spending in order to outspend the Soviets Under the Reagan administration, the defense budget grew about 7 percent per
year, increasing from $157 billion in 1981 to around $275 billion. Reagan clearly intended to win the Cold War by outspending the Soviets, even if it meant
running up huge deficits that greatly burdened the U.S. economy.

D. Tripling the number of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal Reagan did not move to triple the number of nuclear weapons the United States had.

Question: What was the purpose of the Strategic Defense Initiative, dubbed "Star Wars," that Reagan supported during the 1980s?

*A. To develop space-based anti-missile weapons The president sought to develop new weapons to be deployed in outer space. He proposed a
Strategic Defense Initiative, or "Star Wars," as it was dubbed, to create an orbiting shield of anti-ballistic missiles.

B. To develop a preemptive, strike-first capability The United States already had a strike-first capability.

C. To extend the U.S. nuclear umbrella to its allies "Star Wars" did not involve extending the nuclear umbrella to protect U.S. allies.

D. To reduce military spending by deploying a new, less expensive weapon The "Star Wars" program, being experimental and highly sophisticated
technologically, was not going to be inexpensive.

Question: What was the result of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)?

A. It successfully created the laser-guided defense system, which was crucial to the ending of the Cold War. The SDI did not impact the
collapse of the Soviet Union.

B. It was rejected completely by Congress, and no funds were allocated to the project. The Congress did not reject the SDI.

*C. The project never came to fruition, despite billions of dollars spent on the program. The SDI was never carried out, though the government
spent $17 billion on research.

D. The weapons system was used to help end the war in Afghanistan. The system was not used in Afghanistan.

Question: What was Reagan's "zero option" proposal toward the Soviets?

A. That war was the only way to settle the issues between the United States and the USSR Reagan's policy did not suggest war was the only
option.

B. That the Soviets should dismantle all of their ballistic missiles as a precondition for direct peace talks The proposal did set preconditions
for peace talks.

*C. That the Soviets should dismantle all ballistic missiles in exchange for the United States not developing any new missiles The
Reagan administration's initial "zero option" proposal called for the Soviets to dismantle all of their intermediate-range missiles in exchange for the United States
agreeing to refrain from deploying any new medium-range missiles.

D. That there were no options remaining for the United States except to cease all diplomatic communication with the Soviets This was
not the aim of the proposal.

Question: What did the Reagan administration hope to achieve through the "zero option" proposal?

A. A decrease in the number of Soviet missiles capable of striking the United States. Though this was the stated goal, it was not the real aim of
the proposal

*B. It was largely a move meant to buttress domestic political support for Reagan, making him look tough on communism. The
administration presented this option merely for show, expecting the Soviets to reject it.

C. It was meant to establish leverage for a trade deal with the Soviets. The proposal was not related to trade deals.

D. It was meant to encourage Soviet citizens to rise up against their government. It was not directed at Soviet citizens.

Question: Why did the Soviet Union reject President Reagan's proposal to shelve missiles in Europe in return for the Soviets'
dismantling Eastern European-based missiles targeting Western Europe in 1982?

*A. The Soviets believed that the deal would leave the United States with more nuclear weapons than they had. The Soviets rejected the
proposal, insisting it would perpetuate American nuclear superiority.

B. The Soviets sought to maintain an advantage in the nuclear arms race. The Soviets did not have an advantage in the nuclear arms race, so they
could not maintain it.

C. The Soviets had no interest in negotiating with the United States. The Soviets were willing to negotiate, but they would not agree to any proposal
they judged to be against their interest.

D. The Soviets wanted to expand the number of missiles based in Eastern Europe. The Soviets did not hope to expand the number of missiles
based in Eastern Europe.

Question: What was the significance of the incident in which a Soviet fighter jet shot down a South Korean passenger airline in 1983?

A. Japan strengthened its military alliance with America as a result. Japan did not strengthen its military alliance with America because of the
incident.

B. South Korea broke off talks with the Soviet Union because of the incident. South Korea did not stop talking to the Soviet Union because of the
incident.

*C. President Ronald Reagan used the incident to condemn Soviet intentions. The Soviets charged that the plane had veered off course and
violated their air space on a trip from Anchorage, Alaska, to Seoul, South Korea. Although the tragedy resulted mainly from Soviet mistakes, Reagan chose to
condemn this attack as further proof of the malign intentions of the Soviet Union.

D. President Ronald Reagan used the incident to move closer to South Korea. The United States did not move closer to South Korea as a result of
the incident.

Question: How did the United States respond to the Soviet downing of the South Korean passenger plane?

A. They answered by shooting down a Soviet passenger plane. The United States did not shoot down a Soviet passenger plane.

*B. The United States increased the number of missile bases it had throughout western Europe. In response, the United States sent
additional missiles to bases in West Germany, Great Britain, and Italy.

C. They boycotted the 1984 Olympic games. As they were held in Los Angeles, the United States could not boycott the games.

D. The U.S. brought charges against the Soviet pilots at the UN. The United States did not pursue charges against the Russian pilots.

Question: How did the Soviets respond to the increase in American missile bases in Europe?

A. They called for peace talks to deescalate the crisis. The Soviets did not call for peace talks.

B. They began constructing missile bases in Canada and Mexico. They did not build missile bases in North America.

*C. They abandoned disarmament talks and increased their missile capabilities in Eastern Europe. In response to the American build-up in
Western Europe, the Soviets abandoned the disarmament talks and replenished their nuclear arsenal in Czechoslovakia and East Germany.

D. They chose not to respond, hoping to deescalate the crisis. The Soviets did respond to the build-up.

Question: Why did President Ronald Reagan decide to emphasize anticommunism over human rights during the 1980s?

A. He sought to support democratically elected governments. Reagan did not emphasize anticommunism in order to support democratically elected
governments.

B. He hoped to create economic expansion and global prosperity. Reagan did not emphasize anticommunism in order to create economic expansion
and prosperity around the globe.

C. Reagan wanted to promote global stability. Reagan did not promote anticommunism in order to promote global stability.

*D. He aimed to contain perceived Soviet threats in the Middle East and Central America. Reagan saw threats of Soviet intervention in Central
America and the Middle East and he meant to contain them. As had former presidents John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon, Reagan exploited the
fear of communism in Central America and the Caribbean, where the United States had for nearly a century guarded its sphere of influence.

Question: What was the result of President Reagan's decision to promote anti-Communism over human rights during the 1980s,
especially in Latin America?
A. Reagan promoted American investment and strong economic growth in that region. Reagan's decision did not promote economic growth in
Latin America.

*B. Reagan prevented several nations from implementing policies that may have benefited the poor. The Reagan Administration interfered
in the internal affairs of small nations struggling to lift themselves from the poverty inflicted on them by decades of oppressive rule that had benefited private
companies and commercial interests in the United States.

C. His decision led to the emergence of democratically elected governments. Reagan's decision did not lead to the spread of democratically elected
governments.

D. His decision led to an increase in American influence in Latin America. American influence in Latin America was already very strong.

Question: Why did President Jimmy Carter withdraw support from the Nicaraguan revolutionaries who overthrew General Anastasio
Somoza in the late 1970s?

A. They had formed a military alliance with the Soviet Union. The revolutionaries did not ally themselves militarily with the Soviet Union.

*B. They had moved closer to Cuba. Carter withdrew support from the Nicaraguan revolutionaries once they started nationalizing foreign companies and
became closer to Cuba.

C. They had started to take land from peasants. The revolutionaries did not take land from peasants.

D. They had tortured opponents. Carter did not withdraw support because the revolutionaries tortured opponents.

Question: Why did President Ronald Reagan seek to overthrow the Nicaraguan revolutionaries called Sandinistas during the early
1980s?

A. His administration thought the Sandinistas were involved in human rights abuses. Reagan did not seek to overthrow the Sandinistas because
of human rights abuses.

B. His administration viewed their policies as dangerous to the American economy. Reagan did not seek to overthrow the Sandinistas because he
viewed their economic policies as dangerous.

*C. His administration viewed them as Soviet proxies. Reagan's administration viewed the Sandinistas as Soviet proxies.
D. His administration viewed the relationship between the Sandinistas and Mexico as dangerous. Reagan did not seek to overthrow the
Sandinistas because he viewed the relationship between them and Mexico as dangerous.

Question: Why did Congress pass the Boland Amendment in 1982?

A. To encourage the Contras of El Salvador to respect human rights The Contras fought against the Sandinistas government of Nicaragua.

B. To send American troops to help the Contras in Nicaragua Congress never authorized using American troops to support the Contras in Nicaragua.

C. To cap the amount of aid the United States could provide the Contras The Boland Amendment prohibited any aid.

*D. To prohibit the United States from providing the Contras in Nicaragua with direct aid Reagan authorized the CIA to train approximately
2,000 guerilla forces outside the country, known as Contras ("counterrevolutionaries"), to overthrow the Sandinista government. Unwilling to support such
actions, Congress passed the Boland Amendment in 1982, which prohibited direct aid to the Contras.

Question: How did supporters of the Boland Amendment see Reagan administration policy in Nicaragua?

A. They thought Reagan's policy was too expensive. Supporters of the Boland Amendment were not concerned about the expense of Reagan's policy in
Nicaragua.

B. They viewed the Reagan policy as pro-democracy. Those who supported the Boland Amendment believed that Reagan was violating democratic
principles by supporting armed revolt against a democratically elected government.

*C. They felt that the Vietnam War taught Americans to avoid involvement in civil wars. Those who supported the Boland Amendment thought
that the Vietnam War taught Americans to avoid involvement in civil wars, which they perceived the fighting in Nicaragua to be.

D. They thought the Reagan policy would invite war with the Soviet Union. Supporters of the Boland Amendment did not necessarily believe that
aid to the Contras would provoke a war with the Soviets.

Question: What describes the government that the Reagan administration supported in El Salvador during the 1980s?

A. A military government that respected human rights The government of El Salvador supported by the Reagan administration did not respect human
rights.

*B. A right-wing government that allowed military death squads to exist The government of El Salvador supported by the Reagan administration
was a right-wing government that sanctioned military death squads.
C. A democratically elected government that worked for peace in the region The government of El Salvador supported by the Reagan
administration had not been democratically elected.

D. A democratically elected socialist government The Reagan administration opposed socialist government in Nicaragua.

Question: How did the United States treat Salvadorans and Guatemalans who applied for asylum in the United States between 1984
and 1990?

A. The government approved the requests of those who could demonstrate they experienced human rights violations. The United States
did not approve the requests of those who could demonstrate they had experienced human rights violations.

B. The government approved the requests of those who experienced religious persecution. The United States did not approve the requests of
those who experienced religious persecution.

C. The government approved almost all requests. The United States denied most requests.

*D. The government denied nearly all of the requests, as these people were trying to flee from governments the Reagan
administration supported. Between 1984 and 1990, 45,000 Salvadorans and 9,500 Guatemalans applied for asylum in the United States, but because the
United States supported the established governments in those two countries, nearly all requests for refugee status were denied.

Question: What distinction did Jeanne Kirkpatrick make between acceptable and unacceptable governments during the 1980s?

*A. Non-Communist "authoritarian" nations were acceptable, while Communist "totalitarian" regimes were not. According to Kirkpatrick,
non-Communist "authoritarian" nations were acceptable, while Communist "totalitarian" regimes were not.

B. Communist "totalitarian" governments were unacceptable, while non-Communist "authoritarian" nations were not. Communist
governments were not acceptable.

C. Governments that overlooked religious rights were unacceptable, while those that respected religious rights were acceptable.
Religious rights were irrelevant to Kirkpatrick's distinction.

D. Democratically elected governments, whether Communist or non-Communist, were acceptable; dictatorships were not. Whether a
government was elected did not impact Kirkpatrick's view of whether it was acceptable.

Question: What accounts for the United States' support of the South African apartheid government during the Reagan administration?

A. President Reagan supported racial segregation. Reagan did not support segregation.

*B. The South African Communist Party opposed the apartheid government. The fact that the South African Communist Party opposed the white
minority government of South Africa reinforced President Ronald Reagan's support for that government despite the hardships caused by its apartheid policy.

C. The Soviet Union supported the apartheid government. Soviet Union did not support the apartheid government of South Africa.

D. The opponents of apartheid had multiple human rights violations. Opponents of apartheid did not have multiple human rights violations.

Question: What was the significance of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act that Congress passed in 1986?

A. It prevented South Africans from immigrating to the United States. The act did not prevent South Africans from immigrating to the United States.

B. It forbade Americans from traveling to South Africa. Travel was not restricted by the legislation.

*C. It prohibited new trade and investment in South Africa by American companies. The act prohibited new trade and investment in South
Africa by American companies because of that nation's apartheid policy. Congress passed the act over President Reagan's veto.

D. It authorized the Reagan administration to implement its policy of "constructive engagement." The bill was in opposition to Reagan's policy
of "constructive engagement."

Question: What accounts for President Ronald Reagan's interest in South Africa?

A. Its large size Reagan was not interested in South Africa because of the country's large size.

B. Its oil wealth South Africa did not have oil wealth.

*C. Its mineral wealth Reagan was interested in South Africa because of the country's enormous mineral wealth.
D. Its industrial strength South Africa did have significant industrial capacity, but that was not its chief economic attraction.

Question: What convinced the United States Congress to override President Ronald Reagan's veto of the Comprehensive Anti-
Apartheid Act?

A. Strong support among white Americans for the anti-apartheid movement Support for the anti-apartheid movement was not necessarily strong
among white Americans.

B. Interest in promoting trade with South Africa Congress restricted trade with South Africa by overriding President Reagan's veto.
C. Concern about damaging the United States' reputation if it supported apartheid Congress was not concerned about damaging the United
States' reputation.

*D. Strong nationwide grassroots opposition to apartheid Strong grassroots opposition to apartheid convinced Congress to override Reagan's veto.
Question: Why did President Ronald Reagan send troops to Lebanon in 1982?

*A. To promote stability in the Middle East Reagan sent troops to Lebanon hoping to promote stability in the Middle East by using them to oversee a
cease-fire plan aimed at stopping a civil war in Lebanon.

B. To promote democracy in the Middle East Reagan did not send troops seeking to promote democracy in the Middle East.

C. To fight terrorism Fighting terrorism was not Reagan's goal in sending troops to Lebanon in 1983.

D. To expand American influence in Lebanon Reagan was not trying to expand U.S. influence in Lebanon when he sent troops there.

Question: What event sparked growing threats of terrorism to Americans in the Middle East during the 1980s?

*A. The Iranian hostage crisis After the Iranian hostage crisis, terrorism became a growing threat to Americans in the Middle East.
B. The Camp David Accords The Camp David Accords did not spark a growing terrorist threat to Americans in the Middle East.

C. American opposition to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan American opposition to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan did not spark a growing
terrorist threat to Americans in the Middle East.

D. The end of the Cold War The terrorist threat to Americans in the Middle East grew before the end of the Cold War.

Question: Why did the Reagan administration target Libya during the 1980s?

A. Libya had promised to attack the United States. Libya had not promised to attack the United States.

B. A Muslim fundamentalist government controlled the country. A Muslim fundamentalist government did not control Libya.

*C. The administration believed that Muammar al-Qaddafi was harboring terrorists. The Reagan administration believed that Qaddafi, Libya's
leader, was harboring terrorists and giving support to Palestinian terrorists.

D. Libya had received military aid from the Soviet Union. The Reagan administration did not target Libya because that country was receiving military
assistance from the USSR.

Question: What tactics did the Reagan administration employ to contain Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi during the 1980s?

A. Training and arming guerillas to fight Qaddafi The United States did not train and arm guerillas to fight Qaddafi.

*B. Placing a trade embargo on Libya and bombing its capital, Tripoli After Libyan planes attacked American ships in maneuvers near the Libyan
coast, Reagan placed a trade embargo on Libya. After a terrorist bombing in Germany that was linked to Libya, Reagan ordered American planes to bomb its
capital, Tripoli.

C. Forcing the Soviet Union to retract military aid The United Sates did not force the Soviet Union to retract military aid to Libya.

D. Halting economic aid to Libya's government The United States was not providing Libya's government with economic aid.

Question: Refer to the map Map 28.2 The United States in the Middle East, 1978-1991
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements describes the U.S. role in the Middle East as shown in the map?

A. The U.S. presence in the Middle East diminished at the end of the twentieth century. The map does not indicate a diminishing presence.

*B. The U.S. presence in the Middle East increased at the end of the twentieth century. The United States has historically needed access to the
rich oil reserves of the Middle East. From the 1970s to the 1990s, both Democratic and Republican administrations were committed to the security of Israel,
supportive of Afghan rebels fighting Soviet invaders, and opposed to the rising power of Islamic regimes. These principles often led to contradictory policies that
further embroiled the United States in Middle East affairs.

C. The U.S. presence slightly increased at the end of the twentieth century. This is not an accurate interpretation of the map.

D. There was no change in the U.S. presence at the end of the twentieth century. This is not an accurate interpretation of the map.

Question: What accounts for the emergence of the nuclear freeze movement during the early 1980s?

*A. Increasing public anxiety about a nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union Rising protests against nuclear weapons in the United States
and Europe in the early 1980s revealed a public increasingly anxious about the possibility of nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union. The campaign for nuclear
disarmament included men and women, but women played a particularly strong leadership role in opposing nuclear proliferation.

B. Concern over the cost of maintaining nuclear weapons The public was not overly concerned about the costs involved with maintaining nuclear
weapons.

C. Public distrust of the government's ability to safely store nuclear weapons The public generally trusted the ability of the government to safely
store nuclear weapons.

D. General antiwar sentiment among the American public While many who joined the nuclear freeze movement were against war in general, that
movement had a more specific focus.
Question: What describes the people who formed the nuclear freeze movement of the 1980s?

A. Men and women from the United States and Soviet Union As dissent in the Soviet Union was generally suppressed, Soviet residents did not
participate in this movement.

B. Western European men and women Americans also participated in the nuclear freeze movement.

*C. American and European women and men Women and men from the United States and Western Europe comprised the nuclear freeze movement.
D. American women While women played prominent parts in the movement, men also participated in it.

Question: What was the goal of the nuclear freeze movement of the 1980s?

A. To provide survivors of the nuclear bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima with support and assistance The nuclear freeze movement
focused on other issues.

B. To prevent any new countries from acquiring nuclear weapons The nuclear freeze movement was concerned with reducing the number of nuclear
weapons in countries that already possessed nuclear weapons.

C. To reduce the number of nuclear warheads that the Soviet Union and United States possessed The nuclear freeze movement had broader
goals than reducing the number of nuclear warheads the United States and Soviet Union possessed.

*D. To stop the testing, production, and deployment of the nuclear weapons and delivery systems The nuclear freeze movement sought a
freeze on the testing, production, and deployment of nuclear weapons and of the missiles and aircraft designed to deliver them.

Question: Why did the nuclear freeze movement of the 1980s succeed in changing President Ronald Reagan's decision to deploy
nuclear missiles in Western Europe?

A. Strong opposition to the decision by politicians in Western Europe Politicians in Western Europe initially supported the decision to place nuclear
missiles there.

*B. Public opinion and peaceful protests in the United States and Europe Public opinion and peaceful protests in the United States and Europe
caused Reagan to change his mind about deploying nuclear missiles in Europe.

C. Strong opposition from Congress Congress initially supported placing nuclear missiles in Western Europe.

D. The high costs of placing the missiles there High costs did not cause Reagan to reverse his decision.

Question: How did President Ronald Reagan's approach to foreign policy compare during his first and second terms as president?

*A. Reagan was more amenable to negotiating with the Soviet Union during his second term. Following his enormous victory, the popular
Reagan softened his militant stance and proved more amenable to negotiating with the Soviet Union. Like Nixon, Reagan came to office with a well-deserved
reputation as a fervent anti-Communist and he left the White House having eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

B. In his first term, Reagan ordered a build-up of nuclear weapons, but in his second term he cut them unilaterally. Reagan did not
unilaterally reduce American nuclear weapons.

C. After avoiding any involvement Eastern Europe in his first term, Reagan attempted to ally with several countries there during his
second term. Reagan did not attempt to create an alliance with Eastern European countries during either term in office.

D. Reagan was more confrontational with China during his second term than he had been in his first term. Reagan was not confrontational
with China during his second term.

Question: How did President Ronald Reagan view American military power during his term in office?

A. He viewed American military power as the only effective way to influence the Soviet Union. Reagan used other approaches than military
power to attempt to influence the Soviet Union.

B. He worried that American military power was less than the Soviet military power. Reagan did not see American military power as less than
Soviet military power.

*C. He saw American military power as limited during the post-Vietnam era. Notwithstanding his aggressive, moralistic rhetoric, Reagan
perceived the limits of America's power in the post-Vietnam era, as witnessed by his decision to invade a very weak Grenada rather than Cuba, Nicaragua, or El
Salvador, and he quickly withdrew American marines from Lebanon rather than risk a wider war.

D. He viewed American power as unlimited. Reagan did not view American military power as unlimited.

Question: What was the purpose of Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika?

*A. To decrease state control of the Soviet economy and provide more political rights Gorbachev hoped to reduce massive state control over
the declining economy and extend democratic elections and freedom of speech and freedom of the press.
B. To encourage the growth of cultural expressions While Gorbachev's policies had some cultural impact, his goals were political and economic.

C. To create more opportunities for trade with the United States Gorbachev welcomed trade with the United States, but his goals were focused on
fixing systemic problems he perceived in the Soviet system.

D. To dissolve the Soviet Union Gorbachev had no desire to dissolve the Soviet Union and struggled to preserve it, albeit in a different form.

Question: What was the significance of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), which the United States and the Soviet Union
negotiated in 1987?

A. It stopped the proliferation of nuclear weapons to countries other than the United States and Soviet Union. The treaty focused on
American and Soviet nuclear weapons.

B. It halted the testing and production of any new missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons. The treaty focused on existing nuclear
weapons rather than new delivery systems.

C. It destroyed all existing missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons. The treaty had a more limited scope.

*D. It destroyed some existing missiles and provided a mechanism to ensure compliance. The treaty destroyed existing intermediate-range
missiles and provided for on-site inspections to ensure compliance.

Topic: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush, 1989-1993

books:

The Presidency of George H. W. Bush, 1989-1993

The Breakup of the Soviet Union
Globalization and the New World Order
Managing Conflict after the Cold War

Question: How did Vice President George H. W. Bush's proposals on the campaign trail in 1988 compare to the policies carried out by
President Ronald Reagan?

A. He departed from supporting Reaganomics, stating that new taxes might be necessary. Bush did not state that new taxes might be
necessary.

*B. He professed strong support for Reaganomics. In his 1988 presidential campaign, Bush defended the conservative faith when he pronounced:
"Read my lips: No new taxes."

C. He stated that he wanted to cut military spending. Bush did not state that he wanted to cut military spending.

D. He broke with Reagan by supporting legal abortion. Bush stated his opposition to abortion.

Question: What accounts for the declining popularity of President George H. W. Bush by 1992?

A. He appointed liberal justices to the Supreme Court. Bush appointed conservative judges to the Supreme Court.

B. He decreased the military budget. Bush was not unpopular because he cut the military budget.

C. He failed to cut social welfare programs. Bush's failure to cut social welfare programs did not account for his declining popularity.

*D. He was unable to revive the sputtering economy. Bush was unable to revive the sputtering economy.
Question: Why did President George H. W. Bush recant on his campaign pledge and raise taxes in 1990?

*A. Reaganomics had left a large federal deficit. Reagan's economic programs and military spending had left the nation crippled with mounting
financial deficits, which reached nearly $300 billion in 1992 and slowed economic growth. Bush supported a deficit reduction package that included more than
$130 million in new taxes.

B. He sought to expand military spending. Bush did not raise taxes to expand military spending.

C. He sought to increase social welfare programs. Bush was not trying to fund increased social spending.

D. He sought to decrease the gap between the wealthiest and poorest Americans. Bush was not targeting the gap in income equality.

Question: What was Bill Clinton's strategy in his 1992 presidential campaign?

A. He positioned himself as a liberal who would roll back Reaganomics. Clinton did not promise to roll back Reaganomics.

*B. He ran as a centrist who accepted some conservative social and economic policies. Clinton positioned himself as a centrist Democratic who
supported some conservative social policies and promised to reduce the federal deficit.

C. He took a stand as a conservative who opposed gay rights. Clinton supported gay rights.

D. He attacked Bush as incompetent in handling foreign policy. Clinton did not suggest Bush was incompetent in handling foreign policy.

Question: How had the Soviet Union changed by the beginning of President Bush's first term?

A. The Soviets had disarmed the vast majority of their nuclear arsenal. They had not dismantled their nuclear program.

B. They had made significant domestic political reform. There was little significant domestic political reform.

*C. They were experiencing internal divisions. When George H. W. Bush, Reagan's vice president and successor, took office in January 1989, he
encountered a very different Soviet Union from the one Ronald Reagan had faced a decade earlier. The USSR was undergoing an internal revolution, one that
allowed Bush and the United States to take on a new role in a world that was no longer divided between capitalist and Communist nations and their allies.

D. They had withdrawn from the UN, making diplomacy much more difficult. They had not withdrawn from the UN.

Question: Which of the following phenomena dominated the post–Cold War world?

A. The return of bilateral foreign relations and mutual defense pacts These were not common features of the post–Cold War world.

*B. Globalization Globalization became the hallmark of the post–Cold War era, replacing previously dualistic economic and political systems, with mixed
consequences.

C. The spread of liberal political systems all over the world While capitalism spread across the globe, liberal democracy was not as widely adopted.

D. The diminished importance of international institutions International institutions took on greater importance in the post–Cold War world.

Question: What was the goal of the Solidarity movement in Poland during the early 1980s?

A. To deepen Poland's relationship with the United States Solidarity did not seek to deepen Poland's relationship with the United States.

B. To expand the union movement in Poland Solidarity did not seek to expand the union movement.

C. To deepen ties with other Eastern European countries Poland already had deep ties with other Eastern European countries.

*D. To break the hold of the Soviet Union on Poland's government Solidarity hoped to be able to wrest Poland free of Soviet Union control.
Question: How did Polish people respond to the Solidarity movement?

A. The majority opposed it, as they favored strong ties with the Soviet Union. A large number of people opposed the Communist regime.

B. Few people knew of the movement, as it had minimal impact. The movement was well known throughout Poland.

*C. The movement attracted wide support in Poland. Solidarity had ten million members and attracted various opponents of the Communist regime,
including working-class democrats, Catholics, and nationalists who favored breaking ties with the Soviet Union.

D. Polish people reacted violently to the movement. The reactions were rarely violent.

Question: How did Mikhail Gorbachev's reaction to the Solidarity movement in 1989 compare to the reaction of the Soviet leaders in
1981?

A. Gorbachev used control of the media to crack down on Solidarity while the Soviet leaders in 1981 had used the military. Gorbachev did
not use the media to crack down on Solidarity.

*B. Gorbachev refrained from cracking down on Solidarity and allowed Poland to conduct free elections. Unlike Soviet leaders in 1981,
Gorbachev refrained from cracking down on Solidarity and allowed Poland to conduct free elections.

C. Like the Soviet leaders in 1981, Gorbachev refused to allow free elections. Gorbachev allowed free elections.

D. Like the Soviet leaders in 1981, Gorbachev allowed Solidarity to organize but made sure it remained weak. The Soviet leaders in 1981
did not allow Solidarity to organize.

Question: What was the significance of Mikhail Gorbachev's statement that the Soviet Union would respect the sovereignty of all
nations in the Warsaw Pact?

*A. This statement reversed longstanding Soviet policy toward Eastern Europe. In July 1989, Gorbachev further broke from the past and
announced that the Soviet Union would respect the national sovereignty of all the nations in the Warsaw Pact, which the Soviet Union had controlled since the late
1940s.

B. This statement allowed Western European countries free travel to Eastern Europe. The statement did not open travel between the non-
Communist and Communist areas of Europe.

C. The statement masked Gorbachev's determination to suppress dissent in Eastern Europe. The statement reflected Gorbachev's hands-off
policy.

D. The statement suggested that the Soviet Union did not care about Eastern Europe The statement did not indicate a lack of interest in Eastern
Europe but an unwillingness to coerce those nations to act in certain ways.

Question: What describes the transition from Communist to democratically elected governments in Eastern Europe during the 1980s?

*A. The transition occurred quickly and peacefully in most countries except Romania. The transition occurred quickly and peacefully in most
countries except Romania. There, it took a violent popular uprising to topple the brutal dictator Nicolae Ceausescu.

B. The transition occurred peacefully in Romania but not in other countries. The transition was violent in Romania.

C. The transition occurred very slowly, and by 1995 most of Eastern Europe remained Communist. The transition occurred quickly.

D. The transition succeeded everywhere except in East Germany. East Germany, like many other Eastern European countries, saw the end of
Communist rule.

Question: How did the independence of the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia impact the Soviet Union?

A. The Soviet Union lost most of its population. Those three small areas had only a fraction of the Soviet population.

B. The Soviet Union lost most of its industrial production. The Soviet Union retained most of its industrial production.

*C. The Soviet Union was exposed as vulnerable. The independence of the Baltic states signaled the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which followed
the next year.

D. The Soviet Union lost most of its natural resources. Those three small areas did not have most of the natural resources in the Soviet Union.

Question: Why did the East German government decide to open the border between the two Germanies?

A. There were many anti-Communists in the government. This was not the cause of the border being opened.

*B. The East German government perceived that they would get no help from the Soviet Union. With Communist governments collapsing
around them, East Germans demonstrated against the regime of Erich Honecker. With no Soviet help forthcoming, Honecker decided to open the border between
East and West Germany.

C. They had cut a secret deal with the United States to receive military aid in exchange for opening the border. This was not the reason the
border was opened.

D. The Soviets gave them permission to open the borders. They were not given permission by the Soviets.

Question: Why was the merging of East and West Germany so central to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe?

A. East Germany brought great wealth to struggling West Germany. East Germany was not wealthier than West Germany.

*B. Germany had been the scene of many Cold War confrontations. Germany had been the scene of multiple confrontations between the Soviet
Union and United States throughout the Cold War, from the Berlin Airlift to the building of the Berlin Wall.

C. East Germany had the strongest military in Europe. East Germany did not have the strongest military in Europe.

D. East Germany had a technologically skilled population. West Germany's people had more technological skill, as its economy was more modernized
than that of East Germany.

Question: What was the result of the end of the Cold War in East and West Germany during the late 1980s?

*A. Germany united under West Germany's democratic government. In 1990, East and West Germany merged under the democratic, capitalist
German Federal Republic, the nation the United States and its anti-Communist allies had set up after World War II.

B. Germany united under East Germany's government. Germany did not unite under East Germany's government.

C. East and West Germany remained separate. East and West Germany merged after the Cold War ended.

D. East and West Germany entered a decade of political and social instability. East and West Germany did not enter a decade of political and social
instability.

Question: What accounts for Mikhail Gorbachev's decision to withdraw Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989?

A. Gorbachev wanted to allow Afghanis to elect their own government. Gorbachev did not withdraw from Afghanistan because he wanted to allow
Afghanis to elect their own government.
*B. The conflict was straining the Soviet Union's ailing economy. Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops because the conflict was straining the ailing
economy of the Soviet Union.

C. He was willing to defy widespread popular support for the conflict. Soviet citizens did not give widespread support to the conflict.

D. The conflict had expanded to Iran and Pakistan. The conflict remained confined to Afghanistan.

Question: What was the long-term impact of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on Afghanistan?

A. Afghanistan's economy flourished because of Soviet economic aid. Afghanistan's economy did not flourish.

B. Afghanistan developed a close alliance with the United States. Afghanistan did not develop an alliance with the United States.

C. Afghanistan remained a Communist country. Afghanistan did not remain Communist.

*D. Instability in Afghanistan opened the door for the Taliban to take power. When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, they left the country
in shambles. Following a civil war, the Taliban, a group of Sunni Muslim fundamentalists, came to power in the mid-1990s and established a theocratic regime.

Question: What describes Mikhail Gorbachev's attitude toward political reform in the Soviet Union during the late 1980s and early
1990s?

A. He opposed any political reform. Gorbachev did not oppose any political reform.

B. He opposed democratic elections. Gorbachev supported democratic elections in the USSR.

C. He supported political reform and did not care about the preservation of communism. Gorbachev worked to carry out the preservation of
communism while he tried to reform it.

*D. He supported reform but wanted to preserve the Soviet Union. Gorbachev supported political reform but wanted to preserve the Soviet Union
intact and as a leading world power.

Question: What challenges did Mikhail Gorbachev face during the late 1980s and early 1990s when attempting to implement political
and economic reforms in the Soviet Union?

A. He encountered popular protests against the end of food subsidies. Gorbachev did not encounter popular protests against the end of food
subsidies.

B. The Soviet economy declined as he attempted to implement capitalism. While Gorbachev tried to reform the command economic system in the
Soviet Union, he did not try to implement capitalism.

*C. He faced opposition from those who wanted more reform and those who disapproved of any reform. Gorbachev faced opposition from
non-Communists who wanted quicker economic reforms and also opposition from hard-line leaders in the army and the Communist party who disapproved of his
reforms and of any cooperation with the United States.

D. He received overwhelming popular support from Soviet citizens. Gorbachev's reforms did not move smoothly, and many Soviet citizens objected
to the difficulties they faced in their daily lives as a result.

Question: What was the impact of the attempted coup against Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in 1991?

A. The coup deposed Gorbachev and put the Communist Party and army in power. The coup did not depose Gorbachev.

*B. The coup was defeated peacefully, but Gorbachev resigned afterward. Boris Yeltsin, the president of the Russian Republic, rallied fellow
legislators and Muscovites against the plotters and brought the uprising to a peaceful end. Some months later, Gorbachev resigned from his government position
just before the Soviet Union dissolved.

C. The coup resulted in a long and bloody civil war. The coup did not lead to a civil war.

D. The coup convinced the Soviet Parliament not to support political and economic reforms. Many members of the Soviet Parliament still
supported political and economic reforms.

Question: What was the purpose of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) that Boris Yeltsin engineered in the early 1990s?

A. To create a commonwealth of the former Soviet republics and Eastern Europe CIS did not include countries from Eastern Europe.

*B. To create a common government for most of the former Soviet republics CIS created a commonwealth of all but three of the former Soviet
republics; the Baltic states refused to join.

C. To prevent the breakup of the Soviet Union by creating a new body in its place Creation of the CIS did not prevent the breakup of the Soviet
Union, and the new commonwealth had far less central control than the old Soviet government.

D. To promote capitalism in the Baltic states The Baltic states did not join the CIS, and Yeltsin, president of Russia, had little interest in their economic
transition to capitalism.
Question: What was Mikhail Gorbachev's role in ending the Cold War?

A. He neither helped nor hindered the end of the Cold War. Gorbachev had a direct role in the end of the Cold War.

B. He created instability in Eastern Europe through his reforms. Gorbachev did not create instability in Eastern Europe.

*C. He played a key role in bringing about its end. In bringing economic and political reforms to the Soviet Union, Gorbachev opened the way for
greater dialogue with the United States on arms control. His refusal to intervene when communism collapsed in Eastern Europe ensured that nations there could
follow their own course toward democracy. He paid a high price for his efforts to restructure his country, as the reforms he set in motion ultimately led to his
overthrow and the demolition of the Soviet Union.

D. He perpetuated rather than ended the Cold War. Gorbachev did not prevent the end of the Cold War.

Question: What was the significance of the START II treaty that Boris Yeltsin and President George H. W. Bush signed in 1993?

A. Russia and the United States agreed to defend each other's interests. Russia and the United States did not agree to defend each other's interests
in START II.

B. The United States and Russia agreed not to interfere in Germany. Germany was unrelated to the START II treaty.

*C. The United States and Russia agreed to destroy their stockpile of multiple warhead intercontinental missiles within 10 years. In the
START II treaty, the United States and Russia agreed to destroy their stockpile of multiple warhead intercontinental missiles, a major move toward disarmament.

D. The United States and Russia agreed to halt the construction of new nuclear weapons. START II went beyond an agreement to halt the
construction of new nuclear weapons.

Question: Refer to the map Map 28. 3 The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, 1989-1991

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements does the map support?

A. The Soviets prevented a large majority of their allies from becoming independent. The map does not show a majority of Soviet-controlled
countries.

*B. The Soviets lost the firewall of allied states between themselves and Western Europe. Virtually all former Soviet allies in Eastern Europe
became independent, causing the Soviets to lose a majority of the buffer between it and Western Europe.

C. The Soviets balanced their losses in Eastern Europe with new territorial gains in the Middle East. They did not expand their territory in the
Middle East.

D. After losing Eastern Europe, the Soviets granted independence in the caucuses. They did not grant independence to these states.

Question: What international movement replaced the rivalry between capitalist and Communist nations after the breakup of the
Soviet Union in the 1990s?

A. Adoption of green technology While green technology became increasingly common in the period after the breakup of the Soviet Union, it was hardly the
dominant international movement of that period.

B. Rivalries between Christian, Muslim, and Buddhist countries Religious-based international rivalries were not the dominant global force after the
Cold War.

*C. Cooperation and globalization With the end of the Cold War, cooperation replaced economic and political rivalry between capitalist and Communist
nations in a new era of globalization—the extension of economic, political, and cultural relationships among nations through commerce, migration, and
communication.

D. Tensions between postcolonial countries and the developed countries Tensions between postcolonial nations and the developed world were
significant, but they were not the dominant economic force in the world after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Question: What was the significance of the group of countries called the G8 during the 1990s?

A. They were all permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. There are only five permanent members of the UN Security Council.

B. They were all members of the European Union. Only half of the G8 countries belonged to the European Union.

C. They all represented post-Communist countries. Only one of the G8 countries was transitioning from a Communist system to a market economy.

*D. They generally represented the world's most productive economies. The G8 countries—the United States, the United Kingdom, France, West
Germany, Italy, Japan, Canada, and Russia—produced 60 percent of the world's economic output.

Question: What was the purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO) during the 1990s?

*A. To promote good trade relations between nations Created in 1995, the WTO consists of over 150 nations and seeks "to ensure that trade flows as
smoothly, predictably and freely as possible."

B. To decrease the proliferation of nuclear weapons The WTO had economic goals rather than security goals.

C. To provide former Communist countries with economic assistance The WTO did not target one group of countries but had a global economic
outlook.

D. To develop trade policies beneficial to the developing world The WTO did not necessarily promote trade policies beneficial to the developing world.

Question: Which countries benefited the most from the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) policies?

A. Developing countries The WTO's polices did not primarily benefit developing countries but a group of nations already better off.

B. Former Communist countries The WTO's polices did not primarily benefit formerly Communist countries but a group of nations already better off.

*C. Developed countries such as the United States The developed world, especially the United States, benefitted the most from the WTO's policies.
D. Countries with economies dependent on agriculture The WTO's polices did not primarily benefit countries with economies dependent on agriculture
but a group of nations already better off.

Question: What describes multinational corporations during the 1990s that grew as globalization occurred?

A. Companies that focus on trading goods between countries. Multinationals are not companies that trade goods between countries.

*B. Companies that operate production facilities or deliver services in more than one country. Multinational corporations operate facilities for
producing goods or delivering services in more than one country. Between 1970 and 2000, the number of such firms soared from 7,000 to well over 60,000.

C. Companies with employees who came from more than one country. Multinationals are not defined by the national origins of their employees.
D. Companies that export goods to more than one country. Multinational companies are not determined by how many countries they export to.

Question: What was the impact of globalization on different cultures during the 1990s?

A. Globalization led to a resurgence of religion as a source of identity. While religious identification has increased in this era, globalization has not
necessarily been the major factor in that development.

B. Increased tensions as a result of globalization discouraging cultural exchange. Globalization encouraged rather than discouraged cultural
exchange.

C. Increased contact with people of other countries resulted in a resurgence of national identity. Globalization did not result in a resurgence of
national identity.

*D. American companies left a cultural and social impact on the rest of the world and vice versa. American companies left a cultural and
social impact on the rest of the world and were in turn affected by the peoples and cultures of other countries.

Question: What was the impact of cable television on globalization?

A. Cable television allowed countries to retain a national identity through the creation of programs that reflected the culture. Cable
television did not support the maintenance of a national identity.

B. Cable television created a gap between youth who participated in a global culture and their parents who did not watch television.
Older people also watched television and participated in a global culture.

*C. Television programs and networks could be watched around the globe, promoting the creation of a global culture. Cable television
contributed to globalization because television programs and networks could be watched around the globe.

D. Cable television had little impact on globalization, which is a function of the trade in goods. Globalization involves much more than the trade
in goods.

Question: Why did globalization have a strong negative impact on the labor movement during the 1990s?

A. More governments felt empowered to suppress local labor movements. More governments did not suppress local labor movements.

B. Globalization reduced the number of manufacturing jobs around the world. Globalization resulted in more manufacturing jobs globally.

*C. Multinational companies shifted manufacturing away from unionized developed countries to un-unionized developing countries.
Globalization had a negative impact on the labor movement because multinational companies used their economic power to shift manufacturing from developed
countries with a unionized workforce to developing countries where wages were lower and unions had not yet formed.

D. Globalization reduced demand for consumer products, leading to production cutbacks. Globalization increased demand for most consumer
products.

Question: What describes the pay for manufacturing workers in developing countries during the 1990s?

A. These workers generally had higher wages compared to both the prevailing wage in their country and to workers in developed
countries. Manufacturing workers in developing countries earned lower wages than those of workers in developed countries.

B. These workers generally earned the same wages as those in developed countries. Manufacturing workers in developing countries generally
earned lower wages than workers in developed countries.

*C. These workers generally earned more than the prevailing wages in their countries but low wages compared to developed
countries. Manufacturing workers in developing countries generally enjoyed higher wages than the prevailing wages in their own countries but much lower
wages than those earned by manufacturing workers in Western countries.

D. These workers generally earned very low wages compared to the prevailing wages in their countries. Manufacturing workers in developing
countries typically earned more than the prevailing wages in their countries.

Question: What accounts for the emergence of Chinese-made toys with lead paint and other hazardous materials in them in American
toy stores during the 2000s?

*A. The failure of the Chinese government to regulate manufacturing The Chinese government's failure to regulate manufacturing caused
production of products with safety issues, such as toys with lead paint and other hazardous materials.

B. Lack of knowledge about hazardous materials in China The Chinese were aware that lead paint is hazardous.

C. Malicious attempts to poison Americans by Chinese workers Chinese workers did not attempt to poison Americans.

D. Lack of concern about safety among multinational corporations Multinational corporations were concerned with safety; oversight was lacking in
another area.

Question: How did globalization during the 1990s and 2000s impact the environment in the developing and developed world?

A. The developed world began to reverse environmental damage but the developing world did not join these efforts. The developed world
did launch efforts to reverse environmental damage, but developing countries took steps as well.

B. Globalization promoted new collaborative efforts to preserve natural resources. Globalization did not promote new collaborative efforts to
preserve natural resources, but rather increased the demand for and access to previously undeveloped resources.

*C. The developing and developed world both experienced environmental damage. Environmental damage continued to take place in both the
developing world and developed world.

D. The developing world was at the forefront of the movement to reverse environmental damage. The developed world was generally at the
forefront of efforts to reverse environmental damage; while the developing world took steps as well, there was often tension in developing countries between the
desire to preserve resources and to exploit them for economic growth.

Question: What was the goal of the Kyoto Treaty, approved in 1998 by developed countries?

A. To create new labor protections for manufacturing workers The Kyoto Treaty did not create new labor protections for manufacturing workers.

B. To save endangered species The Kyoto Treaty did have an environmental goal, but it was not to save endangered species.

C. To reduce the cutting down of rain forests The Kyoto Treaty did not address the issue of deforestation of rain forests.

*D. To reduce greenhouse-gas emissions The Kyoto Treaty represented a pledge to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. However, the U.S. Senate
refused to ratify the Kyoto Treaty. Critics maintained that the agreement did not address the newly emerging industrial countries that polluted heavily and thus
was unfair to the United States.

Question: What was the significance of the emergence of the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) during the 1990s?

A. Together they revealed reduced interest in international economic cooperation. NAFTA and the EU represented heightened interest in
international economic cooperation, not reduced interest.

B. They both allowed for the protection of national interests. NAFTA and the EU did not necessarily allow for the protection of national interests.

*C. They signaled an increase in regional cooperation on economic issues. The EU and NAFTA signaled an increase in regional cooperation around
economic issues and willingness of neighboring nations to work together on common goals rather than strictly national ones.

D. They highlighted growing interest in improving conditions for manufacturing workers. NAFTA and the EU did not highlight growing interest in
improving conditions for manufacturing workers.

Question: What was the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on workers in the United States and Mexico?

A. NAFTA decreased income for workers in both countries. NAFTA led to increased income for workers in Mexico.

*B. NAFTA increased income for Mexican workers but hurt workers in the United States. NAFTA increased real income for workers in Mexico
but hurt American workers.

C. NAFTA increased income for workers in both the United States and Mexico. NAFTA led to decreased income for workers in the United States.

D. NAFTA increased the total number of manufacturing jobs in both the United States and Mexico. The number of manufacturing jobs in the
United States decreased because of NAFTA.

Question: What foreign policy issue did President George H. W. Bush focus on after the end of the Cold War?

*A. Conflict in the Middle East The end of the Cold War allowed President Bush to turn his attention to explosive issues in the Middle East. The president
brought the Israelis and Palestinians together to sign an agreement providing for eventual Palestinian self-government in the Gaza Strip and West Bank.

B. Poverty in Latin America Bush did not focus on poverty in Latin America.

C. Global environmental issues Bush did not focus on global environmental issues, although he did pay some attention to the issue.

D. The growing AIDS epidemic Bush did not focus on the growing AIDS epidemic, although he did pay some attention to the issue.

Question: Why did President George H. W. Bush send Marines to invade Panama in 1989?

A. To support Panamanian peasants Bush did not seek to support Panamanian peasants.

B. To protect the Panama Canal Bush used protection of the Panama Canal as one of his pretexts for the invasion, but it was not the real cause of the
action.

C. To fight drug trafficking Although Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega was involved in drug trafficking, halting the drug trade was not Bush's goal in
ordering the invasion of Panama.

*D. To overthrow Panama's leader The United States had tried unsuccessfully to foment an internal coup against Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega. In
December 1989, Bush sent Marines to invade Panama, justifying the invasion as necessary to protect the Panama Canal and the lives of American citizens, but
the purpose was to overthrow and capture the Panamanian dictator.

Question: What miscalculation did President George H. W. Bush make regarding China during his presidency?

A. He thought that China would want to follow Russia into the World Trade Organization and Group of Eight. China did want to join the World
Trade Organization, which finally happened in 2001.

*B. He believed that increased trade relations with China would induce its leaders to move to a more democratic system. Bush believed
that the acceleration of trade relations with Communist China would prompt the kind of democratic reforms that swept through the Soviet Union in the 1980s. His
expectation proved far too optimistic, as Chinese leaders ordered a bloody crackdown on democracy protesters there.

C. He thought China would be willing to support the U.S.-led effort to punish Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait in 1990. China did support that
effort.

D. He thought that China would abandon its efforts to develop nuclear capability and sign a disarmament treaty. China developed its
nuclear capability in the 1960s, and Bush had no expectation that Chinese leaders would abandon their nuclear power.

Question: Why did President George H. W. Bush decide to fight Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait in 1990?

*A. To protect the supply of oil to the United States Maintaining a steady flow of oil from the Persian Gulf was vital to U.S. strategic interests.
B. To promote democracy in the Middle East Bush did not seek to promote democracy in the Middle East; Kuwait was a monarchy and no effort was
made to install democratic governments in the war's wake.

C. To fight global terrorism The Persian Gulf War did not involve global terrorism.

D. To battle Islamic fundamentalism Iraq was a secular dictatorship, not an Islamic fundamentalist state.

Question: What describes the coalition that President George H. W. Bush created when the United States responded to Iraq's invasion
of Kuwait in 1990?

A. It was limited to the United States and Arab countries. Countries from other parts of the world took part as well.

*B. It was broadly international and included several Arab countries. Thirty-eight nations, including the Arab countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia,
Syria, and Kuwait, contributed 160,000 troops, roughly 24 percent of the 700,000 allied forces that were deployed in Saudi Arabia in preparation for an invasion if
Iraq did not comply.

C. It was composed primarily of Western European countries. The coalition was more widely based.

D. The United States and the United Kingdom stood alone in the effort. The United States and United Kingdom had dozens more allies.

Question: What accounts for the success of the United States' liberation of Kuwait in 1990?

A. The United States acted unilaterally. The United States did not act unilaterally.

B. The United States was able to devote unlimited resources to the conflict. The United States did not devote unlimited resources to the conflict.

*C. The effort was broadly based with a clear goal. Bush and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Colin Powell, understood that the
United States had succeeded because it had pieced together a genuine coalition of nations, including Arab ones, to coordinate diplomatic and military action.
Military leaders had a clear and defined mission—the liberation of Kuwait—as well as adequate troops and supplies.

D. The mission had strong public support in the United States. There was much vocal opposition to the launching of war against Iraq.

Chapter 29: The Challenges of a Globalized World, 1993 to

the present

Topic: Transforming American Business and Society

books:

The Computer Revolution

Business Consolidation
The Changing American Population

Question: What were the limitations of the first computers developed during World War II and the Cold War?
*A. Size and cost The first working computers were developed for military purposes during World War II and the Cold War and were enormous in size and
cost. Engineers began to resolve the size issue with the creation of transistors.

B. Lack of interest in using them Interest was lagging in large part because other limitations made them unavailable to most businesses.

C. Inability to find uses for them Uses existed for the computers, and more uses were created as systems developed more capabilities.

D. Absence of the Internet The fact that the Internet had yet to be so developed was not a limitation of the first computers.

Question: What invention transformed computing technology in the 1940s and 1950s?

A. The hard drive Hard drives did not solve the major issues with computing.

B. The disk drive The disk drive did not solve the major issues with computing.

*C. Transistors They helped to construct smaller machines that could be used in a wider variety of settings.
D. Cloud computing Cloud computing was not developed in the 1940s and 1950s.

Question: How did the use of computers change from the 1970s into the 1980s and 1990s?

A. They became portable. Even desktop computers and workstations of the 1980s and 1990s were substantially different from the computers of the 1970s.

B. They shifted from entertainment to business uses. Computers were used for business during the 1970s.

*C. They became widespread in all areas of life. The development of microchips and digital technology found a market beyond home and office
computers. Beginning in the 1980s, computers replaced the mechanical devices that ran household appliances such as washing machines, dishwashers, and
refrigerators. Over the next twenty years, computers operated everything from standard appliances such as televisions and telephones, to new electronic gadgets
such as VCR and CD players, fax machines, cell phones, and iPods.

D. They became too expensive. Computers became less expensive when compared to original models.

Question: How did microchips transform computing in the 1970s?

*A. They allowed smaller devices to do more work. The design of integrated circuits in the 1970s led to the production of microcomputers in which a
silicon chip the size of a nail head did the work once performed by huge computers.

B. They allowed people to connect to the Internet wirelessly. Microchips were developed before the Internet and did not help to connect wirelessly.

C. They made computers able to run with no power source. Computers needed, and still need, a power source.

D. They made computers easier to repair. They did not make computers easier to repair.

Question: Which computer company did Steve Jobs found in the 1970s?

A. Microsoft Bill Gates founded Microsoft.

*B. The Apple Computer Company Steve Jobs, like Gates a college dropout, founded Apple Computer Company in 1976, turned it into a publicly traded
corporation, and became a multimillionaire.

C. Hewlett Packard HP was founded in the 1940s.

D. Dell Dell was founded in the 1980s.

Question: How did computers impact the motion picture industry?

A. They made movie production much cheaper. Movie production costs have increased since the advent of computers.

B. They decreased the popularity of the movie industry. Computers have increased the popularity of movies.

*C. Computers enhanced movie production and increased their distribution. Amazon sold merchandise, including movies, through the Internet
without any retail stores. Soon computers became the stars of movies such as The Matrix (1999), A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001), and Iron Man (2008).

D. Computers had minimal impact, as most studios preferred analog methods of production While some films still use traditional filming
techniques, most studios incorporate computers at all levels of production.

Question: Where did the Internet first develop?

*A. It grew out of military research. The Internet—an open, global series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data, information, e-mail,
and other services—grew out of military research in the 1970s, when the Department of Defense constructed a system of computer servers connected to one
another throughout the United States.
B. It was developed by a group of anarchist hackers. It was not developed by hackers.

C. By the Soviet Union, in an attempt to intercept American intelligence. The internet was developed during the Cold War but not by the Soviets.

D. By British engineers at the University of London. It was not developed at the University of London.

Question: What was the significance of the development of the Internet during the 1980s and 1990s?

A. It made communication around the globe more difficult. The Internet made communication easier.

B. It increased the ability of the government to maintain secrecy. The Internet did not increase the government's ability to maintain secrecy.

C. It made obtaining information more difficult and costly. The Internet made obtaining information easier and less costly.

*D. It made sharing information and data easier. The World Wide Web became a way to access the Internet and share documents and images. Search
engines like Google and Yahoo! were developed to allow computer users to "surf the net." By 2010, around 75 percent of people in the United States used the
Internet, as did about a quarter of the globe's population.

Question: How did the Internet change from the 1970s and 2000s?

A. It made remote shopping possible. Consumers used mail-order catalogs to buy products remotely long before the creation of the Internet.

B. It made credit card purchases more widespread. Credit card purchases were widespread before the Internet existed.

C. It became increasingly controlled by foreign governments. While some foreign governments controlled Internet access for their people, the
Internet itself remained a widely dispersed network with no central governing authority.

*D. It became more varied and more widely used. The main objective of the original network that became the Internet was to preserve military
communications in the event of a Soviet nuclear attack. In 1991, the World Wide Web came into existence. By 2010, around 75 percent of people in the United
States used the Internet, as did nearly 2 billion people worldwide, about a quarter of the globe's population.

Question: How did the growth of computers increase business consolidation during the 1990s?

A. By making cultural barriers unimportant Cultural barriers remained important to businesses operating in foreign countries.

*B. By improving communication Computers made it possible for large firms to communicate instantly within the United States and throughout the world
and keep control over their far-flung operations, encouraging them to consolidate.

C. By giving workers a common technical language While computer terms entered other languages, many ordinary workers had little understanding of
technical computer terms.

D. By increasing profitability Computers did not necessarily increase the profitability of businesses.

Question: What business trend did media companies demonstrate during the 1990s?

*A. Growth through consolidation Several media companies evolved into media conglomerates during the 1990s by buying other business.
B. Serving niche markets The computer industry encouraged the consolidation rather than fragmentation of the media industry.

C. Shifting operations to Asia Media companies did not shift operations to Asia, although they did expand to Asian markets.

D. Emphasis on the youth market Media companies did not focus exclusively on reaching young people.

Question: How did the federal government contribute to business consolidation in the 1990s?

A. By passing laws forcing companies to merge so that they could provide more goods and services. The federal government did not pass
compulsory merger laws.

B. By increasing taxes on small businesses, forcing them to merge into larger companies. Small business taxes were not aimed to force
mergers.

*C. By lessening financial regulations, which allowed more seamless mergers. The federal government aided the merger process by relaxing
financial regulation.

D. It did not contribute; it tried to take a hands-off approach to business in general. The government did play a roll in business consolidation.

Question: Which industry took the greatest advantage of relaxed financial regulations?

A. The fossil fuel industry While there were mergers in this industry, other industries saw more mergers.

B. Defense contractors While there were mergers in this industry, other industries saw more.
C. The automobile industry While there were mergers in this industry, other industries saw more.

*D. The media industry Media companies took the greatest advantage of this situation. For example, in 1990 the giant Warner Communications merged
with Time Life to create an entertainment empire that included a film studio (Warner Brothers), a television cable network (Home Box Office), a music company
(Atlantic Records), a baseball team (the Atlanta Braves), and several magazines (Time, Sports Illustrated, and People).

Question: How did corporate consolidation result in some chief executives abusing their power during the 1990s?

A. By making illegal campaign contributions While some chief executives made illegal campaign contributions, that practice was not widespread.

B. By seeing their compensation increase Increased compensation was a result of consolidation and leading larger enterprises, but it was not an example
of abuse of power.

*C. By making extremely risky decisions in pursuit of expansion Several corporate chief executives made risky and hasty financial deals that were
often not in the best interests of the company's workers or stockholders, as the Enron case demonstrates.

D. By lying to shareholders about profits Chief executives did not necessarily lie easily to shareholders about profits.

Question: What practices lead to Enron's collapse in 2001?

A. Criminal activity by external accountants While some executives at Enron's outside accounting firm, Arthur Anderson, were found guilty of white-collar
crimes, the activities of that firm did not produce Enron's collapse.

B. Deregulation of the gas and electric industries The deregulation of the gas and electric industries led to Enron's growth but not its collapse.

C. Compensating the workers too highly Excessive compensation did not lead to Enron's collapse.

*D. Faulty business deals and insider trading Enron collapsed because, during its heyday, several top executives engaged in faulty business deals and
insider trading.

Question: How did the deregulation of the gas and electric industries in the 1990s contribute to the collapse of Enron?

A. By allowing the chief executive to ignore shareholders As Enron was a publicly traded company, its chief executive was still accountable to its
shareholders.

B. By ending an earlier criminal investigation There was no major investigation of Enron's activities before its collapse.

*C. By loosening oversight of Enron's activities The deregulation of the gas and electric industries eliminated any oversight of Enron's activities,
loosening the reins on corporate greed and creating a climate in which fraudulent practices were easier to carry out.

D. By making it possible for Enron to enter the banking industry Enron did not enter the banking industry.

Question: How did the Immigration Act of 1965 impact immigration rates in the following decades?

A. It led to decreased immigration rates. It did not decrease immigration.

B. It had little impact, as it was repealed in the 1970s. The law was not repealed.

C. Immigration rates remained consistent, despite the Act. Immigration rates changed significantly.

*D. Immigration rates skyrocketed. Since passage of the Immigration Act of 1965, which repealed discriminatory national origins quotas established in
1924, the country has experienced a wave of immigration comparable to that at the turn of the twentieth century. As the population of the United States grew
from 202 million to 300 million between 1970 and 2006, immigrants accounted for some 28 million of the increase.

Question: How did the reasons new immigrants had for migrating to the United States during the 1980s and 1990s compare to earlier
immigrants?

A. The new immigrants sought freedom, while the earlier immigrants sought economic opportunity. The new immigrants sought more than
political rights.

B. The new immigrants fled communism, while earlier immigrants sought economic freedom. All of the new immigrants were not fleeing
communism.

*C. The newer immigrants migrated for similar reasons as the earlier immigrants. Like the immigrants at the turn of the twentieth century, the
newer immigrants who came in the late 1900s migrated looking for economic opportunity and political and religious freedom.

D. The new immigrants sought economic opportunity, while earlier immigrants wanted religious freedom. The new immigrants came for more
complex reasons than simply seeking economic opportunity.

Question: During the 1980s and 1990s, where did most immigrants to the United States come from?

A. Africa and Asia Most immigrants during the 1980s and 1990s did not come from Africa.
B. Eastern and Western Europe Most immigrants came from other countries during the 1980s and 1990s.

C. Latin America and Pacific islands Most immigrants during the 1980s and 1990s did not come from the Pacific islands.

*D. Latin America and Asia Most immigrants during the 1980s and 1990s hailed from Latin American and Asia. In addition to the 16 million immigrants
who came from south of the U.S. border, another 9 million headed eastward from Asia.

Question: Refer to the figure Figure 29.1 Immigrant Growth by Home Region, 1991-2015
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which group experienced the highest percentage change in immigration from 1971 to 2000?

A. North America The percentage change in North America was 5.9 percent; other groups saw greater change.

B. Asia Asian growth as a percentage was negative.

*C. Africa The percentage of African immigrants doubled during the time frame.
D. Europe European growth as a percentage was negative.

Question: What drove most immigrants from North America to the United States?

A. Most came looking for better quality churches. Religion was not the main attraction for most North American migrants.

B. Most fled communism. While some did, the majority came from non-Communist countries.

*C. They came because of poor economic conditions and corrupt governments. Poverty and political unrest pushed migrants out of Mexico,
Central America, and the Caribbean.

D. Most came to escape poor weather conditions Weather was not the primary factor in migration.

Question: How did the new immigration during the 1980s and 1990s transform the racial composition of the United States?

*A. Latinos surpassed African Americans as the largest minority group in the United States. At the beginning of the twenty-first century,
Latinos had surpassed African Americans as the nation's largest minority group (35 million to 34 million).

B. Asians became the largest minority group in the United States. Asians were not the largest minority group in the United States.

C. South Asians became the largest Asian American community. Most Asian Americans traced their ancestry to East Asia or Southeast Asia, not
South Asia.

D. African Americans became the fastest growing minority group in the United States. African Americans were not the fastest growing minority
group in the United States.

Question: How did the settlement patterns of the new immigrants during the 1980s and 1990s compare to those of immigrants before
World War II?

*A. Both sets of immigrants tended to settle in ethnic neighborhoods. Most new immigrants settled in ethnic and religious enclaves like previous
immigrants.

B. Fewer immigrants settled in cities than before World War II. Most immigrants still settled in cities during the 1980s and 1990s.

C. Most new immigrants integrated easily with African Americans, unlike previous immigrants. Few new immigrants integrated with African
Americans.

D. Most new immigrants settled in cities, whereas earlier immigrants moved to farms. Most earlier immigrants had settled in cities as well.

Question: What was similar about the anti-immigrant movement of the 1980s and 1990s compared to earlier movements?

A. It focused exclusively on illegal immigrants. The anti-immigration movement raised complaints about legal as well as illegal immigrants.

B. It succeeded in getting a ban on immigration passed. Congress did not pass an outright ban on immigration in response to this movement.

*C. It was founded on economic as well as cultural concerns. Workers felt threatened by immigrants taking jobs at lower wages. Middle-class
taxpayers complained that the flood of impoverished immigrants placed the burden upon them to fund the social services that the newcomers required. Second-
and third-generation Americans resented foreigners who pushed for bilingual education.

D. It was aimed primarily at Asian immigrants. Asian immigrants were not the focused target of this movement.
Question: Why did California lead the way in the reaction against immigration in the late 1900s?

A. Californians had always been biased against immigrants. Californians were not necessarily more biased against immigrants than people in other
states.

*B. California had a very high percentage of immigrants. By 2001, 27 percent of California's population was foreign born. The majority of Californians
consisted of Latino, Asian, and African Americans, with whites in the minority.

C. Immigrant gangs attacked native-born Californians in increasing numbers. Urban gangs tended to fight each other rather than attacking native-
born Americans.

D. Californians were angered when immigrants left the state. Anti-immigration laws in California were the result of anger at immigrants for settling in
that state, not leaving it.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The boss's wife created a tense, competitive atmosphere between
the workers. She would praise some people and downgrade others. Because of my experience, I can work faster than newer workers
from China who are not as skillful. They would sacrifice their lunch and break time to catch up. I hated the way the boss made us
compete. There were three of us in one department who had to produce 200 pieces. They would push us to see who could finish first.
They were getting people to exploit themselves. How disgusting! I hate this!"

In what ways did the boss's wife get workers in the factory to exploit themselves?

A. By docking slower workers' pay The passage does not indicate wages being withheld.

B. By physically assaulting slower workers The passage does not indicate any physical abuse.

*C. By praising faster workers and chastising slower workers The boss's wife convinced workers to compete, not for better wages, but for less
harassment. Thus, workers in the plant worked harder for the same pay to avoid harassment.

D. By offering secret bonuses to faster workers There were no secret bonuses mentioned.

Topic: Political Divisions and Globalization in the Clinton Years

books:

Domestic and Economic Policy during the Clinton Administration

Global Challenges

Question: How was Bill Clinton different from all previous U.S. presidents?

A. He was the first president from the South. There were many other presidents from the South.

*B. He was the first president born after 1945. Clinton was the first president born after 1945, providing him a unique perspective on the Cold War.
C. He was the first governor elected president in the twentieth century. He was not the first governor in the twentieth century to become president.

D. He was the first president to use social media in his campaign. Social media was not in popular use in the 1990s.

Question: Which policies did Clinton support as governor?

A. Reduced welfare program funding and opposition to same-sex-marriage While he held these positions as president, he did not as governor.

*B. Equal opportunity, improved education, and economic development Born in Arkansas in 1946, William Jefferson (Bill) Clinton served five terms
as Democratic governor of his home state. As governor, Clinton spoke out for equal opportunity, improved education, and economic development.

C. Abstinence education and increased police power He did not support these policies.

D. Voter ID laws and private school vouchers He did not support either of these policies.

Question: How did President Bill Clinton change positions on the issue of gays and lesbians in the military during his presidency?

A. He first supported allowing gays and lesbians only in the army but later allowed them to serve in any branch. Clinton initially supported
allowing gays and lesbians to serve in any military branch.

*B. He initially supported allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the military and then devised the policy of "don't ask, don't tell."
Clinton initially supported allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military and then devised the policy of "don't ask, don't tell" because of strong
congressional opposition to his initial plan.
C. After backing the idea of allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the military, he decided to oppose it. Clinton did not oppose allowing gays
and lesbians to serve in the military.

D. He was convinced by military leaders desperate for recruits to drop his opposition to allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in
the military. Clinton was not against allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military early in his presidency.

Question: Why did President Bill Clinton change positions and drop his plan to allow gays and lesbians to serve in the military during
his presidency?

*A. Congressional pressure Clinton initially supported allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military, but because of strong congressional
opposition, he abandoned that position.

B. Military leaders' opposition to his plan Some military leaders spoke out against Clinton's plan, but that was not the deciding factor.

C. The outbreak of war No war affected Clinton's position on the issue.

D. Public opposition revealed in polls Clinton was not convinced to change positions on the basis of poll results.

Question: Why did President Bill Clinton's attempt to create a system of universal medical coverage fail?

A. Opposition to the requirement that everyone purchase health insurance Clinton's plan did not feature the requirement that everyone purchase
health insurance.

B. Concern among other Democrats that immigrants were excluded from the plan Concern about immigrants did not lead to the plan's defeat.

C. Most Americans' objection to health insurance Most Americans were in favor of some national health insurance plan.

*D. Ability of the opposition to paint the plan as undesirable The American Medical Association and private insurance companies had succeeded in
blocking passage of all health insurance plans since the 1940s, despite the general approval of the American public. Although Clinton's plan did not advocate
government-run medical care, as critics charged, the plan was defeated.

Question: What major policy initiative of President Bill Clinton failed to pass Congress?

A. The Family and Medical Leave Act Clinton signed this bill into law.

B. Gun control Clinton signed the Brady Bill, which banned the sale of semi-automatic weapons, into law.

*C. A universal health insurance plan Clinton recommended a system of universal medical coverage based on "managed competition." Although Clinton's
plan did not advocate "socialized medicine," as many critics charged, the plan nonetheless went down to defeat.

D. Welfare reform Clinton signed a welfare reform bill into law.

Question: Which of the following policies did President Clinton successfully enact?

A. Marriage equality Clinton did not try to enact Marriage Equality policies.

*B. Allowing military hospitals to perform abortions In 1993, through executive order, he allowed military hospitals to perform abortions.
C. Banning all handguns Clinton did not ban all handguns.

D. Prison reform Clinton did not push for prison reform.

Question: What was one of President Clinton's first major legislative achievements?

A. A law that allowed doctors in federally funded clinics to provide advice about abortions This was done through an executive order.

B. Funding for UN programs that provided abortions This was done through an executive order.

*C. The Family and Medical Leave Act Clinton signed the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act, which allowed parents to take up to twelve weeks of unpaid
leave to care for newborn children without risk of losing their jobs.

D. Universal Healthcare He was not successful with this legislation.

Question: How did President Clinton promote racial diversity?

A. By nominating African Americans to the Supreme Court He did not nominate any African Americans to the Supreme Court.

B. By choosing a black vice president He did not choose a black vice president.

*C. By nominating African Americans to high-level cabinet positions The president achieved even greater success in promoting racial diversity. He
appointed African Americans to high-level positions in his cabinet—his selection of four African Americans at one time was unprecedented. His "rainbow
administration" welcomed women and minorities to other important posts.
D. By selecting an African American as chief of staff None of Clinton's chiefs of staff were black.

Question: How did President Clinton attempt to appeal to voters across the political spectrum?

A. He increased the defense budget, which conservatives supported, and also increased taxes, which liberals supported. Clinton did not
increase the defense budget.

B. He cut taxes but supported legislation that liberals supported such as the Family and Medical Leave Act. Clinton raised taxes on wealthy
Americans.

*C. He backed legislation that liberals supported such as the Family and Medical Leave Act and tough anticrime measures that
conservatives supported. President Clinton supported legislation that liberals supported such as the Family and Medical Leave Act and tough anticrime
measures that appealed to conservatives.

D. He opposed abortion to court conservatives but supported higher taxes for wealthy Americans to attract liberals. Clinton supported
women's right to an abortion.

Question: What characterized the impact of President Bill Clinton's economic policies on the American economy during the 1990s?

A. They sparked high economic growth and high inflation. Inflation was low during the 1990s.

B. They resulted in high unemployment and low GDP growth. Unemployment was low during the Clinton presidency.

C. They generated high growth but high unemployment. Unemployment was low during the Clinton presidency.

*D. They resulted in high economic growth and budget surpluses. By the end of the 1990s, the Clinton administration had eliminated the deficit,
the gross domestic product rose at a healthy 3 percent, unemployment dropped from 6 percent to 4 percent, and the stock market reached record heights.

Question: What were the goals of the European Union, created in 1993?

A. To provide an alternate military alliance to NATO The goal of the EU was not to promote an alternative to NATO.

B. To promote a closer relationship with Russia As Russia was not a member, the EU was not formed to pursue better relations with Russia.

C. To create a trans-European natural gas pipeline Most of Europe's natural gas comes from outside of Europe.

*D. To encourage trade, travel, and investment among European nations In 1993 western European nations formed the European Union (EU),
which encouraged free trade and investment among member nations.

Question: What partnership did President Clinton pursue that mirrored the creation of the European Union?

A. The Transpacific Partnership This was not an agreement pursued during the Clinton administration.

*B. The North American Free Trade Agreement In 1993, together with the governments of Mexico and Canada, the U.S. Congress ratified the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The agreement removed tariffs and other obstacles to commerce and investment among the three countries to
encourage trade.

C. The Canada-American Free Trade Alliance There is no Canada-American Free Trade Alliance.

D. The Mexican American Transportation Alliance There is no Mexican-American Transportation Alliance.

Question: What were the impacts of NAFTA?

A. It was an unqualified success, lowering prices and increasing wages for all member nations. The gains of NAFTA were not distributed evenly
across member nations.

*B. While poverty rates dropped and incomes rose in Mexico, U.S. manufacturing jobs decreased dramatically. Mexico has seen a
significant drop in poverty rates and a rise in real income. However, NAFTA has harmed workers in the United States. From 1994 to 2007, net-manufacturing jobs
dropped by 3,654,000, as U.S. companies outsourced their production to Mexico, taking advantage of its low wage and benefits structure.

C. It was a total failure and it was repealed shortly after its implementation. NAFTA was not a total failure, and it is still in force.

D. It increased American manufacturing jobs but decreased wages in Mexico. These were not the impacts of NAFTA.

Question: Why did President Clinton support the United States joining the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

A. He thought it would help lower American taxes. He did not think it would have an impact on American taxes.

B. He was pressured to do so by conservatives. Conservatives did not pressure Clinton to join the WTO.

*C. It was in line with his promotion of free trade policies. Clinton also actively promoted the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO emerged
from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, a multilateral agreement fashioned after World War II to encourage tariff reductions and free trade.
D. Clinton did not support joining the WTO. He actively supported U.S. membership.

Question: Which countries benefit most from WTO policies?

A. Poorer countries Poorer countries have not fared well under the WTO.

*B. Wealthier countries The policies of the WTO generally benefit wealthier nations, such as the United States.
C. Communist countries There are few Communist nations left in the world.

D. English-speaking nations Language has minimal impact on the success or failure of WTO policies.

Question: What happened to the value of U.S. exports from 1978 to 2000?

A. The value of exports decreased. The value did not decrease.

*B. The value of exports increased slightly. The value increased from 17 percent to 25 percent over the time frame.
C. The value increased dramatically. The change was not dramatic.

D. The value of exports remained the same. The value changed during the time frame.

Question: What group leveled frequent criticisms at President Bill Clinton for his personal characteristics and policies?

*A. Conservatives Conservatives blamed Clinton for all they considered wrong in society: feminism, abortion, affirmative action, and secularism. Right-wing
talk radio hosts criticized the president and his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, a lawyer and leader in the struggle for health care reform.

B. Feminists Feminists generally favored Clinton.

C. African Americans African Americans generally favored Clinton.

D. Latinos Latinos were not vocal critics of Clinton.

Question: What was the significance of the Republicans' becoming a majority in Congress in 1994 for the first time since 1952?

A. It ended Clinton's hope of passing a law providing universal health care coverage. Clinton's proposed universal health care coverage law was
already dead by 1994.

B. It forced Clinton to take more liberal positions. Clinton moved to the right after the election.

*C. It propelled President Clinton to move to the right. In 1994, Democrats lost 54 seats in the House, and for the first time since 1952 Republicans
captured a majority of both houses of Congress. Stung by this defeat, Clinton moved to outmaneuver congressional Republicans by shifting rightward politically
and championing welfare reform.

D. It demonstrated that Clinton was no longer popular. Clinton was re-elected two years later, albeit by a plurality rather than a majority.

Question: What was the 1994 Contract with America?

A. A promise from President Clinton to stick by his progressive values It was not a promise from President Clinton, nor did he promise to stick to
progressive values.

B. A promise from the Democratic minority in the Congress to fight the new conservative majority This was not the purpose of the contract.

C. A promise from the Supreme Court to remain politically neutral It was not issued from the Court.

*D. A promise from the new Republican majority in Congress to promote conservative principles Facing conservative opposition, the
president and the Democratic Party fared poorly in the 1994 congressional elections, losing control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1952.
Republicans, led by House Minority Leader Newt Gingrich of Georgia, championed the Contract with America. This document embraced conservative principles,
including a constitutional amendment for a balanced budget, reduced welfare spending, lower taxes, and term limits for lawmakers.

Question: What was the significance of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act passed during Bill
Clinton's presidency?

A. It expanded tuition credits for college students. The law did not impact college students directly.

B. It eliminated welfare for families without children. The law did not eliminate welfare for families without children.

C. It expanded welfare payments for parents who worked. The law did not expand welfare payments for anyone.

*D. It abolished the basis for welfare in the United States. The law abolished Aid to Families with Dependent Children, the basis for welfare in the
United States established under the Social Security Act in 1935, by requiring adults to work within two years or lose the benefits.
Question: What was the impact of Clinton's Defense of Marriage Act of 1996?

A. Homosexual couples received increased federal benefits. This was not an impact of the law.

*B. It defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman, for federal employees and agencies. In 1996, the president approved the
Defense of Marriage Act, which denied married same-sex couples the federal benefits granted to heterosexual married couples, including Social Security benefits.

C. It allowed for polygamous marriages in certain states. The Act did not affirm polygamous marriages.

D. It rejected state laws banning gay marriage. It did not address state definitions of marriage.

Question: What tactic did President Clinton use to gain reelection in 1996?

A. He pushed for new taxes on the wealthy. Clinton's increased tax on the wealthy during his firm term was not his major strategy for gaining reelection.

B. He dropped Vice President Al Gore to appeal to voters in the South. Gore, a Southerner, remained Clinton's running mate in 1996.

*C. He moved to the right. Clinton moved to the right, supporting deficit reduction, welfare reform, and legislation limiting gay rights.
D. Clinton ran a populist campaign. Clinton did not run a populist campaign.

Question: Why was President Clinton impeached in 1996?

A. For his role in the Whitewater scandal He was not impeached for the Whitewater scandal.

B. For pushing NATO into the Yugoslavian Civil War He was not impeached for this.

*C. For lying during a federal inquiry about an extramarital affair Clinton denied these charges under oath and before a national television
audience, but when Lewinsky testified about the details of their sexual encounters, the president recanted his earlier statements. After an independent prosecutor
concluded that Clinton had committed perjury and obstructed justice, the Republican-controlled House voted to impeach the president on December 19, 1998.

D. For secret deals with Mexico under NAFTA Clinton was not accused of secret trade deals with Mexico.

Question: Which groups fared the worst under President Clinton's economic policies?

A. Asian immigrants Asian immigrants did relatively well under during Clinton's presidency.

B. The upper classes The gap between rich and poor widened as the wealthiest 13,000 American families earned as much income as the poorest 20 million.

*C. African Americans and Latinos The Clinton boom did not affect everyone equally. African Americans and Latinos lagged behind whites economically.
D. Corporations By 1999 the stock market's Dow Jones average reached a historic high of 10,000 points. That same year the president signed into law a
measure that freed banks to merge commercial, investment, and insurance services, prohibited since 1933, giving them enormous leeway in undertaking
profitable but risky ventures.

Question: How did President Clinton's approach to foreign policy differ from that of his predecessors?

A. He no longer viewed Europe as important. Clinton still viewed Europe as important.

B. He considered the economic interests of the United States. Previous presidents had also considered the economic interests of the United States.

C. He could approach issues without considering the national interests of the United States. Clinton still considered the national interests of the
United States in his approach to foreign affairs.

*D. He did not have to demonstrate anticommunism. Since the Cold War had ended, Clinton could approach issues without the rigid anti-Communist
views of previous presidents.

Question: What was President Clinton's response to the Rwandan Genocide?

A. He mobilized a coalition at the UN to stop the killing. He did not mobilize a coalition at the UN.

*B. He did not respond. During a civil war in the African nation of Rwanda, the United States watched from the sidelines. The slaughter of more than
800,000 Rwandans, in less than five months, brought condemnation but little assistance from the United States.

C. While publicly silent, Clinton worked behind the scenes to provide humanitarian aid to the victims of violence. He did not work publicly or
privately to provide humanitarian aid.

D. He discussed the issue personally during many press conferences to draw attention to the genocide. Clinton did not personally address the
genocide until after it was over.

Question: What was the primary foreign policy issue that the United States faced during the 1990s?
*A. The eruption of civil wars around the world The eruption of civil wars in Rwanda and the Balkans was the greatest challenge facing the United
States during the 1990s.

B. Instability in East Germany East Germany had merged with West Germany early in the 1990s.

C. High oil prices because of OPEC Oil prices were not particularly high during the 1990s.

D. The creation of new alliances against the United States No new alliances were formed against the United States in the 1990s.

Question: Why did President Bill Clinton decide to intervene in the fighting in the Balkans when he had done nothing in Rwanda during
its civil war?

A. The collapse of those countries would spark an international recession. Countries in the Balkans were relatively small, and their economies would
not have such a devastating global impact.

*B. He considered the area of strategic importance because it was in Eastern Europe. Clinton responded boldly to violence in the Balkans, an
area considered more vital to American national security than Rwanda.

C. His racist views made him not care about killing in Rwanda, an African country. Although a white Southerner, Clinton did not have racist views.

D. He anticipated NATO support for the United States' intervention. NATO supported the United States intervention in the Balkans, but Clinton did
not intervene for that reason.

Question: What sparked the conflict in the Balkans in the 1990s?

A. Attempts by Serbia's government to make Russian Orthodoxy the state religion of Serbia Serbia's government did not attempt to make
Russian Orthodoxy the state religion.

B. Struggles by Russia to maintain influence in the Balkans Russia did not spark the conflict in the Balkans.

*C. The surfacing of long-held ethnic and religious divisions in the region The formerly communist Yugoslavia was splintering along ethnic and
religious lines.

D. Conflict among ethnic residents over control of natural resources Control of natural resources was not a large issue in the conflict.

Question: Refer to the map Map 29.1 The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 1991-2008
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What were the boundaries of the new states in the Balkan Peninsula based on?

A. Control over resources. Control over resources was not the major factor in forming the new borders.

B. The states retuned to their pre-World War I boundaries. The new states were part of the Ottoman Empire before World War I.

*C. Religious and ethic divisions. With the collapse of Communist control of Yugoslavia in 1989, the country splintered along ethnic and religious lines,
eventually forming seven separate nations.

D. Natural boundaries. The new borders were not based on natural boundaries.

Question: Why did the United States become a prime target for Islamic fundamentalists engaged in a transnational jihad or terrorist
campaign?

A. America's oil consumption America's consumption of oil did not make it a prime target for Islamic fundamentalists.

B. American support for eastern European countries America's support for eastern European countries did not make it a prime target for Islamic
fundamentalists.

C. America's position as the largest Christian nation America's position as the largest Christian nation does not account for why it became a prime
target for Islamic fundamentalists.

*D. America's close relationship with Israel America's close relationship with Israel made it a prime target for Islamic fundamentalists.
Question: What did the House of Representatives charge President Bill Clinton with when it impeached him in 1998?

A. Abuse of power for his health insurance plan While Republicans in the House disagreed with Clinton about his health insurance plan, they did not
charge him with abuse of power in relation to it.

*B. Lying under oath about having an affair with a young woman Clinton had engaged in consensual sexual relations with a young White House
intern but had denied these charges under oath and before a national television audience. After an independent prosecutor concluded that Clinton had committed
perjury and obstructed justice, the House voted to impeach the president.

C. Dereliction of duty for his actions against Islamic terrorists This was not the charge against him.

D. Financial wrongdoing in the Whitewater affair Although a special prosecutor investigated Clinton and his wife for their financial involvement in the
Whitewater real-estate transaction, no charges were ever brought against them.

Question: Why was President Bill Clinton not removed from office after he was impeached by the House?

*A. The Senate did not vote to convict him of the charges. In February 1999, Republicans in the Senate failed to muster the necessary two-thirds
vote to convict Clinton on the impeachment charges.

B. His successor issued a pardon. Clinton's impeachment trial was settled before George W. Bush was elected president.

C. The U.S. Supreme Court threw out the charges. The Supreme Court did not throw out the charges; Chief Justice William Rehnquist presided over the
Senate trial of Clinton.

D. The charges came late in his term, and the Senate never tried him. Clinton had a Senate trial.

Topic: The Presidency of George W. Bush

books:

Bush and Compassionate Conservatism

The Iraq War
Bush's Second Term

Question: What describes President George W. Bush's "compassionate conservatism"?

*A. He supported conservative positions on moral issues but favored social reforms. President Bush opposed abortion, affirmative action, and
gay rights, long-time targets of the moral conservatives, but also supported reforms in education and social welfare.

B. He opposed government-funded social welfare programs except for food stamps, which benefited children. Support for food stamps did
not define President Bush's compassionate conservatism.

C. He was able to explain his opposition to social welfare programs in a compassionate way. President Bush was not a compassionate
conservative because of his ability to explain his opposition to social welfare programs.

D. He supported expanding social welfare programs that had been cut by presidents Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Bush did not support
expanding government-funded welfare programs.

Question: How did the election of 2000 differ from previous presidential elections in 1992 and 1996?

A. Widespread election fraud tainted the election. While the 2000 election results were contested, there was no widespread election fraud.

B. The Democratic Party collapsed in the wake of the Clinton impeachment trial. The Democratic Party did not collapse prior to the 2000 election.

*C. The issues remained the same, but candidates used new technologies to mobilize voters. The issues in the 2000 election remained the
same and candidates used new technologies to mobilize voters.

D. The issues changed from focusing on social and economic issues to focusing on the threat of terrorism. Terrorism was not a major
campaign issue in 2000.

Question: Why did Al Gore end up losing the popular vote in Florida to George W. Bush in the 2000 election?

A. Voter fraud by African Americans Voter fraud by African Americans did not cost Al Gore the popular vote in the state of Florida in the 2000 election.

*B. The difficulty poor voters experienced in voting The key state in this Republican victory was Florida, where Bush outpolled Gore by less than 500
popular votes. Counties with high proportions of African Americans and the poor encountered the greatest difficulty and outright discrimination in voting, and in
these areas voters were more likely to support Gore.

C. Gore's decision not to campaign in Florida Al Gore campaigned in Florida in 2000.

D. Strong support for Bush among African Americans there African American voters in Florida generally supported Gore in 2000.

Question: Why was the election of 2000 historic?

A. It was the first election of the new millennium. The election's timing was not what made it historic.

B. It was the first time a candidate lost the popular vote but won the election. Previous presidents had lost the popular vote but won the election.

*C. It was decided by the Supreme Court. Bush outpolled Gore by less than 500 popular votes in Florida, prompting a recount. Eventually, litigation
over the recount reached the U.S. Supreme Court, and on December 12, 2000, more than a month after the election, the justices proclaimed Bush the winner.

D. A record number of Americans voted. The number of Americans who voted in 2000 was not what made that election historic.

Question: What describes President George W. Bush's approach to governing after winning the 2000 election by a small margin?

*A. Promoting his agenda as though he had won a large mandate Bush claimed a broad electoral mandate and promoted the agenda of the
Republican Party's evangelical Christian wing.

B. Working closely with Democrats in Congress to fashion bipartisan policies Bush did not attempt to pass bipartisan policies.

C. Cooperating with Republicans in the House to develop centrist policies Bush did not attempt to pass centrist policies, and most Republicans in
the House were not centrists.

D. Waiting until the 2002 congressional elections to obtain a clearer mandate Bush did not wait until the 2002 elections to obtain a clear mandate
for governing.

Question: What was the role of the Special Office at the White House during President George W. Bush's administration?

A. It investigated issues pertaining to bioethics and stem cell research. The Special Office did not investigate bioethics and stem cell research.

B. It coordinated all anti-terrorist efforts. The Special Office had a role in domestic policy, not foreign policy.

C. It attempted to reach out to Democrats and promote bipartisanship for all domestic policies. The Special Office did not promote
bipartisanship.

*D. It coordinated faith-based initiatives. Reflecting Bush's compassionate conservatism, the Special Office coordinated faith-based initiatives, programs
that provided religious institutions with federal funds for social service activities without violating the First Amendment's separation of church and state.

Question: What was the significance of megachurches in America during the 2000s?

A. They promoted federal social welfare policies. Few megachurches promoted federal welfare programs.

B. They promoted the values of the Catholic Church. As Protestants, they were not likely to promote the policies of the Catholic Church.

C. They demanded that all members vote Republican. Megachurches did not force members to vote Republican.

*D. They gained tremendous wealth and influence by appealing to a wide swath of people both domestically and internationally. The
establishment of massive churches was part of a worldwide movement, with South Korea home to the largest congregation. Joel Osteen—the evangelical pastor of
Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas, the largest megachurch in the United States—drew average weekly audiences of 43,000 people, with sermons available in
English and Spanish.

Question: What was the impact of Joel Osteen, the evangelical preacher of a massive megachurch in Houston, on American
Christianity?

A. Osteen had minimal impact outside of Houston. Osteen preached across America.

B. Osteen was instrumental in garnering support for the Iraq War among American evangelicals. Osteen did not publicly support the war.

*C. He transformed American evangelicals' experience by mass marketing his unique brand of Christian self-help. Joel Osteen—the
evangelical pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas, the largest megachurch in the United States—drew average weekly audiences of 43,000 people, with
sermons available in English and Spanish. Preaching in a former professional basketball arena and using the latest technology, Osteen stood under giant video
screens that projected his image.

D. He was instrumental in garnering support for Bush's immigration policies. He did not publicly support Bush's immigration policies.

Question: What describes President George W. Bush's approach to economic policies in his first term?

A. He supported tax cuts only for the middle class. Bush passed tax cuts for all Americans including the wealthiest.

B. He supported spending cuts in order to fund tax cuts. Bush did not support spending cuts.

*C. He supported tax cuts but refused to cut federal spending. The Republican Congress gave the president tax-cut bills to sign in 2001 and 2003.
Yet to maintain a balanced budget, the cardinal principle of fiscal conservatism, these tax cuts would have required a substantial reduction in spending, which
Bush and Congress chose not to do.

D. He supported tax increases on the wealthiest Americans to fund increased defense spending. Bush did not support tax increases on the
wealthiest Americans.

Question: How did President Bush promote racial diversity?

A. By supporting affirmative action initiatives Bush did not support affirmative action.

B. By nominating African Americans to the Supreme Court Bush did not appoint any African Americans to the Court.

*C. By nominating people of many different ethnicities and genders to high-level cabinet positions Bush's cabinet appointments reflected
racial, ethnic, and sexual diversity. They included African Americans as secretary of state (Colin Powell), national security adviser (Condoleezza Rice, who later
succeeded Powell as secretary of state), and secretary of education (Rod Paige). In addition, the president chose women to head the Departments of Agriculture,
Interior, and Labor and also appointed one Latino and two Asian Americans to his cabinet.

D. By choosing an African American chief of staff He did not choose an African American chief of staff.

Question: What was the significance of the No Child Left Behind Act, passed in 2002 during President George W. Bush's first term?

*A. It imposed federal criteria for evaluating teachers and school programs for the first time. The law imposed federal criteria for evaluating
teachers and school programs for the first time, using the results of standardized testing for the evaluation. In this way, the law extended federal involvement in
what had long been considered an area run by state and local governments.

B. It increased funding substantially to public schools across the country. While No Child Left Behind did increase funding for public schools,
especially in poor areas, its chief significance was in the strings tied to that funding.

C. The law forced public schools to strive to meet diversity requirements for the student body. No Child Left Behind did not attempt to impose
racial diversity requirements on student bodies.

D. The law provided more pay for teachers based on their education level. No Child Left Behind did not base teachers' pay on their education level.

Question: Which of the following exemplifies George Bush's compassionate conservatism?

A. The Iraq War The Iraq War was not an example of compassion.

B. His tax cuts for the upper and middle classes Tax cuts are generally supported by all types of conservatives.

*C. The Medicare Prescription Drug Act Another display of compassionate conservatism came in the 2003 passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug
Improvement and Modernization Act. The law aimed to lower the cost of prescription drugs to some 40 million senior citizens enrolled in Medicare and received
support from the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP).

D. The Patriot Act The Patriot Act was related to National Security and was not an example of compassionate conservatism.

Question: What was the major focus of President George W. Bush's presidency during the 2000s?

*A. Foreign affairs Largely as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the wars that followed, Bush focused on foreign affairs during his
presidency.

B. Domestic affairs While Bush paid attention to domestic issues, he did not focus on them.

C. Promoting anti-abortion legislation Bush did not focus on promoting anti-abortion legislation.

D. Improving relations with Western Europe Bush did not focus on improving relations with Western Europe.

Question: How did George W. Bush compensate for his lack of foreign policy experience in foreign affairs as president?

*A. He hired knowledgeable staff. To make up for his inexperience in foreign affairs, Bush relied heavily on his Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of
Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice.

B. He focused on domestic affairs. Bush did not focus on domestic affairs during the 2000s.

C. He attempted to learn from other world leaders. Bush did not attempt to learn from other world leaders.

D. He linked his foreign policy to UN positions. Bush acted independently of UN positions at several points.

Question: How did the Bush Doctrine deviate from the well-established post-World War II approach to foreign policy by the United
States?

A. By focusing on using nuclear weapons against countries that lacked them The Bush Doctrine did not focus on using nuclear weapons.

*B. By endorsing preventive war against foreign threats The Bush Doctrine proposed preventive war against despotic governments that seemed to
threaten U.S. national security even if the danger was not imminent.
C. By endorsing use of the CIA in an expanded role The Bush Doctrine did not focus on using the CIA in an expanded role.

D. By stating that the president did not need congressional support for military action The Bush Doctrine did not state that the president should
not seek congressional support for foreign military actions.

Question: How did Bush's doctrine of preemptive war in Iraq deviate from his campaign promises to stop the United States from
engaging in nation-building?

A. The Iraq War aimed to break up Iraq into three new states. Bush did not support creating three new states out of Iraq.

*B. The invasion was premised on constructing a new, democratic government after defeating Saddam and removing weapons of
mass destruction. Bush campaigned on opposition to nation-building, but the war was a (failed) case of nation-building.

C. Bush hoped the overthrow of Saddam would have a cascading effect, creating new democracies all over the Middle East. While some
made this argument, the president did not aim to construct new democracies across the Middle East.

D. He sought to prevent terrorists from overthrowing Saddam, so he sent in troops to preserve Iraq. This was not why Bush invaded Iraq.

Question: What was the significance of the war against Iraq during the 2000s?

A. It showed the Bush administration's unwillingness to take unilateral action. While Bush assembled a small coalition, he acted largely alone in
launching the Iraq war.

*B. It demonstrated application of the Bush Doctrine. The Iraq war demonstrated that the Bush administration would use military power in a
preventive strike, the essence of the Bush Doctrine.

C. It exposed the limits of the use of nuclear weapons. The war did not involve nuclear weapons, so it could not expose their limits.

D. It confirmed that the U.S. military had lost their fighting edge. The U.S. military succeeded in overthrowing Iraq's government quickly.

Question: How did President George W. Bush convince the American people and Congress that Iraq posed an imminent danger to U.S.
security in the 2000s?

A. He suggested an alliance existed between Iraq and Iran. Bush did not suggest an alliance existed between Iran and Iraq.

B. He convinced the American people that Iraq's Saddam Hussein possessed nuclear weapons. Bush did not suggest that Saddam Hussein
already possessed nuclear weapons.

C. He insisted that the American economy would collapse if Iraq stopped selling the United States oil. President George W. Bush did not focus
on the importance of Iraqi oil to the United States economy.

*D. He connected Saddam Hussein to the September 11, 2001, attacks and said Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction.
Bush convinced Congress and a majority of Americans that Iraq presented an immediate danger to the security of the United States in its effort to fight global
terrorism by falsely connecting Saddam Hussein to the September 11 Al Qaeda terrorists and accusing Iraq of being well along the way to building and stockpiling
"weapons of mass destruction."

Question: How did the presence of American troops and government officials impact Iraq in the early years after the fall of Saddam
Hussein?

A. It sparked an economic boom created by high oil prices. Iraq struggled economically in the early years after Saddam Hussein's fall.

B. It led to the partitioning of Iraq into two countries, including a new Kurdish nation. Iraq remained unified as one country.

*C. It led to a civil war between the country's Shiite and Sunni ethnic groups. The presence of the United States led to a civil war between the
country's Shiite and Sunni ethnic groups.

D. It led to the stabilization of Iraq as a unified country under democratic rule. Iraq was not stable in the early years after Saddam Hussein's fall.

Question: Why did the United States have difficulties attempting nation-building in Iraq after 2003?

A. Congress did not allocate funds for nation-building in Iraq. The United States Congress allocated funds for nation-building.

B. The United States could not find private companies to support the effort. The United States could find private companies to support nation-
building.

*C. The U.S. government was unprepared for the host of problems that arose and the military was understaffed. The perception of the
United States as an occupying power destabilized Iraq, leading to a civil war between the country's Islamic Shiite majority and its Sunni minority while Kurds in
the north also battled Sunnis. Moreover, Al Qaeda forces, which previously had been absent from the country, joined the fray. The reconstituted Iraqi army and
police lacked experience and harbored rebels within their ranks. Absent a military draft, Bush could not put sufficient American troops into Iraq.

D. The American people wanted to withdraw from Iraq after 2003. Most Americans supported remaining in Iraq after 2003.

Question: How did the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, alter George W. Bush's presidency?
A. They allowed him to pass more of his domestic agenda. The terrorist attacks did not necessarily allow Bush to pass his domestic agenda.

B. They undermined his authority as a strong wartime president. The terrorist attacks made Bush appear as a strong wartime president.

C. They provided him with the opportunity to focus on domestic affairs. The terrorist attacks forced Bush to focus on international affairs and not
domestic affairs.

*D. They led to protracted wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The terrorist attacks convinced Bush to follow the advice of hawkish advisors and resulted in
protracted wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Question: Why did President George W. Bush send American troops to Afghanistan immediately after the September 11, 2001,
terrorist attacks on the United States?

A. Afghanistan's government had authorized the attacks. Afghanistan's government had not authorized the terrorist attacks.

*B. Afghanistan's government allowed terrorists to operate training centers there. The president dispatched American troops to Afghanistan,
whose Taliban leaders refused to turn over Osama bin Laden and other terrorists operating training centers in the country.

C. Afghanistan's government provided military equipment to terrorists in Al Qaeda. Afghanistan's government did not necessarily provide al-
Qaeda with military equipment.

D. Afghanistan's government had shut down American military bases there. The United States had no military bases in Afghanistan prior to the
war.

Question: What was the purpose of the Patriot Act?

*A. To provide the government a way to track electronic activity of terrorist groups. The Patriot Act provided the United States government with
a way to track electronic activity of terrorist groups.

B. To furnish the government with the means to limit the free speech of Arab Americans. The Patriot Act did not seek to limit the free speech of
Arab Americans.

C. To give the government with the means to act unilaterally against nations harboring terrorists. The Patriot Act focused on efforts to ensure
security at home.

D. To increase taxes to support American military intervention in Afghanistan. The Patriot Act did not impact tax rates.

Question: Why did the Bush administration support removing Saddam Hussein from power in the early 2000s?

A. They believed it would lead to a more stable Iraqi government. The Iraqi government was stable with Saddam Hussein in power.

*B. They thought Saddam Hussein was dangerous to American interests in the region. Bush administration officials considered the Iraqi
dictator too undependable to protect U.S. oil interests in the region.

C. They judged that it would destroy Al Qaeda. Bush administration officials did not believe removing Saddam Hussein from power would destroy Al
Qaeda.

D. They believed it would help the U.S. economy by lowering oil prices. Bush administration officials did not support removing Saddam Hussein
from power in order to lower oil prices.

Question: What was the basis for George W. Bush's reelection campaign in 2004?

A. The promise to expand the No Child Left Behind Law to provide schools with more federal funding Bush's 2004 campaign focused on issues
other than education.

B. The pledge to expand the war in the Middle East and attack Iran Bush did not promise to attack Iran in his 2004 reelection campaign.

C. Pointing to his economic record, which included rising wages for the working class Wages for the working-class were stagnant or declined.

*D. Focus on finishing the course of action in the Middle East Bush won reelection in 2004 by promising to finish the course of action he started in
Iraq, arguing that to do less would encourage terrorists, subvert burgeoning democracy in Iraq and Afghanistan, and dishonor the troops that had been killed and
wounded.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Operation Iraqi Freedom was carried out with a combination of
precision and speed and boldness the enemy did not expect and the world had not seen before. From distant bases or ships at sea, we
sent planes and missiles that could destroy an enemy division or strike a single bunker. Marines and soldiers charged to Baghdad
across 350 miles of hostile ground, in one of the swiftest advances of heavy arms in history. You have shown the world the skill and
the might of the American Armed Forces. . . . America is grateful for a job well done."

Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

A. The Iraq war was based on well-thought-out plans for the invasion and the aftermath of the invasion. The passage only describes the
invasion, not the aftermath.

B. The Iraqi military proved more capable than imagined. The passage focuses on the quickness of the victory, implying that Iraqi troops were les than
capable.

*C. The Bush administration focused more on the military victory than on the political reconstruction of Iraq. The passage focuses solely
on the military effort; little time in this speech was devoted to rebuilding Iraq.

D. The U.S. military had inadequate resources for the war. The passage focuses on the quickness of the victory, suggesting the troops had adequate
resources.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Iraqis like to call this mess 'the situation.' When asked 'how are
things?' they reply: 'the situation is very bad.' What they mean by situation is this: the Iraqi government doesn't control most Iraqi
cities, there are several car bombs going off each day around the country killing and injuring scores of innocent people, the country's
roads are becoming impassable and littered by hundreds of landmines and explosive devices aimed to kill American soldiers, there are
assassinations, kidnappings, and beheadings. The situation, basically, means a raging barbaric guerilla war."

Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

A. That Iraqis were resigned to the situation in Iraq post-Saddam The passage does not indicate that Iraqis had become used to the chaos, violence,
and disorder.

B. That American assistance was unwelcome in Iraq The passage does not indicate an unwillingness to accept American assistance.

*C. That postwar planning was severely lacking The chaos in Iraq after the fall of Saddam illustrates a major gap in the prewar planning, as much of
the violence was predictable.

D. That Bush had done all he could to provide assistance The passage does not suggest the United States had exhausted all opportunities to promote
peace and stability.

Question: What accounts for the decline in George W. Bush's popularity during his second term in office?

A. The mounting federal deficit and his strident domestic policies Most Americans were unconcerned with the mounting federal deficit.

*B. Continued chaos in Iraq and his handling of Hurricane Katrina The continued presence of sectarian violence in Iraq, lack of progress in training
Iraqi troops and police to safeguard civilians, mounting death tolls, and failure of the American-supported Iraqi government to work out a political solution to the
country's problems turned the majority of Americans against the war. Bush's handling of Katrina also contributed to the decline in his popularity.

C. The development of an economic recession Bush's popularity declined before the economic recession began.

D. Continued conflict in Afghanistan Continuing conflict in Afghanistan did not have the same impact on Bush's popularity as trouble in other areas.

Question: What was the purpose of the surge that President George W. Bush ordered in Iraq in 2007?

A. To provide Americans troops with better equipment in Iraq The surge did not provide American troops with better equipment in Iraq.

*B. To increase American troop levels in order to quell violence in Iraq The surge increased American troop levels in order to quell violence in Iraq.
C. To train Iraqi troops to quell the sectarian violence The surge did not focus on training Iraqi troops.

D. To increase funding for humanitarian efforts in Iraq The surge did not increase funding for humanitarian efforts in Iraq.

Question: How did the George W. Bush administration respond to growing public disapproval of the Iraq War and the administration's
broader campaign against terrorism?

A. It attempted to change tactics in the Iraq War in order to gain more public support for its efforts. The administration did not alter its tactics
in Iraq.

B. It withdrew troops from Iraq but continued to pursue the larger war on terror. The administration did not pull troops from Iraq.

*C. It ignored the criticism and insisted on staying the course, including mounting a surge in Iraq. The administration ignored the criticism
and insisted on staying the course.

D. It started to reduce troop levels in Iraq and scale back the enforcement of the Patriot Act. The administration ignored the criticism and did
not respond.

Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina considered as much a human-made disaster as a natural one?

*A. Governments failed to respond effectively to the hurricane. Not only did local and state officials respond slowly and ineptly to the disaster
caused by Hurricane Katrina, but so, too, did the federal government in providing assistance to those trapped in the city.
B. Looting contributed to the overall damage as much as the hurricane. Looting did not contribute to the overall damage as much as the hurricane.

C. Most damage occurred because man-made levees failed. Hurricane Katrina is not considered a man-made disaster because the levees failed.

D. The federal government refused to provide any assistance for weeks after the hurricane hit. The government provided assistance within the
first week, but the assistance was ineffective.

Question: How did the American wars in Afghanistan and Iraq impact the lives of most Americans during George W. Bush's
presidency?

A. Most Americans viewed the war on terror as temporary and did not feel it impact their lives. Americans did not view the war on terror as
temporary.

B. Most Americans feared being drafted because of the need for more troops. The military continued to function on an all-volunteer basis during
these wars.

*C. The war on terror became a permanent part of life but impacted poor people most directly. The war on terror was a permanent part of
life, but, with enlistments at low levels, the men and women who served in Iraq and Afghanistan were disproportionately poor and from minority communities.

D. The war on terror caused federal income tax rates to increase for most Americans. Federal income tax rates decreased for most Americans.

Question: What factors increased the threat of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East during the 2000s?

A. Threats by Israel to use nuclear weapons on Iran Israel did not threaten to use nuclear weapons on Iran.

B. Efforts by Israel to sell nuclear weapons to Egypt Israel did not try to sell nuclear weapons to Egypt.

*C. Security issues in Iran and Pakistan Attempts by Iran's government to develop nuclear weapons and the instability of Pakistan's government, which
already possessed nuclear weapons, increased the threat of nuclear proliferation.

D. Iraq's program to obtain nuclear weapons Iraq's government did not pursue nuclear weapons during this time period.

Topic: The Challenges Faced by President Barack Obama

books:

The Great Recession

Obama and Domestic Politics
Obama and the World

Question: What was the impact of the Great Recession that began in 2008 on the American economy?

A. An end to trade between the United States and China Trade between China and the United States continued beyond the Great Recession.

B. Little impact on the stock market but high unemployment The Great Recession impacted the stock market.

C. Minimal because federal stimulus dollars ended it quickly The Great Recession ended slowly.

*D. Major damage to the stock market and financial firms The stock market's Dow Jones average, which had hit a high of 14,000, fell 6,000 points,
the steepest drop since 1931. Americans who had invested their earnings in stock market-related investments lost a total of $700 trillion. The stock market crash
plunged investment firms into crisis.

Question: What were some of the underlying causes of the Great Recession of 2008?

*A. Deregulation of the banking and financial services and extremely low interest rates. Deregulation of the banking and financial services
industries as well as low interest rates during the 1990s and 2000s were some of the underlying causes of the Great Recession.

B. America's trade deficit with China. America's trade deficit with China did not cause the Great Recession.

C. The inability of many companies to find qualified workers in the United States. Companies were able to find qualified workers.

D. A debt crisis in Europe that threatened to break down the strength of the euro. The European debt crisis emerged after the Great Recession.

Question: How did subprime mortgages, which allowed people with low incomes or poor credit to purchase homes, contribute to the
Great Recession of 2008?

A. They resulted in Americans preferring to buy larger homes because subprime mortgages were only available for homes worth over
$200,000. Subprime mortgages were available for homes worth less than $200,000.

B. They allowed buyers to sell their homes too easily, sparking a downturn in housing prices. Subprime mortgages did not allow buyers to sell
their homes more easily.

*C. They trapped buyers into homes worth less than the loan. Subprime mortgages trapped buyers into homes worth less than the loan, which
became a serious problem when the housing market dried up.

D. They created a shortage of housing inventory as buyers gobbled up homes. Subprime mortgages did not create a shortage of housing
inventory.

Question: What was the impact of low interest rates during the 1990s and 2000s on consumer purchasing habits?

A. Prices for consumer goods rose, decreasing consumption. Low interest rates did not cause the price of consumer goods to rise.

*B. Consumers purchased more products than they could afford, leading to a high debt burden. Low interest rates resulted in consumers
purchasing more products than they could realistically afford, leading to a high debt burden for many Americans.

C. Consumers put more money in the stock market, which lowered consumption. Investment in the stock market did not lead to lower
consumption.

D. Many Americans purchased more Chinese manufactured goods. While Americans were increasingly buying Chinese manufactured goods in this
period, low interest rates were not the reason.

Question: Refer to the figure Figure 29.2 Wealth Inequality (Capital Income), 2011
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following account for the inequality shown in the graph?

A. The Iraq War The war did not contribute to wealth inequality in America.

B. The Medicare prescription drug expansion This law aimed to lower the cost of prescription drugs to some 40 million senior citizens enrolled in
Medicare. It was meant to improve the quality of life of the majority, not contribute to inequality.

*C. Declines in manufacturing and unregulated invested banking The decline of American manufacturing and the expansion of the low-wage service
sector, combined with the rise of high-tech industries and unregulated investment banking, led to growing disparities of wealth in the early twenty-first century.

D. The growth of domestic manufacturing This sector did not experience growth.

Question: How did a growing gap between the wealthiest and the majority of Americans exacerbate the Great Recession of 2008?

*A. Stagnant wages for most Americans led them to incur more debt. Stagnant wages for most working and middle-class Americans made it
difficult for Americans to buy homes and consumer products, leading them to incur more debt.

B. Few Americans could purchase homes because of stagnant wages. Most Americans still purchased homes but often at prices they could not
afford.

C. Few wealthy Americans wanted to work and preferred to live off investment income. The number of wealthy Americans who worked did not
cause the Great Recession.

D. Companies could not afford to pay the wealthiest Americans the wages they wanted. Most wealthy Americans earned their income through
investments and not wages.

Question: What describes the impact of the Great Recession of 2008 on Europe?

*A. Great Britain's banking system almost collapsed, and a debt crisis rose in multiple countries. The Great Recession had a strong impact on
Europe, causing Great Britain's banking system to almost collapse and contributing to a debt crisis in multiple countries.

B. Great Britain's banking system was seriously affected but not the rest of Europe. The Great Recession impacted other countries in Western
Europe.

C. It sparked high unemployment in Spain and Greece. Other factors caused high unemployment in Spain and Greece.

D. It caused high unemployment in Germany and France. Unemployment remained low in Germany.

Question: Why was the 2008 presidential election historic in the United States?

A. A major party nominated the first female to run as president. The candidates nominated by the Democratic and Republican parties were men.

B. President Barack Obama was the first African American to campaign for president. Other African Americans had previously campaigned for
president.

*C. The United States would either elect its first African American president or female vice president. The election of 2008 was historic
because the candidacies of Democrat Barack Obama for president and Republican Sarah Palin for vice president meant that the United States would elect its first
African American or female to one of the two highest offices in the land.

D. The United States would elect the first baby boomer as president. Previous presidents were baby boomers.

Question: How did Barack Obama overcome lingering racial prejudice in the United States and win the presidency in 2008?

A. He vowed to pursue the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq vigorously. Obama vowed to withdraw troops from Afghanistan and Iraq quickly.

*B. He offered reassurance about himself and hope for the future. Obama overcame lingering racial prejudices by speaking eloquently about his
background as an interracial child and by refuting various charges against him, but Obama won most of all because the public blamed the Bush administration for
the recession, and Obama offered hope for economic recovery.

C. He tried to remind Americans of the good economic times of the 1980s. When Obama spoke of good economic times in the past, he referred to
the 1990s, when Democrat Bill Clinton was president, not the 1980s under Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.

D. He promised to continue George W. Bush's economic policies. Barack Obama did not win the election of 2008 by promising to continue Bush
economic policies.

Question: What describes race relations in the United States in 2008 after the election of Barack Obama?

A. America entered a post-racial period in which skin color did not matter. Racism remained alive in America after the election of Barack Obama in
2008.

*B. Economic inequalities remained, as blacks earned less income over their lifetime than white Americans. Economic inequalities remained
after the election of Barack Obama in 2008, as blacks earned less income over their lifetime than white Americans.

C. African Americans encountered overt discrimination in all aspects of life. African Americans did not encounter overt discrimination in all aspects
of life, although discrimination remained an issue.

D. African Americans no longer experienced discrimination, but Latinos had become the new persecuted minority. African Americans still
experienced discrimination after the election of Barack Obama in 2008.

Question: How did Barack Obama respond to the Great Recession once he became president in 2009?

A. He waited for it to run its normal course and end. Obama did not wait for the Great Recession to end but pushed Congress to take quick action.

B. He relied on pushing the private sector to hire more Americans. Obama did not rely on the private sector to hire more Americans.

C. He cut taxes in an attempt to stimulate growth. Obama did not rely primarily on tax cuts to stimulate growth.

*D. He used heavy government spending to try to spark economic growth. To spark economic growth, Obama used heavy government spending
including bailouts of banks, investment firms, and automobile companies and got Congress to pass an economic stimulus plan.

Question: What was the goal of President Barack Obama's health care reform measure?

A. To provide funding for pharmaceutical companies to research more drugs The health care reform measure did not provide funding for
pharmaceutical companies.

B. To construct more hospitals in order to meet an increasing demand The goal of Obama's health care reform measure was not to construct more
hospitals.

C. To decrease health care costs by eliminating expensive tests The goal of Obama's health care reform measure was not to decrease health care
costs.

*D. To provide universal health care coverage The purpose of Obama's health care reform measure was to provide coverage for all Americans,
including those with pre-existing conditions.

Question: What was President Barack Obama's strategy for ending military operations in Iraq?

A. To increase the number of troops in Iraq and leave them there indefinitely Obama did not seek to leave troops in Iraq indefinitely.

*B. To transfer responsibility for Iraq security to Iraqis Obama sought to transfer responsibility for Iraq security to Iraqis.
C. To use more American civilians to provide humanitarian aid More American civilians did not provide humanitarian aid.

D. To convince NATO allies to accept more of the burden While Obama tried to convince NATO allies to play a greater part in Iraq, he did not rely on
that as the central part of his strategy.

Question: What was President Obama's most dramatic success in foreign affairs during his presidency?

*A. U.S. special forces killed Osama bin Laden. Obama's most dramatic success in foreign affairs came when U.S. special forces found and killed
Osama bin Laden.
B. Iran agreed not to pursue nuclear weapons. Iran continued to pursue nuclear weapons.

C. Israel agreed to recognize a Palestinian state. Obama did not convince Israel to recognize a Palestinian state.

D. North Korea agreed to not build nuclear weapons. North Korea continued to pursue nuclear weapons.

Question: What policies of President Barack Obama aroused intense opposition from the Tea Party movement?

*A. The health care reform bill and economic stimulus package A group of Republican conservatives formed a Tea Party movement, attacking the
president as a socialist for what they perceived as an effort to expand federal control over the economy and threaten individual liberty with passage of the health
care act.

B. His policies toward Iraq and Afghanistan The Tea Party movement focused its ire on Obama's domestic policies.

C. His environmental policies The Tea Party movement was more concerned about other domestic policies.

D. The extension of unemployment benefits and payroll tax cuts The Tea Party movement was more concerned about other domestic policies.

Question: What was the primary concern of members of the Tea Party movement about President Obama's policies?

A. The morality of his abortion position Members of the Tea Party movement were not primarily concerned with abortion.

B. Providing unemployment benefits to Americans Members of the Tea Party movement were not primarily concerned with providing Americans with
unemployment benefits.

C. The use of American military force abroad Most members of the Tea Party movement did not object to the use of American military force abroad.

*D. The expanded role of the federal government Members of the Tea Party movement objected to the expanded role of the federal government in the
economy and health care system, which they viewed as creeping socialism.

Question: What did the Occupy Wall Street Movement attack?

A. America's presence in Iraq The Occupy Wall Street Movement focused on economic issues.

B. Extensions to unemployment benefits The Occupy Wall Street Movement did not attack extensions to unemployment benefits.

C. President Obama's health care reform bill The Occupy Wall Street Movement did not attack Obama's health care reform bill.

*D. Corporate greed and economic inequality The Occupy Wall Street Movement attacked corporate greed, economic inequality, and the inability of the
federal government to relieve widespread suffering.

Question: What describes the state of the United States' role in the world in 2012?

*A. The United States faces continued tests to its international leadership from terrorism. The United States still faces continued tests to its
international leadership from terrorism in 2012.

B. The United States is currently the unchallenged leader of the world. The United States is not the unchallenged leader of the world.

C. The United States no longer has a strong presence in the Middle East. The United States still has a strong presence in the Middle East.

D. The United States has growing influence with Islamic fundamentalists. The United States has little influence with Islamic fundamentalists.

Question: What events reshaped the Arab world in 2011?

*A. The overthrow of harsh governments in Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya In 2011, great changes swept across the Middle East, as young people
peacefully toppled pro-Western, but despotic governments in Egypt and Tunisia. In Libya, armed rebels succeeded in overthrowing the government of the dictator
Muammar Gaddafi.

B. A sudden drop in oil prices Oil prices were fairly stable in 2011.

C. Iran's acquiring nuclear weapons Iran did not acquire nuclear weapons in 2011.

D. Israel's decision to withdraw from the West Bank Israel still maintained West Bank settlements in 2011.

Question: What was the impact of global warming in the United States in the 2000s?

A. Curtailed economic growth Global warming did not impact economic growth.

*B. More natural disasters and rising ocean temperatures Global warming led to more natural disasters and rising ocean temperatures.
C. Outbreak of swine flu Global warming did not cause the swine flu outbreak.
D. Population decline in Africa Africa's population increased in the 2000s.

Question: What will America's racial makeup be in the future if current trends continue?

A. The country will become predominantly African American. The African American population has not currently increased significantly.

*B. The country will become increasingly multicultural. The United States will become increasingly multicultural with more Asian, Latino, and mixed-
race citizens if current trends continue.

C. The country will remain predominantly white. White residents will become a minority in the United States.

D. Asians and African Americans will become more numerous than Latinos. Latinos, currently the largest minority, are expected to remain so in the
future.

Question: Refer to the map Map 29.2 The Middle East, 2000-2017

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements does the map support?

A. The United States took a cautious approach to Middle East policy in the twenty-first century. The United States did not follow a cautious
approach in the Middle East.

B. Russia has played a decisive role in Middle Eastern affairs. Russia has not played a significant role until recently.

*C. The United States has played a destabilizing role in the Middle East. The multiple conflicts and failed states indicate that U.S. policy has been
destabilizing in the Middle East.

D. NATO has been largely uninvolved in the Middle East. The map shows multiple instances of NATO involvement.
Chapter 14: Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863–1877

Topic: Emancipation
books:

African Americans Embrace Freedom

Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
Freedom to Learn
Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches

Question: What did the end of the war bring to southern African Americans?

*A. Joy and liberation Southern blacks felt a sense of joy over their liberation from slavery.
B. Fear and uncertainty African Americans did not feel fear or uncertainty at the end of the Civil War. They had felt that way before, during slavery.

C. Anxiety over the future While the future was uncertain, it looked much brighter than it had before the Civil War.

D. A sense of defeat If anything, freed slaves felt victorious.

Question: How did southern whites respond to the joy slaves felt over their liberation?

A. They could not help but feel some happiness, despite the defeat. There was no empathy for freed slaves among southern whites.

*B. They responded with violent anger and frustration. Southern whites felt violently hostile toward freed slaves. Whites beat, whipped, raped,
slashed, and shot blacks who, they felt, had been too joyous in their freedom or too helpful to the Yankee invaders.

C. After suffering so deeply during the war, they reacted with resignation. Even though southern whites had suffered a lot during the war, most
would not resign themselves to the new order and the end of slavery.

D. They began to move out of the South so they would not have to witness African Americans' joy. Southern whites by and large did not leave
the South.

Question: The chief federal government agency for assistance and support of African Americans in the South after the Civil War was

*A. the Freedmen's Bureau. The Freedmen's Bureau was the most important government agency for assistance and support for African Americans in the
South after the Civil War.

B. the U.S. Sanitary Commission. The U.S. Sanitary Commission had been responsible for coordinating medical care for Union troops during the Civil War.

C. the Union army. While Union soldiers and officers frequently supported the cause of freedmen, the army was not the chief agency for assistance and
support.

D. the Republican Party. The Republican Party was the party for African Americans in the South after the Civil War, but it was not a government agency for
assistance.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Here is were we have toiled nearly all Our lives as slaves and were
treated like dumb Driven cattle, This is our home, we have made These lands what they are. we were the only true and Loyal people
that were found in posession of these Lands. we have been always ready to strike for Liberty and humanity yea to fight if needs be To
preserve this glorious union . Shall not we who Are freedman and have been always true to this Union have the same rights as are
enjoyed by Others? Have we broken any Law of these United States? Have we forfieted our rights of property In Land?– If not then!
are not our rights as A free people and good citizens of these United States To be considered before the rights of those who were
Found in rebellion against this good and just Government."

According to the Freedmen's Committee of Edisto Island, freedmen deserved to own land on the island following the Civil War because

*A. they did not rebel against the United States. The freedmen make clear that unlike white residents of South Carolina they did not rebel against the
United States by supporting secession or the Confederacy. "We were the only true and Loyal people that were found in posession of these Lands," the committee
writes.

B. they had been promised land by their masters. The freedmen were not promised land by their masters, nor do they claim to have been made such
promises.

C. the island was previously unoccupied. The freedmen say that the island had long been populated. In fact, they say the island is where "we have toiled
nearly all Our lives as slaves and were treated like dumb Driven cattle."

D. the planters had not farmed it profitably. The committee's statement does not say whether the lands had been farmed profitably; it is irrelevant to
their claim to ownership.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have been encouraged by government to take up these lands in
small tracts, receiving Certificates of the same– we have thus far Taken Sixteen thousand (16000) acres of Land here on This Island.
We are ready to pay for this land When Government calls for it and now after What has been done will the good and just government
take from us all this right and make us Subject to the will of those who have cheated and Oppressed us for many years God Forbid! We
the freedmen of this Island and of the State of South Carolina–Do therefore petition to you as the President of these United States,
that some provisions be made by which Every colored man can purchase land. and Hold it as his own…"

According to the Freedmen's Committee of Edisto Island, why should the island's land belong to them?

A. The island's planters previously gave them the land. The freedmen were not promised land by their masters, nor do they claim to have been made
such promises.

*B. The federal government gave them title to the land. During the war's later stages, the Union government had distributed to freedmen some
400,000 acres of land abandoned by Confederates along the Atlantic coast. The committee says they have received "Certificates" reflecting the land transfer.

C. They had already paid for the land themselves. Although the committee mentions paying for the land, the statement indicates they are willing to pay
for the land in the future, if required.

D. They were promised land for their military service. The freedmen do not argue that they have been promised land in exchange for military service.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have been encouraged by government to take up these lands in
small tracts, receiving Certificates of the same– we have thus far Taken Sixteen thousand (16000) acres of Land here on This Island.
We are ready to pay for this land When Government calls for it and now after What has been done will the good and just government
take from us all this right and make us Subject to the will of those who have cheated and Oppressed us for many years God Forbid! We
the freedmen of this Island and of the State of South Carolina–Do therefore petition to you as the President of these United States,
that some provisions be made by which Every colored man can purchase land. and Hold it as his own…"

Why is owning land so important to the freedmen of Edisto Island?

A. Owning land made them superior to poor whites. The freedmen do not say they want land to feel superior to whites.

B. Confiscating land would punish plantation owners. Although confiscating lands would punish planters who participated in the war, the freedmen do
not discuss land distribution as a form of punishment.

*C. With land, they could live independently in the future. The freedmen's committee is looking to the future in arguing for land. They expect to be
able to support themselves—even to pay for the land they had been given—if only given a chance to farm it for themselves.

D. By owning land, they could vote in federal elections. Although freedmen looked forward to voting, the committee does not discuss voting in their
petition.

Question: Why was the Freedmen's Bureau created in 1865?

A. To punish Confederates by confiscating property The Confiscation Acts, passed during the war, seized Confederate property, but that was not the
purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau.

*B. To assist former slaves adjust to freedom Officially called the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, the agency was designed to
aid former slaves adjusting to freedom by providing economic and legal resources as well as distributing land.

C. To provide medical care to wounded soldiers The Bureau did not exist to provide medical care to soldiers.

D. To implement military reconstruction in the South The Bureau did not implement military reconstruction, which came about after the agency was
created.

Question: For many freedmen, the key to long-term survival following the Civil War was

A. receiving government payments. Freedmen did not aim to receive payments from the government.

B. moving to northern cities. Moving to northern cities, where there was hostility to free blacks, was not a solution to many freedmen.

*C. obtaining land to farm. Freedmen wanted land. With land of their own to farm they could take care of themselves and enjoy economic independence as
well as political freedom.

D. finding quality medical care. Although medical care was important, it was not the key to long-term survival for freedmen.

Question: What was the first priority for many new freedmen and freedwomen of the South after the Civil War?

A. Punishing their masters While a few freedpeople might have felt this motivation, it was not widespread.
B. Getting out of the South Though many freedpeople ended up leaving the South, this was not the first priority for most of them.

*C. Reuniting with family members The first priority for African Americans in the South after the Civil War was to reunite their families. Men and women
traveled across the South to find spouses, children, parents, siblings, aunts, and uncles. Well into the 1870s and 1880s, parents ran advertisements in newly
established black newspapers, providing what information they knew about their children's whereabouts and asking for assistance in finding them.

D. Getting back to work Freedpeople were willing to get back to work, but their first priority after the war was something else.

Question: Which of the following was an obstacle that African Americans faced in their efforts to reunite after slavery?

A. A lack of interest in reunion Even after many years of separation, African Americans persisted in efforts to reunite with their loved ones.

*B. Incomplete records on plantations and government offices Incomplete records on plantations and government offices could slow down the
reunion or make it impossible.

C. Lack of help in their searches African Americans sought and sometimes received help in their quests from government officials, ministers, and other
freedpeople.

D. Union army policy that they could not leave their area The Union army did not force freedpeople to stay in the area where they had been freed.

Question: Why did a large number of African American men and women need the services of ministers after the end of the Civil War?

A. They wanted to have their children blessed. While some freedpeople might have had such a desire, that explanation does not account for the majority
of cases.

B. They wanted to confess their sins. While some freedpeople might have wanted this, it does not account for the majority of cases.

*C. They wanted to be married legally. Slaves were eager to gain legal recognition for their marriages, which had been denied them under southern laws
before the war.

D. They wanted to be baptized. While some freedpeople might have had such a desire, that explanation does not account for the majority of cases.

Question: Why did so many freedpeople move to establish legal marriages after the end of the Civil War?

A. They wanted to show their rejection of the norms of racist white culture. Marrying was embracing rather than rejecting the norms of white
culture.

*B. They wanted to enjoy the rights and legal status that had long been denied them. Husbands and wives, or those who considered
themselves as such despite the absence of legal marriage under slavery, also searched for each other.

C. They were moved by a guilty conscience after religious conversion. Widespread conversions were not common in the postwar South, nor was
guilty conscience a major factor in motivating them to marry.

D. They had lived in separate male and female quarters before the war, making marriage impossible. Separate quarters had not made
marriage impossible for enslaved African Americans before the war; lack of white legal recognition of their marriages had done so.

Question: Which of the following was a priority for many freedmen after the end of the Civil War?

A. Obtaining money from the Freedmen's Bureau The Bureau did not provide money to freedmen following the war.

B. Getting revenge against cruel former owners Revenge was not a priority for freedmen.

C. Moving west to start life over again on new land Some freedmen, known as "Exodusters," moved west to places such as Kansas to start over.
However, only a fraction of freedmen did so.

*D. Receiving legal recognition of their marriages For freedmen, it was crucial to make their marriages official after having been denied legal
recognition while they were enslaved. It was a way of strengthening families.

Question: Why might the children of freed slaves find themselves in a vulnerable position following the Civil War?

*A. Without a legal marriage for their parents, custody issues might arise if their parents separated. Without the legal protections of
marriage, children could find themselves at the mercy of courts if their parents separated. In general, courts awarded fathers custody on the assumption that a
man would be able to better provide for the children's material needs.

B. Slaves were emancipated gradually, with enslaved children not freed until they turned eighteen. Emancipation was not gradual.

C. With no schooling available, children were likely to end up impoverished and working like slaves. Although resources were stretched thin,
the Freedmen's Bureau and charitable organizations such as churches established schools for the children of former slaves throughout the South.

D. Masters automatically received custody of any children they had fathered with enslaved women. Masters did not automatically receive
custody.

Question: What was the attitude of freedpeople toward education after the end of the Civil War?
*A. They were very interested in gaining an education. Learning was one of the ways in which southern blacks proclaimed their freedom, and the
desire to learn was practically universal.

B. They were suspicious of educated people. Rather than regarding educated people with suspicion, freedpeople viewed education as desirable.

C. They considered it a frivolous luxury that would not help them work. While freedpeople did not necessarily think education would benefit them in
working, they did not view it as a frivolous luxury.

D. They saw it as an unattainable goal. To most freedpeople after the Civil War, education was, for the first time in their lives, a real possibility.

Question: Which of the following is true about northern teachers who traveled south to set up schools for the children of former
slaves?

A. They embraced southern blacks as full equals. Teachers from the North came with good intentions, but also with a good amount of racial prejudice
and condescension.

B. They were happy to learn as much from southern blacks as they did from them. It was an unusual teacher who believed that he or she could
learn as much from southern blacks as they could learn from him or her.

C. They pioneered desegregated education in southern schools. The schools were typically segregated.

*D. Their attitudes were often paternalistic, and they segregated the students. The attitudes of northern teachers were often paternalistic and
the schools segregated, but the institutions they established offered important educational resources for African Americans.

Question: Why did freedpeople pursue education in the post–Civil War South?

A. They were hoping to learn the skills it took to be an overseer. Overseers no longer existed in the South after the end of slavery.

B. They wanted to prepare for a career in the North. Some African Americans in the South may have prepared for a better life in the North, but that
was not the primary motivation for pursuing an education.

C. They were hoping to earn a living overseas. Few African Americans in the South imagined themselves going overseas to pursue a new life there.

*D. They understood education as a way of escaping white exploitation. After the Civil War, African Americans in the South understood that
education was a sign of liberation and a way to escape exploitation by whites.

Question: One of the first ways that southern blacks participated in politics after the Civil War was by

A. paying taxes. Once they earned an income for their labor, freedmen did end up paying taxes. But that was not their first experience with politics after the
Civil War.

B. voting in the 1866 congressional elections. African Americans typically did not yet have the ability to vote in the congressional elections of 1866, and
their exposure to politics came much earlier than that.

*C. attending public meetings of freedpeople. Growing numbers of freedmen hoped to participate in politics, and the public meetings organized by
freedpeople in cities across the South were one of their first opportunities.

D. running for local office. African Americans were eager to run for local office, but changes were needed in the South's political and social structure for that
to take place.

Question: What proportion of African Americans were literate by 1880?

A. 10 percent The proportion of African Americans who could read by 1880 was higher than that.

*B. 25 percent About a quarter of African Americans were literate by 1880. Despite the enthusiasm of freedpeople and the efforts of the federal government
and private agencies, schooling remained severely limited throughout the South due to the shortage of teachers and funding.

C. 50 percent The literacy rate among African Americans in the South in 1880 was significantly lower.

D. 75 percent The literacy rate among African Americans in the South in 1880 was significantly lower.

Question: In addition to the Freedmen's Bureau, which organization(s) also sent teachers south to help educate former slaves
following the Civil War?

A. The Republican Party The Republican Party did not, as a party, establish schools for the children of former slaves.

*B. Churches Northern churches, once active in opposing slavery, sent teachers south following the war to set up schools for the children of freedmen.
C. The Union army The Union army did not send teachers south to set up schools.

D. Congress Although the Freedmen's Bureau was created by Congress and the Bureau did establish schools, Congress itself did not directly dispatch teachers
south.
Question: How were adult freedmen who needed to work during the day able to obtain an education following the Civil War?

A. Private tutors were arranged to teach them. Private tutors were not arranged, as the expense would have been prohibitive.

B. Replacement workers were found for them. Replacements were not found to work in place of adults attending school.

*C. They learned at night from their children. Schoolchildren passed along what they had learned to their parents and other adults.
D. They attended classes on the weekend. Freedmen would not have had free time on the weekend to pursue education, although they sometimes would
study privately at night.

Question: Why were African Americans so eager to interpret the Bible for themselves after the Civil War?

A. Whites had refused to read to them from the Bible before the war. Slaves had been forced to listen to white preachers read the Bible to them.

B. They had their doubts about the roots of Christianity. It was not a lack of faith that made African Americans want to read the Bible, but a distrust of
white authority.

*C. Their masters had claimed that the Bible sanctioned black slavery. Masters and white preachers had claimed that God had placed Africans and
their descendants in bondage. Doubtful, African Americans wanted to see this for themselves.

D. They were planning to live in accordance with scripture. African Americans did not necessarily hope to live more faithfully in accordance with
scripture.

Question: Why did African American community organizations in the South almost exclusively use churches for meetings in the post–
Civil War era?

A. Their events were inevitably of a religious nature. Not all African American community events were religious in nature.

*B. These were the largest structures available to freedpeople. Churches were the largest structures available to freedpeople in many communities
where whites still controlled all property, so they were used for a variety of purposes by a host of community organizations.

C. They wanted to recruit members for their organizations through the church. The newly formed African American community organizations
meeting in churches had little to do with their membership recruitment strategies.

D. Churches charged a reasonable rental fee for such events. Churches did not offer their space in order to raise revenue.

Question: An important function peculiar to black churches in the years immediately following the Civil War was to serve as sites for

A. baptisms. Baptisms took place not only in black churches but in white churches as well.

B. weddings. Weddings certainly took place in black churches but also in white churches.

*C. political organizing. One of the most important functions of black churches in the years immediately following the Civil War was as sites for political
organizing.

D. funerals. Funerals took place not only in black churches but also in white churches.

Question: Why were some black ministers concerned about discussing politics in their churches following the Civil War?

A. Political activism would invite Ku Klux Klan violence. Although ministers were wary of the Ku Klux Klan, that was not a reason to curtail political
discussions.

B. They might lose their tax-exempt status by talking politics. Tax exemptions were not an issue at the time.

C. Politics was boring and might drive people away. Congregants were generally eager to discuss politics.

*D. Political discussions distracted from spiritual matters. Although churches provided an important meeting space for African Americans to discuss
politics, they were still churches first, and some ministers worried that worldly concerns would take precedence over the spiritual life.

Topic: National Reconstruction

books:

National Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Congressional Reconstruction
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Question: Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson viewed Reconstruction as a process of

*A. reconciliation. Both presidents viewed Reconstruction as a process of reconciliation.

B. reckoning. Neither president saw Reconstruction as a time to settle political scores.

C. revolution. Neither president was eager to dramatically transform society during Reconstruction.

D. rehabilitation. Neither president considered it his responsibility to reform and rehabilitate white Southerners.

Question: Congressional Republicans and most African Americans viewed Reconstruction as

A. an opportunity for the redistribution of property. While some African Americans were hoping for the redistribution of property, they did not
understand Reconstruction primarily in those terms.

*B. a time to shore up the economic and political rights of freedmen. Congressional Republicans, along with most African Americans, expected the
South to extend constitutional rights to the freedmen and to provide them with the political and economic resources to sustain their freedom.

C. a chance to eradicate white supremacy across the nation. While most African Americans would have liked to see the eradication of white
supremacy, they probably knew that this was unrealistic across the entire nation.

D. a matter of converting southern whites to the cause of abolitionism. African Americans in the South wanted to be safe and protected from
southern whites, but they did not hope to turn them into abolitionists.

Question: Why did Abraham Lincoln think that Southerners had to meet only minimum standards for their restoration of statehood?

A. He conceded that the southern states had not violated the Constitution by seceding. Lincoln believed from the time the states seceded that
taking that step violated the Constitution and was an act of rebellion.

B. He admitted that the southern states had had ample cause to secede. Lincoln never would have agreed that the southern states had had any
valid reason to secede.

*C. He believed that Reconstruction should be a process of national reconciliation. Unlike many congressional leaders and leaders in the African
American community, Lincoln prioritized reconciliation between the Union and the defeated Confederacy as the priority for Reconstruction. Goals such as the
political and economic rights of former slaves took second place in his plans.

D. He sympathized with the plight of defeated planters. Lincoln had empathy for many victims of the Civil War, but the plight of defeated planters had
nothing to do with his Reconstruction policy.

Question: How many southern whites had to pledge an oath of allegiance under Lincoln's plan to have their state readmitted to the
Union after the Civil War?

A. 2 percent More whites than that pledged an oath of allegiance to the Union.

*B. 10 percent Only 10 percent of southern whites had to pledge an oath of allegiance under Lincoln's plan to have their state readmitted to the Union.
C. 20 percent Fewer southern whites than this had to pledge their loyalty to the Union.

D. 50 percent Far fewer southern whites than this had to pledge their loyalty to the Union.

Question: Which southern state reestablished its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan" between 1863 and 1865?

*A. Arkansas Arkansas—along with Louisiana and Tennessee—reestablished its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan" during that time.
B. Virginia Virginia did not reestablish its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan."

C. Alabama Alabama did not reestablish its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan."

D. Florida Florida did not reestablish its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan."

Question: After the end of the Civil War, how did congressional Republicans think the South should be treated?

A. As equal to the other states Congressional Republicans had far more hostile views toward the South.

B. As an honored but defeated foe Congressional Republicans harbored more bitterness and desire for revenge than this attitude would suggest.

C. As a "foreign nation" Congressional Republicans did not want to treat the South as a foreign nation.

*D. As "conquered provinces" They argued that the Confederates had broken their contract with the Union when they seceded and should be treated as
"conquered provinces" subject to congressional supervision.
Question: What was Abraham Lincoln's position on the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery throughout the United States,
when it was passed by Congress in 1865?

A. He thought it unnecessary, since he had already issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln recognized that the Emancipation
Proclamation did not apply to the entire country.

B. He complained that it did not go far enough. While Lincoln may have had other ideas about how to advance the rights of African Americans in the
South, he did not object to the Thirteenth Amendment on the grounds that it did not go far enough.

C. He worried about the reaction of the border states. Since the Civil War was virtually won by January 1865 and since the emancipation policy had
been effectively endorsed by Lincoln's reelection, the border states had lost much of their significance in Lincoln's calculations.

*D. He supported it wholeheartedly. Lincoln was an unconditional supporter of the Thirteenth Amendment.
Question: Which of the following supported a reconstruction plan that called for 10 percent of those eligible to vote in southern states
in 1860 to swear loyalty to the United States?

A. Thaddeus Stevens Stevens was a Radical Republic congressman from Pennsylvania. Radical Republicans favored tougher treatment for the Confederacy.

*B. Abraham Lincoln Viewing Reconstruction as a process of national reconciliation, Lincoln was lenient in the terms he demanded from Confederates. For
example, he asked that only 10 percent of those eligible to vote in 1860 swear loyalty to the United States and then a state could form a new government and
write a new constitution.

C. Edwin Stanton Edwin was Secretary of War under both Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.

D. Jefferson Davis Davis was president of the Confederacy. He was the only Confederate official imprisoned following the war.

Question: According to the Wade-Davis Bill (1864), what percentage of voters in Confederate states had to swear loyalty to the
United States?

A. 10 percent Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction required 10 percent.

B. 25 percent The Wade-Davis Bill would have required more than 25 percent.

*C. 50 percent The Wade-Davis Bill, crafted by the Radical Republican-influenced Congress, set a higher bar for Confederate states to meet—much higher
than the 10 percent loyalty oath requirement favored by Lincoln.

D. 75 percent The Wade-Davis Bill required less than 75 percent of voters to swear loyalty to the United States.

Question: Why was the Wade-Davis Bill never enacted into law?

A. Andrew Johnson refused to sign the legislation as too lenient. The bill was not presented to Johnson.

B. The Senate overwhelmingly rejected the bill as too expensive. The Senate approved the Wade-Davis Bill.

C. Lincoln was murdered before he could sign the bill into law. Lincoln was not assassinated before he could make a decision on the bill.

*D. Lincoln vetoed the legislation and Congress could not override it. Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill, believing that it was too demanding on
the South. Congress did not have the votes to override.

Question: Who supported an approach to Reconstruction that emphasized "malice toward none" and "charity for all"?

*A. Abraham Lincoln Lincoln spoke these words in 1865. They embodied his belief that Reconstruction should be a process of reconciliation between North
and South.

B. Edwin Stanton Stanton was Lincoln and Johnson's Secretary of War; an ally of the Radical Republicans, he favored a tough approach to the Confederacy.

C. Thaddeus Stevens A Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania, Stevens did not believe in a forgiving approach to Reconstruction.

D. Charles Sumner A Radical Republican senator from Massachusetts, Sumner believed the Confederacy did not deserve a mild response from the Union.

Question: That President Andrew Johnson's dislike of the southern aristocracy before the Civil War had little to do with moral
convictions is evident in the fact that

A. he was never an abolitionist. While abolitionists certainly had solid credentials as moral opponents of the planter aristocracy, there were critics of the
southern elite who had not been abolitionists.

B. he only joined the Republican Party in 1865. Andrew Johnson never joined the Republican Party.

*C. he was once a slave owner. Johnson's political opposition to slavery was not rooted in moral convictions but instead sprang from the belief that
slavery gave wealthy plantation owners inordinate power and wealth, which came at the expense of the majority of white Southerners who owned no slaves. He
saw emancipation as a means to "break down an odious and dangerous [planter] aristocracy," not as a way to empower blacks.

D. he was from Tennessee. Being from Tennessee was no evidence of a lack of moral conviction.

Question: Why did Andrew Johnson see no reason to punish the southern planter aristocracy after the Civil War?

*A. Emancipation was sufficient punishment for them. Johnson thought little of southern blacks as well as the elite and was convinced that the
emancipation of slaves was punishment enough for southern aristocrats.

B. He thought they had suffered enough during the war. Johnson did not necessarily think that the southern planter aristocracy had suffered during
the war.

C. They were people of his own kind that he did not want to hurt. Johnson resented the planter aristocracy, and even though he owned slaves
himself once, he did not consider himself a part of that elite group.

D. He promised to bring about reconstruction "with malice toward none, with charity for all." Lincoln had made this promise in his second
inaugural address, but that was not Johnson's sentiment.

Question: Why was it so hard for Andrew Johnson to work even with moderate Republicans in Congress after the Civil War?

A. They detested his Tennessee roots. Some Republicans might have approached Johnson with suspicion because of his southern roots, but that was not a
problem across the board.

B. He was too radical in his push for equality. Johnson was no radical supporter of African American equality.

*C. He lacked any political savvy or skill. Johnson did not have political savvy or skill. Combined with his profound racism, this was a poor foundation on
which to build political coalitions.

D. He was too deeply rooted in the southern establishment. Johnson resented the southern establishment and felt alienated by it.

Question: What made Republicans like Lyman Trumbull of Illinois "moderate" in the time of Reconstruction?

A. They believed in the right of African Americans to vote. Radical Republicans, not moderates, supported the right of African Americans to vote.

B. They thought only 10 percent of southern whites should have to pledge their loyalty. Even moderate Republicans had set higher standards for
Southerners' readmission to the Union than Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan."

C. They did not think that the federal government should have to protect southern blacks. Moderate Republicans believed that the federal
government had a responsibility to protect newly emancipated slaves, even if they held the opinion that whites and blacks were not equal.

*D. They believed that whites and blacks were not equal, but that blacks should have basic rights. Moderate Republicans shared the
prevalent belief of their time that whites and blacks were not equal, but they expected southern states, where 90 percent of African Americans lived, to extend
basic civil rights to the freedpeople, including equal protection and due process of law, and the right to work and hold property.

Question: What did Republican Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania demand the federal government provide freedpeople after the Civil
War?

*A. A homestead of 40 acres of land Stevens called on the federal government to provide freedpeople "a homestead of 40 acres of land."
B. Free access to higher education Stevens did not demand that the federal government provide African Americans with free access to higher education.

C. Free health care Stevens did not expect the federal government to provide African Americans with free healthcare.

D. A guaranteed job Stevens did not call on the federal government to provide African Americans with a guaranteed job.

Question: Why did congressional Republicans initially think that Andrew Johnson would work well with them after President Lincoln's
assassination in April 1865?

A. He had issued pardons to many members of the planter elite. Johnson's granting of pardons would not have endeared him to congressional
Republicans.

B. He agreed to pay the war debts of the Confederacy. Johnson urged southern state constitutional conventions to repudiate the war debts of the
Confederacy, meaning that those who had put their money into the southern cause were going to lose that investment.

C. He blocked southern provisional governors from convening new state constitutional conventions. Johnson appointed provisional governors
to convene new state constitutional conventions, and he urged these conventions to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.

*D. He urged southern states to revoke the southern states' ordinances of secession. Johnson's repudiation of southern ordinances of secession
indicated his opposition to the Confederate cause.

Question: In 1865, what additional requirement did President Andrew Johnson impose on those white Southerners with taxable
property over $20,000 for them to obtain an amnesty and pardon for their participation in the Confederacy?

A. They had to make donations to southern black schools. Johnson did not require wealthy Southerners to donate to black school funds.
B. They had to pay an additional luxury tax to fund the new Reconstruction governments. Johnson did not ask wealthy Southerners to pay an
additional luxury tax.

*C. They had to petition him for a special pardon to restore their rights. Wealthy Southerners had to personally ask the president for his pardon.
He relished the reversal of roles that put members of the southern elite at his mercy.

D. They had to surrender their lands to freedmen's homesteads. Johnson did not ask that wealthy southern landowners surrender their property to
freed blacks.

Question: Why had many former leaders of the Confederacy been able to win election to state constitutional conventions and
Congress by December 1865?

A. Under Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan, they simply assumed the offices they had held before the war. Johnson's Reconstruction
plan was generous to former southern elected officials, but the southern states did hold new elections.

*B. Johnson's liberal Reconstruction policies had made their reentry easy. As a result of Johnson's liberal pardon policy, many former leaders of
the Confederacy won election to state constitutional conventions and to Congress. For example, Georgia elected its former Confederate vice president Alexander
H. Stephens to the U.S. Senate.

C. Southern blacks had a tendency to vote for their former masters. Southern blacks were not likely to vote for their former masters, for whom they
had no affection, but they did not have the right to vote.

D. Union soldiers in the South were big fans of the planter aristocracy. Union soldiers detested the southern planter aristocracy but did not vote in
southern states.

Question: Why did southern states begin to pass a variety of laws called "black codes" in 1865?

*A. To reduce blacks to living in conditions as close to slavery as possible White legislators who took office in southern states in 1865 passed a
variety of black codes intended to reduce blacks to living in conditions as much like slavery as possible.

B. To enact segregation in public facilities The main purpose of black codes was not the segregation of public facilities.

C. To address the poverty of recently freed African Americans The purpose of black codes was discrimination against African Americans, not
assistance for them.

D. To guide African Americans into freedom Black codes were not meant to guide African Americans into freedom.

Question: How did congressional Republicans respond to the black codes enacted by southern state legislatures in 1865 and
thereafter?

A. They were disappointed but kept silent. Congressional Republicans were outraged by these laws that were clearly designed to undermine the
Thirteenth Amendment.

B. They wondered why southern blacks weren't fighting back. They understood that black codes were meant to suppress African Americans and that
they had no legal means to combat them.

*C. They were outraged at what they saw was an attempt to undo the result of the Civil War. If the black codes prevailed, one Republican
proclaimed, "then I demand to know what practical value is the amendment of abolishing slavery?" Others wondered what their wartime sacrifices had meant if
the South remained unchanged.

D. They wondered whether they should copy the black codes in the North. Congressional Republicans were appalled by black codes and did not
think of copying the laws in their home states.

Question: Why did President Andrew Johnson require wealthy Southerners to petition him personally for a special pardon before their
rights were restored following the Civil War?

A. Since wealthy slave owners started the war, he believed they deserved extra punishment. Johnson did not institute the special provision
because of a desire to punish slave owners for starting the war.

B. Southern elites were most likely to oppose Reconstruction and needed to be handled carefully. By making the special requirement, Johnson
did not intend for southern elites to be handled with care.

*C. Johnson wanted to humiliate his longtime adversaries by forcing them to acknowledge his power. A poor Tennessee farmer by
upbringing, Johnson had long despised the wealthy planters who he believed controlled the South unfairly. He relished the opportunity to force southern elites to
humble themselves before him in asking for a pardon.

D. Johnson had pledged to continue the Reconstruction pardon policies introduced by President Lincoln. Lincoln had no such requirement. He
asked for a broad amnesty for Confederates, excluding only the highest-ranking officials.

Question: What was President Andrew Johnson's attitude toward slavery?

A. It was morally wrong, always and everywhere. Johnson was not morally opposed to slavery; he had been a slave owner.

B. It was a positive good that civilized African Americans. Johnson did not believe the popular southern argument that slavery was good for civilizing
African Americans.

C. It was once necessary, but it was no longer needed. Johnson did not believe that slavery was a necessary evil.

*D. It was wrong because it harmed poor whites. By the time he became Lincoln's vice president, Johnson opposed slavery—not because it harmed
slaves but because he believed it gave the wealthy too much power in southern society. He viewed abolition not so much as a matter of justice toward blacks but
a way to break the power southern elites held over poor whites.

Question: Who of the following people would have believed that although blacks were inferior to whites, former slaves needed the
protection of federal troops?

*A. Moderate Republicans Moderate Republicans did not believe that races were equal, and they did not advocate social equality. Nevertheless, they
opposed slavery and saw that without protection from the federal government, southern slaves would suffer at the hands of southern whites.

B. Radical Republicans Radical Republicans believed in social equality between the races as well as that former slaves needed government protection.

C. Northern Copperheads Copperheads were northern Democrats who, during the war, favored making peace with the South without abolition.

D. Southern Democrats Southern Democrats did not want any role for the federal government in the south.

Question: Why were former Confederate leaders able to win election to public office as early as 1865?

A. Lincoln granted a general amnesty for southern leaders. Although Lincoln favored a program of general pardons for ex-Confederates, he died
before it was implemented.

*B. Johnson offered pardons freely to ex-Confederates. President Johnson generously issued pardons, restoring full civil rights to former
Confederates, including government officials. Not surprisingly, prewar politicians were soon voted back into office.

C. The Thirteenth Amendment restored their rights. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery.

D. The Fourteenth Amendment restored their rights. The Fourteenth Amendment, among other provisions, overturned the Dred Scott decision and
guaranteed that blacks were citizens.

Question: What pushed Republicans in Congress to unite in opposition against President Andrew Johnson in 1866?

A. The president extended the life of the Freedmen's Bureau without congressional consultation. Andrew Johnson vetoed the extension of the
Freedmen's Bureau in 1866.

*B. The president vetoed the Civil Rights Act designed to protect southern blacks from the black codes. President Johnson vetoed the Civil
Rights Act Congress had passed to protect southern blacks from the black codes. This united both moderate and radical Republicans in Congress against him.

C. The president did not allow southern congressmen with former Confederate ties to be seated in Congress. Johnson did allow southern
congressmen to be seated in Congress even if they were former Confederates; blocking that would have pleased congressional Republicans rather than angering
them.

D. The president vetoed a funding bill that would have allowed the federal government to continue operation in 1866. Though Johnson
issued more than one veto in 1866, none of them targeted a funding bill.

Question: On what grounds did Johnson oppose legislation such as the Freedmen's Bureau in 1866?

A. He claimed that the law failed to assist African Americans. Johnson was no advocate of federal assistance to free blacks, so this would not have
been a cause of objection for him.

B. He was convinced that corrupt elites would siphon off most of the funding. Corruption was not the reason for his objection.

*C. He believed that this gave black Southerners an advantage over poor whites. Johnson argued that the Freedmen's Bureau put whites at a
disadvantage with blacks, who received government assistance.

D. He argued that African Americans were well off and did not need assistance. Johnson did not think that southern blacks were well off, but he
did not think that the federal government should do anything about it.

Question: During Reconstruction, why did Congress decide to turn the provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Fourteenth
Amendment?

A. A constitutional amendment was the only way to overcome the opposition of Democrats. Democrats in the 1866 Congress weren't strong
enough to block the Civil Rights Act. If they had been, they would have certainly been strong enough to block passage of a constitutional amendment.

B. Johnson's persistent vetoes made a constitutional amendment necessary. Republicans in Congress were able to override the president's veto
and pass the Civil Rights Act a second time.

*C. Given their struggle with the president, Republicans did not think they could rely on laws alone. Reflecting on its confrontational dealings
with the president, Congress wanted to ensure more permanent protection for African Americans than simple legislation could provide.

D. A ruling by the Supreme Court against the Civil Rights Act made this step necessary. The Supreme Court had not ruled on the Civil Rights
 g y p g g p y
Act, although the Fourteenth Amendment was necessary to establish that African Americans were citizens.

Question: In the spring of 1866, which southern city witnessed riots in which white residents terrorized the city's black residents?

A. Atlanta, Georgia There were no riots in Atlanta in the spring of 1866.

B. Savannah, Georgia No riots took place in Savannah in the spring of 1866.

*C. Memphis, Tennessee Memphis witnessed riots in the spring of 1866 during which white residents terrorized the city's black residents and burned their
houses and churches.

D. Birmingham, Alabama There were no riots in Birmingham in the spring of 1866.

Question: What part of the 1857 Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court did the Fourteenth Amendment overturn?

*A. The ruling that denied citizenship to African Americans The Fourteenth Amendment defined citizenship to include African Americans, thereby
nullifying the ruling in the Dred Scott decision of 1857, which declared that blacks were not citizens.

B. The ruling that declared the Missouri Compromise null and void. The Fourteenth Amendment did not address that part of the Dred Scott ruling,
but since slavery had been abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, it did not have to.

C. The ruling that excluded blacks from popular sovereignty The Dred Scott decision did not include such a ruling.

D. The ruling that prohibited states from incurring debt The Dred Scott decision did not include such a ruling, and the Fourteenth Amendment only
repudiated Confederate debts.

Question: How did President Andrew Johnson respond to the Fourteenth Amendment?

A. He did not like it, but he had no choice other than to sign it. Johnson did not like it, but his signature was not required; the amendment
automatically went to the state legislatures for ratification.

*B. He urged southern states to reject the amendment. Johnson encouraged the South to reject the Fourteenth Amendment instead of counseling
them to accept it and thereby speed up their readmission to the Union.

C. He applauded the initiative of Congress. Johnson opposed the amendment and had bitter relations with Congress by the time of its passage.

D. He lamented its omission of the right to vote for African Americans. Johnson was not an advocate of African American voting rights.

Question: Why did President Andrew Johnson embark on a tour through the Midwest in the fall of 1866?

*A. He was campaigning for the upcoming congressional elections in favor of candidates who shared his views. In the fall of 1866, Johnson
decided to take his case directly to northern voters before the midterm congressional elections. He was campaigning for candidates who shared his views.

B. He wanted to inspect the damage the urban riots had caused there in the spring of 1866. There had been no wave of riots in the Midwest in
1866, and Johnson did not tour the region to inspect urban conditions.

C. He hoped to meet with his congressional opponents and convince them of his position. Johnson had no interest in trying to convince his
opponents and was looking to have them lose power.

D. He was trying to win the votes of farmers in the upcoming presidential election. Johnson was not up for election in 1866.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contrary to the fears and predictions of many, the great mass of
colored people have remained quietly at work upon the plantations of their former masters during the entire summer. The crowds seen
about the towns in the early part of the season had followed in the wake of the Union army, to escape from slavery. After hostilities
ceased these refugees returned to their homes, so that but few vagrants can now be found. In truth, a much larger amount of
vagrancy exists among the whites than among the blacks. It is the almost uniform report of officers of the bureau that freedmen are
industrious.

The report is confirmed by the fact that out of a colored population of nearly 350,000 in the State, only about 5,000 are now receiving
support from the government. Probably some others are receiving aid from kind-hearted men who have enjoyed the benefit of their
services from childhood. To the general quiet and industry of this people there can be no doubt that the efforts of the bureau have
contributed greatly."

According to Eliphalet Whittlesey, why is it wrong to fear that ending slavery would produce social strife?

*A. Most freedmen were working quietly to create better lives for their families. Critics of the Freedmen's Bureau charged that helping former
slaves would only make them lazy and dependent on the government for handouts. Whittlesey assures his readers that most freedmen are working hard, as
before.

B. The Union army's presence in the South was keeping discord to a minimum. Although the Union army was keeping the peace, Whittlesey does
not discuss its role in his report.
C. Former masters were being generous in paying their former slaves for their labor. Whittlesey does not say that former masters were paying
their former slaves.

D. Southern politicians were accommodating the needs of slaves to have their rights protected. Whittlesey does not discuss southern
politicians, who were not protecting the rights of freedmen in any event.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contrary to the fears and predictions of many, the great mass of
colored people have remained quietly at work upon the plantations of their former masters during the entire summer. The crowds seen
about the towns in the early part of the season had followed in the wake of the Union army, to escape from slavery. After hostilities
ceased these refugees returned to their homes, so that but few vagrants can now be found. In truth, a much larger amount of
vagrancy exists among the whites than among the blacks. It is the almost uniform report of officers of the bureau that freedmen are
industrious.

The report is confirmed by the fact that out of a colored population of nearly 350,000 in the State, only about 5,000 are now receiving
support from the government. Probably some others are receiving aid from kind-hearted men who have enjoyed the benefit of their
services from childhood. To the general quiet and industry of this people there can be no doubt that the efforts of the bureau have
contributed greatly."

Why does Eliphalet Whittlesey mention that there are more white vagrants in the area than black vagrants?

A. To call for greater authority to punish uncooperative southern whites Although he may have wanted to punish southern white Confederates, the
report does not bring up vagrancy to call for punishment.

*B. To show that fears of blacks causing social disorder are unwarranted Critics of the Freedmen's Bureau charged that freed slaves would
endanger society by moving freely without the supervision of whites. Whittlesey suggests that rootless whites were a much bigger problem than vagrant
freedmen.

C. To ask that a federal bureau also be established to assist poor whites Whittlesey does not advocate a federal bureau to assist whites.

D. To suggest that the Freedmen's Bureau had failed in its mission Whittlesey writes to defend the work of the Freedmen's Bureau.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: ". . . [W]e have in our camps at Roanoke Island and Newbern, many
women and children, families of soldiers who have died in the service, and refugees from the interior during the war, for whom
permanent provision must be made. . . . The reports prepared by Surgeon Hogan will show the condition of freedmen hospitals. In the
early part of the summer much suffering and mortality occurred for want of medical attendance and supplies. This evil is now being
remedied by the employment of surgeons by contract. . . ."

According to Eliphalet Whittlesey, which group of former slaves will need permanent assistance?

A. Elderly slaves Whittlesey does not mention elderly slaves.

B. The sick and dying Whittlesey does not mention sick and dying slaves.

*C. Widows and orphans Critics of the Freedmen's Bureau charged that it would make slaves dependent on the government for their sustenance, creating
an enormous public burden. Whittlesey admits that while the government must make "permanent provision" for widows and orphans, the vast majority of
freedmen will be fine on their own.

D. Uneducated slaves Whittlesey does not discuss the issue of education for former slaves.

Question: Refer to the image Democratic Flier Opposing Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 1866
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

According to the flier opposing the Freedmen's Bureau bill, the bureau is a bad idea because it

A. favors former Confederates. The flier does not criticize the Bureau for favoring Confederates.

B. gives the states too much power. The flier does not mention excessive power for the states. If anything, it implies that the federal government is too
strong.

C. was not enacted properly. Although the flier mentions that the president vetoed the legislation and it was overridden by Congress, the flier does not
charge any impropriety.

*D. costs too much to operate. Around the edges of the flier are various figures calculating the cost of the Freedmen's Bureau providing assistance to
former slaves. On the bottom, the image concludes that the Bureau will "cost the Tax-payers of the Nation, at least, TWENTY-FIVE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS."

Question: Refer to the image Democratic Flier Opposing Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 1866
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

According to the flier opposing the Freedmen's Bureau bill, the bureau should not be continued because it

*A. harms poor white farmers. The flier condemns the Bureau for harming whites. It says the Freedmen's Bureau is "AN AGENCY TO KEEP THE NEGRO IN
IDLENESS AT THE EXPENSE OF THE WHITE MAN."

B. encourages white vagrancy. The flier says nothing about vagrancy, except by implying that freedmen do not want to work.

C. rewards southern secession. The flier does not charge that the Bureau rewards secessionists.

D. needs more funds to work. Although the flier condemns the cost of the Bureau, it appears to say the Bureau will not work at any cost.

Question: How did Republican moderates in Congress change their views in 1866 after President Andrew Johnson vetoed a bill
renewing the Freedmen's Bureau?

A. They formed an alliance with Democrats to halt Reconstruction. Moderate Republicans remained opposed to the Democrats.

B. They called for Johnson's impeachment and removal from office. Johnson was impeached in 1868; he was not removed from office, however.
*C. They grew more sympathetic to the Radical Republicans. Because of Johnson's antagonism on questions such as the renewal of funding for the
Freedmen's Bureau, Republican moderates aligned themselves with the Radical Republicans, from whom they had previously distanced themselves.

D. They joined Johnson in condemning the proposed legislation. Republican moderates did not work more closely with the president.

Question: What was the result of President Andrew Johnson campaigning for his political allies during the 1866 congressional
elections?

A. He angered pro-Confederate voters in the South. Johnson did not anger southern voters.

B. He failed to appeal to northeastern immigrants. Appealing to immigrants was not the goal of the campaign.

C. He alienated women by opposing women's suffrage. Women's suffrage was not an issue that Johnson addressed.

*D. He made his Republican opponents more popular. Johnson miscalculated by attacking Republicans on his campaign through the Midwest. After
the election, Republicans enjoyed a two-thirds majority in Congress, exactly the opposite of what he hoped to accomplish.

Question: When Congress reconvened in 1867, moderate Republicans had come to agree with radicals that

A. the Fourteenth Amendment was a necessity. Republicans in Congress had passed the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866.

B. Southern blacks had a right to "forty acres and a mule." Republicans never achieved a majority to enact a law creating free homesteads for
freedpeople.

*C. Southern blacks needed the right to vote. Conditions in the South had made it clear that southern African Americans needed access to the ballot to
preserve their civil rights and not be forced back into slavery.

D. President Johnson was an obstacle to progress. Congress had determined that President Johnson was an obstacle to progress the year before, in
1866.

Question: According to the Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867, who was allowed to elect the delegates to the states'
constitutional convention?

A. Women and men above the age of 16 Women were not allowed to vote for delegates to the states' constitutional conventions.

*B. All black and white men except for former Confederate officials All men over the age of 21 who had not been officials in the Confederacy were
allowed to vote for delegates to the states' constitutional conventions.

C. Confederate officials and white men Confederate officials were explicitly prohibited from voting for delegates to the constitutional conventions.

D. Union soldiers only The election of delegates to constitutional conventions was open only to southern residents.

Question: What role did the Union army play in the Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867?

A. It was supposed to provide security for the state constitutional conventions. The purpose of the military was much larger than that, and the
Military Reconstruction Acts did not specify this responsibility for the military.

B. It was to arrest Confederate officials who had refused the loyalty oath. The military had a much larger purpose than that, and the Military
Reconstruction Acts did not specify this responsibility.

*C. It supervised the South, which was divided into five military districts during the process. The Military Reconstruction Acts divided ten
southern states into five military districts, each under the supervision of a Union general and his troops.

D. It was to ensure that Southerners were obeying federal laws and paying their taxes. The purpose of the military had more scope than that,
and the Military Reconstruction Acts did not specify this responsibility for the military.

Question: The Tenure of Office Act passed by Congress in 1867

A. established term limits for senators. The Tenure of Office Act did not establish term limits for members of Congress.

B. established term limits for congressmen. The Tenure of Office Act did not establish term limits for members of Congress.

*C. prevented Johnson from firing pro-Reconstruction cabinet officers. The Tenure of Office Act of 1867 prevented Johnson from firing pro-
Reconstruction cabinet officers so that Congress could ensure that its Reconstruction policy was followed.

D. initiated impeachment procedures against Johnson. The Tenure of Office Act did not initiate impeachment procedures.

Question: Why did Congress not impeach President Andrew Johnson in 1867?

A. The Senate voted to impeach Johnson, but the House rejected it. The House voted to impeach, but the Senate failed to convict him.
B. The Senate ran out of time for a full deliberation of the articles of impeachment. The Senate took six weeks to deliberate impeachment.

C. The president convinced Congress to give him one more opportunity to work with them. President Johnson remained defiant and unwilling to
work with Congress.

*D. After six weeks of deliberation, the Senate fell short of impeachment by one vote. President Johnson avoided being forced out of office by
one vote in the Senate.

Question: Why did the Radical Republicans set the agenda for Reconstruction in 1867?

*A. Moderate Republicans united with the Radicals. Alienated by President Johnson's rhetoric and policies, the moderate Republicans made common
cause with the Radicals, giving them the upper hand vis-Ã -vis the president.

B. President Johnson was impeached by Congress. Johnson was not impeached until 1868.

C. The army asked to carry out Military Reconstruction. Military Reconstruction was an outcome of the Radicals' ability to set the agenda after 1867.

D. More African Americans began voting in the South. Although more African Americans were able to vote, that was not the cause of the Radicals' new
momentum.

Question: What led moderate Republicans to support the Radical Republicans in 1867?

A. The success of the Democrats in the 1866 election Republicans won big in 1866, receiving a two-thirds majority in Congress.

*B. The way President Johnson antagonized Congress Moderate Republicans objected to Johnson's rhetoric and policy goals for Reconstruction. His
effort to abolish the Freedmen's Bureau, for example, alienated moderates and sent them to align with the Radicals.

C. The desire to provide funds for the Freedmen's Bureau Johnson wanted to remove funding for the Bureau.

D. The threat to Republican lawmakers posed by the Ku Klux Klan Republican lawmakers in Washington were not intimidated by the Klan.

Question: What legislation required the president to secure the Senate's approval before dismissing cabinet secretaries?

A. Command of the Army Act The Command of the Army Act required the president to issue orders to field commanders through the General of the Army in
Washington, D.C. The measure ensured that the president did not water down enforcement of laws passed by Congress when issuing orders to the army.

B. Military Reconstructions Acts The Military Reconstruction Acts divided the former Confederacy into five military districts, governed by a Union army
general, and mandated protection for freedmen's voting rights.

*C. Tenure of Office Act The Tenure of Office Act was designed to protect cabinet members sympathetic to the Radical Republicans. It held that the
president could not dismiss a cabinet secretary without the approval of the Senate.

D. Force Acts The Force Acts were designed to thwart the growing power of the Ku Klux Klan.

Question: What did the Fifteenth Amendment, passed by Congress in 1869, establish?

A. It guaranteed the right to vote to all men over the age of 21. The Fifteenth Amendment did not guarantee all men the right to vote.

*B. It prohibited states from abridging voting rights on the basis of race. The Fifteenth Amendment barred states from using race to disfranchise
voters, but states could still block access to the ballot based on any standard they thought proper.

C. It guaranteed the right to vote to all U.S. citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment did not guarantee all citizens the right to vote. That would have
included women and children.

D. It guaranteed the right to vote to all African Americans over 21. The Fifteenth Amendment did not guarantee the right to vote to all African
Americans. That would have included women.

Question: Why did the Fifteenth Amendment spark serious conflicts among old abolitionist allies in 1869?

A. Some abolitionists began to fear for the safety of southern blacks if they were given the right to vote. Concern for the safety of African
Americans was not the source of strife among former abolitionist allies.

B. Some abolitionists feared that the amendment could be interpreted as giving women the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment very
clearly did not apply to women.

*C. Some abolitionists feared that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments restricted women's rights. Women's rights advocates who had
been abolitionists objected that the Fourteenth Amendment inserted the word male into the Constitution for the first time in its description of citizens and that the
Fifteenth Amendment allowed for disfranchisement based on gender.

D. Some abolitionists feared that the Fifteenth Amendment could be used to allow immigrants to vote. The voting rights of immigrants were
not a cause for concern among former abolitionists.

Question: By 1869, how did women's rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton explain her opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment?
A. The Amendment did not ensure democratic elections. This was not Stanton's concern.

*B. The inclusion of African Americans would degrade the U.S. polity. Both Susan B. Anthony and Stanton denounced suffrage for black men only,
and Stanton supported her position on racial grounds, claiming that giving the vote to the "dregs of . . . Africa" would have a degrading effect on the U.S. polity.

C. She insisted that the black vote had to be guaranteed more explicitly. Stanton believed that the Fifteenth Amendment sufficiently secured voting
rights for black men, but for black men only.

D. She urged the inclusion of African American women along with black men. Stanton did not want the right to vote for African American women,
but for white women.

Question: Which amendment to the Constitution prohibited the denial of voting rights to African American men because of their race?

A. Thirteenth Amendment The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery.

B. Fourteenth Amendment The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizenship for African Americans.

*C. Fifteenth Amendment The Fifteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee voting rights for African Americans by prohibiting the use of race as a bar to
suffrage. However, the Amendment opened the door to using criteria other than race, such as literacy, payment of taxes, or good moral character, as a way to
disfranchise voters.

D. Sixteenth Amendment The Sixteenth Amendment established the income tax.

Question: Which of the following people opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not provide for women's suffrage?

A. Frances Ellen Watkins Watkins believed that black men urgently needed the vote to protect their new freedom in the hostile South and that women's
suffrage was more likely once black men were allowed to vote.

B. Abby Kelley Kelley believed that black men urgently needed the vote to protect their new freedom in the hostile South and that women's suffrage was more
likely once black men were allowed to vote.

C. Frederick Douglass Douglass believed that black men urgently needed the vote to protect their new freedom in the hostile South and that women's
suffrage was more likely once black men were allowed to vote.

*D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton The women's suffrage movement divided over the Fifteenth Amendment, with some longtime advocates of women's rights,
such as Stanton, opposing the Amendment because it enfranchised black men only.

Question: Why did the American Woman Suffrage Association support ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment when the National
Woman Suffrage Association opposed it?

*A. Its members believed that black male suffrage would one day lead to women's voting rights. Debate surrounding ratification of the
Fifteenth Amendment divided the women's suffrage movement. The American Woman Suffrage Association, whose members included both men and women,
supported ratification, even though women's voting rights were not protected. The National Woman Suffrage Association, which allowed only women members,
disagreed.

B. The organization was dedicated to social equality between the sexes, not political equalities. Social equality between men and women did
not divide the two organizations.

C. The group wanted to avoid the controversy over women's rights that roiled the abolition movement. The group's support for the Fifteenth
Amendment was not calculated to prevent disagreement similar to the challenges faced by the abolition movement.

D. The association's supporters did not believe married women needed the right the vote. The association advocated for all women to be
allowed to vote.

Topic: Remaking the South

books:

Whites Reconstruct the South

Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction

Question: Which group of whites occupied the majority of elective offices in the South during the first years of congressional
Reconstruction?

A. Former Democrats Former Democrats were more likely to stay in the Democratic Party and oppose the changes caused by Reconstruction.

B. Confederate officials Confederate officials were banned from elective office during congressional Reconstruction.

*C. People opposed to secession Not all southern whites opposed Reconstruction and joined with Republicans to institute reforms. They tended to have
belonged to the Whig Party and opposed secession before the war or to have been small-scale farmers who detested rich planters.

D. Former abolitionist activists Few whites in the South had been activists for abolition prior to the Civil War.

Question: How did the majority of Southerners view those whites who participated in new Reconstruction governments?

A. They envied their success. The majority of Southerners resented those whites who participated in Reconstruction governments.

*B. They decried them as scalawags. The majority of Southerners accused whites who participated in new Reconstruction governments of being
"scalawags," an unflattering term meaning "scoundrel."

C. They were hoping for their leniency. The majority of southern whites did not expect punishment from white participants in Reconstruction governments
and so had no reason to hope for leniency.

D. They denounced them as carpetbaggers. Southern whites used the term "carpetbagger" to refer to Northerners who came to the South after the Civil
War.

Question: What did Southerners call Northerners who came to the South for political or economic reasons or to help the freedpeople
adjust to their new lives?

A. "Contrabands" "Contrabands" were slaves that ran to Union army camps during the Civil War.

B. "Scalawags" "Scalawags" was an insult southern whites hurled at those southern whites who participated in Reconstruction governments.

C. "Scoundrels" Southerners considered these Northerners to be scoundrels, but they had a specific term for them.

*D. "Carpetbaggers" Northerners had many reasons for coming to the South. Some had served in the Union army during the war, liked what they saw of the
region, and decided to settle there. Others came to help provide education and assist the freedpeople adjust to a new way of life. Still others were fortune seekers
and adventurers who saw in the South an opportunity to get rich building railroads, establishing factories, and selling consumer goods. Whatever the reason,
Southerners called these Northerners "carpetbaggers."

Question: What did southern Democrats call former Confederates who agreed with Republicans that the South needed to change
following the Civil War?

A. Carpetbaggers Northerners who came south to pursue business opportunities following the war were called carpetbaggers.

*B. Scalawags Southern politicians who agreed with Republicans that the South needed to change were denounced by other Southerners as "scalawags," a
term of abuse meaning "scoundrels."

C. Freedmen Freedmen were former slaves emancipated by the Civil War.

D. Redeemers Redeemers were southern politicians who aimed to remove Republican governments from power and return the South to Democratic control.

Question: Why were the so-called carpetbaggers subjected to so much abuse in the South following the Civil War?

A. They supported the Democratic Party. The carpetbaggers were presumed to be Republicans, although their politics was not the reason they were
scorned.

B. They refused to observe Military Reconstruction. Refusal to observe Military Reconstruction, a hated policy in the former Confederacy, would have
made someone popular in the South.

*C. They allied themselves with the freedmen. Northerners who came south following the Civil War often allied with freedmen by establishing schools
or doing business with them. White southerners denounced them for upsetting the region's racial system.

D. They joined with Confederate veterans in the Ku Klux Klan. Carpetbaggers did not join the Klan.

Question: Southern whites hated African Americans of the Reconstruction period for the fact that they

A. demanded to be treated as superiors. African Americans did not demand to be treated as superiors, but only as equals.

*B. exercised their newfound freedoms. Southern whites hated the fact that African Americans had found new freedoms and were finding ways to
transcend the history of oppression to which whites had assigned them.

C. were leaving the South. Though southern whites were not particularly fond of African Americans' finding new opportunities outside the South, the
departure of some freedmen was not their chief complaint in the Reconstruction years.

D. were attacking southern whites for revenge. African Americans, remarkably, did not attack southern whites in an effort to avenge past mistreatment.

Question: What characteristic made Mississippi, and not Georgia, North Carolina, or Virginia, the state that sent two African
Americans to the U.S. Senate during congressional Reconstruction?

A. Freedmen in Mississippi had more education. Freedpeople of Mississippi were not particularly better educated than those in the other states.

B. Freedmen controlled the state legislature in Mississippi. While it is the case that senators were elected by state legislators, freedmen controlled the
state legislature in South Carolina rather than Mississippi.

C. Freedmen in Mississippi had more political experience. No freedmen anywhere in the South had political experience, as slaves had been excluded
from voting, let alone holding office.

*D. Mississippi had an African American majority. Freedpeople formed a majority of the population in Mississippi, unlike those other three states.
Question: How did southern blacks of the Reconstruction period feel about politics?

A. They considered it an unpleasant burden. African Americans were enthusiastic about politics.

*B. They saw it as a community responsibility. African Americans embraced the importance of politics as a means of exercising one's civil and political
rights.

C. They found it confusing and complicated. Politics may have been complicated at times, but African Americans were hardly deterred or overwhelmed by
this.

D. They did not see politics as relevant. African Americans understood very well the importance of politics to their lives and opportunities.

Question: How did Southerners create a public school system during the years of congressional Reconstruction?

A. They appealed to the federal government. Reconstruction state governments did not ask the federal government to create a public school system.

B. They based the school system on church organizations. Although churches were central in black community life, the school systems were not based
on them.

*C. They formed interracial political coalitions. Southerners created a public school system during the years of congressional Reconstruction by forming
interracial coalitions of freedmen and sympathetic whites.

D. They organized private sponsors and donations. Southerners did not draw on private sponsors to build their public school systems.

Question: Why did southern blacks enter into tenant contracts with large landowners to become sharecroppers from the late 1860s
onward?

*A. They lacked the capital to buy farms on their own. As much as free blacks wanted to own their own land, they lacked the capital to make this a
reality.

B. They were comfortable working with their old masters. Southern blacks had many reasons not to want to work with their old masters.

C. They did not want the responsibility of owning a farm. Southern blacks wanted to own their own land very badly.

D. They did not have the right to purchase land outright. African Americans had the right to purchase property but not the means.

Question: What did sharecropping represent for many African Americans in the Reconstruction South?

A. A status similar to wage labor in the North Sharecroppers were exploited more fully than northern wage earners.

*B. A state of virtual slavery As sharecroppers found themselves caught up in a perpetual cycle of indebtedness, their obligations to their landlord
increasingly resembled the conditions of slavery.

C. An opportunity for learning farming techniques from mentors White southern landowners never acted as mentors for sharecroppers, and southern
blacks had plenty of experience farming.

D. A stepping stone to success. Only a fraction of African American sharecroppers rose from tenancy to success.

Question: What percentage of black farmers in the South managed to buy their own land after 1865?

A. 5 percent The share of black farmers who were able to buy their farm was higher.

B. 10 percent The share of African Americans who could own their own land was higher.

*C. 20 percent About a fifth of black farmers in the South managed to buy their own land after 1865.
D. 50 percent The share of African Americans able to own their own land was much lower.

Question: Why did southern white yeomen also become sharecroppers in the years following the Civil War?

*A. The war's devastation pushed many small farmers into sharecropping. The loss of harvests and destruction of the region pushed many small
farmers into bankruptcy and forced them to accept rental contracts.

B. Yeomen could make more profits in cotton with additional rented land. Yeomen did not rent land to supplement their own landholdings.
C. Successful freedmen bought yeomen's land and leased it back to them. Black Southerners did not gain this type of economic leverage over white
farmers.

D. They were unwilling to return to their former homes and moved to new areas, where they had to lease land. Most yeomen returned to
their home areas but entered sharecropping for economic reasons rather than because of geographic mobility.

Question: In the years after the Civil War, why were black Exodusters disappointed with Kansas, a state they had considered "the
Promised Land"?

A. Kansans were not nearly as open to African Americans as they had hoped. Racial animosity was not the reason for the disappointment
freedpeople experienced in Kansas.

B. A real estate boom had made soil in Kansas far too expensive. Land was not expensive in Kansas, and it remained affordable.

C. They ended up missing the South and their extended family ties there. Memories of home were not the reason for the disappointment African
Americans felt in Kansas.

*D. Poor land and unpredictable weather made farming on the Great Plains hard and fruitless. Kansas proved a hard land to farm, since the
quality of the soil could be poor and the weather included droughts and cold winters.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contract made the 3rd day of January in the year 1870 between us
the free people who have signed this paper of one part, and our employer, Willis P. Bocock, of the other part. . . . We are to furnish the
necessary labor . . . and are to have all proper work done, ditching, fencing, repairing, etc., as well as cultivating and saving the crops
of all kinds, so as to put and keep the land we occupy and tend in good order for cropping, and to make a good crop ourselves; and to
do our fair share of job work about the place. . . . We are to be responsible for the good conduct of ourselves, our hands, and families,
and agree that all shall be respectful to employer, owners, and manager, honest, industrious, and careful about every thing . . . and
then our employer agrees that he and his manager shall treat us kindly, and help us to study our interest and do our duty. If any hand
or family proves to be of bad character, or dishonest, or lazy, or disobedient, or any way unsuitable our employer or manager has the
right, and we have the right, to have such turned off. . . ."

According to the sharecropping agreement, what problems does the landowner fear will arise with the freedmen working his land?

A. They will leave to work for other nearby farms. Nothing in the contract suggests that the landowner fears his sharecroppers will leave for other
employment.

*B. They will be lazy, dishonest, and unreliable. The fact that the contract has the sharecroppers promise to work hard, maintain a good character, and
"do our fair share of job work about the place" suggests that the landowner is concerned they will not do these things. The landowner also reserves to himself the
ability to dismiss workers in "any way unsuitable."

C. They will open up their own competing farms. Nothing in the contract indicates that the landowner fears the sharecroppers will set themselves up as
competitors.

D. They will organize a rebellion and kill whites. Nothing in the contract indicates that the landowner fears a rebellion.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contract made the 3rd day of January in the year 1870 between us
the free people who have signed this paper of one part, and our employer, Willis P. Bocock, of the other part. . . . We are to furnish the
necessary labor . . . and are to have all proper work done, ditching, fencing, repairing, etc., as well as cultivating and saving the crops
of all kinds, so as to put and keep the land we occupy and tend in good order for cropping, and to make a good crop ourselves; and to
do our fair share of job work about the place. . . .

For the labor and services of ourselves and hands rendered as above stated, we are to have one third part of all the crops, or their net-
proceeds, made and secured, or prepared for market by our force.

We are to be furnished by our employer through his manager with provisions if we call for them . . . to be charged to us at fair market
prices."

According to the sharecropping agreement, the freedmen are concerned that the landowner will

A. reenslave them. The contract does not hint at a concern about being reenslaved. The fact that the freedmen are signing a contract suggests they are
confident in their status as free.

B. abandon them. The contract specifies mutual obligations but does not suggest a fear of being abandoned.

*C. cheat them. The contract specifies that the landowner must charge "fair market prices" for provisions, suggesting a concern that the landowner, who was
to be the exclusive source of supplies, would exploit them.

D. ignore them. There is no sense in the contract that the landowner will ignore the sharecroppers.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contract made the 3rd day of January in the year 1870 between us
the free people who have signed this paper of one part, and our employer, Willis P. Bocock, of the other part.
For the labor and services of ourselves and hands rendered as above stated, we are to have one third part of all the crops, or their net-
proceeds, made and secured, or prepared for market by our force.

We are to be furnished by our employer through his manager with provisions if we call for them . . . to be charged to us at fair market
prices.

And whatever may be due by us, or our hands to our employer for provisions or any thing else, during the year, is to be a lien on our
share of the crops, and is to be retained by him out of the same before we receive our part."

According to the sharecropping agreement, where will freedmen obtain the supplies needed for farming?

A. Make the supplies themselves in their free time The freedmen are not expected to make the supplies themselves.

B. Buy the supplies at a store close to the farm The contract does not envision the sharecroppers buying their supplies at a store.

C. Obtain the supplies from the Freedmen's Bureau The Freedmen's Bureau is not discussed.

*D. Buy the supplies on credit from the landowner The contract specifies that supplies will be obtained from the landowner with the cost attached as a
lien on the proceeds of the crops produced. In other words, the sharecroppers are borrowing the money to buy supplies with the expectation that the owner will
have a legal right to a portion of the crop to pay him back at harvest time.

Question: Which political office did African Americans fail to serve in during Reconstruction in the South?

*A. Governor No freedmen served as governor of a former Confederate state following Reconstruction, but African Americans did serve in state legislatures
and in Congress.

B. U.S. senator Mississippi sent two African Americans to serve in the U.S. Senate during Reconstruction.

C. U.S. congressman Sixteen African Americans served in the House of Representatives during Reconstruction.

D. State legislator Some 600 African Americans served in state legislatures in the South during Reconstruction.

Question: Southern whites refused to accept the legitimacy of Reconstruction governments after the Civil War, complaining that they
were

A. discriminating against black men. Southern whites would not have complained about racial discrimination, and among the Reconstruction governments
racial discrimination was less pronounced than it had ever been before.

*B. raising taxes and encouraging corruption. Southern whites did not accept the legitimacy of the Republican Reconstruction governments, and they
complained about higher taxes and corruption in particular.

C. stuck in the past. Southern whites would not have criticized Reconstruction governments for being stuck in the past. It was they who wanted to return to
the way things had been.

D. failing to industrialize the region with northern capital. Southern whites were not particularly interested in attracting northern industries.

Question: In which state did Republican Reconstruction governments last until 1877?

*A. Florida Florida was one of only three states in which the Republican Reconstruction government lasted until 1877.
B. Georgia Georgia's Republican Reconstruction government was replaced by 1871.

C. Tennessee Tennessee's Republican Reconstruction government did not last past 1870.

D. Virginia Virginia's Republican Reconstruction government did not operate past 1870.

Question: Who were the original members of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, which formed in 1865?

A. Wealthy planters and their families The Klan included only men, not families, and the men were not only wealthy planters.

B. Bitter Union soldiers The Klan did not attract bitter Union soldiers.

*C. Confederate veterans The original members of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of 1865 were Confederate veterans.
D. Recent immigrants There was no significant population of immigrants in the South, and Klan members tended to be native-born whites.

Question: Why were "Redeemer" Democrats able to win the 1875 election in Mississippi?

*A. Armed white supremacists killed hundreds of Republicans. Armed terrorists killed hundreds of Republicans in Mississippi in 1875, launching a
reign of terror that helped the Democrats topple the Republican government there.
B. Democrats promised power-sharing with the freedmen. Democrats made no such promises.

C. Ku Klux Klan candidates won almost every office. The Klan was not a political party that ran candidates for office.

D. Thousands of former Confederates regained voting rights prior to the election. The 1875 election in Mississippi did not turn on an influx of
voters who had been Confederates.

Question: How did Congress respond to the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1860s and early 1870s?

*A. It authorized federal protection of elections and conducted an investigation. Congress passed a series of force bills that authorized the
federal government to secure elections in the South, and it launched an investigation into Klan terrorism in 1872 that led to the conviction of 300 Klansmen and
helped disband many local Klan organizations.

B. It passed the Fifteenth Amendment with record speed. Congress had already passed the Fifteenth Amendment by 1870.

C. It passed the Military Reconstruction Acts and split the South into five districts. The Military Reconstruction Acts had been passed in 1866.

D. It failed to respond to Klan violence. Congress did react to Klan violence.

Question: As the Klan disbanded in the wake of federal prosecutions in the 1870s,

A. Republicans gained the upper hand in the South once again. Republicans continued to lose ground in the face of violent opposition in the South.

*B. other vigilante organizations arose in its stead. As the Klan disbanded in the wake of federal prosecutions in the 1870s, other vigilante
organizations arose to take its place, continuing the terror tactics that supported Redeemer state governments.

C. southern whites had to learn to disagree peacefully. Southern whites did not abandon the terror tactics that had helped them regain power.

D. black politicians made a comeback. Black politicians faced persistent white violence and intimidation.

Question: Refer to the image Visit of the Ku Klux Klan

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

The engraving of a visit of the Ku Klux Klan suggests that Klan members are

*A. dangerous cowards. The image depicts the Klan as a group of dangerous cowards. They wear masks and ambush a peaceful black family.
B. heroic patriots. The image does not laud the Klan.

C. decent neighbors. By sneaking in the doorway and pointing a rifle at the black family, it is clear that the Klan members are not good neighbors.

D. petty criminals. The image seems to be suggesting the Klan members are not simply petty criminals but more of a threat to black families.

Question: White Democrats who believed that life in the South would improve with the defeat of Republican governments were known
as

A. Scalawags. Southern politicians who agreed with Republicans that the South needed to change were denounced by other Southerners as "scalawags," a
term of abuse meaning "scoundrels."

*B. Redeemers. Redeemers were southern politicians who aimed to remove Republican governments from power and return the South to Democratic control.
C. Carpetbaggers. Northerners who came south to pursue business opportunities following the war were called carpetbaggers.

D. Klansmen. Originally an organization of Confederate veterans, the Ku Klux Klan terrorized African Americans in the South, especially freedmen looking to
exercise their newfound voting rights.

Question: Why did a black clergyman in Florida say that in 1871 the state's panhandle region was "where Satan has his seat"?

A. Carpetbaggers had overrun his town. The clergyman was not concerned about carpetbaggers, the derogatory name for Northerners who moved south
following the war.

B. Poverty was pervasive and hunger common. Although poverty was a problem in the rural South, the clergymen did not denounce it as demonic.

*C. The Ku Klux Klan was active there. The Klan killed some 150 African Americans in Florida's panhandle county of Jackson in 1871. Churches were
often targeted.

D. The Union army ran the government. Although Military Reconstruction put the former Confederate states under the administration of the Union
government, a black clergyman would have approved, since the army provided protection from violent whites.

Topic: The Unravelingof Reconstruction

books:

The Republican Retreat

Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876

Question: Why did Liberal Republicans challenge the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872?

A. They believed that Reconstruction in the South required more serious efforts. Liberal Republicans were less interested in Reconstruction in the
South than in other issues.

B. They accused Grant of having committed brutal crimes during the Civil War. Though Grant had been given the nickname "the butcher" during
the Civil War, liberal Republicans did not accuse him of crimes.

*C. They criticized the Grant administration for its corruption. Liberal Republicans challenged the reelection of Grant on the grounds that his
administration had become increasingly corrupt and tied to railroad interests and other big business.

D. They complained that Grant had ignored the interests of big business. Liberal Republicans charged the Grant administration with corruption and
illegitimate ties to big business.

Question: Which of the following accurately describes the "spoils system" common in politics in the 1870s?

*A. The party in power rewarded loyal supporters with political appointments. The spoils system in politics enabled the party in power to reward
its loyal supporters with political appointments.

B. The victorious party in a war would control affairs in peace. The spoils system did not refer to this notion.

C. Government employees were chosen on the basis of merit. Appointing government employees on the basis of merit is called the merit system.

D. Private corporations gained political favors by handing officials lavish gifts. The practice of granting political favors in return for lavish gifts is
called corruption.

Question: Why did the Democratic Party endorse Horace Greeley, the editor of the New York Tribune, for the presidential election of
1872?

A. He had been a Copperhead during the Civil War. Horace Greeley had not been a Copperhead during the Civil War but had supported the Union war
effort, though he had often criticized Abraham Lincoln.

B. He was also a Democratic senator from the swing state of Ohio. Horace Greeley was not a senator from Ohio.

*C. They thought the Liberal Republican had the best chance of defeating Grant. Democrats supported the Liberal Republican Horace Greeley
because they did not see a chance for the Democratic candidate winning an election against a Republican in the time of Reconstruction. So, they endorsed the
Republican challenger instead.

D. They embraced his stand on immigration. It was not immigration that united Democrats with Greeley.

Question: What did it mean in the 1870s to "wave the bloody shirt" in politics?

A. To threaten to resolve political disputes by fighting That is not what the expression referred to.

B. To threaten to cane a rival politician at the podium That is not what was meant by this expression.
 p p

C. To remind voters of the terrible price African Americans had paid in slavery That is not what the expression referred to.

*D. To remind voters that honoring fallen Union soldiers demanded a Republican vote. To "wave the bloody shirt" in politics in the 1870s meant
to remind voters of the sacrifice Union soldiers had paid on the battlefield, and that it was important to pursue politics in their honor. Their sacrifice had to mean
something, and only the Republican Party was going to ensure that the war was fought for a reason.

Question: During the 1872 presidential election, which group supported ending Reconstruction because of its perceived corruption and
expansion of government power?

*A. Liberal Republicans Emerging in the 1872 presidential election, the liberal Republicans thought the time had come to end Reconstruction, which they
associated with corruption and expansion of government power. They nominated Horace Greeley for president; he was also endorsed by the Democrats.

B. Moderate Republicans Moderate Republicans remained committed to Reconstruction.

C. Carpetbaggers Northerners who came south to pursue business opportunities following the war were called carpetbaggers.

D. Redeemers Redeemers were southern politicians who aimed to remove Republican governments from power and return the South to Democratic control.

Question: What was the significance of the election of 1872 for Reconstruction?

A. President Ulysses Grant barely won reelection, showing waning support for Reconstruction. President Grant won reelection comfortably, so
his victory did not indicate waning support for Reconstruction policy.

*B. Democrats gained a majority in the House of Representatives, giving them a chance to dismantle Reconstruction. Democrats gained
a majority in the House of Representatives for the first time since the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, and they hoped to withdraw the remaining federal troops
from the South.

C. Liberal Republicans won several seats in the House, giving them the balance of power in Congress. Liberal Republicans did not win any
seats in Congress.

D. Democrats gained a majority in the Senate, dooming Reconstruction policies. Democrats did not gain a majority in the Senate in 1872.

Question: Why did employers across the country ask the federal government to remove troops from the South in 1877?

A. They worried that Union soldiers would deter new business there. Employers across the country did not fear that Union soldiers in the South
somehow harmed their business prospects.

B. They were hoping that troops would help them overcome a labor shortage. The United States was going through a recession in the late 1870s,
and employers were not suffering a labor shortage.

*C. They wanted troops dispatched against striking workers in the North and West. Employers wanted troops to quell the rising tide of striking
workers protesting wage cuts and working conditions.

D. They wanted to cut military spending to allow for a cut in capital gains taxes. Employers were always interested in lower taxes, but that did not
motivate them to ask for the withdrawal of troops from the South in 1877.

Question: In the U.S. Supreme Court case of United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the court ruled that

*A. the Fourteenth Amendment did not protect citizens against private groups. In this case, the Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment
protected individuals against the actions of state governments only, not private businesses or individuals. This severely restricted the ability of the Constitution to
protect the rights of African Americans.

B. the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional. Since the Fourteenth Amendment was already embedded in the Constitution, the Supreme Court
did not have the power to declare it in violation of the Constitution.

C. the Fourteenth Amendment applied only to businesses, not to individuals. The Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to the
actions of businesses.

D. the Civil Rights Act for full and equal treatment in public accommodations was unconstitutional. The case of Cruikshank (1876) restricted
the application of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional seven years later.

Question: Why did the Republican Party choose Rutherford B. Hayes as its presidential candidate in 1876?

A. He was a veteran of the Civil War. Being a veteran of the Civil War was not an unusual asset in the 1870s in politics.

B. He had long been in the Democratic Party. Hayes had never been a member of the Democratic Party.

C. He was governor of the swing state of New York. Samuel D. Tilden, Hayes's rival from the Democratic Party, was the governor of New York, which
was not a swing state.

*D. He was untainted by the corruption of the Grant administration. Hayes's biggest asset was that he was completely untainted by the corruption
of the Grant administration.
Question: Why was the presidential election of 1876 in dispute?

A. Both candidates had the same amount of popular votes. Tilden won 51 percent of the popular vote.

*B. The electoral votes were undecided in three southern states. Reconstruction political battles in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina put the
election up for grabs. In each of these states, the outgoing Republican administrations certified Hayes as the winner, while the incoming Democratic regime
declared for Tilden.

C. The results from Oregon were uncertain due to voter fraud. The electoral vote from Oregon was disputed in the 1876 election, but the 19 electoral
votes from the southern states of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina put the outcome of the presidential election in the balance.

D. Ballots were lost in several key states. There was no problem of lost ballots in the 1876 election.

Question: According to the Constitution, who is responsible for counting and certifying the electoral votes submitted by the states in a
presidential election?

A. The incumbent president The president in office is not in charge of counting and certifying the electoral votes submitted by the states, which could create
a serious conflict of interest.

B. Local volunteers Local electoral workers counted the ballots, but the counting and certifying of electoral votes by states was not their responsibility.

*C. Congress Congress has the responsibility of counting and certifying the electoral votes submitted by states.
D. The U.S. Supreme Court According to the Constitution, there is no procedural role for the U.S. Supreme Court in presidential elections.

Question: How did Democrats react to the vote of the Joint Electoral Commission late in 1876?

A. They cheered the outcome. Since the Electoral Commission decided for the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, Democrats were not cheerful at all.

B. They had to concede defeat. Given the unusual circumstances under which the commission decided on Rutherford B. Hayes, Democrats felt emboldened
not to concede defeat, but to fight the decision.

C. They offered Republicans an olive branch. The Democrats lost the decision of the Joint Electoral Commission, so it was not for them to offer an olive
branch. It was the Republicans who made concessions.

*D. They threatened a filibuster to block Rutherford B. Hayes's election. Democrats in Congress threatened to filibuster the certification of Hayes
as the winner of the presidential election. With the inauguration date coming up, Republicans decided to offer Democrats concessions in return for their consent.

Question: What was the historical significance of the compromise of 1877?

A. It was unable to end the crisis over the 1876 presidential election. The compromise of 1877 did resolve the crisis.

B. It dashed all hopes for a transcontinental railroad through the South. An agreement to build a transcontinental railroad through the southern half
of the nation was the Republican concession for Democrats to certify the victory of Hayes in the presidential election of 1877.

*C. It demonstrated the strength of southern Democrats and the end of Reconstruction. The compromise of 1877 demonstrated the power of
southern Democrats in national politics only 12 years after their defeat in the Civil War and, by paving the way for the withdrawal of federal troops from the
South, marked the end of Reconstruction.

D. It marked a new beginning of federal protection for African Americans. The compromise of 1877 marked the end of federal protection for African
Americans in the South and the final victory of the southern white "Redeemers."

Question: What did northern Republicans receive in the compromise that resolved the 1876 presidential election?

A. A transcontinental railroad Democrats received the promise of a transcontinental to run through the South as part of the compromise.

*B. Rutherford B. Hayes as president With the winner of the 1876 election in dispute as inauguration day approached in 1877, a behind-the-scenes
compromise between Republicans, centered in the North, and Democrats, centered in the South, saw the Republican Hayes elected president.

C. Union troops recalled home Democrats received the promise of removing Union troops from the South as part of the compromise.

D. The Fourteenth Amendment ratified The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868.

Chapter 15: The West, 1865–1896

Topic: Opening the West

books:
 The Great Plains
Federal Policy and Foreign Investment

Question: What was the climate of the Great Plains like before sedentary farmers and pioneers arrived from the eastern part of the
United States?

A. Heavily forested with annual rainfall over 24 inches The Plains climate was not heavily forested.

*B. Semiarid with sparse vegetation and not many trees The climate of the Great Plains was semiarid with sparse vegetation and not many trees.
C. Densely populated with Apache and Comanche farming villages The Great Plains had a relatively sparse population.

D. Very dry and devoid of any human habitation The Great Plains had human habitation.

Question: What factors reduced the prospects of profitable farming in the Great Plains?

*A. The lack of sufficient rainfall to raise most crops The lack of sufficient rainfall for most crops reduced the prospects of profitable farming in the
Great Plains.

B. A lack of available land due to existing Indian settlements Existing Indian settlements did not reduce available land.

C. The U.S. government's reluctance to provide land grants to homesteaders The U.S. government granted homesteaders land.

D. The unwillingness of pioneers to settle in the Great Plains Pioneers were willing to settle in the Great Plains.

Question: What was the attitude of Charles Dana Wilber and other settlement boosters toward American expansion into the Great
Plains?

A. Americans should focus on developing larger settlements geared to raise livestock. Wilber did not encourage Americans to focus on developing
larger settlements. John Wesley Powell made that recommendation.

B. The Plains would remain a perpetual desert because of nature. Settlement boosters did not believe that the Plains would always remain a desert.

*C. Americans could transform the Great Plains into a place where Jefferson's republican vision would prosper. Americans could transform
the Great Plains into a place where Jefferson's republican vision would prosper.

D. Americans should not bring the territories under U.S. jurisdiction as they ventured forth. Americans believed that they should bring the
territories under U.S. jurisdiction.

Question: What was John Wesley Powell's recommendation about how to settle the Great Plains?

A. The U.S. government should continue to encourage the establishment of small family farms of 160 acres. Powell did not state that the
government should encourage family farms.

*B. Settlers should focus on raising livestock rather than farming crops. According to John Wesley Powell, settlers should focus on raising livestock
rather than farming crops on the Great Plains. The lack of rainfall would make it almost impossible for a family of homesteaders to support itself on 160 acres.

C. Homesteaders should plant crops that required significant rainfall. Powell recommended against planting crops that required significant rainfall
due to the natural climate of the Great Plains.

D. The Plains would never prove economically sustainable, and Americans should not attempt to establish settlements on the Great
Plains. Powell did believe that Americans could establish economically viable settlements on the Plains. He believed that settlers would have to work within the
confines of the land, though.

Question: Why were Americans optimistic about settling the Great Plains in the nineteenth century?

A. Americans believed that larger farms focused on raising livestock were suited to the climate. Americans wanted to establish small family
farms and not larger farms on the Great Plains.

B. They thought they could overcome the difficulties of the Great Plain's ecosystem. Americans did not understand the difficulties of the Plains'
ecosystem.

C. Americans accepted that the lands would always remain a desert. Americans did not accept that the lands would always be a desert. They
thought they could manipulate the land to suit their needs.

*D. They had faith in Jefferson's republican vision that small farmers would populate the West. Americans were optimistic about settling the
Great Plains because they had faith in Jefferson's republican vision, which imagined small farmers settling in the U.S. territories and bringing forth renewed
democratic values.

Question: What obstacles did settlers to the Great Plains face?

*A. Small farming, which was central to Jefferson's republican vision of the West, was difficult or impossible to pursue. Small farming,
which was central to Jefferson's republican vision of the West, was difficult or impossible to pursue. In order for the Plains to prove economically sustainable,
settlers would have to live on much larger stretches of land than the 160 acres allotted for a small farm.

B. The federal government did not adequately support settlers in the Great Plains. The federal government supported settlers on the Great Plains.
The government provided the tracts of land for homesteaders to settle on.

C. The lack of wild animals for hunting made it difficult for settlers to feed themselves before establishing farms. The Great Plains was home
to bison, pronghorn antelope, jackrabbits, and prairie dogs in the nineteenth century. The obstacle to settlement did not revolve around hunting prospects.

D. The ecosystem made it impossible to raise livestock in the region. The ecosystem made it possible to raise cattle and other livestock. Settlers
experienced difficulty in other ways.

Question: What was Jefferson's vision of American westward expansion?

A. Families should settle large farms in groups in order to support each other and provide sufficient land for raising livestock. Jefferson
did not encourage families to settle in large groups.

*B. Homesteaders should support themselves on small family farms and govern the territories under U.S. jurisdiction with democratic
values. Jefferson's vision of the West stated that homesteaders should support themselves on small family farms and govern the territories under U.S.
jurisdiction with democratic values.

C. U.S. settlers should integrate with existing Indian settlements in the region. Jefferson did not favor integration with Indian settlements.

D. Settlers should live a nomadic existence and survive by hunting. Jefferson wanted Americans to establish permanent settlements in the West. A
nomadic lifestyle would not accomplish this goal.

Question: Why did Americans persist in settling the land west of the Mississippi River despite the climatic challenges the region
presented?

A. They understood the difficulties of settling the region and had a realistic plan for overcoming them. Americans did not understand the
difficulties of settling the region and did not have a realistic plan for overcoming the difficulties the region presented.

*B. Americans' optimism and faith in their ability to live according to democratic values allowed them to persevere in settling the
West. Americans' optimism and faith their ability to settle the West allowed them to persist despite facing significant obstacles in settling the region.

C. Cooperative agreements with Native Americans that would allow American settlers to gain important knowledge of the region and
assistance during difficult times. American settlers did not have cooperative agreements with Native Americans in the region and usually adopted an
antagonistic attitude toward them.

D. They believed that the Plains' desert climate provided economic value. Americans did not believe that economic value could be extracted from a
desert.

Question: The belief that small farmers should settle the western territories was built on which of the founding fathers' vision?

A. George Washington Washington was a Federalist who supported large-scale commercial agriculture over small farming.

B. John Adams Adams was a Federalist who supported large-scale commercial agriculture over small farming.

*C. Thomas Jefferson Jefferson's republican vision of a West settled by small farmers was a cornerstone of his political ideology.
D. Alexander Hamilton Hamilton was a Federalist who supported large-scale commercial agriculture over small farming.

Question: How did foreign investment fuel development of the West?

A. European countries encouraged their own citizens to live and farm alongside American settlers in the West. European countries did not
encourage their citizens to farm in the American West.

B. European countries provided Americans with technical expertise in ranch operations. European countries did not have technical expertise in
ranch operations. Their expertise lay in another sector of the economy.

C. European governments loaned the United States money to build roads and expand its waterways to improve interstate
transportation. European governments did not aid the Americans in this sector of the economy.

*D. European financial houses financed the sale of public bonds and private securities, which led to the expansion of railroads.
European financial houses financed the sale of public bonds and private securities. The largest share of bonds that flowed from Europe to the United States came
with the expansion of the railroads, which did more than anything else to open the West.

Question: How did Americans perceive western settlers during the late 1880s?

*A. As individuals who took the initiative and were self-sufficient The most common image of western settlers was that of individuals who took the
initiative and were self-sufficient.
B. As individuals reliant on the federal government for providing cheap or free land and other support The federal government provided
western settlers with cheap or free land and other support, but this was not the common image of western settlers.

C. As individuals who unjustly took land from Native Americans already settled in the region Western settlers were not viewed as individuals
who unjustly took land from Native Americans already settled in the region.

D. As affluent individuals who financed the settlement through personal means Americans did not commonly perceive the West as a region settled
by affluent individuals.

Question: Why did the U.S. government turn to Europe to finance western development?

A. European companies had more technical expertise about western settlement and thus were willing to take more financial risks.
European companies were not knowledgeable about the Great Plains and were not willing to undertake greater financial risks.

B. The U.S. government sought to encourage European ownership of American mines and other natural resources. The U.S. government
did not seek to encourage European ownership of American mines, but some European firms did invest in American mines.

*C. The federal government lacked sufficient funds. The U.S. government lacked sufficient funds to finance western development without assistance
from Europe.

D. The U.S. government believed that European investment would curb corruption in the railroad industry. The U.S. government did not
believe that European investment would curb corruption in the railroad industry. The railroad industry was corrupt; European financing did not eradicate fraud.

Question: The largest flow of European bonds that flowed from Europe into the United States was tied to which industry?

A. Mining Europeans invested in mining, but it was not the industry with the largest share of bonds from Europe.

*B. Railroads The expansion of the railroads represented the largest share of bonds that flowed from Europe to the United States and accounted for a great
part of the $2 billion spent.

C. Agriculture European firms, particularly British firms, did invest in cattle ranching, but it was not the industry with the largest portion of European bonds.

D. U.S. military operations European firms did not provide a significant amount of money for U.S. military operations in the West.

Question: What role did the transcontinental railroad play in the settlement of the West?

A. The transcontinental railroad spurred the West's economic development, but it did not impact population growth. The transcontinental
railroad did impact population growth as it added thousands of Chinese railroad workers to sparsely populated areas.

B. The railroad played a role as a privately funded enterprise that the federal government did not support. The federal government did
support the development of the railroad.

C. The railroad only played a minor role in the development of the West. The railroad played a large role in the development of the West.

*D. The transcontinental railroad was the gateway to the West. The transcontinental railroad was the gateway to the West because it did more than
anything to open the West to U.S. settlement.

Question: What was the reaction of Americans to the transcontinental railroad's completion?

*A. Jubilation and renewed faith in U.S. ingenuity and destiny The completion of the transcontinental railroad brought jubilation and renewed faith
in U.S. ingenuity and destiny because of its transformative impact on transportation.

B. Concern that the transcontinental railroad would inhibit mass migration to the West The transcontinental railroad did not inhibit mass
migration to the West. In fact, the opposite was true.

C. Fear that too many people would move West Americans were not concerned that too many people would move West and viewed the railroads as a
way to open the West to anyone who could afford a railroad ticket.

D. Ambivalence because of continuing concern over southern Reconstruction Americans were still embroiled in southern Reconstruction, but this
did not result in ambivalence toward the railroad's completion.

Question: What was the Crédit Mobilier's role in the development of the transcontinental railroad?

A. It raised private investment money from U.S. financial firms for railroad investment. Crédit Mobilier was not a vehicle for raising private
investment money for railroad investment.

B. Crédit Mobilier used government bonds and contract money to fund the transcontinental railroad. Crédit Mobilier did not spend
government bond and contract money on the transcontinental railroad.

*C. It was a vehicle used by Union Pacific promoters to funnel government bond and contract money into their own pockets. Union
Pacific promoters used the company to funnel government bond and contract money into their own pockets and then bribed Congress to avoid investigation into
their sordid dealings.

D. Crédit Mobilier bribed congressmen to avoid investigation into railroad corruption. Crédit Mobilier did not bribe congressmen to avoid
investigation into railroad corruption. Crédit Mobilier had another role in the development of the transcontinental railroad.
Question: How did the federal government support settlement in the West?

A. The federal government created alliances with Indians already living in the West. The federal government generally had an antagonistic
relationship with Indians already living in the West.

B. The federal government sold settlers land at market rates. The government provided land at below market rates for settlers.

*C. The federal government provided subsidies for transporting mail and military supplies. The federal government supported settlement in
the West by providing transportation subsidies.

D. The federal government allowed settlers to establish their own government and refrained from appointing officials to govern the
territories. The federal government did not refrain from appointing officials to govern the territories.

Question: What was the primary method of financing for the American railroads in the West?

*A. Federal land grants and foreign investment The federal government provided many grants of land that made building the railroad possible, and
there was significant foreign investment in the railroads as foreign companies saw them as a means to get their goods to American markets.

B. Private capital While private capital was invested, it paled in comparison to the size of federal land grants and foreign investment, which combined
accounted for over 90 percent of the investment made.

C. Profits from land deals between the federal government and Indian tribes Federal land deals with Indians were not built off of sales of land, but
rather from Indians being pressured to cede land to the United States, much of which was then granted to railroad companies.

D. The federal government levied an income tax to finance the railroads The income tax was not created until the twentieth century.

Question: Which of the following was known as "the gateway to the West"?

*A. The transcontinental railroad The transcontinental railroad opened the West to significant investment, settlement, and commerce.
B. The Great Wagon Roads The Great Wagon roads were all in the eastern United States.

C. The Lewis and Clark Route While Lewis and Clark's Expedition was the first major step toward American settlement of the West, it would be another 60
years before settlement of the West began in earnest.

D. The Erie Canal the canal was built to facilitate trade in New York State, not the West.

Topic: Indians and Resistance to Expansion

books:

Indian Civilizations
Changing Federal Policy toward Indians
Indian Defeat
Reforming Indian Policy
Indian Assimilation and Resistance

Question: What characterized the people who lived in the West prior to American expansion into the region in the late 1800s?

A. A large monolithic society united by a common language Native societies in the West differed from one another and spoke many different
languages.

*B. Diverse native groups who competed for power and resources Diverse native groups who spoke distinct languages, engaged in different
economic activities, and competed with each other for power and resources inhabited the West.

C. Sparsely populated groups of natives who rarely interacted with each other A native population of significant size lived in the West, and they
interacted in both trade and sometimes conflict.

D. Native groups that had never interacted with European settlers before Native American people in the West had interacted with the Spanish who
settled in the Southwest and California.

Question: How did Native Americans of the West in the 1800s view nature and their relationship to the land?

*A. They believed that landownership was shared by the group. Native Americans adopted a communitarian outlook toward landownership,
rejecting private ownership of it.

B. They accepted private ownership of land. Native Americans accepted private ownership of goods but not land.

C. They rejected private ownership of any goods. The Native Americans did accept private ownership of horses, weapons, tools, and shelters.
D. They viewed land as something that could be divided and used for individual gain. Native refused to divide land for individual gain.

Question: What was the role of the bison for Plains Indians?

A. Bison provided a source of food that supplemented farming. Bison meat played a different role than as a supplemental food source.

*B. Bison was a critical source of food, materials for clothes, and fuel. Plains Indians ate buffalo meat, used the hide to create clothing and
blankets, and used buffalo chips for fuel.

C. Plains Indians worshipped the buffalo and refused to eat it. Plains Indians danced to the spiritual presence within the buffalo but did eat buffalo
meat.

D. Bison represented a large animal that they could not successfully hunt until acquiring guns. Before they acquired guns, Plains Indians used
bows and arrows and spears to hunt bison.

Question: What statement describes gender distinctions in Indian hunting societies of the Plains in the 1800s?

*A. Women provided food, shelter, and clothing for their groups, but only men hunted. Women remained at home and did not hunt but did not
view their work as inferior.

B. Men were the hunters, but women formed the group's political and religious leadership. Men occupied leadership positions.

C. Men were considered to be the only mediators of transcendent power. Women and men could both experience transcendent power since the
spiritual world touched every aspect of the material world.

D. Women and men shared all work tasks equally, from obtaining food to rearing children. Women and men had distinct roles in Indian hunting
societies.

Question: What describes the American government's approach toward Indian tribes inhabiting the Great Plains in the late 1800s?

A. The government urged white settlers to live peacefully alongside them. The government made no attempt to encourage white settlers to live
alongside the existing native populations inhabiting the Great Plains.

B. It exterminated the Plains Indians to clear the region for white settlers. The U.S. government attempted to subdue native populations inhabiting
the Great Plains and then to assimilate them into American society.

C. The U.S. government resettled the Indians to territories newly acquired from Mexico. The government resettled Plains Indians to reservations
but not specifically to lands obtained from Mexico.

*D. It viewed them as an unwelcome obstacle to westward expansion. Plains Indians were viewed as an unwelcome obstacle to westward
expansion by white Americans, and Americans subdued the native population and then carved up tribal lands.

Question: How did white activities on the Plains in the 1800s change warfare among the Plains Indians?

A. Plains Indians allied with each other as a result, ending conflict between tribes. Plains Indians did not create new alliances but continued to
compete with one another.

B. American traders provoked increasing warfare as Plains tribes competed to provide them with bison skins. Plains tribes continued to hunt
bison for food, clothing, and shelter rather than to trade skins with white traders.

*C. The introduction of guns transformed Indian warfare into a more deadly affair. As guns were more deadly than previous weapons, their
introduction made Indian warfare more destructive.

D. American settlers stoked new conflicts over hunting grounds, horses, and honor. These conflicts had existed among the Plains tribes before
the arrival of American settlers.

Question: What was the importance of the commercial fur trade to Plains Indians in the 1800s?

*A. Plains Indians started to overtrap their own hunting grounds. Plains Indians were so entangled in the commercial fur trade that they started to
overtrap their own hunting grounds.

B. Plains Indians fought less with each other because of the need for cooperation. The commercial fur trade added to the competition among
Plains Indians.

C. Plains Indians rejected the fur trade and the introduction of the market economy. Plains Indians played an active role in the fur trade.

D. Plains Indians viewed the commercial fur trade as pointless. Plains Indians did compete over the fur trade to gain its benefits.

Question: Which of the following was a result of the smallpox epidemic on Plains Indians?

A. The Indians surrendered once the outbreak began, hoping for help from the United States The tribes continued to resist American expansion
for decades after the outbreak
B. The federal government sent thousands of doctors to aid in relief efforts While some doctors volunteered to assist, like the Sioux Dr. Charles
Eastman, the government sent few doctors or medical professionals.

*C. The disease ravaged Indian populations, causing a shift in the balance of power among the Plains tribes The disease killed over half the
population of some tribes and led to the Lakota Sioux becoming a more dominant power on the Plains.

D. The result was minimal, as many Plains Indians had built up immunities through centuries of contact with Europeans The outbreak
killed over half the population of many tribes, and Plains Indians did not have the same level of contact as tribes to the east and south.

Question: Which of the following is true about the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie?

A. It divided up existing reservations into individual plots of land to be held by Indian men. There were no reservations in the West in 1851, and
the Treaty of Laramie did not divide up reservations.

*B. It confined tribes on the northern Plains to designated areas in an attempt to keep white settlers from encroaching on their land.
The Treaty of Fort Laramie was the first of many treaties to try, unsuccessfully, to keep American settlers from encroaching on Indian lands..

C. It ended the Nez Percé War. The Nez Percé War was fought in 1877.

D. It was a result of the Battle of Little Bighorn. The Battle of Little Bighorn was fought in 1876.

Question: Refer to the image Buffalo Hunting, c. 1875

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements explains how the near extermination of buffalo herds impacted Plains Indians?

A. Plains Indians only hunted buffalo ceremonially, and the loss of the herds had minimal impact. While buffalo played a central role in Plains
Indian culture, tribes hunted buffalo as a primary source of game and utilized the entire animal for clothing, tools, weapons, and fuel.

*B. The loss of the buffalo significantly altered gender roles in native societies, as men could no longer hunt and were pressured by
Americans to adopt farming, which was traditionally done by women. As depicted in the pictograph, buffalo hunting was central to male identity
among Plains tribes. The inability to hunt, combined with later policies like the Dawes Act which pressured Indian men to farm, further eroded traditional divisions
of labor in Plains Indian cultures.
C. Plains Indians had already begun to domesticate buffalo for commercial sale by the time the wild herds were diminished, so the loss
of the herds had no significant impact. Native people had not domesticated buffalo by the end of the nineteenth century, and on reservations Indians
raised cattle.

D. The loss of the herds diminished men's political power and elevated the status of women in the tribes. While the loss of buffalo herds
upended Indian cultural and political systems, there is no evidence that women benefited politically.

Question: What was the goal of the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851?

A. To open the entire Plains to both white settlers and Indians The treaty did not make all of the northern Plains open to both whites and Native
Americans.

B. To ban white settlement of the northern Plains, which was left for Indians The treaty did not prohibit white settlement on the entire northern
Plains.

C. To get Plains Indians to agree to move to the Pacific West The treaty allowed Plains tribes to remain on the Plains under certain conditions.

*D. To set aside designated areas for Plains peoples only The treaty confined tribes on the northern Plains to designated areas and keep white
settlers from encroaching upon their lands.

Question: What was the importance of the massacre of 270 Indians by U.S. military forces at Sand Creek, Colorado, in 1864?

*A. Despite public outcry, the government did nothing to protect Indians' rights. Public outcry occurred, but the U.S. government did nothing to
increase enforcement of the Treaty of Fort Laramie.

B. In the face of public outcry, the government enforced of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Public outcry did not result in stronger U.S. government
enforcement of the Treaty of Laramie.

C. The federal government decided it had to resettle Indians in reservations. The federal government did not resettle the Indians in the Pacific
West.

D. A failed cover-up of the massacre produced a public scandal that resulted in a new Indian policy. Rather than covering up the massacre,
Congress investigated and profoundly criticized the massacre.

Question: Which of the following phrases describes the U.S. government's interactions with Plains Indians in the late 1800s?

A. Evenhanded treatment of both groups The U.S. government did not treat Plains Indians and U.S. settlers equally.

*B. Favoritism toward white interests The federal government sided with white settlers regardless of the rights of Plains Indians, even when it had
recognized those rights in treaties.

C. Strict enforcement of Native Americans' treaty rights The U.S. government did not enforce Plains Indians' treaty rights.

D. Determination to annihilate Native Americans The government often fought Native Americans and killed many, but annihilating them completely was
not the government's overall policy.

Question: What is the significance of Chief Joseph?

A. An Apache leader, he created alliances with other tribes. Chief Joseph was not a leader of the Apache who forged an Indian alliance.

*B. A Nez Percé leader, he attempted to regain his tribe's lands. Chief Joseph was a leader of the Nez Percé who attempted to regain the
tribe's lands from the U.S. government.

C. An assimilated Plains Indian, he set an example for adopting white farming. Chief Joseph was not an assimilated Plains Indian.

D. A Lakota leader, he willingly ceded tribal lands. Chief Joseph did not willingly cede tribal lands to the government.

Question: What was the importance of the Battle of Little Bighorn of 1876?

A. It created a new alliance between the Lakota and Apache. The battle did not create a new alliance between the Lakota and Apache, who lived in
different parts of the West.

B. It sparked widespread sympathy for the Lakota among Americans. The battle did not spark sympathy for the Lakota among the American people.

*C. The battle was the final victory for the Lakota. The battle was the final victory for the Lakota; afterwards, the Army mounted an extensive and
fierce offensive against them that shattered their resistance.

D. The battle ended hostilities between the army and Lakota. After the battle, the Army mounted an extensive and fierce offensive against the Lakota
that shattered their resistance.

Question: Who were the buffalo soldiers of the late 1800s?

*A. African American troops that battled the Indians Buffalo soldiers were African American troops that battled the Indians.
B. White settlers who fought the Indians in small bands Buffalo soldiers were not white settlers.

C. Indians who attacked large herds of buffalo to obtain hides for the fur trade Buffalo soldiers were not Indians who hunted buffalo.

D. White settlers who hunted the buffalo for sport Buffalo soldiers were not white settlers who hunted the buffalo for sport.

Question: Why did African Americans join the military to fight the Indians in the late 1800s?

A. To comply with the demands of white Southerners African American soldiers were not forced to join the military by white Southerners.

B. To fight Plains Indians Fighting Plains Indians was not a primary motivation of African Americans who joined the military.

C. To fight alongside white soldiers as equals African Americans did not fight alongside white soldiers as equals.

*D. To look for new opportunities from their newly acquired freedom African Americans joined the military in search of new opportunities resulting
from their newly acquired freedom.

Question: What makes Chief Joseph unusual among Native American leaders of the late 1800s?

A. He combined political and spiritual leadership. Chief Joseph was the political leader of this people.

B. He maintained the independence of the Nez Percé. The Nez Percé were forced to move to a reservation; thus, they were not able to remain
independent.

*C. He convinced the government to allow his people to return to their traditional homeland. In 1879, Chief Joseph urged the U.S.
government to live up to the original intent of its treaty with the Nez Percé and return his people to their homeland. The Nez Percé were returned under
armed escort to a reservation in Washington.

D. He appeared in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. Both Geronimo and Sitting Bull took part in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show; Chief Joseph did not.

Question: Which of the following statements supports the argument that the Dawes Act was detrimental to Native Americans?

A. The Dawes Act forced Native Americans into slavery. The Dawes Act did not impose slavery on Native Americans but rather redistributed their lands.
Slavery had been abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment.

B. The Dawes Act required tribes to negotiate favorable land deals with European investors. Native people were not allowed to negotiate land
deals with European investors.

*C. The Dawes Act broke up tribal political systems and pushed native people onto inferior parcels of land that could not be sustained
over time. The act broke down traditional political structures by forcing Indians into private property ownership, which dismantled the tribal systems of
community owned and managed resources.

D. The Dawes Act created individual savings accounts for native people that were later taken by the federal government for unrelated
projects. The Dawes Act did not create individual savings accounts for Indians.

Question: What was one reason for Indian defeat on the Plains in the late 1800s?

A. The U.S. military had better training for soldiers than Plains Indians. The Plains Indians were extremely effective fighters.

*B. Technological advances allowed the swift deployment of U.S. troops and rapid communication. Technological and communication
advances allowed the swift deployment of U.S. troops and ability of central command to communicate with field officers.

C. The U.S. military was more committed to winning. Native Americans had a deep commitment to winning their fight.

D. The Indians had no access to guns, making them weak in comparison to the army. Plains Indians did have a supply of guns from American
traders and defeated enemies.

Question: Why was U.S. Indian policy of the late 1800s fundamentally flawed?

*A. Because of whites' attitudes toward Native Americans Most white Americans viewed Indians as a depraved race that needed to end its traditional
cultural practices and values.

B. Due to the fact that the government was distracted by economic priorities Whites were as concerned with cultural issues regarding Native
Americans as they were economic priorities.

C. Due to the whites' belief that Indians could integrate Indian and white culture Whites typically wanted Native Americans to abandon their
traditional culture rather than try to integrate it with white culture.

D. Because white Americans did not interact with Indians and lacked knowledge of their culture White Americans did interact with Indians on
the frontier and had some knowledge of Indian culture, although they dismissed it as inferior.

Question: What finally broke the resistance of the Plains tribes in the late 1800s?
A. The death of Sitting Bull Plains tribes resigned themselves to reservation life before Sitting Bull died.

B. Decreasing access to guns Native Americans continued to have access to guns.

C. Coming of the railroads Native American resistance continued some decades after the coming of the railroads.

*D. Destruction of the buffalo The destruction of the buffalo reduced the ability of Native Americans to wage war and forced them to accept living on
reservations.

Question: Why did the federal government end Indian control of Indian Territory in the late 1800s?

A. The number of Indians decreased due to warfare and disease. Warfare and widespread disease did not cause a significant drop in population in the
Indian Territory.

*B. Whites desired more land. Pressure from white homesteaders convinced the federal government to end Indian control of present-day Oklahoma.
C. Indians were unable to support themselves without federal assistance. The federal government supplied the aid that Native Americans on
reservations needed to survive.

D. Indians were unwilling to remain there. Native Americans were willing to live in the Indian Territory.

Question: Which of the following describes the reasons for U.S. military victories in the Plains Wars?

*A. Industrial development provided the American army with advantages over nonindustrialized Indian tribes. Telegraph lines and
railroads provided logistical advantages in the swift deployment of U.S. troops and the ability of the central command to communicate with field officers.

B. American soldiers adapted Indian weapons and tactics to overwhelm the tribes. American soldiers utilized cannons and other heavy artillery
against Indian tribes.

C. The American military allied with the Mexican army against Native American tribes in the Plains. The United States fought a war against
Mexico to acquire the Southwest and southern parts of the Plains; they were unlikely to form a partnership against Indians.

D. The American military enlisted thousands of Chinese immigrants to fight in the army, giving them overwhelming superiority in
numbers. Anti-Chinese sentiment, particularly in the West, was very high, making it unlikely that Americans would support enlisting Chinese immigrants.

Question: Which of the following tribes fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

A. The Pequot The Pequot were from New England and did not relocate to the West.

B. The Navajo The Navajo were from the Southwest and did not participate in this battle in the Plains.

*C. The Lakota Sioux The Lakota Sioux were one of several tribes, including the Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho, who fought Custer at the Battle of the
Little Bighorn.

D. The Cherokee Many Cherokees were forcibly relocated to the Oklahoma territory in the 1830s, but they did not participate in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Question: What was the Ghost Dance?

A. A popular dance in late-nineteenth-century urban leisure halls. The Ghost Dance was a Native American religious response to increased American
settlement.

*B. A Native American ceremonial rite that grew in response to westward expansion. The dance was part of a vision by the Paiute Wovoka, who
believed that Indians would one day regain control of the world and that whites would disappear.

C. A term used to describe the backdoor dealings of "party bosses." Party bosses were nineteenth-century urban politicians, and the Ghost dance
was a Native American religious response to increased American settlement.

D. The title of a book written by a critic of U.S. Indian policy. There was a popular book critiquing Indian policy written by Helen Hunt Jackson, but it
was titled " A Century of Dishonor."

Question: In the late 1800s, what was the primary belief of reformers regarding the future of Indians?

*A. Indians should assimilate into white society. The primary belief of reformers was that Indians should assimilate into U.S. society.
B. Indians should remain isolated on reservations. Reformers did not believe Indians should remain on reservations.

C. Indians should be returned to their original homelands. Reformers did not believe that Indians should be returned to their traditional homelands.

D. The government should allow Indians to keep their traditional way of life. Reformers did not believe that the government should allow Indians
to keep their traditional way of life.

Question: What was the impact of Helen Hunt Jackson's book, Century of Dishonor?
A. Widespread belief that native peoples could never assimilate into American society Jackson's book did not strengthen the belief that native
peoples could never assimilate into American society.

B. Publication of numerous fictional books celebrating native peoples Jackson's book did not spur publication of many works of fiction celebrating
native people or culture.

C. Renewed anger over Indian violence toward white settlers Helen Hunt Jackson's book did not incite renewed anger over Indian violence toward
white settlers.

*D. Movement by various groups to push for assimilation of Native Americans Outrage over the information in Jackson's book led groups such as
the Women's National Indian Association, ministers, and philanthropists to advocate transformation of native people into assimilated Americans.

Question: What was the primary goal of the Dawes Act of 1887?

A. To expand the reservation system so that reservations were economically viable The purpose of the Dawes Act was not aimed at expanding
the reservation system.

*B. To encourage assimilation of Indians into American society The purpose of the Dawes Act was to encourage the assimilation of Indians into
American society by ending tribal rule, providing families with privately owned lands, and making Indians American citizens.

C. To encourage Indians to form a pan-Indian government The Dawes Act did not intend to encourage formation of a pan-Indian government but to
weaken tribal identity.

D. To encourage Indians to adopt private landownership so they could enter the market economy The primary goal of the Dawes Act was not
to encourage Indians to own private land so that they could enter the market economy, and any money earned from private landownership was placed into an
educational fund for Indians.

Question: Which of the following describes the underlying attitude of Henry Dawes and other reformers of the late 1800s toward the
Indians?

A. They believed that Indians were lost causes. Reformers did not view the Indians as lost causes and actively sought to help them.

B. The reformers admired Indian culture. The reformers did not admire Indian culture or society but viewed it as inferior.

C. They felt antagonistic toward Indians. The reformers did not hold an antagonistic attitude toward the Indians but wished to help them.

*D. The reformers had a paternalistic attitude toward Indians. The reformers had a paternalistic attitude toward Indians, similar to the attitude they
held toward freed slaves.

Question: What did the Dawes Act require Indians to do to attain American citizenship?

A. End tribal rule, although Indians could maintain their culture The Dawes Act did not allow Indians to maintain their religious and cultural practices.

B. Move to eastern cities and end their rural lifestyle The Dawes Act did not require Indians to live in cities but provided them with farmland.

*C. Abandon their religious and cultural practices The Dawes Act forced Indians to abandon traditional cultural and religious rites, including
storytelling, the use of medicine men, and traditional naming practices.

D. Convert to Christianity and attend church regularly The Dawes Act did not require religious conversion or regular church attendance for citizenship.

Question: Why did the Dawes Act fail?

A. The government forced Indians to return all their land. The government allowed Native Americans to retain millions of acres, although within a
decade after passage of the Dawes Act, they had less land than they had had before the act.

B. Americans treated Indians with hostility and violence. The Indian wars had effectively ended by the time the Dawes Act was passed.

C. Indians were unwilling to adapt to farming privately owned lands. Native Americans were willing to farm the land, but other obstacles prevented
them from being able to thrive while doing so.

*D. Receiving inferior land and inadequate tools made farming unsuccessful. Indians received inferior lands and were not equipped to enter
American society and compete as equals with other professionals.

Question: Which of the following statements reflects the federal government's position on Native American land rights in the late
nineteenth century?

A. Native Americans had full legal title to their lands, and previous treaties had to be honored in future land deals. While in principle federal
officials claimed Native Americans had land rights, in practice government officials ignored them as well as ignoring previous treaties.

*B. Native Americans had land rights, but westward expansion and the railroads took precedence over Native land rights. Federal
officials required that Indians sign treaties relinquishing rights to land, but these treaties were often ultimatums rather than negotiations.

C. The federal government continued its "Removal policy" from the early nineteenth century, requiring Indians to give up existing lands
for lands further west. The late nineteenth century was characterized by the reservation system and Dawes Act, not a continuation of the Removal policy.

D. The federal government had no official policy toward Native land rights, but rather dealt with tribes on a case-by-case basis. The
government did have very specific policies and programs in the late nineteenth century. The Dawes Act, enacted in 1878, was a major shift in federal Indian
policy, enacted in 1878.

Question: Why did many late-nineteenth-century Americans believe that Indians needed to assimilate to American culture?

A. Many people believed that Indians should become American citizens and that assimilation was a necessary component of citizenship.
There was no movement to grant Indians citizenship until the twentieth century.

B. Assimilation was necessary if Indians were going to relocate to large urban areas in the East, which was the goal of federal Indian
policy in the late nineteenth century. The encouraged resettlement of Indians into urban areas did not take place until the twentieth century.

C. The government believed Indians could help homesteaders settle new lands in the West and believed assimilation would facilitate
this process. Native people were not asked to help homesteaders but rather to relinquish lands for them.

*D. Many believed that for new policies to work, like the Dawes Act, native people had to become Christians and adopt American
values. Most proponents of the Dawes Act believed that private property ownership and a Christian ethos were inseparable components of the assimilation
policy.

Question: How did Indians respond to the federal government's attempt at forced acculturation in the late 1800s?

A. Indians generally rejected white cultural and social practices. All Indians did not reject white cultural and social practices.

B. Indians generally rejected forced acculturation, preferring to live on reservations. Indians did not reject acculturation.

*C. Some Indians embraced acculturation, whereas others rejected it. Some Indians embraced forced acculturation, whereas others rejected it
and still others displayed complicated approaches to survival in a world that viewed Indians with prejudice.

D. Indians were pleased, having urged the government to adopt the policy. Not all Indians embraced acculturation.

Question: What is the significance of Charles Eastman?

*A. An Indian, he supported the Dawes Act, yet spoke out against government corruption and fraud. Eastman was an Indian who spoke out
against government corruption and fraud, yet supported the Dawes Act.

B. A white citizen, he opposed the Dawes Act and lobbied vigorously in Congress to have it overturned. Eastman was not a white citizen who
opposed the Dawes Act.

C. An Indian, he rejected private property and maintained traditional Indian cultural practices. Eastman did not reject private ownership of
property.

D. A white government official, he supported passage of the Dawes Act. Eastman was not a white government official who supported passage of the
Dawes Act.

Question: What was the significance of the Ghost Dance in the late 1800s?

A. It helped revive Lakota spiritual practices. The Ghost Dance did not revive Lakota spiritual practices.

*B. It united thousands of Lakota. The Ghost Dance united thousands of Lakota across the Plains in hopes of regaining control of the world until the army
stopped the revival.

C. It encouraged the Lakota to assimilate into American society. The Ghost Dance did not encourage Lakota to assimilate into American society.

D. It divided the Lakota into supporters and opponents. The Ghost Dance did not create conflict among the Lakota.

Question: How did the army respond to the Ghost Dance in the late 1800s?

A. The army ignored the Ghost Dance, seeing it as a cultural rather than military issue. The army did not ignore the Ghost Dance but feared it
was a sign of growing resistance.

B. The army first ignored the Ghost Dance and later attempted to stop it once Indians took arms against the military. The Ghost Dance did
not lead to a renewal of Indian armed resistance.

*C. The army attempted to stop the revival, forcibly if necessary. The army attempted to stop the Ghost Dance revival, which led to the killing of
250 Lakota at Wounded Knee Creek.

D. The army viewed the Ghost Dance with suspicion but could not act. The army did not refrain from acting but took steps to try to squelch the
revival of the Ghost Dance.

Question: What conclusion did Indians draw from the Wounded Knee massacre?

A. A few military leaders were hostile toward Indians, but the army could be trusted. Native Americans did not develop overall trust for the
military as a result of the Wounded Knee massacre.

B. The American government wanted to exterminate the Indians as a people. Indians did not come to believe that the government wanted to
exterminate Indians as a people as a result of Wounded Knee.

C. The U.S. government would let Indians live in peace if they stopped using guns. The Indians did not believe the U.S. government would let
them live in peace if they stopped using guns.

*D. The government's policy was to destroy Indian culture and society. The Indians decided that American policy was to destroy Indian culture
and society.

Topic: The Mining Frontier and Lumber Industries

books:

The Business of Mining

Life in the Mining Towns
The Lumber Boom

Question: What was significant about the Comstock Lode, located in the Sierra Nevada?

*A. It was a huge field of silver ore. The Comstock Lode was a mammoth silver field in the Sierra Nevada. Miners extracted $350 million worth of silver
from this source.

B. It was a major source of gold. The Comstock Lode was rich in a mineral other than gold.

C. It was a mountain pass the settlers used to reach California. The Comstock Lode was a mineral deposit rather than a mountain pass.

D. It was a major source of timber. The Comstock Lode was significant for mineral resources rather than timber.

Question: What statement describes those who came to the mining frontiers in the late 1800s?

A. Men and women arrived in equal numbers. Men and women did not arrive at the mining frontier in equal numbers.

*B. American-born and foreign-born men arrived in about equal numbers. Those who sought their fortunes in western mines included roughly
equal numbers of American-born and foreign-born men.

C. Most of the foreign-born men who came were Chinese and Mexican. The foreign-born men who came to the mining areas came from a variety of
homelands.

D. Native Americans came to the mining areas to revive their sinking fortunes. Native Americans showed no interest in taking part in the mining
boom.

Question: What was life like for the men who worked in the mature mining industry in the late 1800s?

A. Men worked as independent prospectors who owned whatever ore they found. After the prospecting phase ended, mining shifted to an
industrial approach that turned prospectors into wage laborers.

B. Mining companies ensured safe working conditions and high wages to attract the workers they needed. Working conditions were
dangerous, and while wages were relatively high, men did not earn enough money to cover living expenses.

C. Large numbers of prospectors quickly became rich from their finds, convincing others to work for mining companies. While some got
rich in the prospector phase of mining, few did, and those who worked for mining companies had no hope of becoming rich since the company, not they, owned
whatever ore they mined.

*D. Conditions were not safe, and men did not earn enough money to cover living expenses. Conditions were not safe, and men did not earn
enough money to cover living expenses. Because of this, miners quickly formed unions and demanded better pay and working conditions.

Question: How did mining companies react to the formation of mining unions in the late 1800s?

*A. Mining companies responded with force and violence. The formation of unions provoked a violent reaction from mining companies, who hired
policy forces to help break union strikes.

B. Mining companies were willing to accept unions because mining was so lucrative. The formation of unions provoked a strong reaction from
mining companies.

C. Mining companies appealed to the government to declare the unions illegal. The mining companies did receive help from the government, but
that did not include declaring unions illegal.

D. Mining companies counterattacked by forming company-backed unions. The mining companies rejected unions in any form.
Question: What prejudice among workers was revealed by the composition of the Western Federation of Miners in the late 1800s?

A. Anti-immigrant Immigrant groups were members of the union.

*B. Anti-Chinese and Mexican Chinese and Mexican workers were excluded from union membership.
C. Anti-Catholic Since the Western Federation of Miners included Irish and Italian workers, it did not reflect anti-Catholic sentiment.

D. Anti-miner The Western Federation of Miners was formed of mine workers.

Question: Which of the following discoveries in 1848 led to a rush of settlement in California?

A. Oil While the discovery of oil was a major reason for settlement in California, it was not discovered until 1865.

B. Copper While copper mines were established in California, it was not the primary substance that attracted settlers.

C. Ancient Native American ruins While there are significant archaeological sites in California, nineteenth-century Americans had more interest in Indian
land than Indian artifacts.

*D. Gold The California Gold Rush of 1848 attracted settlers from all over the world for the next 30 years, who sought to "strike it rich."
Question: Which of the following statements describes the lives of miners in the West?

A. Miners made tremendous amounts of money due to the high demand for their labor. While demand was high, miners rarely made enough
money to cover expenses in the booming mining towns they lived in.

B. Mining work was intermittent and sporadic as miners often spent days waiting for mines to be dug. Mining work was heavily labor intensive
and dangerous, and miners often worked long hours for weeks at a time.

*C. Mining workers received low wages and worked under dangerous conditions. Most miners rarely made enough money to cover expenses in
the booming mining towns they lived in and worked around noxious fumes in scalding temperatures.

D. Miners often resisted joining unions, fearing union membership would diminish their wages. Miners fought, sometimes violently, to organize
unions; in 1892, the governor of Idaho crushed a strike by an emerging union by calling in the National Guard.

Question: Which of the following describes mining unions in the nineteenth-century West?

A. Mining unions were multiethnic, incorporating Chinese, Indian, and Mexican laborers into their ranks. Mining unions in the West explicitly
denied Chinese, Indian, and Mexican laborers, proving that labor organizing did not overcome racism.

B. Mining unions sought only peaceful means of obtaining better wages and working conditions. While most mining union activity was peaceful,
violent outbreaks were common.

*C. Mining unions where white-only organizations. Mining unions in the West explicitly denied Chinese, Indian, and Mexican laborers membership,
proving that labor organizing did not overcome racism.

D. Mining unions won significant concessions in the late nineteenth century. Although these unions had some success, they also provoked a violent
backlash from mining companies determined to resist union demands, which were rarely met.

Question: What types of work did women do in mining towns in the late 1800s?

A. Most women worked as miners like men. Most women worked outside the mines.

B. The great majority of women worked as domestics. Domestic work was not the largest source of employment for women.

*C. The occupation with the most women workers was prostitution. Prostitution employed the largest share of women.
D. Most women worked primarily as housewives. Most women living in mining towns were not housewives.

Question: Why did women become prostitutes in mining towns in the late 1800s?

*A. The relative lack of other work Women chose prostitution because there were more job opportunities in that field compared to other options.
B. The relative ease of that form of life Work in prostitution exposed women to danger from abuse, robbery, and even murder.

C. The possibility of sexual liberation Women chose prostitution for economic reasons.

D. As a result of being forced into the profession Most chose the work as the best option available.

Question: Which statement describes the mining towns that survived the boom-and-bust cycle in the late 1800s?

A. They gave a feeling of equality, with an absence of class differences. Mining towns that survived the boom-and-bust cycle showed sharp class
divisions.

B. They remained as rowdy as in the early mining days. Mining towns that survived remained lively but developed more settled living patterns than in
the early mining days.

C. They remained overwhelmingly male, with few families. Male mine workers married, and families became an important feature of mining towns that
survived the boom-and-bust cycle.

*D. They had settlement patterns similar to those of eastern cities. Mining towns that survived the boom-and-bust cycle settled into a more
complex living pattern, with class distinctions and ethnic neighborhoods, resembling cities that were east of the Mississippi.

Question: Where did miners living in boomtowns often socialize?

*A. Taverns and brothels Miners living in boomtowns often socialized in taverns, brothels, and opium dens during the late 1800s.
B. Churches and fraternal organizations Fraternal and religious organizations sprang up among various ethnic enclaves in urban areas that developed after
boomtowns had seen their heyday.

C. Houses and apartment buildings In the early boomtowns, miners lived in boardinghouses, which did not provide the same level of privacy as single-
family houses or apartments.

D. Nearby cities and towns At this time there weren't many social opportunities outside of the mining towns.

Question: What accounts for the high demand for prostitution in mining towns during the late 1800s?

A. Moral reformers were absent from mining towns. Few moral reformers lived in mining towns, but this does not account for the high demand for
prostitution.

B. Mining towns had a large population of married men living far from their wives. Mining towns had a relatively low population of married men.

*C. Mining towns had a large population of unmarried men. A high demand for prostitution existed in many mining towns because of the large
population of unmarried men. Women also had fewer job options in the West.

D. Churches ignored prostitution in mining towns. Few churches existed in mining towns, but this does not account for the high demand for prostitution.

Question: What created the large demand for prostitution in mining towns?

A. The demand was the result of a large number of female Chinese immigrants willing to work as prostitutes. While there were some
Chinese prostitutes in western mining towns, they were rare. Most Chinese immigrants were males who came to work on the railroads.

*B. The mining industry appealed to single men, which created a demand for prostitution. The mining industry attracted many single men, and
gender imbalances made prostitution a lucrative, though dangerous, occupation.

C. Prostitution was illegal in most mining towns, and the prohibition drove up demand. Prostitution was legal in most mining towns.

D. Women had no other job opportunities in mining towns, so they turned to prostitution. Women's opportunities in mining towns were limited,
but work as domestics in boarding houses, hotels and private homes was available; prostitution, however, was the most financially lucrative occupation available
to women.

Question: As mining towns developed into urban areas in the late nineteenth century, which features did they share in common with
urban areas in the East?

A. Like urban areas in the East, new urban areas in the West had few class divisions. Both urban areas in the East and West were marked by
stark class divisions, and cities in both were geographically divided by class.

B. Both were marked by pluralistic populations of different races and ethnicities living in the same neighborhoods. Cities in the East and
West were divided along ethnic lines. There were few ethnically integrated areas.

*C. Like cities in the East, western urban areas were deeply divided along ethnic and class lines. Cities in the West were deeply divided
ethnically and economically, as were cities in the East. Neighborhoods developed along ethnic lines and were internally divided economically.

D. The Irish were the largest ethnic group in both eastern and western cities. While there were large numbers of Irish immigrants in both, there
were also large numbers of Finns, Swedes, Serbs, Croatians, and Slovenes, as well as other ethnic groups.

Question: Which of the following describes the northwestern lumber industry in the late nineteenth century?

*A. A few small firms owned the vast majority of the land for logging While the industry was started by large numbers of small firms, by 1900 only
a few small firms controlled the vast majority of the land.

B. The majority of land was still owned by small companies, as large firms did not take over until the middle of the twentieth century,
and competition remained high By 1900, most land was controlled by a few small firms, essentially ending serious competition.

C. The lumber industry had not yet begun in earnest by the nineteenth century. By 1900, millions of acres were already in use.
D. The lumber industry workforce was very multiethnic and diverse While some Asians and African Americans worked in the industry, it was
dominated by migrants from Scandinavia.

Topic: The Cattle Industry and Commercial Farming

books:

The Life of the Cowboy

The Rise of Commercial Ranching
Commercial Farming
Women Homesteaders
Farming on the Great Plains

Question: What describes the life of the cowboy in the late 1800s?

A. High wages and independent living Cowboys did not earn high wages.

B. Protecting the innocent, particularly women Cowboys were not independent figures who tamed the frontier and spent most of their time fighting for
the honor and virtue of women.

*C. Hard work and loneliness Cowboys worked for paltry monthly wages, put in long days herding cattle, and had to contend with bad weather, dangerous
work, and disease.

D. Occasional separation from families Cowboys did not have thriving family lives.

Question: What was the Chisholm Trail?

A. The rail line that took cattle from Kansas to Chicago The Chisholm Trail was not a rail line.

B. The trail cowboys traveled in search of work The Chisholm Trail was not a trail that cowboys traveled in search of work.

C. The trail settlers traveled on their way to the Pacific The Chisholm Trail was not a 1,500-mile-long trail that settlers traveled on their way to the
Pacific.

*D. The trail along which cowboys moved cattle from Texas to Kansas The Chisholm Trail was a 1,500-mile-long trail along which cowboys moved
cattle from Texas ranches to rail depots in Kansas.

Question: What were race relations like between cowboys in the late 1800s?

A. The long drive and close proximity in which cowboys worked eliminated any racial discrimination. The long drive and close proximity in
which cowboys worked made strict segregation difficult but did not eliminate discrimination.

B. African Americans and Mexicans were prohibited by white ranchers from working as cowboys. African Americans and Mexicans could work
as cowboys but experienced different conditions.

*C. African American cowboys earned the same pay as white cowboys, but Mexican Americans were paid less. African American cowboys
earned the same pay as white cowboys but usually did the hardest work, while Mexican cowboys usually earned one-third the wages of white cowboys.

D. Mexican American cowboys were treated better than African American cowboys. Both Mexican American and African American cowboys faced
discrimination.

Question: What change seriously hurt the cattle industry in the 1880s by chasing investors away?

A. Virulent disease that killed large numbers of cattle Disease could be an issue for the cattle herds, but there was no particular outbreak at the time.

B. Dietary shift away from meat Beef remained in high demand across the county.

*C. Severe weather that killed a high percentage of herds Two frigid winters with a torrid summer drought sandwiched in between destroyed 90
percent of the cattle on the northern Plains of the Dakotas, Montana, Colorado, and Wyoming.

D. Lower prices for chicken reduced demand for beef The chicken industry did not compete significantly with the beef industry in this period.

Question: Which of the following statements describes the life of a cowboy on the "Long Road" from Texas to Oklahoma?

A. It was an exciting, adventuresome life, filled with attacks by Indians, fending off bandits, and relatively short working days. While
Indians and bandits did attack cowboys on the Long Road, life along the trail was monotonous, and riders had to contend with bad weather, dangerous work, and
disease.

B. Life along the road was relatively simple and safe, and cowboys were paid high wages. The work was dangerous, with long hours and few
breaks as well as very low wages that were paid monthly.
*C. Cowboys' lives were unlike the portrayals in popular culture, as cowboys worked long, often boring hours in bad conditions for low
wages. Life along the Long Road was monotonous, and riders had to contend with bad weather, dangerous work, and disease.

D. Cowboys who worked the long road were independent operators who worked for themselves on their own terms. Rather than working
as independent adventurers, they increasingly operated in an industrial setting dominated by large cattle companies.

Question: Which of the following accurately describes the ethnic make-up of cowboys?

A. Cowboys were, ironically, predominantly Indian men. While some cowboys were indeed Indians, most cowboys were white Southerners who moved
to the West.

*B. Cowboys were predominantly white men from the South, and African Americans and Mexican cowboys faced racial discrimination
in the industry. Sixty-six percent of cowboys were white Southerners, and Mexican and African American cowboys worked for lower wages and had fewer
rights.

C. Cowboys were ethnically diverse, and the nature and isolation of the work meant that there was little racial discrimination in the
industry. The industry was dominated by white males who received higher pay and had more rights than their nonwhite counterparts.

D. Most cowboys were African Americans who moved west after Reconstruction looking for work. There were many African American cowboys,
but white men made up the vast majority of cowboys.

Question: Refer to the image Poster Advertising Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, 1893
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements best represents the portrayal of Indians in the Buffalo Bill poster?

A. The portrayal of Indians in the poster challenged the widely held belief among Americans that Indians were largely peaceful farmers.
While Indians were no more or less peaceful than other societal groups, most Americans believed Indians were warlike and savage, and Bill's poster confirmed
these misperceptions.

*B. Most Americans believed that Indians were warlike and savage, and the poster confirmed these biases. The show's success came from
acts that confirmed the preconceived biases of most Americans. The poster is part advertisement and part propaganda, as it reduces the complexity of Indians'
lives to caricatures of small facets of it.

C. The poster emphasizes the equality of the frontier by portraying Indians and settlers as equals. The poster does the opposite. Indians are
portrayed attacking a carriage, and the only prominent faces in the poster are those of whites, particularly Cody's face in the center.

D. The poster conveys a sense of sorrow over the conquest of the West by portraying Indians as sympathetic victims of American
expansionism. The poster portrays Cody and other white settlers as heroic, and Indians as warlike, not as victims.

Question: Refer to the passage to answer the following question:

"14th

Last night there was a terrible storm. Rain poured in torrents all night & up to 12 AM today. Our Beeves left us in the night but for once
on the whole trip we found them all together near camp at day break. All the other droves as far as I can hear are scattered to the four
winds. Our Other Herd was all gone. We are now 25 Miles from Ark River & it is Very High. We are water bound by two creeks & but
Beef & Flour to eat, am not Homesick but Heart sick. . . ."

What did Duffield mean when he wrote that he was "not Homesick but Heart sick"?

A. He was distraught over the plight of Indians in Texas. Duffield makes no mention of his attitude toward Indians; he merely notes that he camped
with them.

B. He wished he could have brought his family with him. Since he says he wasn't homesick, it's likely he did not desire to have family with him. The
harsh conditions he describes also suggest he would not have wanted family with him.

*C. He enjoyed being out on the open range, but this trip had been very stressful. Mentioning that he was not homesick, despite the harsh
conditions, strongly suggests he enjoys the open range.

D. He desired a return to simpler times. He does not mention anything other than the conditions he faced on the trip. He does not refer to previous
experiences.

Question: What was the purpose of the Homestead Act of 1863?

*A. To encourage white settlement of the Great Plains by providing farm plots The purpose of the Homestead Act was to encourage white
settlement of the Great Plains by providing 160-acre farm plots, even though farming that amount of land on the Plains was unlikely to succeed.

B. To encourage the development of large cattle ranches on the Great Plains The Homestead Act did not encourage the development of cattle
ranches on the Great Plains.

C. To encourage the establishment of towns on the Great Plains The Homestead Act's purpose was not to encourage the establishment of towns on
the Great Plains.

D. To encourage farmers to cooperate on the Great Plains The Homestead Act did not aim to encourage farmers to cooperate and share resources and
land.

Question: What was the role of the railroads in the settlement of the Great Plains in the late 1800s?

A. The railroads allowed settlers to journey back east frequently so they would not feel isolated. Tied to the land in an effort to make their
farms succeed, most settlers experienced isolation from family and friends back east.

B. Railroads encouraged the development of industrial jobs on the Plains. The railroads did not foster industrial development on the Plains; most
settlers were farmers.

*C. They promoted the benefits of farming the Plains and made it cheaper for settlers to travel there. The railroads provided settlers with
bargain rates and advertised throughout the East Coast and Europe about how the climate of the Plains was suitable for farming.

D. They provided jobs for homesteaders to work during the winters, when they could not farm. Railroads were not a source of employment for
homesteaders of the Great Plains.

Question: Who attempted to farm on the Plains during the late 1800s?

*A. European immigrants as well as native-born Americans European immigrants as well as native-born Americans comprised the settlers who
farmed on the Plains.

B. Scandinavians and Americans already living in the West Scandinavians were among the foreign-born people who settled on the Plains, but they
were not the only group. Americans who moved to the Plains did not come from the West.

C. African Americans and Mexicans African American and Mexican cowboys worked on cattle ranges in the frontier West.

D. Native-born white Americans and Native Americans Native-born white Americans comprised some of the settlers but all of the farmers who settled
on the Great Plains. Native Americans were removed from the land to make room for new settlers to farm on the Plains.

Question: How did innovation and technology help to promote farming on the Great Plains?

A. Farmers could live in towns and travel to their fields each day because of transportation advances. Great Plains farmers lived on their
farms during the late 1800s.

B. New technology made farms less vulnerable to climate change. New technology did not make farms immune to climate change. Farmers had to
learn how to work within the confines of the climate.

C. Farmers were able to work in cooperatives to farm crops. Farming continued to be an individual enterprise on the Plains during the late 1800s.

*D. Machines produced in the Northeast allowed farmers to harvest the crops. Steel-tipped plows, threshers, combines, and harvesters built by
industrial laborers in the Northeast expanded farm production greatly. These machines allowed farmers to plow tough land and harvest its yield.

Question: What challenges did the climate of the Plains pose homesteaders during the late 1800s?

*A. Severe drought in addition to intense heat in the summer and frigid winter temperatures Severe drought as well as intense heat and frigid
winter temperatures plagued farmers on the Great Plains.

B. Intense heat in the summer and mild winters Winters were severe on the Great Plains, although the Plains did have intense summer heat.

C. Mild summer temperatures and severe winter temperatures The Plains had severe winter temperatures but hot summer temperatures.

D. Excessive rainfall The Plains experienced a drought during the 1800s and thus did not have excessive rainfall.

Question: Which of following facilitated the rise of commercial ranching in the West?

A. Cooperation from Indian tribes allowed ranchers to develop more efficient techniques for herding cattle. Most Native American tribes were
forced off their land to make way for commercial ranching, and native people had little experience domesticating or herding cattle.
B. The Chinese government invested massive sums of money in the industry. The majority of investment in the cattle industry came from
Americans in the East and Europeans.

C. New stocks of cattle, purchased from Spain, helped Americans to compete in the emerging global market for beef. The Spanish ceased
importing cattle to the West after losing the territory in the early nineteenth century.

*D. The construction of railroads and the invention of refrigerated rail cars allowed western ranchers to sell beef in eastern U.S.
markets. The extension of railroads across the West opened up a quickly growing market for beef in the East. The development of refrigerated railroad cars
guaranteed that slaughtered meat could reach eastern consumers without spoiling.

Question: Which of the following contributed to a few corporations controlling most of the cattle industry at the end of the nineteenth
century?

A. The U.S. government passed laws granting monopolies to a few corporations in exchange for bribes. While corruption was rampant in
government, economic and environmental factors contributed to the monopolization of commercial ranching.

*B. Global competition, increasing numbers of homesteaders, diminishing available grazing land, and poor environmental conditions
concentrated holdings in the hands of a few corporations. Competition from Canadian and Argentinean cattle producers drove down prices;
homesteaders fenced in land to prevent cattle from crossing; and frigid winters in the 1880s drove out small producers, concentrating holdings among a few large
corporations.

C. Large ranchers continually bought out small producers, as there were no laws to prevent them from creating monopolies. While there
weren't any antitrust laws, economic and environmental factors contributed to the monopolization of commercial ranching.

D. Large corporations paid Indians and criminals to drive small producers off their land so that they could take them over. Economic and
environmental factors contributed to the monopolization of commercial ranching, not forced takeovers.

Question: What role did the federal government play in opening the West to settlement?

A. The government offered every single man an Indian wife, which would also facilitate the assimilation of Native Americans. The
government's assimilation efforts were focused on sending Indian children to boarding schools, and assimilation through marriage had not been government
policy since the early 1800s.

B. The government provided over 90 percent of the investment capital for commercial mining and ranching, which opened the West to
settlement. The majority of investment capital came from private companies and individuals.

*C. The government passed the Homestead Act in 1865 to encourage settlers to move west. As an incentive for western migration, the act
established procedures for distributing 160-acre lots to western settlers, on condition that they develop and farm their land.

D. The government paid settlers a lump sum of money for moving out west, which encouraged tremendous migration. While the
government subsidized homesteaders through land grants, it did not provide lump-sum payments

Question: What environmental challenges did the West pose to commercial enterprises and individual settlers?

A. Extremely mild winters in the Plains made it difficult to grow certain crops. Winters were rarely mild in the Plains, as settlers described the
harsh conditions created by blizzards and subzero temperatures.

*B. Prolonged droughts, plagues of insects, and extreme summer and winter temperatures made agriculture, as well as day-to-day
life, extremely difficult. Most settlers described flash blizzards; in the 1870s, plagues of grasshoppers destroyed fruit trees and plants; and intense heat and
frigid cold were common in summer and winter, respectively.

C. The West posed few environmental challenges to settlers as the mild climate and long growing seasons are what attracted settlers in
the first place. The majority of the West had harsh climates, marked by extreme temperatures in summer and winter.

D. The Plains consistently had severe rainfall, which flooded crops and made cattle ranching extremely difficult. While there were a few
good decades of rainfall in the 1870s and 1880s, drought became more common than flooding.

Question: What was the primary responsibility of women homesteaders in the late 1800s?

*A. Women homesteaders handled household duties and earned money in various ways. Women homesteaders had responsibility to make
their new homes more bearable, undertook household duties, and contributed significantly to the economic well-being of the family by taking in boarders and
selling milk, butter, and eggs.

B. Women homesteaders had fewer responsibilities than women in the East since homes were simpler. Women homesteaders had substantial
responsibilities both in their homes and on the farm.

C. Women homesteaders focused on social and spiritual life and did not contribute economically to the family. Women homesteaders
contributed significantly to the economic well-being of the family.

D. Women homesteaders shared farmwork with their husbands as well as handling household chores. Women homesteaders performed
different tasks than their husbands.

Question: Why did many women in the West support the temperance movement in the late 1800s?

A. Out of strong religious conviction Women often used religion to gain support for temperance, but that was not the reason many women supported
temperance.

*B. To reduce alcohol-influenced violent behavior Alcohol-induced violence harmed family relationships, and law enforcement could not control the
saloons in the West.

C. To promote more economical ways of life Women often were upset that many men wasted family savings on alcohol, but this was not the primary
reason for supporting temperance.

D. So husbands would provide a role model for children Most drinking did not occur at home but rather in the saloons common in every frontier
community.

Question: What accounts for the large number of single women and widows who established homesteads for themselves?

A. The Plains provided a safer atmosphere for single women and widows because fewer people lived there. The Plains were actually a more
dangerous atmosphere because fewer people lived there.

B. Federal policies encouraged women to claim land in the West. Federal policies allowed either women or men to stake homestead claims on the
Plains but did not specifically encourage women.

C. Farming was less labor intensive on the Plains than in the Midwest. Farming was equally labor intensive on the Plains as in the Midwest.

*D. The availability of land on the Great Plains provided an opportunity for single and married women to care for themselves and
children. Single women and widows established farms on the Great Plains because it provided an opportunity for single and married women to care for
themselves and their children.

Question: Which of the following statements about female homesteaders is true?

A. Female homesteaders were married with children and moved to the West looking for a better life. While most came looking for a better life,
a large number were young and unmarried.

*B. Large numbers of female homesteaders were young, unmarried women seeking economic opportunity. There were many single, young
women who moved out west to seek economic opportunity. A sample of nine counties in the Dakotas shows that more than 4,400 women became landowners.

C. Virtually all women who moved out west were either married or working as prostitutes. While there were many married women and
prostitutes, there were many women working as domestics and others who owned their own farms. A sample of nine counties in the Dakotas shows that more
than 4,400 women became landowners.

D. Women on the Plains often married Indian men and ran off to live with the tribes. While there may have been some who did, there were few
Indians who did not live on reservations in the late nineteenth century and there are few records of white homesteaders marrying Indian men.

Question: Which of the following arguments accurately represents women homesteaders in the late nineteenth century?

*A. Many women homesteaders were politically active despite not having suffrage rights. Women homesteaders actively pushed for
temperance laws and for suffrage rights throughout the western United States.

B. Women homesteaders were not politically active largely because they had no suffrage rights. Despite not having the vote, many women
homesteaders campaigned for issues of importance to them, like temperance and the right to vote.

C. Women homesteaders were largely opposed to democratic participation. Women were extremely politically active despite not having the right to
vote, and in some cases the activism led to women gaining suffrage.

D. The suffrage movement was largely confined to eastern cities; western women did not push for voting rights. There was a robust voting
rights movement in western states, and in some cases women were granted voting rights, as in Kansas in 1887.

Question: What was the "corn-hog cycle" in the late 1800s?

A. The farmers' lament that corn prices rose and fell with the demand for pork Demand for corn as hog feed was not the only factor impacting
corn prices.

B. Railroad companies' practice of carrying corn to the East and hogs to the Plains The "corn-hog cycle" was an issue for farmers on the Plains,
not for railroad companies.

*C. Farmers' practice, when corn prices fell, of feeding it to their hogs Corn growers had a safety valve when prices fell. By withholding some of
their corn from market, they could feed it to their hogs until corn prices rose again.

D. Meatpackers' worry that hog supplies decreased when farmers marketed corn to people The "corn-hog cycle" was an issue for farmers on the
Plains, not for meatpackers.

Question: In the late 1800s, why did most farmers on the Plains concentrate on cash crop staples like wheat and corn?

*A. Farmers needed cash to meet loan payments. Farmers depended on bank loans to purchase the land necessary to sustain agriculture in the region
and needed to generate cash to make their loan payments.

B. Corn and wheat required less manpower to farm. Growing corn and wheat required significant amounts of labor.
C. Corn and wheat generated a consistent income due to high prices. The price of corn and wheat did fluctuate, which meant that corn and wheat
did not generate a constant income.

D. Corn and wheat required less land to be profitable. Corn and wheat did not require less land to farm profitably.

Question: Why did large companies come to dominate western agriculture in the late 1800s?

A. Large companies could more easily grow wheat and corn, the two primary crops on the Great Plains. Large companies did not dominate
western agriculture because they could more easily grow corn and wheat on the Great Plains.

*B. The federal government began offering bigger plots of land, which only large companies could afford to farm. The federal government
started to offer bigger plots of land to farmers once smaller farming proved impractical, but the land fell into the hands of companies.

C. The large companies forced out smaller farmers through violence and intimidation. Large companies did not use violence and intimidation to
force out small farmers.

D. Small farmers were too vulnerable to attack from Indians to live on the Great Plains as homesteaders. Indian attacks were not a
significant deterrent to farming on the Great Plains.

Question: Which of the following statements accurately describes farming on the Great Plains?

A. Farmers on the Plains often relied on Indians to teach them better farming techniques. Few Indians on the Plains farmed, and most settlers
were farming land taken from Indians.

B. Farmers on the Plains were largely self-funded, as they cultivated an ethos of self-reliance. While farmers on the Plains were extremely self-
reliant; few had the capital to be self-funded.

*C. Farmers on the Plains often depended on barter and short-term credit to keep their farms economically viable. The climate of the
Plains made farming arduous and unpredictable. Most farmers grew for the market, and unpredictable crop yields made loans and barter necessary to survive.

D. Despite the hardships, farmers on the Plains made tremendous amounts of money. The difficulty of the environment and the high instances of
loans meant that many farmers in the West barely broke even.

Topic: Diversity in the Far West

books:

Mormons
Californios
The Chinese

Question: What was the primary reason Mormons sought refuge in the West in the mid-1800s?

A. They could not acquire enough land in the Midwest. The Mormons did not seek refuge in the West because they did not acquire enough land for their
communities in the Midwest.

B. They wanted to live in a milder climate. The Mormons did not seek refuge in the West to live in a milder climate.

C. They sought isolation to protect themselves from corruption. Mormons did not seek refuge in the West to protect themselves from corruption.

*D. They had been attacked for some of their central beliefs. Mormons had been attacked for their belief in polygamy and the communal definition
of property ownership.

Question: What describes the attitude of Mormon communities toward Native Americans?

*A. Mormon communities were tolerant toward Native Americans and attempted to convert them through learning their languages.
Mormon communities were tolerant toward Native Americans and attempted to learn their languages in order to convert them.

B. Mormon communities ignored existing Native Americans. Mormon communities attempted to convert Native Americans.

C. Mormon communities attacked Native Americans who lived near Mormon settlements. Mormon communities tolerated and did not attack
Native Americans.

D. Mormon communities adopted Native American religious beliefs. Mormon communities did not adopt Native American religious beliefs.

Question: Which statement characterizes the approach of the federal government to Mormon practices in Utah in the late 1800s?

*A. Refusal to accept Mormon practices that violated norms The government put pressure on the Mormons to abandon polygamy and to end the
church's control of property.
B. Separation of church and state The government actively tried to change laws that reflected Mormon religious beliefs but not mainstream ideas.

C. Close cooperation with Mormon Church authorities The government was hostile to the Mormon Church and passed laws aimed at weakening it.

D. Sponsorship of Mormon efforts to convert Native Americans The government did nothing to assist Mormons' efforts to convert Native Americans.

Question: How did the Mormon practice of polygamy affect women's suffrage in late-nineteenth-century Utah?

A. Polygamy was abolished in Utah after women were granted the right to vote. The opposite is true: women lost the right to vote, as did men
who practiced polygamy, until polygamy was abolished.

B. Polygamy had little effect on women's suffrage, as the suffrage movement did not reach the western United States. Polygamy and
women's suffrage were closely intertwined in Utah, as the federal government used disenfranchisement to pressure Mormons to abandon the practice.

*C. The practice drew the ire of the federal government, which passed laws pressuring Mormons to abandon the practice. Congress
seized Mormon assets and denied the vote to women and Mormon men who practiced polygamy in an effort to end the practice.

D. Mormon women pushed for the right to vote and then ended the practice. While some Mormon women may have opposed polygamy, some
believed it was compatible with women's rights.

Question: In the 1900s, who were the Californios?

A. Native Americans who resided along California's coast. The Californios were not Native Americans.

*B. Spanish and Mexican settlers who had lived in California since the 1700s. The Californios were Spanish and Mexican settlers who had lived in
California since the 1700s.

C. Mormons who settled in California rather than Utah. The Californios were not Mormons.

D. Prospectors who came to California seeking gold. The Californios were not gold seekers.

Question: What was the goal of the Las Gorras Blancas, formed in the late 1800s?

*A. To strike back against unfair treatment of Mexican Americans Las Gorras Blancas were angry over the failure to protect the rights of Mexican
Americans that had been promised after the Mexican War and to protest aggressive acts by Anglo cattle ranchers.

B. To push all white Anglo settlers from California The group Las Gorras Blancas was organized in Nevada.

C. To push Mormons from California in favor of Mexican Americans Las Gorras Blancas was not aimed against Mormons.

D. To convince Anglo settlers to move to the Southwest The goal of the Las Gorras Blancas was not to invite more Anglo settlers to the Southwest.

Question: How did the arrival of white American settlers impact the Californios?

A. The arrival of white American settlers increased the role of Californios in governing. White American settlers displaced Californios as the
governing class.

B. The arrival of white American settlers bolstered the wealth of Californios. The arrival of white American settlers diminished the wealth of
Californios.

*C. The arrival of white American settlers forced many Californios into poverty. The arrival of white American settlers forced many Californios
into poverty.

D. The arrival of white American settlers forced many Californios to emigrate from California. Most Californios remained in California after the
arrival of white American settlers.

Question: Who were the Californios?

A. A mining union comprised of white American farmers There were many mining unions, but they did not call themselves Californios.

*B. Spanish and Mexican farmers living in American California Spanish and Mexican farmers in California, Californios often faced discrimination and
lost landholdings to white settlers.

C. Indians who worked on the railroads in California While there were some Indians who worked on the railroads, they did not call themselves
Californios.

D. Criminal gangs who attacked western ranchers in California While there were some gangs that preyed on western ranchers, they did not call
themselves Californios.

Question: What attracted Chinese immigrants to California in the mid- to late 1800s?

A. The opportunity to practice their religion openly Chinese immigrants came to California for economic reasons.

B. The prospects of equality and political freedom Chinese immigrants to California faced discrimination and lack of rights.
C. Encouragement from the Chinese government The Chinese government did not urge Chinese immigrants to move to California.

*D. The gold rush and construction of the transcontinental railroad The gold rush and construction of the transcontinental railroad gave Chinese
immigrants an economic opportunity they did not have in China.

Question: What larger movement was Chinese immigration to the United States part of during the mid- to late 1800s?

*A. Migration of poor Chinese to other lands Because of political and economic problems, large numbers of Chinese migrated in the late 1800s to
Australia, Hawaii, Latin America, and the United States.

B. Depopulation of East Asia Although large numbers of people left East Asia for other lands, the region remained highly populated.

C. The movement to create a new pan-Pacific culture The Chinese migrated to the United States in the hopes of building a better life rather than to
achieve any larger cultural goals.

D. Efforts by the Chinese government to spread Chinese culture Individuals made the decision to migrate from China; it was not a government-
sponsored movement.

Question: What was the effect of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

A. To prevent Chinese from holding political office The Chinese Exclusion Act did not specifically prevent the Chinese from holding political office but
took away a much broader set of political rights.

B. To force Chinese Americans to return to China The Chinese Exclusion Act did not forcibly remove the existing Chinese population.

C. To prohibit the immigration of Chinese women The Chinese Exclusion Act did not specifically ban the immigration of Chinese women; it focused on a
much larger population.

*D. To ban further Chinese immigration and prevent Chinese Americans from becoming citizens The Chinese Exclusion Act banned all Chinese
immigration into the United States and prohibited the existing Chinese from becoming naturalized citizens.

Question: How did white workingmen in the West react to Chinese laborers in the mining and railroad industries?

*A. They contended that the Chinese undercut their demands for higher wages, and so they opposed Chinese immigration. Workingmen
contended that the Chinese undercut their demands for higher wages, and so they opposed Chinese immigration.

B. They viewed the Chinese as workers who would support their attempts to unionize and demand higher wages. White workingmen
believed that the Chinese would impede their attempts to unionize and demand higher wages.

C. White workingmen viewed Chinese immigrants no differently than other immigrant groups. White workingmen viewed the Chinese differently
than European immigrants.

D. The whites viewed the Chinese laborers as poor workers who created dangerous working conditions. White workingmen did not contend
that the Chinese made working conditions dangerous.

Question: What was the result of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

*A. It banned Chinese immigration into the United States and prohibited those Chinese already in the country from becoming
naturalized American citizens. The act resembled the Jim Crow laws of the South and was fueled by anti-Chinese sentiment.

B. It banned Chinese immigrants from working in the mining industry. The act banned Chinese immigration and prevented immigrants from
becoming naturalized citizens.

C. It prohibited Chinese migrants from attending Christian churches. Most Chinese immigrants retained their traditional belief systems, and the act
banned Chinese immigration and prevented immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens.

D. It prohibited Chinese migrants from claiming mineral rights on their land. Few Chinese migrants owned land in the West, and the act banned
Chinese immigration and prevented immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens.

Question: Which of the following statements explains the violence against Chinese workers in the late nineteenth century?

A. American settlers were angry that so many Chinese workers were taking American brides. Most Chinese workers arrived single and remained
so. The goal of most male Chinese workers was to earn money to send home to China and to eventually return home themselves.

*B. Anti-Chinese sentiment among Americans was fueled by a belief that Chinese workers were responsible for poor economic
conditions, which led to violence. As the text notes, Chinese workers were scapegoats for American workers who couldn't find work or earn better wages.

C. Chinese workers refused to join the Workingman's Party, and the members used violence to intimidate them into joining. The
Workingman's Party was an anti-Chinese organization that sought to ban Chinese immigration into the United States.

D. Chinese workers began to run for local political offices, and Americans feared local ordinances would favor Chinese over American
workers. Chinese workers were not citizens and thus could not run for office. Additionally, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited Chinese migrants from
gaining citizenship.