F E B R UA R Y 2 0 2 0

SYSTEMS
PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM

The Leading Resource for Pump Users Worldwide

SELECTING
THE RIGHT
PUM P

THE POWER
OF PARALLEL
PUMPING

DANGERS OF
LOW CAPACITY
PUMPING

❱❱ P&S 101
1-Day Seminar
See page 2 for details
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Check 104 on index.
FROM THE EDITOR

Our readers desire more articles EDITORIAL

PUMPS &
about basics, and this is the
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Alecia Archibald
second straight February issue

101
aarchibald@cahabamedia.com • 205-278-2843
where the cover series has been

SYSTEMS
EDITOR: Jennifer King
on selecting the right pump. jdking@cahabamedia.com • 205-278-2826
This year, we wanted to PRODUCTION MANAGER: Amy Cash
make sure we hit the major acash@cahabamedia.com • 205-314-8274
industries. Starting on page MANAGING EDITOR: Drew Champlin
REGISTER AT PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM/EVENT dchamplin@cahabamedia.com • 205-314-8264
28, you can read articles on

chicago
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: Lev Nelik,
selecting the right pump in EARLY BIRD Ray Hardee, Jim Elsey, William Livoti
wastewater, chemical, oil RATE $899 CREATIVE SERVICES

april 23
and gas, power generation,
AFTER MARCH 1 $999 DIGITAL PROJECT MANAGER &
construction dewatering, and SENIOR ART DIRECTOR: Greg Ragsdale
CHICAGO
food and beverage processing. MARRIOTT OÕHARE ART DIRECTOR: Elizabeth Chick
To top it off, our talented WEB DEVELOPER: Greg Caudle
graphic artist Melanie Magee
MANAGER OF EMAIL OPERATIONS:
created illustrations of pumps used for the applications. You can find them next to the Brent Godwin
headline in the articles and, of course, on the front cover. We hope this series will be a
CIRCULATION
benefit to readers who need to make that important choice.
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: Lori Masaoay
This is going to be a big year for the Pumps & Systems team. Along with putting together lmasaoay@cahabamedia.com • 205-278-2840
a magazine, hosting webinars, producing podcasts and three newsletters, and more, we’re
ADVERTISING
also planning to host a training event this spring. It is basic in nature, but designed for end
NATIONAL SALES MANAGER:
users with all experience levels.
Derrell Moody
Pumps & Systems 101 will be held in Chicago April 23. Our lineup of presenters is dmoody@pump-zone.com • 205-345-0784
a strong one, headlined by columnist Jim Elsey and Hydro’s Dr. Gary Dyson. Elsey has SENIOR ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES:
been a mainstay and favorite in our magazine for the last five years, and Dyson has also
Mark Goins
contributed many articles and columns, including one this month on the dangers of mgoins@pump-zone.com • 205-345-6414
operating pumps at low capacity (page 20). Gannon Greene
Fly or drive in on the 22nd for a welcome reception and networking, attend the training ggreene@pump-zone.com • 205-278-2876
seminars on the 23rd, and stay through April 24 for a wastewater plant tour. For more Garrick Stone
information, check out the full page ad on the inside back cover. gstone@pump-zone.com • 205-212-9406
Please let us know what you enjoy reading, and what you want to read more about. CLIENT SERVICES COORDINATOR:
Send us those ideas plus press releases on new hires and new products to pumpeditors@ Carra Barnes
cahabamedia.com. cbarnes@pump-zone.com • 205-561-2600

As always, thanks for reading.

PUBLISHER: Walter B. Evans Jr.

VP OF SALES: Greg Meineke
Managing Editor, Drew Champlin CREATIVE DIRECTOR: Terri Jackson
CONTROLLER: Brandon Whittemore
dchamplin@cahabamedia.com

P.O. Box 530067

Birmingham, AL 35253
EDITORIAL & PRODUCTION
Pumps & Systems 1900 28th Avenue South, Suite 200
is a member of the following organizations: Birmingham, AL 35209
205-212-9402
PUMPS & SYSTEMS (ISSN# 1065-108X) is published monthly by Cahaba Media Group, 1900 28th Avenue S., Suite 200, Birmingham, AL 35209.
Periodicals postage paid at Birmingham, AL, and additional mailing offices. Subscriptions: Free of charge to qualified industrial pump users. ADVERTISING SALES
Publisher reserves the right to determine qualifications. Annual subscriptions: US and possessions $48, all other countries $125 US funds (via air
mail). Single copies: US and possessions $5, all other countries $15 US funds (via air mail). Call 205-278-2840 inside or outside the U.S. POSTMASTER: 1806 6th Street, Suite 200
Send changes of address and form 3579 to Pumps & Systems, P.O. Box 530067, Birmingham, AL 35253. ©2020 Cahaba Media Group, Inc. No part of Tuscaloosa, AL 35401
this publication may be reproduced without the written consent of the publisher. The publisher does not warrant, either expressly or by implication,
the factual accuracy of any advertisements, articles or descriptions herein, nor does the publisher warrant the validity of any views or opinions 205-345-0784
offered by the authors of said articles or descriptions. The opinions expressed are those of the individual authors, and do not necessarily represent
the opinions of Cahaba Media Group. Cahaba Media Group makes no representation or warranties regarding the accuracy or appropriateness of the
advice or any advertisements contained in this magazine. SUBMISSIONS: We welcome submissions. Unless otherwise negotiated in writing by
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third parties) to edit, reproduce, distribute, publish and adapt your submission in any medium on multiple occasions. You are free to publish your
submission yourself or to allow others to republish your submission. Submissions will not be returned. Volume 28, Issue 2.

2 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

HANDLING REAL WORLD
PROBLEMS
The INNOMAG TB-MAG sets a new benchmark
for magnetic drive pump value and performance.

This versatile pump is engineered to provide low total

cost of ownership and exceptional leakage protection
in extremely corrosive and environmentally critical
applications.

While the TB-MAG boasts many innovative design

elements, the key to its proven performance is its
revolutionary dynamic thrust balancing system.

This cleverly engineered system eliminates the need

for thrust bearings and results in highly efficient
operation with outstanding reliability, even
in applications containing solids.

Experience In Motion Check 103 on index. flowserve.com

IN THIS ISSUE
FEBRUARY 2020

COVER SERIES: PLUS DEPARTMENTS

▲
PUMP SELECTION
28 Selecting the Right 22 Packaged Pump Systems 44 FLOW METERS
Wastewater Pump for Your Running in Parallel With Ultrasonic Flow Meters
Lift Station Modular Construction Improve Reliability &
By Mitch Strand By Reece Robinson, GRUNDFOS Efficiency in Hydronic
CRANE ENGINEERING HVAC Applications
25 The Power of Parallel Pumping By Rob Fehl, BADGER METER
30 Selecting the Right Pump for By Alan Jones, XYLEM INC.
Chemical Applications 46 SEALING SENSE
By Pete Scantlebury Current Standards for Fire
FINISH THOMPSON COLUMNS Testing of Flange Gaskets &
Stem Packing
32 Selecting the Right Pump for By Matthew Wasielewski
Oil & Gas Applications 10 PUMP SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT YARMOUTH RESEARCH AND
By Heinz P. Bloch Don’t ‘Over-FEED’ Your Pumps TECHNOLOGY, LLC
PROCESS MACHINERY CONSULTING By Ray Hardee
49 HI PUMP FAQS
36 Selecting the Right Pump 14 COMMON PUMPING MISTAKES Variable Speed Pumping in
for Power Generation Navigating Pump Curves: A HVAC Systems
Applications Roadmap to Reliability, Part 2
By Mike Radio By Jim Elsey
FLOWSERVE CORPORATION
18 PUMP SYSTEM STANDARDS EVERY ISSUE
40 Selecting the Right Root Cause Failure Analysis
Submersible Pump for Case Study 2 FROM THE EDITOR
Construction Dewatering By William Livoti
By Anik Patel, TSURUMI AMERICA 6 NEWS
20 GUEST COLUMN 51 PRODUCTS
The Dangers of Operating Pumps
at Low Capacity 53 ADVERTISERS INDEX
By Gary Dyson, Ph.D
54 PUMP USERS
HYDRO INC.
MARKETPLACE
56 PUMP MARKET ANALYSIS

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

THOMAS L. ANGLE, P.E., MSC,
Geschaeftsleiter (CEO), Swiss Flow
Solutions GmbH
AXEL BOKIBA, Vice President of
Project Management, Pulsafeeder
R. THOMAS BROWN III, President,
Advanced Sealing International (ASI)
KEVIN CLARK, VP, Fluke Accelix
JACK CREAMER, Market Segment
Manager – Pumping Equipment,
Square D by Schneider Electric
BOB DOMKOWSKI, Business
Development Manager – Transport
Pumping and Amusement Markets/
Engineering Consultant, Xylem, Inc.,
Water Solutions USA – Flygt
JIM DRAGO, Principal Applications
Engineer, Garlock Sealing
Technologies
WALT ERNDT, Vice President of
Business Development, Pump and
Process Equipment, Inc.
JOE EVANS, Ph.D., Customer &
Employee Education, PumpTech, Inc.
GEORGE HARRIS, President & CEO,
Hydro
ROB LAIRD, Engineering Manager,
Sulzer
LARRY LEWIS, President, Vanton
Pump and Equipment Corp.
WILLIAM LIVOTI, Senior Pump
System Engineer
TODD LOUDIN, President/CEO
North American Operations,
Flowrox Inc.
JOHN MALINOWSKI, Industrial
Motor Consultant
MICHAEL MICHAUD, Executive
Director, Hydraulic Institute
LEV NELIK, Ph.D., P.E., APICS,
International Center for Pumps
Research and Development, Israel
HENRY PECK, CEO, Geiger
Pump & Equipment Company
MICHELE SHAUGHNESSY,
Vice President Marketing & Sales,
PSG Dover
SCOTT SORENSEN, Oil & Gas
Automation Consultant & Market
Developer, Siemens Industry Sector
ADAM STOLBERG, Executive Director,
Submersible Wastewater Pump
Association (SWPA)
JERRY TURNER, Founder/Senior
Advisor, Pioneer Pump
DOUG VOLDEN, Global Engineering
Director, John Crane
CHRIS WILDER, CEO, SEPCO

4 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

IT’S PRIME TIME
Simplify your set-up and reduce your maintenance costs with the Vaughan Self-Primer Chopper Pump. These
pumps are designed to handle the toughest solids, while providing a cost-effective maintenance alternative to
wet-pit pump installations. Self-primer pumps bring the same Vaughan Non-Clog Performance Guarantee to a
maintenance-friendly chopper pump design.

The only Self-Priming Chopper

Pump in the World.
• Eliminates use of comminutors prior to pumping
• Externally adjustable clearances
• Removable rotating assembly
• Expedite pumps and parts delivery
• Written performance guarantee
• Superior life cycle costs
• Hardened wear components
• Trial program available upon request

Contact us today to see why this versatile, reliable pump is perfect for your next project.

Ask about our on-site chopper pump demonstration.

ChopperPumps.com | 360.249.4042 | info@chopperpumps.com
Check 102 on index.
NEWS
NEW HIRES, PROMOTIONS & RECOGNITIONS
STEVEN WESTFALL,
TUTHILL CORPORATION
BURR RIDGE, Ill. – Tuthill
Corporation announced Steven
Westfall as chief executive
officer and president. Over the past several
months, he transitioned from the role of
president, Tuthill Fort Wayne, to the Burr
Ridge Corporate office.
Westfall has more than 20 years of
senior leadership experience working in the
manufacturing, mechanical and industrial
engineering industries. He began his
career with Tuthill in 2013 as president of
Tuthill Springfield. Before joining Tuthill,
Westfall held CEO roles with EaglePicher
Technologies, Detroit Tool Metal Products
and was president of CST Industries.
He holds an MBA, finance and business
management degrees from Pittsburg State
University. tuthill.com
CHRIS PACER,
MOTION INDUSTRIES
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. – Motion
Industries has named Chris
Pacer as vice president of the
company’s Central Group.
He has spent the last 22 years with
Motion Industries, dedicated to various
key roles throughout the organization.
He will now lead the company’s newly
formed Central Group. Pacer joined Motion
Industries as a certified fluid power
specialist in 1997, working his way
up to branch manager throughout the
various markets within Northern Ohio.
motion-ind.com
APRIL MILLER BOISE,
EATON
UBLIN, Ireland – Eaton
announced that April Miller
Boise has been appointed
executive vice president and general
counsel. She will serve as counsel to
Eaton’s executive management team
and its board of directors and will lead
the company’s global legal organization,
including the corporate governance and
compliance functions.
Miller Boise was most recently senior
vice president, chief legal officer and
corporate secretary for Meritor, Inc.
6 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
Throughout her 25-year career, Miller Boise
has held various executive leadership roles,
including general counsel, head of global
mergers and acquisitions and corporate
secretary at Avintiv.
eaton.com
SCOTT WALKER, LEC
JACKSON, Miss. – LEC
announced that Scott Walker
will serve as the company’s
new director of sales.
Walker brings 20-plus years of sales,
marketing and business development
experience to LEC where he will be
responsible for managing day-to-day sales
endeavors and ensuring success with LEC’s
channel partner network.
lecinc.com
PETE MORGAN, BENSHAW
PITTSBURGH, Pa. – Benshaw Inc. has
finalized an agreement to acquire Aucom
Electronics LTD, a New Zealand-based
manufacturer of soft starters. Pete Morgan,
the former general manager of Aucom
North America, has been appointed as
president of Benshaw Inc. The combined
organization is held in Pittsburgh.
Prior to his employment with Aucom,
Morgan served as general manager of
Benshaw’s OEM division. His career includes
experience in engineering, operations,
sales and business management in the soft
starter and industrial controls industries.
benshaw.com
WOLFGANG EHRK, PFEIFFER VACUUM
ABLAR, Germany – Pfeiffer Vacuum
named Wolfgang Ehrk a member of
the management board and new chief
operations officer (COO) of Pfeiffer Vacuum
Technology AG. Ehrk took control of his
position on Jan. 1.
Most recently, Ehrk worked as COO
for CHIRON Group, an international
manufacturer of CNC-controlled vertical
processing and turning centers.
Until 2016, EHRK enjoyed a 26-year
career with Leybold GmbH, a vacuum
technology manufacturer, in multiple
management and leadership positions,
including eight years as COO.
pfeiffer-vacuum.com
MARKUS
BRANDSTETTER,
GRUNDFOS
BJERRINGBRO, Denmark –
Grundfos has named Markus
Brandstetter as its new chief technology
officer (CTO).
Brandstetter comes to Grundfos from
Bosch Buildings and Energy business
sector, heading the operational strategy
development with focus on IoT and service-
oriented business strategy.
grundfos.com
CHRISTOPHER KUEHN,
INGERSOLL-RAND
SWORDS, Ireland – Ingersoll-Rand plc
announced that Susan K. Carter, senior
vice president and CFO of Ingersoll-Rand,
will retire in 2020. Christopher J. Kuehn
will succeed Carter as senior vice president
and CFO of the pure-play climate company,
effective on the close of the transaction
expected in early 2020. He will report
directly to Chairman and CEO Michael W.
Lamach. Since joining Ingersoll-Rand in
2015, Kuehn has served as vice president
and chief accounting officer, and as an
elected officer of the company.
ingersollrand.com
NICK ADCOCK, TRILLIUM FLOW
HOUSTON, Texas – Nick Adcock joined
Trillium Flow Technologies as managing
director of the Trillium Valves Division. In
this role, Adcock will be responsible for
Trillium Valves worldwide. Adcock has held
several senior leadership roles in the oil and
gas and energy markets and joins Trillium
from IMI where he was president of IMI CCI
& IMI Bopp & Reuther.
trilliumflow.com
KALLE SIPILA, METSO
HELSINKI, Finland – Metso announced
changes to its executive team in early
2020. Kalle Sipilä has been appointed
president, pumps business area and
a member of Metso’s executive team.
Previously, he has been operationally
in charge of the pumps business area in
addition to his role as head of finance and
business control of the minerals services
business area.
 Giuseppe Campanelli has been
appointed president, minerals services
business area and a member of Metso’s
executive team. Previously, he has
been a member of the minerals services
business area management team heading
professional services.
Mikko Keto, president of Metso’s
minerals services and pumps business
areas and a member of the Metso
executive team, terminated his
employment with Metso on Jan. 1.
metso.com

Upcoming Events
AHR EXPO
Feb. 3-5
Orange County Convention Center
Orlando, Florida
ahrexpo.com

CON EXPO
March 10-14
Las Vegas Convention Center
Las Vegas, Nevada
conexpoconagg.com

WQA CONVENTION &

EXPOSITION
April 1-3
Orange County Convention Center
Orlando, Florida
wqa.org/convention
Eliminate Disruptive Downtime With
ASIA TPS
April 6-9
Pioneer Pump¨ Vortex Seriesª
Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre Using a recessed impeller with fewer
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia internal parts to maintain, vortex
atps.tamu.edu
technology passes through punishing
OTC solids to diminish clogs and lower
May 4-7 the cost of ownership compared to
NRG Park chopper and macerating systems. That
Houston, Texas means more uptime, less financial
2020otcnet.org
risk, and maximized value.
Check 108 on index.

EASA See Us At CONEXPO Booth C32929

June 14-16
Gaylord Opryland Resort &
Convention Center
Nashville, Tennessee pioneerpump.com
easa.com/convention

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 7
NEWS
AROUND THE INDUSTRY
EPA Funding Bill Includes
Key Provisions for Public Clean
Water Sector
WASHINGTON, D.C. – On Dec. 17, the
Senate passed the 2020 Interior-
Environment and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act. The National
Association of Clean Water Agencies
(NACWA) applauds Congress for its
decision to provide funding for a variety
of initiatives critical to the continued
success of the public clean water sector.
The final language includes an additional
$200 million in EPA funding, for a total of
$9.06 billion.
Of this total funding, $1.6 billion is
for the Clean Water State Revolving
Fund (CWSRF); $28 million for Sewer
Overflow and Stormwater Control Grants;
$1 million for the Water Workforce and
Infrastructure and Utility Development
Grants; as well as language to ensure
timely implementation of the Integrated
Planning Clean Water Act Amendment
that passed in January.
TRADE SHOW PREVIEW
AHR EXPO
Feb. 3-5,
2020
Orange County
Convention Center
Orlando, FL
Exhibition Hours
Monday, Feb. 3
10 a.m. – 6 p.m.
Tuesday, Feb. 4
10 a.m. – 6 p.m.
Wednesday, Feb. 5
10 a.m. – 4 p.m.
8 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
“The legislation passed today provides
new funding for key clean water priorities
while also underscoring the importance
of allowing communities the freedom
to better sequence and prioritize their
obligations and investments under the
Clean Water Act’s Integrated Planning
provision,” said Adam Krantz, the CEO of
NACWA.” nacwa.org
Emerson Bearing Announces
Pump Division
BOSTON, Mass. – Emerson Bearing
Boston, a bearing company serving
to OEM and maintenance, repair and
operations (MRO) markets around the
world, has established a pump industry
division dedicated to a fast-growing
customer base, particularly in the oil and
gas market. Emerson Bearing marketing
specialist Richard Furtado oversees
the division. Furtado assists clients in
determining which bearing technologies
would be most suitable by taking
into consideration the specifications,
Recognized as the largest trade
show of its kind, the 72nd International
Air-Conditioning, Heating, Refrigerating
Exposition (AHR Expo) will be hosted at
the Orange County Convention Center in
Orlando, Florida.
This year marks 90 years since the show
hosted its first gathering in 1930, bringing
together HVACR professionals from all
sectors of the industry. Serving commercial,
industrial, residential, institutional and
technology markets, the show is the
industry’s cumulative gathering of all
markets under one roof.
Each year, manufacturers from around
the world exhibit their systems, equipment
and components with air-conditioning,
heating, plumbing, ventilation and
refrigeration applications. Thousands of
contractors, engineers, OEMs, distributors
and other industry professionals attend the
exposition in search of new and innovative
products and services that enhance the way
they do business.
The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) Winter Conference will
recommendations, maintenance
strategies, fatigue life and wear
resistance of the bearing in relation to the
application. emersonbearing.com
Voith Group Plans Takeover of
ELIN Motoren GmbH
YORK, Pa. – Voith plans to acquire 70
percent of the shares in the Austrian
electric motor manufacturer ELIN
Motoren GmbH. ELIN Motoren GmbH
is a global high-tech company in the
area of electric motors and generators
and provides customized solutions for
industrial applications. The closing of the
transaction is anticipated to occur at the
beginning of the second quarter of 2020
and is subject to regulatory approvals and
meeting other usual closing conditions.
Both parties agreed not to disclose the
purchase price. ELIN Motoren GmbH
focuses on electric machinery, low- and
medium-voltage motors and generators
for wind energy and decentralized energy
generation. voith.com
be held concurrently with the show. The
AHR Expo features exhibitors and attendees
from around the world and every segment
of the HVACR industry, including more
than 1,800 exhibiting companies from 35
countries representing every facet of the
industry, more than 500,000 net square feet
of exhibits and attendance representation
from more than 160 countries. For more
information, visit ahrexpo.com.
▲
Mergers
& Acquisitions
Warburg Pincus Acquires Sundyne
Jan. 7, 2020
Hyperion Acquires AFC Hartmetall
Jan. 2, 2020
SPX Acquires Patterson-Kelley
Dec. 23, 2019
Eaton Acquires Souriau-Sunbank
Dec. 23, 2019
Benshaw Acquires Aucom Electronics
Dec. 17, 2019
—
ABB Ability™ Digital Powertrain
For efficient, safe and
reliable operations

The ABB Ability™ Digital Powertrain connects drives, motors, pumps and bearings,
taking uptime and productivity to new heights. The data insights gained from the
powertrain enables customers to be better connected with their assets and make
even better decisions to ensure safe, reliable and efficient operations.

Safety. Reliability. Efficiency.

new.abb.com/drives/digital-powertrain-monitoring

Check 101 on index.

PUMP SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT
Don’t ‘Over-FEED’ Your Pumps
Ray Hardee | Engineered Software Inc.
Sometimes engineers can be both safe
and sorry.
Creating specifications for a pump
system usually takes a long time, and
pump selection has a major impact
on subsequent design calculations.
Specification development happens early
in the design process, and it requires
engineers to make many assumptions that
drive sizing calculations and pump specs.
In engineering, it is often said that good
design is based on experience, and you gain
experience by making mistakes. But no
one wants to make a mistake when sizing
a pump for a process system, so there’s
a tendency—“for safety’s sake”—for the
pump’s specs to exceed what is needed.
Oversizing pumps is insurance for early
stage design uncertainties. It is natural to
factor in life’s uncertainties; that’s why we
purchase insurance. I’d never recommend
going without insurance, but I don’t want
to pay for more coverage than I need. So, in
pump selection, we must respect the need
for insurance but be realistic about our
assumptions and document the results.
Another thing about engineers is that we
like to come up with acronyms to describe
existing processes. Back in the day, the first
step in any design was called preliminary
engineering. Now it is called FEED, for front-
end engineering design.
My column this month discusses the
FEED process for pump selection, how it
can lead to oversizing pumps and how
these plus-sized pumps impact system
operations. In a future article, we will cover
how to obtain a realistic view of pump
requirements and suggest ways to reduce
the costs of oversized pumps.
The Pump FEED Process
All piping systems consist of pump
elements, process elements and control
elements, all working together to meet the
10 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
IMAGE 1: Flow diagram showing the location and elevations of all the equipment along with the details needed
for pump sizing. (Images courtesy of the author)
intended system design. The pump element
is sized to pass the design flow rate through
the process and control elements to make
the product or provide the service.
In the example I’m about to describe,
a manufacturing company needs to
expand its plant to add a new product to
its line. After completing a market study,
it estimates that it requires a system
capacity of 600 gallons per minute (gpm)
for the foreseeable future. Because of
the facility’s long life expectancy and,
seeking to leverage the expense of a new
system, the company decides to double its
designed capacity to 1,200 gpm. It selects
an engineering firm for system design,
specifies this desired output and provides
the process requirements.
Then the FEED process begins. The
first step is estimating the locations and
elevations of the system equipment within
the facility. The engineering firm estimates
design requirements for the process and
control elements based on the firm’s sizing
criteria. For example:
• Static head: The mechanical
department uses the estimated
equipment elevations from the civil
engineering group and the design
values of tank levels and pressures from
the process group to arrive at the energy
at Tank 1 of 105.6 feet, and at Tank 2 of
189.6 feet. The system static head is the
change in energy between Tank 2 and
Tank 1, or 84.6 feet.
• Pipeline head loss: The pipe diameters
are sized based on the firm’s piping
specification, based on an average fluid
velocity, which is based on process
fluids and pipe material. The pipeline
head loss is calculated using the pipe
diameter, the estimated pipe lengths,
and valve and fitting counts.
• Process element heat exchanger
(HX): The firm’s HX specification states
the maximum allowable differential
pressure shall be no greater than 15
pounds per square inch (psid) at the
design flow rate. This results in a head
loss of 34.6 feet.
• Control element control valve (CV):
The CV specification states all valves
should be sized with a differential
pressure of 15 psi with the valve in the
80 percent open position at the design
flow rate.
Equipment Head loss for
design operation
Static head 84.6 feet Quality Metering Pumps & Flowmeters
Pipeline head loss 56.5 feet
Process element HX 34.6 feet
Control element CV 34.6 feet
Pump total head 210.3 feet

IMAGE 2: The method of determining the

pump total head sizing requirements during the
FEED process

Image 2 summarizes the system losses

needed for calculating the pump’s total
developed head. It equals the sum of the
calculated head losses for the process and
control elements at the design flow rate.
The minimal pump head requirement of
210.4 feet of fluid is needed at the design
flow rate of 1,200 gpm.

Introducing the ‘Safety Factors’ IP66

At this point, for the sake of insurance, the NEMA 4X
WASH DOWN
firm adjusts head loss estimates upward to
account for unforeseen conditions. These
are “safety factors” that, in this example,
may reflect uncertainties associated with

Flex-Pro A3
estimated pipe length, the count of valves
and fittings, losses associated with heat ¨
exchanger fouling, control valve operation,
variations in tank levels and pressures, and
PERISTALTIC
any other concerns expressed by members METERING PUMPS
of the review team. For precise dosing
Often, Engineer A may add a safety of peracetic acid
factor to the calculated value before and other harsh
passing the spec on to the next person, chemicals.
Engineer B, who is involved in the review

NEW
process. Engineer B may add his or her
own safety factor, and so on, until the
team has reviewed and recommended

S6A
a final design. In this example, after
completing the review, the resulting pump
total head requirement of 274 feet of head
at 1,200 gpm was used. PRECISION CHEMICAL
FEED FLOWMETER
Accurately measures the
The Pump Supplier
output of your chemical
The engineering firm completes the pump
Check 109 on index.

metering/dosing pumps. IP66

specification using the design point of
NEMA 4X
1,200 gpm and 275 feet of head and sends WASH DOWN

it to the pump suppliers.

The winning supplier recommends
is
an 8 x 6-20 end suction process pump
ISO 9001:2015
operating at 1,750 rpm. The selected Certified
pump needs a 16.5-inch diameter impeller
www.blue-white.com • 714-893-8529
5300 Business Dr., Huntington Beach, CA 92649 USA • info@blue-white.com

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 11
PUMP SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT

with a pump efficiency of 70 percent,

requiring 119 horsepower (hp).
The pump’s best efficiency point (BEP)
of 73.4 percent occurs at a flow rate of
1,550 gpm. The pump is selected because
the design flow was left of the BEP, so as
the system capacity increases, the pump’s
efficiency would improve.
The person selecting the pump
increases the impeller diameter to
17 inches to take advantage of the
200-hp motor supplied with the pump.
This results in a pump head of 296 feet of
fluid at the design flow rate of 1,200 gpm,
shown on Image 3.
The selected pump is purchased, and
IMAGE 3: Pump curve for the recommended pump, along with the BEP, and the recommended range of the pump details are used in various
80 percent to 110 percent of BEP flow. stages of the engineering process. The
pump is shipped and installed.
Equipment Current operation Expected operation Design operation
400 gpm 600 gpm 1200 gpm The Pump in an
Pump element 305.6 feet 306.2 feet 296.4 feet Operating Environment
Process elements After the system is commissioned and
turned over to operations, the current
Static head 84.6 feet 84.6 feet 84.6 feet
usage only requires a capacity of 400
Pipeline head 5.9 feet 13.1 feet 51.6 feet gpm. The operations group wants to know
loss the effects of operating the system at this
Process 3.7 feet 8.3 feet 33.2 feet lower capacity.
element HX A system energy balance is developed
Control element 211.4 feet 200.2 feet 127.0 feet using the displayed pump curve and heat
exchanger operational data supplied by
IMAGE 4: The system energy balance showing how the energy is used within the system.
the manufacturers.
The pipeline head loss is based on
Equipment Current operation Expected operation Design operation the installed piping, and the static head
400 gpm 600 gpm 1,200 gpm is calculated by the energy difference
Pump element between the tanks. The control element
is determined by subtracting the energy
Percent of BEP 26% 39% 74%
flow (%) of the process elements from the pump
elements (see Image 4).
Pump 42% 53% 70%
The system energy balance shows
efficiency (%)
how the energy provided by the pump
Pump power (hp) 68 86 127 elements equals the sum of the energy
Process element consumed by the process and control
HX pressure drop 1.6 3.6 14.4 elements of the system.
(psid) Using the results of the energy
balance, the operations group compares
Pipeline fluid 2.6 3.8 7.7
velocity (ft/sec) how the system equipment is performing
to industry norms. Image 5 shows key
Control element
equipment information under the
Valve open 13% 20% 53% actual operations of 400 gpm, the
position (%) expected operations of 600 gpm, and
Differential 92 87 55 the design operations of 1,200 gpm based
pressure (psid) on future conditions. Looking at the
IMAGE 5: Comparing the operation of the system elements to industry guidelines. supplied pump curve, notice the BEP is

12 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

 SCHENCK USA CORP.
80 percent at 1,550 gpm. The “Rotodynamic Pumps’ Guideline
for Operating Regions (ANSI/HI 9.6.3)” standard recommends
operating the pump at a flow rate between 80 percent to 110
percent of the BEP flow rate as shown on the pump curve.
Route-Based
The ratio of the actual pump flow to the pump’s BEP flow
results in the percentage of BEP flow. Vibration Analyzers
We can see the selected pump will not operate within the
recommended range at any time during pump’s operation. Predictive Maintenance Machine Diagnosis
This will have a major impact on the pump’s operation and the Condition Monitoring Field Balancing
system’s reliability for the foreseeable future.
The differential pressure across the heat exchanger is much
lower than the maximum value stated in the specification for
the expected operation. This lower pressure drop across the
heat exchanger reduces pumping requirements but comes at a
greater capital cost.
Fluid velocity within a pipe has a major effect on head loss.
Common industry practice recommends a pipe’s fluid velocity
between 4 to 10 feet per second. We can see the fluid velocity
for expected operations is outside this range. The lower pipeline
head loss reduces pumping requirements but, again, comes at a
greater capital cost.
In looking at the control valve, notice the valve positions
range between 13 percent to 53 percent open with a resulting
differential pressure from 92 psid to 55 psid. VIBROTEST 80 (VT-80)
The fact that the control valve position is 20 percent or less at
flow less than 600 gpm can cause major operational problems. Collect Vibration Data on a
Notice the differential pressure at the design condition is much
greater than the 15 psi differential pressure stated in the control
Predetermined Route as part of your
valve specification. The higher differential pressure does not Predictive Maintenance Program.
improve the valve operation.
Full Data Collection Package:
Conclusion Unlimited number of routes
In the process we’ve described for selecting pumps in piping (up to 5000 measurements / route)
systems, each step was based on sound engineering principles. Up to 12 measurements per point
The use of “safety factors” reflects the team members’
Up to 2 channels plus reference sensor supported
experiences when dealing with system unknowns early in the
design process. Data review at site possible
But, as we saw in this example, when the piping system was
placed in operation, both the pump and process elements were
oversized. This, in turn, resulted in a differential pressure across
the control valve that is much greater than expected. These
factors, in my judgment, increased the system’s capital costs,
operational costs and maintenance costs.
In my next Pumps & Systems column, I will explain ways
to improve the pump selection process, while still maintaining
operational flexibility to efficiently run the system through
its lifetime.
Check 122 on index.

VIBROPORT 80 (VP-80)

Ray Hardee is a principal founder of Engineered Software, creators of PIPE- 1(800) 873-2352
FLO and PUMP-FLO software. At Engineered Software, he helped develop two
training courses and teaches these courses internationally. He may be reached
sales@schenck-usa.com
at sales@eng-software.com. www.schenck-usa.com

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 13
COMMON PUMPING MISTAKES
Navigating Pump Curves:
A Roadmap to Reliability, Part 2
Jim Elsey | Summit Pump Inc.
This column is a continuation of Part 1,
which appeared in the January 2020 issue
of Pumps & Systems. The first section
explained that the manufacturer’s pump
curve can be a useful tool to manage
the reliability of the equipment and,
subsequently, the system. But the pump
curve can also be used in ways you may
not have thought of before. Here is a
continuation of that discussion.
Best Efficiency Point
The best efficiency point (BEP) is simply
the design point for the pump. It is the
hydraulic condition point of both head and
flow rate where the pump is most efficient.
In our example, the BEP for the pump at
maximum impeller is approximately 3,450
gallons per minute (gpm) at 190 feet.
All commercial centrifugal pumps are
essentially designed for one single point
(BEP); any other operating points in the
operating envelope are a commercial
compromise. BEP is the point of highest
efficiency. It is also the point of lowest
IMAGE 1: How curve shapes change as result of geometry and specific speed (Image courtesy of the author)
14 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
BEP is the point of highest efficiency.
It is also the point of lowest radial forces, sha
deflection, noise and vibration.
radial forces, shaft deflection, noise and
vibration. For some of us, it is also the
operating point at or near shockless entry
for the fluid entering the impeller eye.
Preferred vs. Allowable
The preferred operating region (POR) is
normally defined as flow rates between 70
and 120 percent of the flow at BEP, and the
wider allowable operating region (AOR) is
usually defined by the manufacturer and
will vary with pump type, casing design
and other factors including the shaft. Note
that for pumps with high specific speed
impellers that the POR is normally reduced
to 80 to 110 percent of BEP.
Runout or End of the Curve
The point of runout (RO) is also commonly
referred to as the end of the curve (EOC),
which is all the way at the right of the
curve. In our example, flows approaching
4,500 gpm would be the RO point. This is
the point of maximum flow for the curve
and also the lowest head for that impeller
diameter and speed. To attempt operating
at higher flow rates would yield severe
cavitation in the pump regardless of the net
positive suction head (NPSH) margin. If the
pump was capable of operating at higher
flow rates, the manufacturer would surely
publish that information.
People frequently ask me about the EOC
operating region and the questions fall
into two distinct camps. The first group is
comprised of folks stating: Why not operate
here? Followed by: Why won’t the pump
operate past the EOC? The other group are
people that for various reasons know or
perceive the potential or imagined issues
at the end of the curve and will not operate
their pump anywhere near this area. In
a way it is like dealing with fire. Get too
close to the flames, and you will be burned
or damaged. But, if you understand and
carefully manage the fire as a useful tool—
and if you maintain the correct distance—
it will provide warmth and light.
If you don’t know the details of your
system curve and how it changes with time
and dynamic conditions, then you should
not operate in this region at the EOC. In my
pump classes, I refer to this region as one
filled with dragons and wizards whose sole
purpose is to make your life miserable. A
simpler alternative explanation may be, it
is a world without bacon.

Implied or Title Block Information

Information that is inferred, unless
otherwise stated/published, is that the
curve is based on hydraulic performance
while pumping water at 60 F or 68 F. If the
curve is based on a fluid different from
water, and therefore a potentially different
viscosity, the manufacturer must make
that statement.
Viscosity-corrected curves will normally
state that they are corrected. Additionally,
the standard curve is based on a liquid with
a specific gravity (SG) of 1.0. SGs other than
1.0 will result in different brake horsepower
(BHP) requirements.
Note: There is potential for confusion on Same Look. Same Installation.
New Technology.
exactly which temperature is the standard
water temperature and SG that pump
manufacturers should use for the basis
of published curves. This article will not It’s all about efficiency. The MagForce™
expound further except to state that users High Efficiency Motor System offers a
should check with the manufacturer of the 90% motor efficiency rating, which
pump and/or see Chapter 4 of the “Cameron
is up to 12% higher than traditional
Hydraulic Data” book, 19th edition.
What may not be patently obvious is submersible motor designs. With
that the information required to permanent magnet technology,
calculate several additional parameters is you can now offer an investment
also present, such as BHP specific speed
payback of less than 2 years
(NS), suction specific speed (NSS) and
suction energy (SE). in most long- or continuous-
run applications*. They get a
Brake Horsepower trusted product, you become
Most published curves will offer the BHP
their solution provider.
information and my recommendation is to
do the actual calculation anyway before *Results based on field trial data.
anything is purchased to be safe. Again,
note the BHP published on the curve will be
based on water at 68 F unless noted.
See Us At CONEXPO
Knowing the efficiency and, Booth C32929
subsequently, the BHP, you can calculate
your operating expenses and total cost
Check 110 on index.

of ownership. From that cost data you

can determine if you need to operate
differently, change the system design,
or even perhaps replace the pump with franklinengineered.com
another model or convert to variable speed.
You can also use the BHP formula to solve
for other parameters.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 15
COMMON PUMPING MISTAKES

▲
In addition ...
If you laboratory test 25 different impellers
of the same design in 25 different casings
where all impellers and casings are from
the same respective patterns, you will get
25 different curves that are all close, but
they will be different. Also, if you test a
given sample impeller pattern today, the
results will be different than they were a
year ago (earlier in the pattern life), and
they will be different next year (later in the
pattern life). Note that using investment
castings will reduce this variance
substantially, but not all sizes and models
lend themselves economically to the
process. For this reason and other nuances,
manufacturers publish their hydraulic
performance with stated tolerances and
restrictions for specific pump applications.
Please refer to ANSI/Hydraulic Institute
specification 14.6 – 2011 for details.
Mathematically, you can easily solve
the equation for any one unknown. In
Equation 1, I already know the BHP, but
not the flow rate, so I set up the equation
to solve for flow (where percent efficiency
is expressed as a decimal).
Following this logic, you could also
use this equation to solve for SG, head
or efficiency.
Understanding Specific Speed &
Suction Specific Speed
The manufacturer may or may not offer
this information somewhere in the title
block, but to the experienced pump
person the slope, size and shape of the
curve will lend clues as to the NS range.
Please see Image 1 for a simple
drawing on how curve shapes change as
a result of their geometry and NS.
I will leave the details for a future
article, but suffice to say that the number
and shape/geometry of the impeller
vanes will paint an illustrated story as to
the NS. If you know the pump’s head and
Normally: BHP = [(head) (flow
rate) (specific gravity)] ÷ [(3,960)
(efficiency)]
Alternately solved: flow rate =
[(BHP) (3,960) (efficiency)] ÷
[(head) (SG)]
Equation 1
flow at BEP (and also the pump speed),
then you can calculate the NS. Further, if
you know the NS and the NPSH required
(NPSHr), you can calculate the NSS. For
dual suction impellers (two eyes), use half
of the flow at BEP.
Why is any of this information
important to you?
Well, depending on your system curve
and where it intersects, the pump curve
can make a big difference in the proper
pump selection. You would not want to
use a pump with a drooping curve if it
was going to operate at lower flows, but if

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Check 118 on index.

16 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

it was markedly higher in efficiency at high
flows you would. If you had a system that
used variable speed pumps, would you want
a flat curve or a steep curve? For a boiler
feed system in a base-loaded power plant,
what curve shape would you want?
Pump Curve from the
Manufacturer’s Perspective
As I mentioned earlier, the published pump
curve is a promise, a sort of manufacturer
guarantee that the pump will operate on
that curve as indicated.
It does not mean the pump will operate
where you wish and hope it to run, unless
that point is exactly where the system curve
intersects the pump curve (see my August
2019 article for more details).
For emphasis, I again point out that
if the fluid has different properties not
accounted for, or the system has issues with
NPSH available (NPSHa), air entrainment, a
miscalculated system curve or if the pump
clearances are not set properly, the pump
will operate somewhere else off the curve.
The pump curve is a statistical
representation (albeit a conservative one)
of empirical data collected and composed
from the manufacturer’s test facility.
The curve is a published proof of the
manufacturer’s ability and it holds them
accountable to the pump purchaser and
end user.
Since most industrial pumps are
constructed from castings, there are
variables; and because no two castings
are exactly alike when a curve is
published, there are stated and acceptable
industry tolerances.
Conclusion
I strongly recommend that you know where
your pump is operating on its curve. If
you don’t know where it is operating, then
please try your best to find out.
If you have any management by
objectives (MBO), quality assurance/
quality control (QA/QC), Kaizen or Six
Sigma training, you already know (and I
am paraphrasing here) that if you don’t
measure the pump performance then you
can’t manage it. Left unmanaged, the
pump will prematurely fail, and prior to
that day it will needlessly cost you time
and money.
Reference
1. Pumps & Systems February 2017 article
by Jim Swetye: “Reading a Centrifugal
Pump Curve”
2. Pumps & Systems July 2017 article by Peter
Gaydon: “The Basics of NPSH & Preferred
Operating Region”
Jim Elsey is a mechanical engineer with more
than 48 years of design and operating experience,
primarily focused on rotating equipment reliability
in most all industrial applications and markets
around the world. Elsey is an active member of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the
American Society of Metals, the National Association
of Corrosion Engineers and the Naval Submarine
League. Elsey is the principal of MaDDog Pump
Consultants LLC and may be reached at
jim.elsey@spiohio.com.

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Check 115 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 17
PUMP SYSTEM STANDARDS

Root Cause Failure Analysis Case Study

William Livoti | Senior Engineer

I found this quote while reading a news

publication: “Sometimes the easiest way to
solve a problem is to stop being part of the
problem.” That’s because many of the most
common problems in pumping systems
are of our own making—specifically failure
to develop a general scope document
(GSD). I will reference the GSD many times
throughout this series of articles on root
cause failure analysis (RCFA). Why? Becaus
I firmly believe (from firsthand experience)
the root cause of most pumping system
component failures is due to lack of clarity
during the development of the project.

Failure Analysis vs. RCFA

Yes, there is a difference. Failure analysis
(FA) is replacing the failed component. This
is nothing more than parts replacement
because the failure mode was never
identified. It has been my experience that
failure analysis is the typical course of
action taken by most facilities.
RCFA, though, involves a comprehensive
analysis identifying all of the root causes
(physical, human and latent).
To make my point and to set the tone
for this series of articles, the following
RCFA from 2004 is a classic case for
differentiating FA from RCFA, as well as
the cost associated with the common
strategy of getting the equipment back
in service ASAP. This RCFA case study has
been condensed from its original 30-page
version. Key points and findings have been
used to make a solid business case for
identifying the root cause of a failure as
opposed to component failure/replacement.
Combined-Cycle Power Plant
Condensate Pump
Plant Configuration: 400-megawatt (MW)
combined-cycle power plant, oil/gas fired,
commissioned in 1972, two 200-MW units,
load swings daily
IMAGE 1: Total number of failures from 2000 to 2004 (Image courtesy of the author)
Equipment: 700 horsepower (hp) vertical,
1,750 revolutions per minute (rpm)
condensate pumps/motors, two 60 percent
pumps with one 60 percent installed spare
Situation: The plant began experiencing
a number of condensate pump failures
on one unit (2B). The site experienced
nine failures in the four years, resulting
in lost production/downtime. When the
plant experienced an equivalent forced
outage rate (EFOR) event during peak
load, corporate took control and brought
in a third-party consultant to resolve the
situation. The data below was compiled
by the balance of the plant engineering
team in conjunction with the third-party
consultant. The maintenance staff became
quite proficient in replacing the wet end of
the subject pump, performing change out
in approximately 12 hours upon failure.
History: Over the years, the plan
has experienced a high turnover in
maintenance personnel. The plant would
swap pump wet ends and motors from
one unit to another without documenting.
Experience level dropped over the years,
and the site had difficulty retaining
experienced mechanics.
Operations: Same scenario as mechanics,
additionally the plant deviated from its
operating procedure.
Maintenance/operating cost over 30 years:
Upon review of maintenance records, we
were able to develop an idea of the life
cycle cost (LCC) of the unit 2B condensate
pump.
Note: This is valuable information when
justifying your solution. obtain this data
when evaluating an application.
Rebuild pump: According to plant
personnel, until four years ago the pumps
would last about four and a half years—
therefore, the pump required rebuild seven
and a half times over a 30-year period. In
the last four years, the pump required an
additional eight rebuilds.
Note: Customer expectations/mean
time between repair (MTBR) is four years
(industry standard is 10 to 15 years)

18 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

 Soleplate out of level:

▲
Cause &
• pipe stress
Effect • misalignment
• seal failure
Pipe stress:
Cost to rebuild pump: $60,000 x 7.5 + • seal failure Coupling out of
$60,000 x 8 = $930,000 • motor failure tolerance:
Labor to remove and install pump: • vibration • vibration
$5,760 x 15.5 = $89,280 • misalignment
Motor repair: 25,000 x 7.5 + $25,000 x 5 = Misalignment:
$312,500 • motor failure Water hammer:
Coupling: $3,000 x 5 = $15,000 • vibration • incorrect placement
Mechanical seal: $5,000 x 7.5 + $5,000 x 9
= $82,500 Findings
Total = $1.5 million (approximate) Due to loss of expertise, the pump was
not installed or aligned correctly, the
Lost MW: Best guess based on fleet records motor was not set level, the coupling had
is 60 days = 200 MW x 24hrs = 4,800 MW x a significant run-out and the pump was
60 days = 288,000 MW x $40 (average per installed with 0.6-inch pipe stress. The
MW over 30 years) = $11.5M subbase was degraded and crumbling. As
Valve damage: No record of repair, however, a result, the sole plate was out of level 0.2
valve failure did result in EFOR inches. The motor had a run-out of 0.1-inch
Main condensate recirculation regulator: shaft to motor face. The coupling was not
Again, no record of repair, failure of main manufactured correctly with a 0.005-inch
condensate recirculation regulator will run-out on concentricity and, due to the
result in EFOR run-out at the motor shaft to face, the
Total cost: $13 million (approximate) coupling face was out more than 0.2 inches.
of check valve
• incorrect startup
procedure
Pump failures:
• combination of above
findings as well as
incorrect operation
of pumps; two pumps
in parallel when only
one unit is required
The operators failed to vent the pump prior
to startup. In addition, they would start two
pumps when only one was needed.
Surprised by the total cost? I call this the
cost of doing nothing because the plant
only replaced failed components. I have
found this course of action to be the norm.
For the next 12 months, I will outline a
process for performing a structured RCFA to
avoid the cost incurred by this case study.
William Livoti is retired after more than 40 years
in the industry. Livoti is a member of the Pumps &
Systems Editorial Advisory Board. He may be reached
at wlivoti@outlook.com.

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Check 111 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 19
GUEST COLUMN
The Dangers of Operating Pumps
at Low Capacity
Gary Dyson, Ph.D | Hydro Inc.
Operating at low flow places the machine
under a great amount of duress. It is
always wise to have a mental picture of
what is happening within the passages of
the machine to understand why this is
the case.
Vibration 1x
The days have long passed where pump
vibrations were viewed as a matter of
mechanical balance. Now, we recognize that
even if the pump had perfect mechanical
balance, it would still exhibit vibrations.
The intensity of this remnant vibration
turns out to be flow related with its
minimum level being at or around best
efficiency point (BEP).
Vibration at “one times” shaft rotational
frequency is often ascribed to mechanical
balance. However, this can also be
caused by the impeller if it is machined
eccentrically to its hydraulic center. The
impeller behaves like a hydraulic cam while
in the pump, even though it may be in
near-perfect mechanical balance in air.
No amount of mechanical balance
can reduce this cam effect as each blade
passage is a different length and holds a
different weight of liquid. Performing a
mechanical balance in air cannot solve
this issue.
Hydraulically Generated
Vibration—Vane Pass
From a hydraulic design standpoint,
vibrations at vane pass frequency are
always present due to the way impellers
generate head. This vibration is inevitable,
and the only pump that does not have vane
pass vibration is one that is not running.
Each vane had a pressure differential
between the pressure (top) and suction
side (under) of the vane. This pressure
differential results in a velocity difference
20 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
CASING
CUTWATER IMPELLER
over both surfaces of the vane that also
MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC
fluctuates with its position relative to CENTER CENTER
the diffuser.
This difference spreads into the
diffuser and anything connected to it will
experience a fluctuating pressure field once
per impeller blade pitch.
At partial capacity, this flow picture
greatly deteriorates. Each passage is
filled with slow moving fluid. Operated
in this condition, it is easy to see how IMAGE 1: Hydraulic cam causing high 1x vibration
vibration and heat can become a problem (Images courtesy of Hydro Inc.)
for pump reliability.
Vibration Caused by Inlet
Backflow Recirculation
The phenomenon is always present within a
pump operating at low capacity and always
contributes to the vibration level.
High-energy liquid is expelled from
the impeller eye. Each impeller blade
generates an individual stream, and
these velocity streams, impacting on
features in the suction nozzles and suction
pipework, contribute to the vane pass
frequency vibration.
From these images, it is easy to IMAGE 2: Velocity experienced by diffuser
understand why the disturbed flow
regimen within a pump can cause so many
reliability issues. In all of these situations,
the flow is violently disturbed when it
should be smooth and follow the passage
shape. Living with a machine at partial
capacity means an inevitable adverse effect
on pump reliability.
Gary Dyson, Ph.D., is managing director with Hydro
Global Engineering Services, an aftermarket service
provider specializing in improving reliability and
operating performance. Dyson has a doctorate from
Cranfield University and 30 years of experience.
His expertise includes pump hydraulic performance,
design and reliability improvement. For more
information, contact Dyson at engineering-support@
hydroinc.com and visit hydronic.com. IMAGE 3: Spiraling inlet backflow in suction piping
HVAC/BUILDING SERVICES

Packaged Pump Systems Running in

Parallel With Modular Construction
The labor shortage could cause these to run together in newer buildings.

REECE ROBINSON | Grundfos

Currently, the United States economy is

strong and experiencing historically low
unemployment rates; therefore, one could
assume construction projects are running
smoothly and on time. But even with
the decline in unemployment rates, the
amount of skilled labor is declining relative
to the construction demand—there are
simply not enough skilled workers to build
all the needed projects in the same manner
as in the past.
The U.S. construction industry was
developed under the assumption that the
work would occur on the final building
site. This work also includes design,
procurement, contracts, logistics, financing,
insurance, building codes, materials
handling, labor laws and safety. This
assumption is no longer valid; many,
possibly all areas of the construction
process, must be revisited. In the past five
years, there has been a growing trend that
is addressing the decline of available skilled
labor: modular construction.
The modular construction market is
projected to grow at a compounded annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 6.9 percent from
$112.4 billion today to $157 billion by
2023. Plus, buildings constructed through
off-site, prefabricated modular units are
stacking increasingly taller.1
What Is Modular Construction?
According to the Modular Construction
Institute: Modular construction is a process
in which a building is constructed off-site,
under controlled plant conditions, using the
same materials and designing to the same
codes and standards as conventionally
built facilities, but in about half the time.
Buildings are produced in “modules” that
IMAGE 1: Timeline showing site-built construction vs. modular construction (Image courtesy of Grundfos)
when put together on-site, reflect the
identical design intent and specifications
of the most sophisticated site-built facility,
without compromise.
There are two types of modular
construction: permanent modular
construction (PMC) and relocatable
building (RB). Many opinions of modular
construction is what is seen on one of those
“wide-load” marked flatbed, semitrailers
rolling down the highway. These fall into
the RB category as they are designed to be
reused or repurposed multiple times and
can be moved from one location to another.
RBs are commonly seen at schools, medical
clinics and construction sites.
The growing trend lies within the scope
of PMC, which involves modules, sometimes
referred to as pods. These modules can
come in the form of wall panels, complete
bathrooms or even complete hotel rooms.
These modules are delivered to the job site
and pieced together like building blocks.
Recently, research has come out
supporting modular construction as an
efficient construction process that is poised
to help the construction industry grow.
Benefits to Modular Construction
Factory-controlled environment
Probably the No. 1 benefit is that the
process is factory controlled, allowing
for tighter construction, fewer site
disturbances and less waste. Speaking of
less waste, modular construction is a
green approach.
When building in a factory environment,
waste is eliminated through the recycling
process. Factory environments also allow
for controlling inventory as well as the
protection of building materials.
Another green aspect is that modular
buildings can be disassembled and
relocated or refurbished for new use. This
reduces the demand for raw materials and
substantially reduces the amount of
energy expended to create a building for
the new need.
Factory-controlled environments
also have improved air quality because

22 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

 The biggest hurdle for both packaged Always-On Monitoring.
pump systems and modular
construction is cultural.
No Batteries Required.
Self-Powered
construction inside allows for use of dry materials, so the
potential for high levels of moisture being trapped in the new Sustainable
building is nearly eliminated.

Speed
Scalable
With the construction of modular buildings occurring
simultaneously with the site foundation work, projects can be
completed 30 to 50 percent sooner than traditional construction.
Since 60 to 90 percent of the construction is completed inside
a factory, weather becomes a nonfactor to the construction
timeline. Buildings can be occupied sooner, creating a faster The world’s most cost-effective
return on investment. An example of such a timeline is shown
in Image 1.2
Industrial IoT solutions.
Built to code & safe
Modular buildings are built to meet or exceed the same
standards and building codes as structures built on-site.
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The same materials, as specified by the architects, used in Machine Health Monitoring
conventionally constructed buildings are used in modular
construction projects—wood, concrete and steel. Modular units Batteryless sensors continuously
can be designed to fit in with external aesthetics of any existing
building, and modular units, once assembled, are virtually
collect & wirelessly transmit data.
indistinguishable from their site-built counterparts.
 Overall vibration level
Connection to Pump Systems  Triaxial acceleration
Since the building moves in a modular construction methodology,  6 Hz – 3.2 KHz frequency range
the components going into that building also take the same
approach, leading to pumps. The traditional way of building a
 Magnetic field frequencies
pump system, sourcing it component by component, can be at  Ambient & skin temperature
odds with this new methodology. Think about the traditional  Relative humidity
way of installing pumps in a building: pouring foundation,
housekeeping pads, mounting the pumps, motors and controls,  Runtime
and all the ancillary components (e.g., isolation valves, check  1,000-ft. wireless range
valves, gauges and sensors).
With the skilled labor shortage and the need for speed when
building these modular buildings, there will be an increased
demand for pumps and pumping systems to follow suit. Users
can look to packaged pump systems to follow the methodology of
Check 114 on index.

modular construction.

Benefits of Packaged Pump Systems

Factory-controlled environment www.everactive.com
Many of the site-built activities can occur in a factory-controlled
environment. The pumps, motors and drives can be installed on sales@everactive.com
a base frame along with all of the isolation valves, check valves,

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 23
HVAC/BUILDING SERVICES
gauges and sensors. The drives and controls
can also be mounted on the base frame,
prewired with controls preprogrammed
to job site requirements from the factory.
This can save hours of job site labor, both
mechanically and electrically, and the
high quality of work can be repeatable in
the controlled environment. Just as with
modular construction, factory-built pump
systems also eliminate waste.
Speed
Production of the packaged pump system
can occur at the same time as the site
foundation/mechanical room. Pumps,
motors, drives, controls and all of the
ancillary items arrive as one module.
Modular construction of complete pump
systems in their own building is also done
today, especially in the municipal market.
Built to code & safe
Packaged pump systems are built to meet
or exceed the same standards and building
24 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
codes as pump systems built on-site. Tasks
such as welding, pipefitting and wiring
up electrical equipment may be safer in a
controlled environment.
In the case of meeting water quality
standards, this can also speed up the
inspection process as a complete pump
system can carry the required approval
(NSF 61, for example), which includes
all ancillary components, whereas
the inspection agency would have to
verify compliance on job site installed
components separately.
With new Department of Energy (DOE)
efficiency requirements for individual
pumps becoming effective last month,
packaged systems with multiple pumps
allow for greater system-wide efficiency
levels on top of what the DOE requires.
Changing the Culture
The biggest hurdle for both packaged
pump systems and modular construction
is cultural. Even today, many design
professionals, contractors and owners do
not understand it or they see it as a luxury
and feel that doing the work on-site will
cost less.
Those who have taken the modular or
packaged system approach were able to
see the value in terms of the quality of the
product, the ease of installation and the
shorter timeline for project completion.
Reference
1. Slowey, Cowin and Beeton (2019, January
7). 7 trends that will shape commercial
construction in 2019, retrieved from
constructiondive.com.
2. What is Modular Construction, retrieved from
modular.org.
Reece Robinson is Grundfos’ building services
technical content manager. He has been with
Grundfos since 1997 and has held positions in
product engineering, product management and
technical training. Robinson received a bachelor’s
degree in mechanical engineering from California
State University, Fresno. For more information, visit
grundfos.com.
Check 119 on index.
HVAC/BUILDING SERVICES

The Power of Parallel Pumping

Reach peak efficiency with technologically advanced controllers and variable speed drives.

ALAN JONES | Xylem Inc.

Parallel pumping has emerged as one

method of improving efficiency in pumping
systems with higher control heads. With
the advent of sensorless pump control
technology, hydronic systems can be
optimized for maximum system efficiency.
In a parallel pumping system, the
controller makes decisions dynamically
based on what the current flow and head
requirements show.
While variable speed control in a parallel
pumping system can increase efficiency
and reduce costs, adding sensorless
IMAGE 1: Table of part loads considering 100 percent flow at 1 percent; 75 percent flow at 42 percent; 50
control technology to the pump percent flow at 45 percent; and 25 percent flow at 12 percent, considering no staging and optimal staging
staging process creates a solution (Images courtesy of Bell & Gossett)
that combines high efficiency, backup
capacity and potential savings on space performance is not as simple as optimizing must be considered. In a parallel pumping
and initial investment. pump performance at a single duty environment, this makes selection and
In an environment where partial point. The entire profile of the pump’s staging strategies even more complex.
loading is the norm, optimizing system efficiency at varying flows and speeds Technology helps reach these solutions

Science Museum of Minnesota Achieves

▲

Unparalleled Energy Efficiency

Sustainability is a challenging pursuit
for museums, which possess distinct
building characteristics and other
unique challenges like climate-
controlled storage and gallery space
to preserve irreplaceable exhibits. With
the help of a parallel pump system,
the Science Museum of Minnesota—a
major destination for 700,000 visitors
per year—is lowering energy costs and
reducing its carbon footprint.
Located in downtown St. Paul, the
Science Museum of Minnesota has
370,000 square feet of space, including
a 10,000-square-foot temporary exhibit
gallery, five permanent galleries and an
IMAX Convertible Dome Omnitheater.
Following an energy analysis in 2018,
the museum undertook several building
upgrades to reduce energy costs and
boost efficiency. Those improvements
included serving as a pilot test site for a
new parallel pump system.
Sensorless pump controllers included
in the parallel pump system have the
ability to manage output from multiple
pumps without a wired differential
pressure transducer. Eliminating the
need for an external sensor reduces both
installation and maintenance costs.
Two end suction pumps were
installed to boost the flow rate of the
museum’s existing hydronic system. The
pumps were then paired with a variable
frequency drive and a parallel pump
system controller.
Embedded building management
system (BMS) communication enabled
the parallel pump system to seamlessly
integrate with the museum’s existing
BMS. A touch screen displays real-time
feedback and enables energy modeling so
the museum’s facility team can optimize
hydraulic performance.
To accommodate fluctuating visitor
traffic, the parallel pump system stages
and destages pumps incrementally
depending on varying demand. Since
upgrading, the Science Museum has
realized higher energy efficiencies and
lower operating costs.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 25
HVAC/BUILDING SERVICES
IMAGE 2: 10 x12 x15.5 double suction pump with 100-hp 6-pole motor
IMAGE 3: Two parallel 8 x10 x13.5 end suction pumps with 50-hp 6-pole motor
IMAGE 4: Single 8 x10 x13.5 end suction pump variable speed curve running as one
of two pumps and solo at 100 percent, 75 percent, 50 percent and 25 percent of load
IMAGE 5: 6 x 8 x 9.5 end suction pump variable speed curve running in parallel
as one of three pumps, one of two pumps, and solo at 100 percent, 75 percent,
50 percent and 25 percent of load
26 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
It should also be understood that in a
diverse system, there is a control area
rather than a simple control curve.
more easily, and parallel pump controllers with the best
efficiency staging capability pay dividends.
Selecting a pump for parallel operation using the same
methods as choosing a single pump involves cutting the flow in
half or a third and picking the most efficient option. When flow
gets past 120 percent of best efficiency point (BEP), it is time to
stage the next pump. However, that process does not leverage
technology, and while the system will provide required head and
flow, it likely will not be at optimal efficiency.
How can pump staging be truly optimized for efficiency?
When examining different staging scenarios and comparing and
contrasting the weighted part load efficiency values (PLEV), the
challenges and solutions of designing parallel pumping systems
become clear.
In the first scenario, the full load requirement is 4,000
gallons per minute (gpm) at 65 feet of head with a control head
requirement of 19.5 feet. These design parameters should be
carefully considered, as they dictate the system curve driving
the selection decisions.
With such a large pump, the selection would likely be a
double suction pump. In Image 2, the curve depicts an efficient
solution, especially at full load. There is some tapering at 50
percent and 25 percent of load, yielding a weighted PLEV of 81.6
percent. This is a 10 x 12 x 15.5 pump with a 100-horsepower
(hp), 6-pole motor—a large investment and footprint, but one
that provides zero backup capacity.
The next option provides backup capacity and even greater
PLEV. Image 3 shows two end suction pumps in parallel—8 x
10 x 13.5-inch pumps with 50-hp motors. This constant speed
graph demonstrates efficiencies over 86 percent for portions of
this curve, meaning there will only be improvements over the
curves when variable speed is introduced into the equation. In
general, the system curve crosses all of the test speed curves
and demonstrates acceptable efficiencies.
Image 4 reflects individual pump efficiency improvements
created by variable speed. Dividing the flow between both
pumps at full load, efficiency is 86.3 percent—even higher than
the double suction pump in Image 2. If both pumps continue to
run at partial loads, the weighted efficiency is 77 percent, below
the double suction performance.
As demand decreases, the second pump must be destaged.
As system requirements drop below 2,400 gpm, the two-pump
efficiency is dropping below 80 percent, while the single-pump
efficiency climbs to 88 percent as demand drops to 1,400 gpm.
 Based on the system curve for this pump, it appears the best
staging/destaging occurs around 10 percent past BEP. With two
parallel pumps, one pump can drop off and the system will still
operate at 75 percent capacity.
WE CAN
HELP
Image 5 demonstrates coverage up to 50 percent of load with
one pump—if system losses have not been underestimated.
With two pumps, nearly 90 percent of load is covered. In fact, if
the requirement was to meet full duty with two pumps, motors
and drives could be upsized to 40 hp and the pumps oversped to
almost the same efficiency as the pumps in Image 5, just short
of 60 feet at 2,000 gpm per pump.
Based on this pump’s efficiency profile, optimal system
efficiency will be achieved by running two pumps from 3,600 Our high performance solutions
gpm all the way down to just over 100 gpm or the 25 percent
partial load point.
make us your source for everything
The initial investment savings on three 30-hp, 4-pole sealing, including mechanical seals,
motors versus a 100-hp, 6-pole motor is 40 percent. The initial
investment savings on three 6-inch pumps versus the single 10-
pump and valve packing, air seals
inch pump is roughly 25 percent. and bearing isolators.
Image 1 (page 25) shows efficiency benefits that can be
achieved by determining the optimal staging point for each
parallel pumping solution. It is important to evaluate the
system curve and pump efficiency curves to optimize staging.
In these scenarios, optimal staging in a parallel pumping
solution can save 3 percent on energy costs versus the
double suction solution while increasing backup capacity
and potentially eliminating system downtime required for
maintenance. But if pumps are not staged properly, the
system could operate 3 percent less efficiently than the single-
pump solution, resulting in more than $1,000 in increased
energy costs per year, depending on operating conditions and
utility rates.
The staging points are based on system design and
anticipated system losses. In these examples, the system is
modeled using a system curve.
In actual application, this will need to be reviewed following
commission. It should also be understood that in a diverse
system, there is a control area rather than a simple control
curve. The more diversity in the system, the larger this area
and the greater the benefit from dynamic, real-time staging
performed by a capable pump controller versus a fixed-staging
strategy based on predetermined staging points. GFO is a registered trademark of WL Gore and Assoc.

Conclusion
Staging solutions for best efficiency can be complex, but with
the aid of a parallel pump controller equipped with built-in best
efficiency staging, calculations happen dynamically, ensuring
Check 116 on index.

the system can actually deliver these theoretical efficiencies.

Alan Jones is the global product manager for Bell & Gossett centrifugal
pumps. He holds a Bachelor of Science in systems engineering from the
United States Military Academy at West Point, and an MBA from Syracuse
University. For more information, visit bellgossett.com. 800-633-4770 www.sepco.com

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 27
COVER SERIES: Pump Selection

Selecting the Right Wastewater

Pump for Your Lift Station
Impeller choices are equally as important as selecting the right pump.

MITCH STRAND | Crane Engineering

Wastewater pumps perform a behind the

scenes, yet critical, job that most people
do not think about. They are found in lift
stations and wastewater treatment plants
doing their job day in and day out. Yet,
if a user comes across an experienced
wastewater operator and asks what they
like or dislike about the pumps, the
operator will have a must-have list of
features that keep the station running.
Sizing a wastewater pump is like sizing
a pump for a clean water application:
Users need to know the application
information such as flow and head, fluid
type, and installation orientation or space
constraints. With wastewater applications,
however, there are a few other factors to
consider—the biggest being solids. Fibrous
materials such as flushable wipes and rags
lead to ragging issues in lift stations and
wastewater plants. Wastewater and sewage-
type impellers are specifically designed to
deal with this issue.
This article explains the types of solids-
handling pumps and impeller types that
will help users make a smart choice when
selecting a pump for a wastewater lift
station application.
Types of Pumps
Submersible pumps
Submersible pumps are designed to operate
in wastewater. A close-coupled sealed
motor allows for complete submergence,
eliminating the need for a separate dry-
well, which can decrease installation costs.
Submersible pumps typically feature
dual oil-lubricated mechanical seals with
moisture sensing probes and an associated
IMAGE 1: Submersible pump installation (Image courtesy of Crane Engineering)
alarm relay. An alarm sounds when it
detects water in the oil chamber. This
sensor protects against moisture entering
the motor and causing issues by alerting
the operator to the seal failure.
Since submersible pumps are installed
in wastewater wet wells, access to the
pumps is limited. Operators must remove
the pump via the guide rail system to
inspect or service the equipment.
Dry-pit pumps
Dry-pit pumps are installed next to a wet
well or sump. This allows for the use of
a nonclog centrifugal pump and motor.
Solids-handling impellers will pass many
types of solids. They can be mounted
vertically or horizontally, allowing flexibility
for space constraints within the dry-pit
vault. Dry-pit pumps keep the pump out of
the wastewater, allowing for personnel to
easily diagnose a pump during operation.
Working on a pump that is not covered in
sewage minimizes safety risks.
A downside of the dry-pit pump is the
possibility of flooding. Water in the dry-pit
would destroy standard pump motors.
If the dry-pit is susceptible to flooding,
a dry-pit submersible pump might be an
option. These are similar, if not identical,
to the submersible pumps discussed
before. Traditional submersible pumps use
wastewater to cool the motor. In a dry-pit
application, there is no surrounding fluid
to use for cooling. Therefore, submersible
dry-pit pumps have oil-filled submersible
motors and/or cooling jackets to provide
adequate cooling and insurance against
inadvertent dry-pit flooding.
Self-priming pumps
Self-priming pumps are an aboveground
alternative to submersible or dry-
pit pumps. Designed for suction lift
applications (like lift stations), self-priming
pumps prime by extracting air from the
suction side and discharging it back into
the wet well. Once primed, this pump
operates the same as standard solids-
handling centrifugal pumps.

28 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

 Self-priming, solids-handling pumps are
designed to pass solids. Like dry-pit pumps,
they usually have a longer anticipated life
than submersible pumps due to the clean
atmosphere above the wet well and access
for preventative maintenance.
Types of Impellers
The aforementioned wastewater pumps
are often fitted with one of the following
impeller types. Each is designed specifically
for a combination of solids-handling and
efficiency, and there is always a trade-off
between the two.
Semi-open impeller
Semi-open, nonclog impellers feature a
back shroud with a limited number of vanes
(one-vane or two-vane are typical) and can
usually pass a 3-inch spherical solid with
a 3- or 4-inch submersible sewage pump.
The small number of vanes provides large
impeller openings for the solids to pass
through. Set clearances between the wear
plate and the leading edge of the impeller
No Part Number? No Problem.
Call us : 800-523-3382
If you have our phone number, you don’t need a part number
Check 123 on index.
allow for higher efficiency when compared
to vortex impellers, but less than enclosed
channel impellers. This impeller type is
standard in submersible, dry-pit and self-
priming pumps.
Vortex impeller
Vortex impellers are for applications with
extreme ragging issues and are found
in submersible and dry-pit applications.
These impellers are installed in the top of
the volute and out of the flow path. Vortex
impellers create a whirlpool effect in the
volute, carrying water and solids through
the pump and out the discharge without
direct contact.
This reduces the risk of pump clogging
and impeller wear. Pumps with vortex
impellers have reduced efficiency due to
the vortex and lack of tight clearances.
A decrease in efficiency of about 30
percent is possible from a semi-open
impeller. Reduced maintenance costs may
outweigh the loss in efficiency for some
high ragging applications.
Call Bartlett Bearing for identification &
EXPERT BEARING KNOWLEDGE
Call us : 800-523-3382
Enclosed channel impeller
This impeller design contains a front and
back shroud, creating enclosed channels
for wastewater and solids to pass through.
Due to the enclosed channels and tight
clearances between impeller and wear
rings, this impeller is known to be efficient.
Issues with this impeller arise with stringy
fibrous materials like rags.
Conclusion
When selecting a wastewater pump,
consider the application constraints and
features needed in a pump system. If easy
maintenance is of the essence, choose a
self-priming or dry-pit installation. If cost
is an obstacle, submersible pumps will
allow for a more compact installation. In
either case, weigh efficiency versus solids-
handling capability for long-term operation
and reliability of the lift station.
Mitch Strand is an application engineer at Crane
Engineering. He may be reached at 920-733-4425.
For more information, visit craneengineering.net.
visit us on the web at
www.bartlettbearing.com
PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 29
COVER SERIES: Pump Selection
Selecting the Right Pump for
Chemical Applications
Review pump types and pick proper construction materials.
PETE SCANTLEBURY | Finish Thompson
There are many considerations when
selecting the right pump for chemical
applications. When working with materials
such as corrosive or flammable chemicals,
extra care should be taken to ensure that
the product selected is suitable.
Define the Fluid Characteristics
The safety data sheet (SDS) and chemical
manufacturer or chemical distributor can
provide required information such as fluid
name, concentration, fluid temperature,
specific gravity and viscosity at pumping
temperature. If solids are present,
determine at what concentration, particle
size and hardness, and if the material is
corrosive, flammable or combustible.
Describe the Application
The more detailed the description, the
better. Make sure to verify:
• What type of container is the chemical
stored in? Is it a drum or tote, bulk
storage tank, rail car or tanker truck?
• Where will the fluid be moved? From a
drum to a bucket, from a rail car to bulk
storage, or simply recirculating in the
same container, for example.
• Is the liquid below the pump? In this
case, a pump that is either self-priming
or one that can be submerged in the
liquid is needed.
• What is the flow rate required? Flow rate
is required to calculate friction loss in
the piping system.
• What is the total head or pressure
required? Total head is based on the
piping system and is used (along with
flow rate) to help choose a pump.
• What is the net positive suction head
available (NPSHa)? It is the suction
30 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
▲
Pump Selection
There are many variables to the
selection of the best pump type with
the correct materials of construction.
• Gather information on the fluid to
be pumped.
• Gather information on the
hydraulic and application
requirements.
• Consult the experts. Consult
with the chemical manufacturer,
chemical distributor, pump
manufacturers, local pump
distributors, and even industrial
supply catalogs that are
experienced in the selection of
chemical pumps.
head made available to the pump and
provided by the piping system. To avoid
cavitation (causes erosion damage to
pump components) the NPSHa must
exceed the NPSH required (NPSHr).
• How long will the pump be operating
per day or week? This is important in
evaluating energy costs. For example, if
a pump is going to be operating many
hours per day, a pump driven with an
electric motor could have considerably
lower operating costs compared to an
air-driven pump.
• Is it indoors or outdoors? What are
the maximum and minimum ambient
temperatures? This is important for the
correct selection of the construction
materials for the pump and motor.
• What is the altitude? Higher altitudes
reduce available lift if it is a self-priming
application, reduces NPSHa and reduces
cooling by an electric motors fan.
Review Possible Pump Types
Here are some of the most common pump
types for transferring chemicals.
Drum/barrel pumps: Ideal for transferring
a wide variety of chemicals from pails,
drums, totes [(such as intermediate bulk
containers (IBCs)] and other containers used
by chemical manufacturers to transport
products to the user. These can be powered
by electric, lithium ion battery or air motors.
Centrifugal pumps: Provide smooth
flow and have a wide range of flows
and head capabilities. These pumps are
available in a wide range of materials and
either mechanically sealed or sealless
magnetically coupled. They are typically
operated with electric motors.
Air-operated double diaphragm pumps:
Versatile, simple to operate, and can pump
solids and viscous fluids. They typically
operate with compressed air.
Positive displacement pumps: Includes
gear, rotary vane or piston pumps. These
pumps are good with high viscosity fluids
and can generate high pressures.
Selecting Proper Materials
of Construction
The proper materials of construction are
critical to safely transfer chemicals and
provide a long life. Here are some common
examples of materials used for chemicals.
Metals
• Stainless steel: 304 and 316 are used;
316 has increased corrosion resistance.
• Hastelloy C/Inconel/Alloy 625:
This contains high nickel and
chromium levels and up to 13 percent
 molybdenum. It has better corrosion
resistance than stainless steel but is
more expensive.
• Titanium: This works best in oxidizing
media such as hot nitric acid and
sodium hypochlorite and is expensive.
Plastics
• CPVC: Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
(CPVC) is a thermoplastic that can be
processed using injection molding
technology. It has reasonable corrosion
resistance and is used in piping, valves,
filters and pumps.
• Polyethylene: Versions of cross-
linked polyethylene (XLPE) are used
for chemical storage tanks, chemical
transfer hoses and can be found in low-
cost, hand-operated drum pumps.
• Polypropylene: Polypropylene is
resistant to many corrosive materials.
It is used for piping, fittings and pumps
used in the transfer of corrosive fluids.
• PVDF: Polyvinylidene fluoride
(PVDF) is a strong, abrasion-resistant
fluoropolymer with outstanding
chemical resistance. It is used in piping,
fittings, pumps and instrumentation.
• ETFE: Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
(ETFE) is a fluoropolymer with better
chemical resistance and a wider
temperature range than PVDF. It is used
to line pipe, valves and pump housings
and can be injection molded into a
variety of products including pumps.
Elastomers
• Nitrile (Buna N): A general-purpose
oil- and water-resistant rubber with a
moderate working temperature range,
nitrile is not compatible with many
corrosive materials.
• FKM: FKM is a fluorocarbon elastomer
with extensive chemical compatibility
that spans considerable concentration
and temperature ranges, making it good
for many applications.
• EPDM: Ethylene propylene diene
methylene (EPDM) rubber is compatible
with most caustics and has a good
temperature range.
• FFKM: Perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) are
the elastomeric form of PTFE that are
fully fluorinated providing a high level
of corrosion resistance.
Other materials
• Ceramic: Alumina ceramic (aluminum
oxide) is commonly used in mechanical
seals and as thrust rings, shafts and
bushings. Higher purity (99.5 percent)
alumina demonstrates enhanced wear
and corrosion resistance.
• Alpha sintered silicon carbide: Alpha
sintered silicon carbide (SiC) offers
superior hardness, high strength, high
abrasion/wear resistance and excellent
corrosion resistance.
• Carbon graphite: Carbon graphite offers
good chemical resistance, even to many
that are extremely corrosive. Used in
mechanical seals and as a bushing
material in other pump types.
Pete Scantlebury is the vice president of
development at Finish Thompson. He has worked
there for more than 40 years. For more information,
visit finishthompson.com.

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Check 121 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 31
COVER SERIES: Pump Selection
Selecting the Right Pump for
Oil & Gas Applications
Buyers should look at failure risk and examine system drawings.
HEINZ P. BLOCH | Process Machinery Consulting
Process and pipeline pumps in modern
industry are usually designed and built
in accordance with one of the three most
prevalent industry standards for pumps.
In the United States, a combined American
National Standards Institute/American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ANSI/
ASME) document is widely used for pumps
in water and aqueous (nonhydrocarbon)
services. The primary aim of the standard
is to allow the kind of dimensional
interchangeability that permits insertion
of a pump from Vendor A in the space
originally occupied by products from
Vendor B.
ASME B73.1 & ISO 5199
The widely referenced centrifugal pump
standard known as ASME B73.1 can trace
its origins to 1974 when, after combining
and consolidating the ASME standard with
a similar Hydraulic Institute (HI) standard,
the two became ANSI B73.1. This new
standard has been periodically updated and
the current version is called “Specification
for Horizontal End Suction Centrifugal
Pumps for Chemical Processes.”
In the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) community where
50-hertz (Hz) power systems are the norm,
ISO 5199:2002 represents a “Technical
Specification for Centrifugal Pumps—Class
II.” ASME B73.1 or ISO 5199 are not fully
interchangeable; separation is based on
the regionally prevailing electric power
frequency, B73.1 for 60 Hz and ISO 5199
for 50 Hz. Both standards are widely
referenced worldwide for centrifugal pump
projects, even outside of chemical process
applications. The core coverage of these
standards encompasses single-stage end
32 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
suction, centerline (self-
venting) discharge, back
pull-out and frame mounting.
However, either standard
can be useful in applications
involving other frequencies—
variable frequency drives
(VFDs) in all types and sizes of
process pumps.
Broadly speaking, the IMAGE 1: A centerline-mounted, back pull-out, single-stage process
same thought processes pump (Image courtesy of Hydro Inc.)
govern the dimensional
interchangeability limited to pumps made
in compliance with ASME and pumps made
in accordance with ISO standards. In either
case, principal dimensions include, but are
not limited to, the distance from base-
mounting surfaces to the shaft centerline,
and the elevations and distances from
pump suction to discharge nozzles.
ANSI & ISO vs. API Pumps
ANSI/ASME and ISO-compliant pumps
usually have their mounting pads (feet)
incorporated in the casing’s base. The
thermal rise of the shaft centerline of ANSI/
ASME and ISO-compliant pumps can be as
much as three times greater than that of
centerline-mounted American Petroleum
IMAGE 2: Custom-built vertical pipeline pump
Institute (API) pumps. For many decades, with drive motor removed (Image courtesy of
the API has issued pump standard API Alfred Conhagen Inc.)
610 for products considered flammable,
toxic or prone to explode under reasonably facilitate back pull-out of hydraulic
possible circumstances. assemblies in need of exchange or repair.
The emphasis of the API 610 pump
standard is on strength, quality and Deciding Between Available Pumps
reliability. API pumps are centerline- Experience-based selection strategies often
mounted (Image 1) and the stipulated follow the practices of Monsanto Chemical’s
distance between driver and driven shaft Texas City plant in the 1970s.1 Among
ends is 7 inches. Spacer couplings keep these was the recommendation to use in-
misalignment angles low and greatly between-bearing whenever the product of
power input and rotational speed [kilowatts
(kW) x revolutions per minute (rpm)]
exceeded 675,000.
Others adopted Monsanto’s practices.1
It was also recommended that API
610-compliant pumps be given strong
consideration when one or more of these six
conditions are reached or exceeded:
• head exceeds 350 feet
• temperature exceeds 300 F on pipe up to
and including 6-inch nominal diameter;
alternatively, if the temperature exceeds
350 F on pipe starting with 8-inch
nominal diameter
• pumps with drivers rated in excess of
100 horsepower (hp), starting at 75 kW
and higher
• suction pressures over 75 pounds per
square inch gauge (psig)
• flow in excess of the best efficiency
point (BEP) for the pump at issue
• speeds in excess of 3,600 rpm
Exceptions to the six conditions can
be made judiciously. However, to qualify
for such an exception, the pumped
fluid should be nonflammable, nontoxic
and nonexplosive.
In general, exceptions would be granted
if the vendor demonstrated years of
successful operation for the proposed pump
in a comparable or perhaps even more
critical service.
Best-in-Class Experience
Best-in-class (BiC) pump users are ones
that obtain long failure-free runs from their
pumps. BiCs have on their bidders’ lists only
vendors (or custom builders) with proven
experience records. Such pump vendors and
manufacturers would be well established
and would have recorded sound quality and
on-time deliveries.
Exceptions taken by a bidder to the
BiC owner-operator’s specification should
be carefully examined for their potential
reliability impact. This examination
process serves as a check on the pump
manufacturers’ understanding of the
buyer’s long-term reliability expectations.
Because competent bidders employ
a satisfied workforce of experienced
specialists, conduct effective training and
mentoring, and provide quality control and
inspection departments, their products
should command reasonable pricing.
Reasonable pricing should not be confused
with lowest pricing, although reasonable
pricing may indeed be lowest in terms of
life cycle cost projections.
Vertical pumps are available in many
hundreds of styles and configurations, and
Image 2 shows a two-stage pump custom
built for pipeline service. On this pump, the
entire pumping element can be removed
as one piece for maintenance. The motor
mount (with the motor attached) would be
removed first, 24 screws are removed next,
and the whole pump is then lifted out.
It is an example of a design that is
user-oriented in terms of maintenance and
probable overall reliability.2
Both API and non-API standards are
used in custom-built pumps, depending
on user preference, type of service and

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Its modular design offers several types of liquid
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options to meet the specific requirements of your
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www.miltonroy.com
Check 112 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 33
COVER SERIES: Pump Selection

IMAGE 3: Cartridge-style dual mechanical seal
suitable for many pumps and services in the oil and
gas industries (Image courtesy of AESSEAL)
prevailing experience. Competent designs
are available not only from OEMs, but also
from certain key custom design innovators
and manufacturing specialists.
In all instances, the pump owner-
operator would compile a specification
document. The pump owner-operator or
its designated project team would mail
the document to at least two, but probably
three or four, of these bidders or providers.
Their replies or cost quotes would be
carefully reviewed. Whenever possible,
these replies would describe the vendor’s
offer pictorially.
The mechanical seal in Image 3 is
typical of six or more add-ons that preferred
vendor-manufacturers should be willing to
provide in support of their desire to provide
high-reliability products. They should have
no reluctance to provide a listing of proven
user experience.
Better Pumps
Anybody can buy a cheap pump. The term
“better pumps” describes fluid movers that
are designed beyond hydraulic efficiency
and modern metallurgy. Better pumps are
ones that avoid risk areas in the mechanical
portion commonly called the drive-end.
That part of process pumps that has been
neglected most often and is where cost-
cutting should cause the greatest concern.
Deviations from best available
technology increase the failure risk. As
three or four or more deviations combine, a
failure is likely to occur. An analogy could
be drawn from an incident involving two
automobiles, with one driving behind the
other. When the trailing vehicle traveled
at (a) an excessive speed, with (b) worn
tires, on (c) a wet road, and (d) followed the
leading car too closely, a rear-end collision
resulted. Had there just been any three
of the four violations, the event might be
recalled as a near-miss incident. Had there
been any two of the four, it would serve no
purpose to tell the story in the first place.
Too much cost-cutting by pump
manufacturers and purchasers will
negatively affect the drive-ends of pumps.
Flawed drive-end components are therefore
among the main contributors to repeat
failures that often plague process pumps.
Drive-end flaws should be addressed with
urgency, and this article is intended as an
overview of what guides BiC oil and gas
companies in selecting better pumps.
Why Insist on Better Pumps?
Well-informed reliability professionals
will be reluctant to accept pumps that
incorporate risky drive-ends. The short
overview of reasons is that reliability-
focused professionals take seriously

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34 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
their obligation to consider the actual,
lifetime-related and not short-term cost of
ownership. They have learned that price is
what one pays and value is what one gets.
As we make it our standard procedure
to review pump drawings, we will quickly
realize that not all pump manufacturers
are on top of user experience. While at first
glance the reviewer might see nothing
wrong, we must remember that, in any
given time period, approximately 7 percent
of the pump population in U.S. oil refineries
fails three to four times as often as that
refinery’s average pump.
Whenever reliability professionals make
it their practice to review pump drawings,
they will uncover details as to why 7
percent of the total pump population fails
relatively frequently and sometimes
quite randomly. Drawings often show areas
of risk and vulnerability that have been
found and eliminated by BiCs. Their
subject matter experts have been
instrumental in eliminating flaws in
a specification and review process
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Check 120 on index.
that includes a close examination and
comparison of pump cross-sectional
drawings and bills of materials.
Among the important vulnerabilities,
deviations from best available technology
or just plain risk areas, subject matter
experts have found:
• Oil rings (intended to lift oil from the
sump into the bearings) are incorrectly
designed and/or manufactured.
• Back-to-back oriented thrust bearings
are not located in a cartridge. Therefore,
retrofitting flinger discs to take the
place of deficient oil rings will not
be possible.
• Bearing housing protector seals are
inferior to the ones representing best
available technology. Bearing housings
lack oil drain holes from locations where
trapped oil will overheat and deprive
bearings of proper lubrication.4
• There is uncertainty as to the type
or style of constant-level lubricator
that will be supplied. Unless specified,
process pump manufacturers will often
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• Each issue merits further explanation
and additional ones exist.
References
1. Ingram, J.H., “Pump Reliability—Where do
you Start,” presented at ASME Petroleum
Mechanical Engineering Workshop and
Conference, Dallas, Texas, Sept. 13-15, 1981.
2. Alfred Conhagen Inc., La Marque/Houston,
Texas
3. Bloch, Heinz P., “Pump Wisdom: Problem
Solving for Operators and Specialists,”
(2011), John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New
Jersey, ISBN 978-1-118-04123-9
4. Bloch/Ehlert/Geitner; “Optimized Equipment
Lubrication, Oil Mist Technology and Storage
Preservation,” (2020) Reliabilityweb,
Ft. Myers, Florida
Heinz P. Bloch has authored or co-written over
750 publications, among them 22 books on
machinery management, failure analysis/avoidance,
compressors, steam turbines, pumps and lubrication.
Bloch holds a Bachelor of Science and a Master
of Science in mechanical engineering from New
Jersey Institute of Technology. He may be reached at
heinzpbloch@gmail.com.
NO FLUID
PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 35
COVER SERIES: Pump Selection
Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT)
power plants present difficult challenges
for pumps and associated equipment,
such as valves and seals.
High operating temperatures and
pressures are characteristic of many
applications operating within CCGT
plants. CCGT plants are also expected
to handle rapid load variations and are
required to start and stop frequently. As
a result, the pumps must be designed
and selected to handle severe transient
operating conditions.
A typical combined-cycle plant may
have between 50 to 100 pumps. These
pump types typically include:
• multistage, between bearings, ring-
section pumps (BB4)
• vertical, wet-pit, single-stage
pumps (VS1)
• vertical, canned, multistage
pumps (VS6)
• horizontal, single-stage, axially split
pumps (BB1, BB2)
• general service end-suction
pumps (OH1)
• high-pressure and temperature end-
suction pumps (OH2)
• sump pumps (VS4, VS5)
• liquid ring vacuum pumps
This article focuses on several critical
services in combined-cycle plants: main
feedwater, condensate extraction and
condenser cooling.
Main Feedwater Pumps
The purpose of a main feed pump is to
deliver feedwater from the low-pressure
(LP) drum to the economizer inlets of
the intermediate-pressure (IP) and
36 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
Selecting the Right Pump for
Power Generation Applications
Understand critical pump services in combined-cycle power plants.
MIKE RADIO | Flowserve Corporation
high-pressure (HP) sections of the heat
recovery steam generator (HRSG).
Multistage, inline diffuser, ring-
section pumps are most typically
specified for this service in combined-
cycle plants. Occasionally, customers
will specify a double-case design for
these applications.
Boiler feedwater is chemically treated
to a high purity level, making it more IMAGE 1: Diffuser ring-section pump (Images courtesy
corrosive than untreated water. As a of Flowserve)
result, the fluid-handling components
(e.g., stage casings, diffusers and
impellers) that see high fluid velocities
must be provided in 12 percent
chrome (CA6NMN) to avoid erosion-
corrosion damage. On higher-pressure
applications, the suction and discharge
heads are also recommended to be in
12 percent chrome. Laser hardening or
direct laser deposition (DLD) at running
fits can be offered to make the pump
IMAGE 2: Double-case barrel pump
resilient to damage that may be caused
by transient operation, including loss of
suction pressure. The laser-hardening
treatment only hardens the outer
surface of the part; the base material
remains unchanged.
The result is a reliable, ductile part,
with maximized surface hardness, which
is the ideal blend of part characteristics.
DLD is a welding process that
metallurgically bonds a metal powder
to the base material. Due to a controlled
and localized heat input, this process
can be applied to various base metals
without distortion or the need for post-
weld heat treatment.
Suction performance, while important IMAGE 3 (left): Condensate pump with a single-suction,
first-stage impeller.
for all pumps, is a concern for high- IMAGE 4 (right): Double-suction, first-stage
energy pumps in boiler feed service. condensate pump
 RunfiDryfianfi
KfifipfionfiRunnfing
The net positive suction head available
(NPSHa) is limited by the physical height
of the suction vessel, but certain NPSHa
and NPSH required (NPSHr) margin ratios
must be maintained to achieve optimum
performance and long life. The first-stage
impeller is selected with particular care and
often features a larger suction eye or, in some
cases, a double-suction design.
The pumps offer an intermediate
takeoff connection to provide flow to the IP
section of the HRSG. Boiler feed pumps are Pumpsfifififififififififififi
subject to sudden load swings and operation
GRAPHALLOY® fifiarfi
parfisfisurvfivfifiupsfifis.
at numerous operating conditions. As a
result, the typical bearing arrangement is
sleeve radial bearings and tilting pad-type • Self-lubricating
thrust bearings on applications exceeding • Non-galling
4,000 horsepower (hp). • Won’t swell
With this type of arrangement, a forced • Corrosion resistant
• Dimensionally stable
feed lubrication system is used. On lower hp
• Improved efficiencies GRAPHITE METALLIZING
applications, other bearing arrangements • -400˚F to 1000˚F (-240˚C to 535˚C) CORPORATION
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Feed pumps may be direct drive or
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variable speed drive with the use of fluid
couplings or variable frequency drives (VFDs). Check 124 on index.
The most common configuration is 2 x 100
percent per HRSG.

Condensate Extraction Pumps

Condensate extraction pumps are used
to pump condensate from the hot well
of the condenser to the inlet of the LP
economizer of the HRSG. The most common
configurations are 2 x 100 percent or 3 x 50
percent capacity pumps per condenser
(not per HRSG).
The first-stage impeller design is critical,
as condensate pumps are required to operate
with low NPSHa. The condenser operates
at a vacuum of approximately 0.65 pounds
per square inch absolute (psia) bar (0.045
bar absolute). The condensate is near its
vaporization point with a typical temperature
of 35 C to 40 C (95 F to 105 F). This means the
NPSHa at the liquid level in the condenser
hot well is zero. As a result, a canned vertical
multistage pump is typically selected for
this application.
The setting or length of the pump must
provide sufficient NPSH to the first-stage
impeller. Smaller CCGT plants use a vertical,
multistage canned pump, with a single-
suction, first-stage impeller. On larger plants,
a double-suction, first-stage impeller can
Check 125 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 37
COVER SERIES: Pump Selection
IMAGE 5-7: Condenser cooling water (CCW) pump types
reduce the pump length and should be
considered on applications exceeding 4,000
gallons per minute (gpm) per pump.
For reliable operation, the design for the
first-stage impeller should include:
• suction-specific speed (NSS) lower than
12,000 to ensure flow stability over a
wide range of operation
• an impeller inlet peripheral velocity
(inlet tip speed) that is below 70 feet per
second (ft/s)
• cavitation-resistant material, such as
12 percent chrome
Due to the high pressure on this critical
application, a cartridge-style mechanical
seal is recommended to seal the fluid
pumps. The associated pump-sealing
systems must stop air from entering the
pump when on standby under a vacuum.
API Plans 13 and 32 accomplish this.
IMAGE 8: Actual model intake test showing a floor vortex (Image courtesy of Clemson Engineering
Hydraulics, Inc.)
38 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
Condenser Cooling
Water (CCW) Pumps
All thermal power plants eject large
amounts of heat to the environment, and
a CCGT plant is no exception. A typical
combined-cycle plant with a 57 percent
thermal efficiency will eject 43 percent of
the heat input by the fuel. About 9 percent
will go out the HRSG stack. The rest is
removed by the cooling water pumped
through the condenser.
Condensers have traditionally been
cooled by water using either once-through
or closed (cooling tower) systems. The
cooling water requirement of a typical
CCGT plant using a cooling tower can be
estimated at about 250 gpm per megawatt
(MW). As a result, a 750 MW combined-cycle
plant will require a cooling water flow of
about 187,500 gpm, which would normally
be shared between two pumps.
The setting or length of
the pump must provide
sufficient NPSH to the
first-stage impeller.
Environmental requirements in
many regions no longer allow once-
through cooling from rivers or lakes. Even
conventional wet-cooled cooling towers
can be an issue, as water withdrawals are
still required to make up for blowdown
as well as evaporation and drift from the
tower. As a result, air-cooled condensers
are becoming more common. Their initial
capital cost is much higher and plant
thermal efficiency may be reduced by as
much as 3 or 4 percent in high ambient
temperature locations.
The most frequent choice for this
application is a vertical, single-stage
pump with a semi-open impeller.
However, depending on end user specific
preference, single-stage, double-suction
horizontally split, or concrete volute pumps
may be used.
CCW Pump Types
Regardless of the construction type, these
critical items must be reviewed to ensure
optimum and reliable performance under
all operational modes:
• Ensure there is ample submergence from
the low-water level to suppress vortexing
and provide sufficient NPSHa to prevent
cavitation at the maximum flow or
runout condition.
• Evaluate material options for all
critical components, particularly when
handling either brackish or seawater.
Material options range from coated
carbon steel to super duplex. When
handling seawater or other high-chloride
solutions, a stainless-steel alloy with a
pitting resistance equivalent number
 SEE IT. SHOW IT.
FIX IT.
(PREN) greater than 40 should be
considered. (The PREN is a measure of
the relative pitting corrosion resistance
of stainless steel in a chloride-containing
environment.) The elements that have
a significant impact are chromium (Cr),
molybdenum (Mo) and nitrogen (N). The
PREN formula, which quantifies their
respective contribution, is shown in
Equation 1:
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corrosion resistance.
• When evaluating materials, the first cost,
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factor. The total life cycle cost of the
equipment should be considered. Check 128 on index.
• The performance and reliability of these
high-flow CCW pumps are greatly affected
by the design of the intake structures in
which they are installed. Stable pump
conditions require a uniform distribution
of the flow approaching the pump suction
inlet. Hydraulic Institute Standard ANSI/
HI 9.8-2019 “Rotodynamic Pumps for
Pump Intake Design” provides guidelines

RELIABLE POWER
for pump intake designs. One of the most
proven methods to predict performance
of an installation is to duplicate it with a When your engine package powers your business, you
physical scale model test. need a reliable source of power that you can depend on
under the harshest of conditions. At engines, inc., we
Conclusion engineer solutions for pump packagers for a large variety
This article has focused on CCGT power of industries, including: water/wastewater; chemical;
oil/gas; and mining. We offer a large variety of engine
plants that use high-temperature exhaust
options, from leading engine manufacturers, and we
from the gas turbine as the source of heat stand behind our packages with the most reliable support
for steam generation. Any power plant structure in the business. Our skilled staff is always
using a Rankine cycle with steam as the available to you on our 24-Hour Service Line to give you
working fluid—whether the source of the the support you need, when you need it, wherever you
heat is coal, biomass, oil, trash or the sun— are. We are your power source.
includes the same pump services, and
the issues discussed herein should be
properly evaluated.
24-HOUR SERVICE LINE
Mike Radio has worked on power generation
870-268-3799
applications at Flowserve Corporation for more than
40 years. For more information, visit flowserve.com. Jonesboro, AR | 800-562-8049 | www.enginespower.com
Check 127 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 39
COVER SERIES: Pump Selection

Selecting
the Right
Submersible
Pump for
Construction
Dewatering
Whether the pump is using a motor or engine is just one
important consideration.

ANIK PATEL | Tsurumi America

Many construction sites require the
excavation of materials, such as soil, rock,
sand and clay. These sites can be in the
form of trenches, pits, caissons, cofferdams
and more. For all of these forms, one
important environmental factor to consider
when managing a job site is water.
Water will naturally flow to the lowest
point in an area, and the excavated
region will collect water from rain or a
high water table. Excess water can make
the surrounding material and working
environment unstable. For proper operation
of machinery and worker safety, a dry
work site is necessary. Engineers often
employ wellpoints, eductor wells, sumps
and deep wells to access this water, making
dewatering pumps necessary. Choosing
the right pump can make the difference
between a safe or unsafe working area.
Choosing the Right Pump Type
When choosing a pump, it is important to
consider the properties of the water at the
particular job site. These characteristics will
determine the type of pump and materials
of construction needed.
For example, clean water has minimal
contaminants and sediment, making
typical cast iron pumps a viable option. On
the other hand, water with a high amount
of solids, such as sand or mud, requires
slurry or trash pumps with harder impeller
materials, such as high-chrome cast iron,
to resist abrasion.
Many pumps are designed with an
agitator attached to the impeller to stir up
the solids, preventing solids from settling
near the suction. It is important to know
what the water contains, as pumps not
meant for solids can clog or suffer damage.
If the site contains acidic water or other
pollutants, the parts within the pump must
be compatible to handle such damaging
conditions. Those applications may require
materials such as stainless steel housings
or fluoropolymer elastomers for chemical
resistance. Pumps encountering seawater
or brackish water may require sacrificial
anodes to prevent galvanic corrosion.
Meeting the Required Duty Point
The next step is to choose the pump with
the right performance for the target duty
point. The dewatering plan should include
a proposed piping system plan that details
the required flow rate and geometry of
the system. This will include pipe length,
diameter and elevation change. The plan
should also account for any settling of
solids in piping. A minimum velocity is
needed depending on the type of solids and
that velocity is dependent on the pipe size
and flow rate.
The pressure loss, or head loss, can be
determined due to friction by using these
parameters with a friction loss calculator.
In general, a longer pipe, smaller diameter
and higher flow rate leads to higher friction
loss. The total elevation change, from the
water level and the pipe discharge height
(static head), plus the total friction loss
head, will give the total dynamic head
(TDH). The proposed pump will need to
achieve this TDH and flow rate, or target
duty point.
Pump horsepower or discharge size
is not indicative of performance, as a
manufacturer can have dozens of models
for each size. The performance curves
should be looked at instead. The chosen
pump should have a curve closest to the
target duty point, while also being as close
as possible to its best efficiency point
(BEP)—ideally within 30 percent. A pump
will rarely achieve the exact target duty
point, so the engineer will make a judgment
call to balance the operating duty point
with the proximity to the BEP.
Running too far left of the BEP can
cause an imbalance of forces on the
pump shaft, leading to mechanical seal
and bearing failures. The water will also
recirculate inside the pump casing, wearing
it down in the presence of abrasives. On
the other hand, running too far right of the
BEP can also lead to imbalanced forces on
the shaft as well as cavitation, which will
damage the impeller.

40 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

 IMAGE 1: Submersible pump for dewatering
at a construction site (Image courtesy of
Tsurumi America)

should be lowered with a rope or chain, not

the power cable. This is crucial to ensuring
no damage occurs to the cable, which could
lead to motor failure.
For three-phase power, test the startup
reaction of the submersible pump to ensure
proper rotation. The pump should turn in
the opposite direction of proper impeller
rotation. The pump should not operate
below its given continuous running water
level and should be monitored either
manually or with an on/off float system.
For larger sites with long-term
dewatering, proper engineering is
imperative to account for power draw and
piping installations.

Selecting the Right Power Source Installation & Operation Anik Patel has been an engineer at Tsurumi
America, a division of Tsurumi Manufacturing, for
There are two options for a power source: Precautions must be taken to prevent any more than five years. For more information, visit
engine- or electric-powered pumps. damage. If the pump has to be lowered, it tsurumiamerica.com
Engine-powered pumps require fuel
to operate, while submersible pumps
are typically powered by generators or
line power. The pumps should be sized
according to the startup amp draw and type
of power connection needed. For example,
if a generator is providing power, make sure
the pumps have the right plugs.
The pumps may also need longer than
standard cables to cover long distances
between the pumps and the power source.
With longer cables, there may be a voltage
drop outside of the allowable range for the
pump, so a larger gauge may be needed.

Choosing the Right Controls

For larger sites with more sophisticated
pumping systems, water level sensing
devices may be needed to maintain a
certain water level. These devices,
such as floats or water level transducers,
can be integral to the pump or connected
to a central controller. Typically, there
is an “on” float to turn the pump on at
high water levels and an “off” float to
turn it off at a set low water level. The
“off” float should be placed above a
submersible pump’s continuous running
water level to prevent it from running dry or
experiencing cavitation.
Check 126 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 41
COVER SERIES: Pump Selection

Selecting the Right Food

& Beverage Pump
These four characteristics should guide a user’s decision.

JEFF SHAFFER | Graco

Proper ingredient transfer equipment is

crucial in maintaining optimal efficiency
and high product quality while balancing
operating costs. Food and beverage
processors have a difficult task making
purchasing decisions when installing
new equipment or upgrading outdated
equipment. A four-ingredient recipe exists
to select the right pump technology for
food and beverage applications.
Food and beverage processing has no
shortage of options for material pumping.
The options can seem overwhelming for
users, from the industry’s new twin screw IMAGE 1: Large particle AODD pump
(Images courtesy of Graco)
pumps, the reliable rotary lobe pumps,
the adaptable electric and air-operated
diaphragm pumps, the powerful piston
pumps, and so on. There is a configuration for the application will run too hard or to upwards of 25 percent performance
available in the market to meet a user’s too hot, which may cause pump failure. reduction. Typically, centrifugal pumps are
needs. The following considerations will A pump that is too large will incur larger used for lower viscosity fluids and pumps
steer users in the right direction. purchase and operating costs. As a general such as piston, lobe, diaphragm and others

1
Flow Rate
The volume flow rate is determined by
multiplying material velocity and tubing
size to determine gallons/liters per minute.
Determining flow rate is critical in selecting
the perfect pump. A pump that is too small
rule, pumps should operate at 30 percent
to 60 percent of maximum capacity. This
reduces unnecessary wear due to high
speeds and allows for future expansion or
process capabilities if needed. This holds
true for rotary lobe, diaphragm, twin screw,
sine pumps, and just about any other pump
that may be installed in an application.
are used for higher viscosity liquids.
Material viscosity will affect how well
the pump can load material into the inlet of
the pump as well as output. Lobe pumps do
not create significant inlet suction and have
a difficult time priming higher viscosity
liquids. Electric or pneumatic diaphragm
pumps and peristaltic pumps are able

IMAGE 2: An EODD pump in an installation
2
Product Characteristics
Viscosity
Fluid viscosity is the most concerning
characteristic to pump operators. The above
flow rate performance rating for pumps
will decrease with material viscosity. Most
pumps are rated for maximum flow rate
with water at 1 centipoise (cP). Most food
ingredients are thicker than water, reducing
maximum output anywhere from 5 percent
to load high viscosity materials into the
pump with the suction they produce. If the
material’s viscosity exceeds 100,000 cP, a
ram unit will be required to apply downward
pressure to material into the pump when
unloading from containers.
Abrasion
Material abrasiveness can wear out pump
components easily, especially when using
centrifugal-style pumps, which causes

42 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

higher repair costs. Material with high sugar
content will quickly wear out components
compared to other materials. Lobe pumps
will sometimes use specialty materials and
coatings to properly handle this increased
abrasion but can still struggle with leaking
rotary seals and rotor wear over time.
Diaphragm pumps, which do not employ a
rotary seal or rotating components, handle
abrasive materials much easier than the
tight tolerances required in lobe pumps.
Material shear
In applications like tomatoes, pie fillings,
ricotta cheese, meat and poultry, users
should be aware of material shear.
Diaphragm, peristaltic and sine pumps are
gentle on materials and will not shear the
material being pumped like a centrifugal,
lobe, twin screw or other rotary-style pump.
This is important for users whose products
are affected by shear and heat where it can
alter the final product produced by
the equipment.
Particle size
Users should be aware of any solids
or particles within the material being
transferred. Food ingredients such as salsa,
fruit fillings and others have large-sized
pieces of food within the liquid. Diaphragm
pumps with flapper checks and peristaltic
pumps are designed to handle solids
upward of 4-plus inches in diameter. Rotary
pumps can handle some solids, but not
of any significant size and often damage
particles and degrade the material due to
the pump style and operating speed.
3 Construction Materials
Ensuring the pump materials are
compatible with the ingredient being
transferred will keep the pumps operating
for a long time. Most sanitary pumps
are built with stainless steel, but all use
some sort of elastomer seals that are
more susceptible to compatibility issues.
In the meat and poultry business, many
elastomers do not hold up well to animal
fats and oils in the material.
Pump construction and elastomers also
need to be compatible with the facility
cleaning solutions and clean-in-place (CIP)/
clean-out-of-place (COP) requirements.
Many faults occur when a pump elastomer
or seal is compatible with the food
ingredient but cannot handle the caustics
used to clean the equipment.
Pump clean-ability and plant cleaning
procedures must be considered to select
the right pump. Does the facility require
a pump that is capable of being cleaned
in place and not removed? This may
direct users toward rotary lobe or other
rotary pumps designed for CIP capability.
Diaphragm pumps can be cleaned in place
but are material dependent. Many plants
are now using steam-in-place cleaning—
meaning all pump components must
withstand the extreme steam temperatures
run through the pumps.
4
Approval Requirements
Are there are any equipment approvals
required for the process? United States Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and
design is the most widely used standard
in the food industry. Ensure equipment
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Check 129 on index.
meets all FDA standards and complies
with FDA Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
Title 21. Many other approvals may drive
specific pump selections. When processing
solvents proof or atmosphere explosible
(ATEX) approval is required. European
manufacturers may require equipment
meeting European Framework Regulations
(EC) 1935 approvals, and many personal
care and pharmaceutical facilities require
U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) Class VI approved
components. The approvals are driven by
the material being produced and how the
customer will ingest or use the product.
There are many factors driving
equipment selection for food and beverage
applications. It is important that material
fluid handling requirements are understood
completely before selecting a pump.
Jeff Shaffer is worldwide sanitary (hygienic)
equipment product manager and North American
sanitary (hygienic) equipment sales manager for
Graco. He may be reached at jshaffer@graco.com.
For more information, visit graco.com/sanitary.
PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 43
FLOW METERS
Ultrasonic Flow Meters
Improve Reliability &
Efficiency in Hydronic
HVAC Applications
These use two transducers, which function as both ultrasonic
transmitters and receivers.
ROB FEHL | Badger Meter
Building owners are seeking to deploy
advanced flow and energy measurement
solutions to obtain high performance. The
reliability and efficiency of pumps and
other components of hydronic heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems can impact the bottom line.
Challenges for Facility Operators
Commercial and industrial businesses
spend much of their building costs
on processing hot and cold water and
distributing it around their facility. There
is an increased focus on determining the
correct amount of this resource required.
Hydronic balancing is the process of
optimizing the distribution of water in
a building’s heating or cooling system
by equalizing the system pressure, so
it provides the intended indoor climate.
Recently, building hydronic systems have
employed variable speed equipment and
pumps to vary the system’s flow. This
technique matches the water flow (gallons
per minute) to the demands of the building
without wasting energy and reducing the
wear on equipment.
Need for Flow Measurement
Flow metering, in particular, is key to the
reliable operation of HVAC systems that
provide climate control in large complexes.
Installing this technology at multiple
points in cooling tower and HVAC systems is
a best industry practice to minimize water
44 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
consumption, energy expenses and repairs
to pumps and other equipment.
For facility owners/operators, the
effective use of flow measurement can
assist with system capacity analysis,
individual building cost allocation,
energy efficiency initiatives, hydronic
system optimization and equipment
troubleshooting. Typical flow applications
in building design, construction and
operation include glycol and hot/chilled
water, domestic water/domestic hot water,
makeup water/blow down, steam/steam
condensate, boiler feed water, cooling
towers, chiller systems, energy audits and
cost allocation.
In some cases, building operators find it
necessary to install flow meters upstream
from pumps to provide flow data alerting
them to situations leading to potential
problems caused by low-flow conditions.
Otherwise, the result can be expensive
pump repairs or even system shutdowns.
Choice of Metering Solutions
End users involved with commercial
and industrial buildings can choose
from a broad range of flow and energy
measurement products for their facility’s
hydronic HVAC systems. Common
choices range from electromagnetic flow
meters to vortex, differential pressure,
positive displacement, turbine, disc
and ultrasonic meters. The typical flow
meter selection criteria include accuracy
requirements, installation environment,
output requirements, interconnectivity
needs, maintenance and serviceability
requirements and budget limitations.
Ultrasonic transit time flow meters
have become a popular choice for HVAC-
related applications. With this technology,
ultrasonic waves transmit upstream and
downstream through the pipe wall and the
liquid flowing in the pipe. By measuring the
difference in the travel time and knowing
the pipe size, the meter determines the
velocity and flow rate.
Transit time ultrasonic flow meters use
two transducers, which function as both
ultrasonic transmitters and receivers. They
operate by alternately transmitting and
receiving a frequency-modulated burst of
sound energy between the two transducers.
Since ultrasound energy in a moving liquid
is carried faster when it travels in the
direction of fluid flow (downstream) than
it does when it travels against fluid flow
(upstream), a differential in the times of
flight will occur. The ultrasound’s time of
flight is measured in both directions, and
the difference in time of flight is used to
determine the velocity of the fluid.
When an existing in-line or insertion
flow meter fails and is difficult to replace,
or additional metering is needed, the best
choice can be a noninvasive solution like an
ultrasonic clamp-on flow meter. Designed
to attach to the outside of pipes, this type
of meter does not contact the internal
liquid, allowing for installation without
shutting down the operation. Hot tap, in-
field drilling and welding are not required
when installing the device.
Ultrasonic clamp-on flow meters provide
reduced installation costs, flexibility across
pipe sizes, elimination of pressure head
loss and no moving parts to maintain.
This meter design allows for routine
maintenance activities without having to
cut into piping.
Recent Technology Innovations
Ultrasonic transit time flow meters have
gained wider industry acceptance for
measuring volumetric flow rates in clean
liquids as well as liquids with small
amounts of suspended solids or aeration.
Also, the availability of these devices
has increased. The current generation
of ultrasonic flow meters is offered with
configurations and features to meet
particular application requirements.
They include diagnostics that take the
guesswork out of isolating process or
application problems. Users are alerted to
out-of-specification flow conditions and
can access a history with the most recent
alarm, error and event codes.
Using an ultrasonic transit time flow
meter, building operators can measure
energy costs for both hydronic chilled and
hot water applications. Where dedicated
thermal measurement is required, as in
the case of a distributed chilled water
system, the devices can be used with dual
clamp-on resistance temperature detectors
(RTDs) for British thermal unit (Btu) energy
measurement.
A key feature of energy monitoring is
the data logger. A second requirement is
data retrieval. A number of the new meters
offer secure digital (SD) card data storage
and do not require software or download
cables. With built-in data logging and
a real-time clock, the most advanced
ultrasonic flow meters record flow rate, total
and diagnostic information with a time/
date stamp—providing the baseline and
load profile information needed to optimize
pump efficiency. Meters designed to use
a micro-SD card can store a large volume
of backup data for troubleshooting or
reporting purposes.
Typical Industry Applications
Building operators are faced with mapping
all the submetering points for energy or
water usage, as well as measuring flow at
both the design rate and minimum rate
required for seasonal operation. This can
be accomplished by using noninvasive
ultrasonic flow technologies without
disruption to the hydronic system.
Ultrasonic clamp-on flow meters
can control the pumped condenser
water, condenser water blowdown
and evaporation. Their power and
communications features can be added
or replaced when system requirements
change. The meters can be installed
outdoors within a cooling tower system
so that the owner receives precise
measurements for sequence and cycle
control while using the flow data to help
identify limits of operation.
In addition, the latest ultrasonic transit
time flow meters can integrate metering
components with flow and temperature
sensors to measure energy costs in diverse
heating and/or cooling applications.
Users can pair the meters with cloud-
based advanced metering analytics
(AMA) software to provide flow data for
consumption analysis, leak detection
and other purposes. These devices were
developed for data-centric operations to
interface with building automation systems
for real-time flow balancing using Modbus
RTU, BACnet MS/TP and BACnet/IP.
Rob Fehl is product manager for Badger Meter.
Contact Fehl at rfehl@badgermeter.com. For more
information, visit badgermeter.com.

Keep Your
Operations Flowing

NEW Dynasonics® TFX-5000 Clamp-On Ultrasonic Flow Meter

At Badger Meter, we know that operational downtime can cost you time and money. The NEW Dynasonics® TFX-5000 clamp-on
flow meter allows you to install the meter while your system continues to operate—reducing downtime and increasing efficiency.
As a precision transit time ultrasonic device, the TFX-5000 meter is the right choice for measuring the volumetric flow of
liquids in chilled water and glycol/hot water, cooling tower blowdown, and Btu/energy metering.

Visit us at booth #6553 during the AHR Expo.

www.badgermeter.com/PS-TFX5000

Check 113 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 45
SEALING SENSE

Current Standards for Fire Testing of

Flange Gaskets & Stem Packing
Learn why updates are needed for API test standard 607 and stay tuned for more.

MATTHEW WASIELEWSKI | Yarmouth Research and Technology, LLC

Fire test standards for valves date back

API 589 – 2nd Edition API 607 – 7th Edition *
to the 1960s, with specific tests for stem
packing and gaskets not occurring until Valve / Fixture Type 6, 8, 10 or 12 inch Class Quarter-turn valves and other
the 1990s.
300 API 600 gate valve valves with non-metallic seats
In the early 1990s, Exxon was an Fire Test Duration 30 minutes 30 minutes
industry leader in developing and requiring Test Pressure 540 psig 75% of CWP
fire testing, possibly because of increased (540 psig for Class 300 CS)
concern after a large fire in 1994. Fueled Cool-Down Time 10 minutes 10 minutes
(no pun intended) by safety and insurance
requirements, fire-tested valve designs Post-Burn Low 50 psig 30 psig – through leakage only
became mandatory. Pressure Test
Post-Burn Operational 540 psig 75% of CWP
Stem Packing Fire Test Test Pressure (540 psig for Class 300 CS)
The first standard written specifically to Allowable Leakage 10 ml/min per NPS 100 ml/min per NPS
test valve stem packing was American During Burn/Cool-Down
Petroleum Institute (API) 598, released in Allowable Leakage for 0.5 ml/min per NPS Through leakage only
January 1993. The test was revised to the Low Pressure Test –
2nd Edition in 1998, and then inactivated Post Cool-Down
several years ago (though it is still available Allowable Leakage for 10 ml/min per NPS 25 ml/min per NPS
for sale on the API website). The 589 High Pressure Test –
standard was written with clear parameters, Post Operation
but the API Committee on Refinery
IMAGE 1: A comparison on API 607 and 589 (Images courtesy of Yarmouth Research and Technology)
Equipment (CRE) felt it unnecessary *Parameters for metal-seated valves
to maintain the standard due to the
prominence of the valve test standard API
607. API 607 has been adapted for use for On-Shore Off-Shore
many products outside of its scope due
Number of Burners Multiple or widespread 1
to necessity. Gasket tests will be reviewed
later in this article. Flame Temperature (F) 1400-1800 2000-2500
Calorimeter Block 1200 1800
API 607 vs. 589 Temperature (F)
The interesting point about using API 607 IMAGE 2: Temperature differences
as a packing test standard is that the valve
typically used for the test is a metal-seated typical for the API 589 test, since it is not For the API 589 test, the temperature of
gate valve, which is outside the scope defined, a 4-inch Class 300 gate valve is the bonnet must reach 1,200 F within 15
of API 607. Using an API 600 gate valve often used for an API 607 test. This makes minutes from the start of the test. Since
provides standardized dimensions for a the packing size the same as what is used temperature probes are inserted directly
5-ring packing chamber. A quarter-turn for the fugitive emission test of API 622. into the bonnet, the packing chamber for
product would not do so, since the packing In general, the test parameters of time an API 589 test may get hotter by 100 to
chamber is not defined in the applicable and temperature are similar between all 200 F. For the API 607 test, a calorimeter
design standard. While a 6-inch valve was API fire test standards. cube placed below the packing chamber

46 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

 BBA Pumps products are targeted at the wellpointing,
construction and rental market. Our main focus is on
portable pumping equipment.
Visit us at Conexpo booth #F3568

IMAGE 3: API 589 fire test

must also reach 1,200 F

within 15 minutes from
the start of the test, but
since the calorimeter
cubes are only 1 1/2- Contact us now for more details!
inch cubes of steel, info@bbapumpsusa.com • www.bbapumpsusa.com
they can get hotter
quicker than the bonnet Check 131 on index.
of a large gate valve.
Besides the lower
temperature, why else
may a packing supplier SHREDDING
THE COMPETITION
IMAGE 4: Exxon-modified API 607 gasket
prefer to do the API 607 fire test
test? Image 1 shows
that the allowable leakage of API 607 is greater—as much as 10
times greater for the allowable during the burn and cool-down
period. Keep in mind that the API 607 test is a valve test standard,
so the external allowable leakage is not only for the stem packing
but also for the bonnet gasket and any body gaskets. So, for a
stem packing only test, this can be quite an advantage.

Flange Gasket Tests

There are two standards used for fire testing gaskets in the United
States: API 607 and API 6FB.
API 6FB is the dominant test standard for testing flange
gaskets used in upstream, midstream and downstream oil and gas
applications. Prior to this, the Exxon-modified API 607 4th edition
test was the leading standard for testing flange gaskets. What
started as an internal test for Exxon in 1995 to evaluate supplier’s AGPR AGP300/500/750 AGP-HC200
Single Seal Grinder Dual Seal Grinder Dual Seal Grinder
gaskets turned into an industry standard that is still used in some
cases. That standard used a pair of gaskets separated by a spool Your solution for: • Wipes • Swiffer Pads • Hygiene
Products • Dental Floss • Rags
piece with thermocouples inserted into the flange material and
required 1,200 F temperatures to be reached within 15 minutes
of the start of the burn. The test setup required millions of British
thermal units (BTUs)/hour to achieve those temperatures. P U M P
API 6FB title states that it is the test standard for end Honest, Professional, Dependable
connections, so a variety of products can be tested to this 1899 Cottage St. n Ashland, OH 44805 n 855 281-6830 n ashlandpump.com

Check 133 on index.

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 47
 SEALING SENSE

Innovative Pass-Through
Technology

ShinMaywa (America), Ltd. offers the

CNWX Series of heavy-duty,
non-clog submersible pumps for the municipal
wastewater market. CNWX pumps with the SCROLL
impeller have already eliminated clogging problems IMAGE 5: On-Shore IMAGE 6: Off-Shore
in many municipal installations. Explosion Proof (FM
Approved) motors are standard. standard. The standard has the option for onshore and offshore
tests both with a bending moment applied or not. The bending
Non‑Clog Scroll Submersible Pump moment option is not a common request. The temperature
differences of each option are shown in Image 2.
API 6FB was updated recently to the 4th edition in May 2019.
While changes were made to address other components that
use this standard, some details specific to gasket testing were
Highly
Effective not addressed. Part of the reason behind the inaction is that the
Passing Upstream API committee is responsible for API 6FB, yet the flange
ShinMaywa(America), Ltd. gaskets are mostly considered a downstream product. One of the
6135 Park South Drive Charlotte, NC 28210 ■ Phone: 704‑945‑7112 biggest changes needed is to determine how qualifications are
■ Fax: 704‑945‑7101 ■ E‑mail:pump@shinmaywaamerica.com 
www.shinmaywa.co.jp/america/   extended to nontested gaskets (i.e., scaling).
The standard currently says that if two sizes are tested, then
Check 134 on index.
all sizes between them are qualified and all pressure ratings lower
than the tested one’s rating are qualified. That may be fine for
some components, but does not hold muster for flange gaskets
that could have a size range from a 1/2 inch to 60 inches or more
and Class 150 to 4,500. Ninety-five percent of the tests that are
performed are done with 6-inch ANSI Class 300 gaskets and that
is all. There are only one to two manufacturers that have tested
UNMATCHABLE EXPERIENCE IN larger and smaller gaskets to try to fulfill the requirement of API
FLOW CONTROL TRANSACTIONS 6FB. In those cases, 2-inch and 24-inch gaskets were tested.

Jordan Knauff & Company is a knowledgeable and
experienced provider of a comprehensive line of
investment banking services to the pump, valve and
filtration industries (“Flow Control”).
Our lines of business include: selling companies,
raising debt and equity capital, and assistance
on acquisitions.
To learn more about Jordan Knauff & Com-
pany, contact any member of our Flow
Control team. Access our Flow Control research
at www.jordanknauff.com/research-library.
G. Cook Jordan, Jr. David A. Kakareka
Managing Principal Vice President
cj@jordanknauff.com dkakareka@jordanknauff.com
312.254.5901 312.254.5907
The Future
While testing can currently be performed for both packing and
gaskets using the available standards and modifications to them,
there is a need to make changes to the existing ones or create
something new. As of this writing, API 607 is under review. The
committee will address making addendums for packing and/or
gasket tests as part of 607. If not, API 589 may be reactivated.
Stay tuned.
We invite your suggestions for article topics as well as questions on
sealing issues so we can better respond
to the needs of the industry. Please
direct your suggestions and questions to
sealingsensequestions@fluidsealing.com.

Matt Wasielewski, PE is the owner of Yarmouth Research and Technology, LLC

MEMBER FINRA, SIPC and has performed fire and fugitive emission testing since 1992. Wasielewski
is a member of API standards committees and has presented papers about fire
and fugitive emission testing in the U.S., Europe and Asia.
Check 130 on index.

48 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

HI PUMP FAQS
Variable Speed Pumping in HVAC Systems
HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE
How is variable speed pumping
▲
used in HVAC?
The energy conservation standard for
pumps (10 CFR 431 Subpart Y), published in
January 2016, recognizes that pumps and
motors equipped with variable speed drives
(VSDs) can save significant energy and the
metrics in the regulation measure this.
In heating, ventilating and air
conditioning (HVAC) applications of
pump systems, the American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1 standard requires
water-cooled unitary systems that are
greater than 5 horsepower (hp) to have a
VSD installed on the pump motor.
When properly applied, VSDs play a
major role in energy conservation.
The energy savings in variable flow
pumping systems are maximized in
systems that are friction dominated, such
as water circulating systems for heating
and cooling.
Vibration
Imbalance
at 1 x RPM
One Revolution
Vibration
Vane Pass
at N x RPM
(N=Number
of Impeller
Vanes)
One Revolution
IMAGE 2: Forced vibration at 1 times operating speed due to imbalance, and 3 times operating
speed due to impeller vanes
IMAGE 1 (right): Variable speed control in
friction dominated system (Images courtesy
of Hydraulic Institute)
Image 1 demonstrates the wasted
energy that can be saved when the
speed is reduced to a lower flow and
head in a friction head dominated
system.
VSDs allow the pump speed to be
lowered or increased, depending on the
needs of the system.
Reducing the speed of the pump
reduces both the pump’s pressure
and flow, which reduces power
consumption.
While variable speed control can
provide the most efficient, reliable and
precise control to meet the system
demand, it requires higher investment
cost, is less suitable for high static
or flat system curves, and requires
consideration of mechanical design
issues related to resonance, minimum
its use and ensure a reliable installation,
speed and/or over speed. To justify
it is important to analyze the system’s
suitability for the speed range and the
benefits of controlling the speed.
Vibration
When using variable speed
▲
pumping in an HVAC system,
should extra precautions be
taken to limit the chance of vibration?
0 1x 2x 3x Freq.
(Multiple of
In any system that uses a variable speed
Running Speed) drive, the chance of amplified forced
vibration due to interaction with natural
Vibration
frequencies increases. Forced vibration
is due to a mechanical or hydraulic
component of the pump. Image 2 shows
imbalance and vane pass forces that lead to
vibration in the pumping equipment. Note
that these forces will always be present and
0 1x 2x 3x Freq. are normal, and also note that these forces
(Multiple of
Running Speed) occur at different frequencies. Image 3
illustrates a Bode plot, which is a tool used
by analysts to evaluate if a forced vibration
PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 49
 HI PUMP FAQS

The Contractor’s
Choice for Enclosures

•Outstanding
protection against
water, salt,
chemicals & UV
exposure

•Meets or exceeds
industry standards

•Easy to install

•Custom colors,
cutouts, EMI/RFI
shielding and more
HMI Cover – Reduce IMAGE 3: Bode plot of forced vibration and natural frequencies versus
operating speed. Intersecting lines indicate possible resonance.
•Order online at the risk of arc flash
AlliedMoulded.com

will interact with a natural frequency. This plots both forcing

222 North Union Street frequencies and natural frequencies as a function of operating
Bryan, Ohio 43506 speed. Where the lines intersect is where resonant vibration is a
Ph: 800-722-2679 potential problem.
Fx: 800-237-7269 Upfront dynamic analysis is sometimes warranted when
using variable speed pumping to limit the risk of resonant
Check 132 on index.
vibration. Generally, HVAC pumps do not require upfront
dynamic analysis and rarely have it specified upfront. Dynamic
analysis is seldom done for HVAC pumps because:
• Most HVAC systems primarily consist of between-bearings
or overhung horizontal pumps of a well-proven design,
typically running at four-pole or slower speeds.
• Booster service typically uses vertically suspended pumps
and smaller units often run at two-pole speed. These pumps
ebook are usually catalog units of well-proven design.
• The HVAC market is generally price-sensitive and

PUMP
competitive prices typically do not bear the cost of dynamic
analysis.

SYSTEM
However, vertically suspended pumps on variable frequency
drives (VFDs) occasionally require a level 1 structural analysis
to determine the reed frequency.

EFFICIENCY
For more information about the HVAC and building
markets and variable speed pumping, refer to ANSI/HI 9.6.8
Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline for Dynamics of Pumping
Machinery and the “Pump Application Guideline for
Commercial Building Services” at pumps.org.

FREE
DOWNLOAD HI Pump FAQs® is produced by the Hydraulic Institute as a
service to pump users, contractors, distributors, reps and OEMs.
pumpsandsystems.com/efficiency For more information, visit pumps.org.

50 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020

PRODUCTS
NEW & NOTABLE TECHNOLOGY
Selected by the
Pumps & Systems editors
2 attempting to install thicker isolating gaskets. The
3 solutions. The Lock 500 is ideal for demanding
1 DRAINAGE
PUMPS
CHICAGO PNEUMATIC Power Technique features
CPWE, a range of seven drainage pumps and
two sludge/drainage pumps. CPWE pumps are
ideal for construction and rental industries,
where small, lightweight, portable, and easily
maintained pumps are required to perform daily
jobs quickly. These pumps provide efficient
dewatering for a wide variety of applications.
The design of the pump’s outer jacket for cooling
and thermo protection keeps it running safely
under a variety of conditions. These pumps can
handle fluid temperatures up to 95 F and have a
maximum submerged depth of 16 feet.
cp.com
Check 201 on index.
To have a product considered for this section, please send the information to Drew Champlin, dchamplin@cahabamedia.com.
2 CONNECTIVITY DEVICE
The TOSIBOX Lock 500 is a high-end
connectivity device enabling customers to
manage their operations and to build new IoT
industrial environments and opens new
opportunities in security and office networking
sectors. The Lock 500 is compatible with all
existing TOSIBOX products. Modularity of the
products enables easy and fast extension
of networks.
tosibox.com
Check 202 on index.
3 PLANT CONTROL SYSTEM
ARMSTRONG FLUID TECHNOLOGY features
the Design Envelope IPC 9521 integrated plant
control system. Featuring the new TowerMax
option, the IPC 9521 improves the operating
efficiencies of plants using either identical or
nonidentical chillers. Designed with advanced
operating algorithms to reduce energy and
water consumption, the TowerMax option is an
optimization feature that can help variable speed
chiller plants achieve up to 45 percent energy
savings. It complements both new and existing
building management systems (BMS) and works
with all brands of chillers and cooling towers to
meet the requirements of Green Mark.
armstrongfluidtechnology.com
Check 203 on index.
6
4 ISOLATION GASKET
EVOLUTION—isolation gaskets from GARLOCK
PIPING TECHNOLOGIES (GPT)—features easier
installation, tight sealing, high-temperature
operation, no permeation, hydrotesting isolation,
fire safety and chemical resistance. Featuring a
thinner, 1/8-inch design, EVOLUTION minimizes
the difficulties often encountered when
full-coating encapsulation allows the gasket to be
hydrotested and left in the pipeline with the same
isolation properties as before it was tested.
gptindustries.com
Check 204 on index.
5 WEAR RINGS AND CASE RINGS
Pump wear rings and case rings made from
GRAPHALLOY materials can improve the
reliability and efficiency of horizontal and
vertical pumps. Graphalloy is self-lubricating and
nongalling. This means that the material is “kind”
to the shaft and will minimize damage in the
event of dry-run, loss of suction, and slow roll on
standby service. Graphalloy can be designed
to run at half of API’s recommended clearances
for metallic wear parts, decreasing vibration
and leakage.
graphalloy.com
Check 205 on index.
6 GENERAL PURPOSE DRIVE
The Optidrive E3 from INVERTEK DRIVES is
compact, reliable and easy to use. An internal
filter in every Optidrive E3 saves cost and time
for installation. It provides sensorless vector
control for all motor types and provides precise
and reliable control for IE2, IE3 and IE4 motors.
Users can switch between industrial, pump and
fan modes to optimize Optidrive E3 for the right
application. The drive features a 14-parameter
basic setup. Default settings are suitable for most
applications. Includes contactor-style connection
for simple wiring.
invertekdrives.com
Check 206 on index.
PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 51
PRODUCTS
7 PERISTALTIC PUMP
MASTERFLEX Ismatec Reglo Digital peristaltic
pumps are ideal for the laboratory, with flow-
driven technology that supports precision
dispensing, functional versatility giving freedom in
applications, and a space-saving compact footprint
to conserve valuable benchtop space. The new
Reglo pumps have a wider overall flow range with
the option of dosing between 0.00009 and 368 mL/
min. The models include antidrip technology to
help conserve valuable samples, speed ramping to
better accommodate fluids with varying viscosities,
and touch-screen interfacing—all while taking up
little space (178 x 152 x 165; H x L x W, mm).
masterflex.com
Check 207 on index.
8 SOFT SEAT RELIEF VALVE
HIGH PRESSURE EQUIPMENT COMPANY, a
subsidiary of Graco Inc., introduces a new soft
seat relief valve designed to protect liquid and gas
tubing systems from over-pressure damage and
failure. These new relief valves are available in
pressure ranges from 1,500 psi through 25,000 psi
for 9/16-inch O.D. tubing with adapters for other
sizes available. Outlet connections are 1/2-inch NPT.
The soft seat valve design provides a bubble-tight
seal ideal for venting gas and can be reseated.
highpressure.com
Check 208 on index.
9 DIGITAL MIXING VALVE
The high-performance LEGIOMIX digital mixing
valve from CALEFFI for commercial domestic hot
water (DHW) temperature control is now available
with ANSI 150 flanges in sizes 2.5 inches for 17 gpm
to 470 gpm flow rate and 3 inches for 22 gpm to
537 gpm. The valve delivers high flow in a single
valve compared to multiple valves in parallel. The
3-inch flanged LEGIOMIX is a control valve that
provides a maximum flow rate over 500 gpm. The
new flanged sizes complement the existing NPT,
press and sweat union connections.
caleffi.com
Check 209 on index.
52 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
10
11
9
10 FILTRATION SYSTEM
DES-CASE has released its varnish removal
system. The system reduces the rate of additive
consumption, reduces and prevents servo
12
valve sticking, removes oxidation byproducts,
does not add water or other byproducts to the
system and operates at a wide range of oil
temperatures. The system is also compatible
with all mineral and phosphate ester fluids,
operates on fluids containing more than
500 ppm of water and can be configured for
applications with fluid volumes up to 36,000
liters (9,500 gallons). Due to its modular design,
users can choose from a variety of housing
lengths or combine multiple housings for a
larger system.
descase.com
Check 210 on index.
11 SENSORS 12 VARIABLE AREA FLOW METERS
ENDRESS+HAUSER launches Memosens ProSense FG1 Series mechanical variable
CPS47D, CPS77D and CPS97D ISFET pH sensors area flow meters from AUTOMATION DIRECT
for applications where glass pH sensors provide visual indication of flow rate for water
present risk of breakage in challenging or petroleum-based fluids. These meters
process conditions. ISFET sensors are made provide +/- 5 percent full-scale accuracy and
of unbreakable PEEK and are available with a repeatability of +/- 1 percent, important
three different reference systems, providing a for cyclical applications requiring consistent
glass-free pH sensor to suit every requirement. readings. Two adjustable flow limit pointers are
ISFET Memosens CPS47D and CPS77D sensors available to provide preset indications of high,
are equipped to meet the strict demands of low or normal flow rates. The flow meters are
hygienic applications. Because of their new constructed of high-impact polysulfone plastic
design, with an increased chip surface, these (body, piston, cone) with brass fittings (1/2 and
sensors are easy to clean. 3/4 NPT models).
endress.com automationdirect.com
Check 211 on index. Check 212 on index.
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Advertisers
Advertiser Name RS# Page Advertiser Name RS# Page Advertiser Name RS# Page

ABB Motors&Mechanical ........................ ❑ 101 ...........9
AE Pumps ...................................................❑ 144 .........55
Allied Moulded Products ........................❑ 132 .........50
Ashland Pump ...........................................❑ 133 .........47
Automationdirect.com............................❑ 106 ....... IFC
Badger Meter Inc ...................................... ❑ 113 .........45
Bartlett Bearings .....................................❑ 123 .........29
BBA Pumps Inc.......................................... ❑ 131 .........47
Blue-White Industries Ltd ......................❑ 109 .........11
C & S Associates........................................ ❑ 143 .........55
Cornell Pumps ........................................... ❑ 107 ........ BC
Dan Bolen & Associates ..........................❑ 139 .........54
Engines, Inc ...............................................❑ 127 .........39
Everactive ................................................... ❑ 114 .........23
Finish Thompson ......................................❑ 126 .........41
Flowserve Corporation ............................❑ 103 ...........3
Franklin Electric ........................................ ❑ 110 .........15
Gorman-Rupp Company ........................❑ 104 ...........1
Graphite Metallizing Corporation ......... ❑ 124 .........37
High Pressure Pumps .............................❑ 129 .........43
IC Flow Control .......................................... ❑ 147 .........55
Inpro/Seal ................................................... ❑ 121 .........31
Jordan, Knauff & Company....................❑ 130 .........48
Load Controls.............................................❑ 120 .........35
Load Controls.............................................❑ 135 .........55
Magnatex Pumps......................................❑ 136 .........54
MasterBond Inc.........................................❑ 140 .........54
Milton Roy and Williams......................... ❑ 112 .........33
Moving Water Industries
Corporation (MWI).................................... ❑ 145 .........55
NDT International, Inc.............................❑ 142 .........54
Pfeiffer Vacuum ........................................ ❑ 111 .........19
Pioneer Pump ............................................❑ 108 ...........7
RDI Technologies ......................................❑ 128 .........39
Rotech Pumps & Systems, Inc. .............❑ 146 .........55
Schenck ......................................................❑ 122 .........13
Seepex ......................................................... ❑ 115 .........17
SEPCO .......................................................... ❑ 116 .........27
ShinMaywa (America), Ltd. ....................❑ 134 .........48
SWPA .................................................................................34
Titan Flow Control, Inc. ...........................❑ 125 .........37
Titan Manufacturing, Inc. ......................❑ 138 .........54
Tuf-Lok International...............................❑ 148 .........55
Vaughan Company...................................❑ 102 ...........5
Vertiflo.........................................................❑ 137 .........54
Vesco Plastics Sales ................................. ❑ 141 .........55
Worldwide Electric Corp ......................... ❑ 118 .........16
Yaskawa America Inc ..............................❑ 105 .........21
Zoeller Pump Co. ....................................... ❑ 119 .........24
The Index of Advertisers is furnished as a courtesy, and
no responsibility is assumed for incorrect information.

Products
Company Name RS# Page Company Name RS# Page Company Name RS# Page

Armstrong Fluid Technology ................ ❑ 203 ...........51 Des-Case .....................................................❑ 210 .......... 52 High Pressure Equipment...................... ❑ 208 .......... 52
AutomationDirect ....................................❑ 212 .......... 52 Endress+Hauser ........................................❑ 211 .......... 52 Invertek Drives ......................................... ❑ 206 ...........51
Caleffi ......................................................... ❑ 209 .......... 52 Garlock ....................................................... ❑ 204 ...........51 MasterFlex ..................................................❑ 207 .......... 52
Chicago Pneumatic..................................❑ 201 ...........51 Graphite Metallizing ............................... ❑ 205 ...........51 TOSIBOX ..................................................... ❑ 202 ...........51

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 53
PUMP USERS MARKETPLACE

Sub ANSI magnetic drive pumps

IN STOCK, READY TO QUICK SHIP.

Check 138 on index.

NDT 715- Ultrasonic

Thickness Gauge
Keep your quality parts in Check
The NDT-715 is designed to make reliable spot check
thickness measurements of pipes, drums and parts subject to
erosion. Varied settings for materials such as steel, aluminum
Phone: 713.972.8666 | Toll Free: 866.624.7867 and cast iron.
FAX: 713.972.8665
3575 West 12th Street, Houston, TX 77008 NDT INTERNATIONAL,INC.
info@ndtint.com
www.magnatexpumps.com Tel: (610) 793-1700

Check 136 on index. EASY TO USE ACCURATE LOW-COST ndtint.com

Check 142 on index.

TOUGHENED
EXECUTIVE SEARCH/RECRUITING

EPOXY for
STRUCTURAL
“Serving the Pump &
BONDING
Rotating Equipment, Valve, One Part System Supreme 10HT
and Industrial Equipment HIGH BOND STRENGTH
Industry since 1969” Lap shear strength
Domestic & International 3,600-3,800 psi
Specializing in placing: Tensile modulus
• General Management • Engineering 450,000-500,000 psi
• Sales & Marketing • Manufacturing
NASA LOW OUTGASSING
JASON SWANSON • JULIAN MUELLER APPROVED
DAN BOLEN Per ASTM E595 standard
120 N. 44th Street, Suite 325
Phoenix, Arizona 85034
(480) 767-9000
Email: jason@danbolenassoc.com +1.201.343.8983 • main@masterbond.com
www.danbolenassoc.com www.masterbond.com
Check 137 on index. Check 139 on index. Check 140 on index.

54 PUMPS & SYSTEMS JANUARY 2020

 ADD ELECTRIC MOTOR
REPAIR TO YOUR
CUSTOMER OFFERINGS.
Solve Every pump has a motor.
dry start Diversify your customer service.
$3M to $5M electric motor repair
problems with shop with pump repair expertise.
Vesconite Hilube Major southeast market. @28,000
bushings sf. Real estate lease or sale.
● Increase MTBR Lifting capacity, 20 tons plus.
● No swell Contact Pete Smith for NDA,
● Low friction = reduced 205-837-4845
electricity costs petesmith@value-a-business.com.
● Quick supply. Financially qualified buyers only.
No quantity too small
Check 143 on index. Check 144 on index.
Tollfree 1-866-635-7596
vesconite@vesconite.com
www.vesconite.com
Check 141 on index.

OUR EXPERTS CAN HELP

• Licensed professional engineers on staff
• Custom designed pumping solutions
• Wide range of axial & mixed flow pumps
• Cost-effective flows from 10K - 1M GPM

When you need to move lots

of water quickly and efficiently
Call MWI for a FREE Project
Review: 954-426-1500

Going to CONEXPO? Visit

Booth B-91913 to see our
battle-ready pumps.

Check 146 on index. Check 147 on index.

mwipumps.com
com
MONITOR PUMP PERFORMANCE
Check 145 on index.
• Flow Rate univeRsal PoweR Cell
• One Size Adjusts for
• PumP Condition All Motors, From Small
up to 150HP
• dRy Running • Works on Variable Frequency
Drives, 3 Phase, DC and
• Self-aligning & self
• Cavitation Single Phase
• 10 times more sensitive than
grounding • BeaRing FailuRe just sensing amps
• High pressure • 4-20 Milliamp, 0-10 Volt
rated
• Stainless or Call now FoR youR FRee 30-day tRail
mild steel
• Low cost
888-600-3247
• High end pull Check 135 on index.
Tuf-Lok International
Phone: 608.270.9478 • www.tuflok.com
Check 148 on index. PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM 55
PUMP MARKET ANALYSIS
Wall Street Pump &
Valve Industry Watch
JORDAN, KNAUFF & COMPANY
The Jordan, Knauff & Company
(JKC) Valve Stock Index was up 24.8
percent over the last 12 months,
while the broader S&P 500 Index
was up 28.9 percent. The JKC Pump
Stock Index rose 28.8 percent for
the same time period.1
The Institute for Supply
Management’s Purchasing
Managers’ Index (PMI) for December
was 47.2 percent, a decrease of
0.9 percentage points and the
lowest reading since June 2009.
Among the other indices, new
orders fell 0.4 percentage points
to 46.8 percent; the production
index reading was 43.2 percent,
down 5.9 percentage points; and
the employment index declined 1.5
percentage points to 45.1 percent.
Of the 18 manufacturing industries,
only three reported growth in
December, including miscellaneous
manufacturing. While the PMI
demonstrated contraction for the
fifth straight month, the 12-month
average is 51.2 percent.
After declines in three out of
the four preceding months, United
States. industrial production rose
1.1 percent in November led by
the manufacturing component,
IMAGE 2: U.S. energy consumption and rig counts.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration and Baker
Hughes Inc.
56 PUMPS & SYSTEMS FEBRUARY 2020
which comprises three-
quarters of all industrial
activity. This was the IMAGE 1: Stock Indices from Jan. 1, 2019 to Dec. 31, 2019. Local currency converted
to USD using historical spot rates. The JKC Pump and Valve Stock Indices include
largest monthly increase a select list of publicly traded companies involved in the pump and valve industries,
since February 2018. weighted by market capitalization. Source: Capital IQ and JKC research.
The gain comes after
manufacturing was down in seven Brent crude oil prices are
Reference
of the first 10 months of the year. expected to average $61 per barrel 1. The S&P Return
The level of factory output is down in 2020, down from an average of figures are
0.7 percent from a year ago. $64 per barrel in 2019, due to rising provided by
The U.S. Energy Information global oil inventories, particularly in Capital IQ.
Administration (EIA) expects U.S. the first half of the year. West Texas
crude oil production to average 13.2 Intermediate prices are forecast to Jordan, Knauff
& Company is an
million barrels per day (b/d) in 2020, average $55.50 per barrel in 2020. investment bank
an increase of 0.9 million b/d from On Wall Street, despite a slump based in Chicago
the 2019 level. The expected growth in the manufacturing sector and that provides
is slower than the 2018 growth of merger and
the lengthy trade war with China,
acquisition advisory
1.6 million b/d and 2019 growth of the stock market soared in 2019. services to the
1.3 million b/d. The slowing growth The Dow Jones Industrial Average, pump, valve
is the result of a decline in drilling the S&P 500 Index and the NASDAQ and filtration
industries. Please
rigs over the past year, which is Composite rose 22.3 percent, visit jordanknauff.
expected to continue into 2020. 28.9 percent and 35.2 percent, com for further
In December, the Organization of respectively for the year. The last information. Jordan,
the Petroleum Exporting Countries three months of the year saw the Knauff & Company
is a member of
(OPEC) and a group of other oil easing of the China trade war and FINRA.
producers announced they were strong economic data boosting
deepening production cuts. Amid investors’ sentiments. During the These materials were
a forecast of rising oil inventories, month of December, the Dow rose prepared for informa-
tional purposes from
the EIA forecasts OPEC crude oil 1.7 percent, the S&P 500 2.9 percent sources that are be-
production will average 29.3 million lieved to be reliable but
and the NASDAQ 3.6 percent with which could change
b/d in 2020, down by 0.5 million b/d major indexes closing at new all- without notice. Jordan,
Knauff & Company and
from 2019. time highs. Pumps & Systems shall
not in any way be lia-
ble for claims relating
to these materials and
makes no warranties,
express or implied, or
representations as to
their accuracy or com-
pleteness or for errors
or omissions contained
herein. This informa-
tion is not intended to
be construed as tax,
legal or investment
advice. These materials
do not constitute an
offer to buy or sell
any financial security
or participate in any
IMAGE 3: U.S. PMI and manufacturing shipments.
investment offering or
Source: Institute for Supply Management Manufacturing Report deployment of capital.
on Business and U.S. Census Bureau
PUMPS &
101
SYSTEMS a live training event

1 Day Seminar
chicago Early Bird Rate $899

april 23
After March 1 $999
JIM ELSEY
Certificate of Completion Pumps & Systems columnist
provided for each class attended. Featured Trainer

We hear it from readers and industry Classes will cover topics including: Who should attend:
experts all the time — industry • Understanding NPSH • Engineers
newcomers need basics training.
• Reading a Pump Curve • Operation & maintenance
This series of classes will offer training end-users
• Preventing Motor Failure
from some of the pump world’s best
• Distributors
instructors, as well as a chance to • Centrifugal vs. Positive
Displacement Pumps • Newcomers to the pumps
network and meet the editors.
industry

Optional plant tour: Stay overnight and visit a

Chicago Reclamation Wastewater Treatment Plant.

For all details and to register, visit

pumpsandsystems.com/event
 !
EW
N

CORNELL CO-PILOT™
PUMP MONITOR

9 CO-PILOT REDUCES MANUAL

INSPECTIONS, IMPROVES RUN TIME,
OFFERS BETTER PREVENTATIVE
MAINTENANCE
9 ONBOARD BATTERY OR EXTERNAL
POWER
9 USE WEB INTERFACE OR MOBILE
APP TO MONITOR MULTIPLE PUMPS
9 IIOT TECHNOLOGY TO MONITOR:
TEMPERATURE
VIBRATION
GPS LOCATION
FLOW/PRESSURE
MORE

co-pilot.cornellpump.com Check 107 on index.

A ROBUST SOLUTION FROM THE TRUSTED NAME IN PUMPING SINCE 1946

CORNELL PUMP COMPANY · +1 503-653-0330
© CORNELL PUMP COMPANY 2020
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