STONES

• CLASSIFICATION
• PROPERTIES
• REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD BUILDING STONES
• TESTS ON STONE
 CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
• GEOLOGICAL

• PHYSICAL

• CHEMICAL
 GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
• IGNEOUS ROCKS

• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Formed due to solidification of molten masses lying
below or above earth surface
• Eg: granite,dolerite,trap,basalt
• Plutonic rocks- cooling of magma at A considerable
depth. Eg:granite- crystalline surface
• Hypabyssal rocks-cooling of magma at a relativly
shallow depth from earth surface. Eg:dolerite
• Volcanic rocks- cooling of lava at earth surface.
eg: trap, basalt- non crystalline,glassy texture
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Formed by the deposition of disintegrated or
weathered materials of pre-existing rocks carried by
wind or water.
• Consolidated under pressure and heat
• Uniform, fine grained, compact, stratified in nature
• Eg: sandstone, limestone, gypsum, mudstone
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• The rocks formed due to alteration of original
structure under heat and excessive pressure
• Examples of Metamorphic Rock
• gneiss, quartzite, slate, garnet, schist
 metamorphism
• Granite gneiss
• Trap and basalt schist
• Lime stone- marble
• Sand stone quartzite
• Mudstone- shale slate
 CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
• SILICEOUS ROCKS- silica content is more
• Eg: Granite, Quartzite, Gneiss, Sandstone
• ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS- clay content is more
• Eg: Laterite, Slate, Kaolin, Schist
• CALCAREOUS ROCKS- calcium carbonate
• Eg: Limestone, Marble
 PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION
• STRATIFIED ROCKS - Layered structures
• E.g.: Limestone, sandstone, Slate
• UNSTRATIFIED ROCKS- Cannot split in to thin slab
• E.g.: Granite, Marble
• FOLIATED -Split along a specified direction
• E.g.: METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 Characteristics of good stone
• Appearence and colour
• Weight
• Absorption
• Fineness of grains
• Compactness
• Resistance to fire
 Characteristics of good stone
• Hardness and toughness
• Strength
• Specific gravity
• Durability
• Dressing
• cost
• seasoning
characteristics of good building stone
• A good building stone is one which does not absorb
more than 5% of it's weight of water after one day's
immersion
• The specific gravity of stone, in any case, should not be
less than 2.4
• Crushing strength of stone should be greater than 100
N/mm²
• Stone should be left for a period of 6-12 months for
proper seasoning
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• The specific gravity of good building stone, in any case,
should not be less than 2.4 (range- 2.4 - 2.8)
• The specific gravity of Granite : 2.64
• The specific gravity of Slate : 2.8
• The specific gravity of Sandstone : 2.65 - 2.95
• The specific gravity of Limestone : 2-2.7
• The specific gravity of Marble : 2.65- 2.7
• The specific gravity of Laterite : 2 to 2.2
• The specific gravity of basalt :3
 Testing of stone
• Hardness test- dorrys testing machine
• Impact test-
-toughness of stone
-Page Impact Testing Machine
• Acid test
-to test weathering quality of stone
-to test the presence of calcium carbonate
-hydrochloric acid solution
• Attrition test
Devals attrition testing machine
Rate of wear of stone mainly used in road
construction
• Crushing test
Compressive strength of stone
compressive testing machine
• Smiths test -Presence of earthy matters
• Abbration test
los angels testing machine
 questions
1. Which of the following is not a metamorphic
change?
a) Calcite to schist
b) Limestone to marble
c) Shale to slate
d) Granite to gneisses
2. Foliated structure is very common in case of:
a) Sedimentary rocks
b) Plutonic rocks
c) Igneous rocks
d) Metamorphic rocks
3. Granite is a type of:
a) Plutonic rock
b) Metamorphic rock
c) Hypabyssal rock
d) Volcanic rock
4. For a good building stone how much is the
required crushing strength?
a) Less than 50 N/mm2
b) Greater than 100 N/mm2
c) 155 N/mm2
d) 10 N/mm2
5. Which of the following is a good fire-resistant
stone?
a) Clay
b) Granite
c) Quartz
d) Limestone
6. What is the required specific gravity for a
good building stone?
a) Greater than 2.7
b) Less than 3
c) Greater than 3
d) Less than 2.7
7. Which apparatus is used to test the hardness
of stones?
a) Los Angeles
b) Deval’s
c) CTM
d) Dorry’s