Name: Antolin Aguirre Grade: 12 GAS – 1

1. Who is Galileo? And what are the Galilean moons? How did he discovered it?
Ans.
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaulti de Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and
engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa. Galileo has been called the
"father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the
scientific method",[7] and the "father of modern science". On January 7, 1610,
Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei discovered, using a homemade telescope, four moons
orbiting the planet Jupiter. Looking at what he thought were a group of stars, he realized
the objects appeared to move in a regular pattern. These objects moved in the "wrong
direction," according to the understanding of nature at the time. After a few weeks, Galileo
determined that he was observing not stars, but objects in orbit around Jupiter. Today,
Jupiter’s four largest satellites—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—are named the
Galilean Moons in honour of their discoverer. Galileo’s discovery provided evidence for
the Copernican understanding of the universe. This was the idea that everything in
existence did not, indeed, move around the Earth. His discoveries would lead to the
development of modern astronomy.

2. Who is Isaac Newton? And what is his contribution on science?

Ans.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer,
theologian, and author (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely
recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the
scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, laid the
foundations of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics,
and shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus.
Sir Isaac Newton contributed significantly to the field of science over his lifetime. He
invented calculus and provided a clear understanding of optics. But his most significant
work had to do with forces, and specifically with the development of a universal law of
gravity.