10/13/2010

Hydraulics I
Zerihun Alemayehu
Rm. E119B

CourseContent
• PropertiesofFluids
• Hydrostatics
• FluidKinematics
• BasicsofFluidDynamics

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Chapter 1 Properties of
Fluids

Hydraulics I

Zerihun Alemayehu
Rm. E119B

Definitions
• Fluids (liquids and gases): a substance which deforms
continuously,orflows,whensubjectedtoshearstress.
• FluidMechanics:Thestudyofliquidsandgassesatrest(statics)andin
motion(dynamics)
• Engineeringapplications
– Damsandreservoirs
– Watersupplypipelines
– Groundwatermovement
– Runoffinparkinglots
– Pumps,filters,rivers,etc.

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Fluid Properties

Density
Density: mass of substance per unit volume (kg/m3)

• Massperunitvolume(e.g.,@20oC,1atm)
– Water  Uwater =1000kg/m3
– Mercury UHg =13,500kg/m3
– Air  Uair =1.22kg/m3
• Densitiesofliquidsarenearlyconstant
(incompressible)forconstanttemperature
• Specificvolume=1/density

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SpecificWeight
Specific Weight : the force exerted by the earth’s
gravity up on a unit volume of substance
J Ug [ N / m3 ]
• Weightperunitvolume(e.g.,@20oC,1atm)


Jwater =(998kg/m3)(9.807m2/s)
  =9790N/m3 
Jair  =(1.205kg/m3)(9.807m2/s)
  =11.8N/m3 

SpecificGravity/Relativedensity
Ratio of fluid density to that of water at STP
(@ 20 oC, 1 atm)

U liquid U liquid
 SG liquid
U water 9790 kg / m 3

U gas U gas
 SG gas
U air 1 . 205 kg / m 3

– Water  SGwater=1
– Mercury SGHg=13.6
– Air  SGair=1

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Viscosity
• Bythevirtueofcohesionandinteractionbetween
fluidmoleculesoffersresistancetorelativemotion
(sheardeformation).
• Newton’slawofviscosity:shearstressandviscosity
v
v
U+du
WisshearstressN/m2,Piscoefficientof dy
u
Y
dynamicviscosity(Ns/m2),anddu/dy
velocityofgradient(radians/s)

Viscosity
Dynamic viscosity (P). It is the shear force per unit
area required to drag one layer of fluid with unit
velocitypastanotherlayeraunitdistanceaway.
Unit=kg/m.sorN.s/m2
Poise(p)=0.1kg/m.s
Kinematic viscosity (): defined as the ratio dynamic
viscositytomassdensity.
Unit:m2/s
Stokes(st)=0.0001m2/s


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NewtonianandNonNewtonianFluids

Compressibilityandelasticity
• Deformationperunitofpressurechange

• Bulkmodulusofelasticity=Ev  dp dp
dV / V dU / U

• ForwaterEv=2.2GPa,
1MPapressurechange=0.05%volumechange
Waterisrelativelyincompressible


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VaporPressure
• Partialpressureofliquidescapingmolecules
• Vaporpressureincreaseswithtemperature
• Pressureatwhichaliquidwillboilforgiventemp.
• Thesaturatedvaporpressureforwaterat20oCis
2.45x105N/m2


SurfaceTension
• CohesionÆsmalltensileforcesattheinterface
betweenliquidandaircalledsurfacetension
• Adhesion>CohesionÆcapillaryrise
• Adhesion<cohesionÆcapillarydepression Interface air

• Vwater=0.073N/m(@20oC)
water Netforce
inward

Nonetforce

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CapillaryRise/depression

4V cos T
'h
Jd

Example1
Solution
• Given:Pressureof2MPa 'p
Ev 
isappliedtoamassof 'V / V
'p
waterthatinitiallyfilled 'V  V
Ev
1000cm3volume. 2 x10 6 Pa
 1000 cm 3
E=2.2x109Pa 2.2 x10 9 Pa

• Find:Volumeafterthe 0.909 cm 3
V final V  'V
pressureisapplied. 1000  0.909
V final 999 .01 cm 3

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Example2
Thedensityofanoilat20oCis850kg/m3.Finditsrelative
densityandkinematicviscosityifthedynamicviscosityis5x
103kg/ms.
• Solution:
• Relativedensity,V=Uofoil/Uofwater
   =850/103
   =0.85
• Kinematicviscosity,Q=P/U
    =5x103/850
    =5.88x106m2/s

Example3
IF the velocity distribution of a viscous liquid (P = 0.9
Ns/m2) over a fixed boundary is given by u = 0.68y-y2
in which u is the velocity in m/s at a distance y
metres above the boundary surface, determine the
shear stress at the surface and at y = 0.34 m.

Iftheabovevelocitydistributionoccurredina
pipeof3cmdiameter,findthetotalresistance
overalengthof100m.

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Example3Solution
• u=0.68yy2
• du/dy=0.682y;hence(du/dy)y=0=0.68s1
    and(du/dy)y=0.34=0
• Dynamicviscosityofthefluid,u=0.9Ns/m2
• FromNewton'sequation
W=P(du/dy),shearstress(y)y=o=0.9x0.68
     =0.612N/m2
andaty=0.34m,W=0.

Example4
• Find:Capillaryrisebetweentwoverticalglassplates
1mmapart.V=7.3x102N/m.Lisintothepage.
AssumecosT=1. ¦ Fvertical 0
T
 2Vl  hltJ 0
V V
2V
h h
tJ

t
2 * 7.3 x10  2
0.001* 9810
h 0.0149 m
h 14.9 mm

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Example5
• Find:Theformulaforthegage
pressurewithinasphericaldroplet
ofwater?
• Solution:Surfacetensionforceis
resistedbytheforcedueto
pressureonthecutsectionofthe
drop
p (S r 2 ) 2S r V
2V
p
r




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