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Chapter2 Calibration of Instrument 09
Chapter2 Calibration of Instrument 09
• Requirements
• Process control terminologies*
• Calibration of instruments
¾ Instrument errors
¾ Calibration errors
¾ Instrument signals
Process
Process ,, Industrial
Industrial Instrumentation
Instrumentation &
& Measurement
Measurement
Assessment criteria: Lab experiences Assessment criteria:
• Basic concepts of measurements • Calibration, • Signal Conditioning
configuration of
• Process control terminologies transmitters, • P,T,L,F to mA, V
• Calibration controllers, • V-V,V-mA,mA-V
recorders and
other peripherals,
wiring, selection
and installation.
Assessment criteria: Assessment criteria:
• Design and
• Applications and selections of sensors and actuators implementation of • Design and implement a simple control
used in industries a simple control loop.
• Pressure Level Temperature Flow loop.
OBJECTIVE
T System Validation
26 Sensitivity:
is the ratio of a change in output magnitude to the change in input (after
steady state)
27 Suppressed zero range:
is a range where the zero value of the range is less than the lower range
value. Eg., 4 to 20, 3 to 15, 20 to 100.
28 Threshold:
is the smallest change in the input signal that will result in a measurable
change in the output signal
EEB5223/EAB4223 Industrial Automation & Control Systems Topic 1.2 Calibration- 10
Process control terminology
29 Transducer:
is a device that receives information from one system and generates an
output in response to it
30 Transmitter:
is a transducer that responds to a measurement variable and converts
that input into a standardized transmission signal
31 Zero error:
is the error in calibration at the lower range value
• Objective of calibration
⎛ ∈ ⎞
A = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ ×100
⎝ true value⎠
– An alternative form of calibration curve is the deviation
plot.
– Deviation curves are extremely useful when the
differences between the true and the indicated value are
too small to suggest possible trends on direct calibration
plots.
Accuracy includes:
•Effect of hysteresis
(difference in output
according to direction of
change in the input).
•Dead zone (the largest
change in input that fails to
produce any output).
•Repeatability.
Accuracy
Repeatability
The degree to which
measurements of the same object
made by the same method, under
the same conditions, and repeated
within a relatively short period of
time, produce the same measured
values, all of which are causes of
error, see graph.
Repeatability
EEB5223/EAB4223 Industrial Automation & Control Systems Topic 1.2 Calibration- 17
Illustrations on repeatability, accuracy,
precision …
Poor repeatability
means poor accuracy
Low precision, low accuracy
Drift:
1 0 30 psi 4.0 mA
2 25 60 psi 8.0 mA
3 50 90 psi 12.0 mA
3 50 90 psi 12.0 mA
4 25 60 psi 8.0 mA
5 0 30 psi 4.0 mA
• Calibration Methods
√ Sequential Test
√ Random Test
• Sequential Test
– A sequential test applies a sequential
variation in the input value over the desired
input range.
– This may be accomplished by increasing the
input value (upscale direction) or by
decreasing the input value (downscale
direction) over the full input range.
• Random Test
– A random test applies a randomly selected
sequence of value of a known input over the
intended calibration range
– The random application of input tends to minimize
the impact of interferences. It breaks up hysteresis
effects and observation errors
• Linearity error
• Sensitivity error
• Zero Shift error
• Repeatability error
Output
Actual
Actual Ideal
Ideal
Input Input
Hysteresis is produced when the displayed values are too small for
increasing signals and too large for decreasing signals. This is
commonly caused in mechanical instruments by loose gears and
linkages and friction. It occurs widely with things involving
magnetization and demagnetization
Output
Ideal
Actual
Input
Hysteresis
EEB5223/EAB4223 Industrial Automation & Control Systems Topic 1.2 Calibration- 33
Calibration errors
Downscale
- Hysteresis Error
Output Value
values found between going
upscale and downscale in a Upscale
sequential test.
Input Value
eh = ( y ) upscale − ( y ) downscale
eh max
%eh max = × 100
ro
The calibration may be correct at the maximum values of the range but
the graph joining them may not be a straight line (when it ought to be).
This is a non linear error. The instrument may have some adjustments
for this and it may be possible to make it correct at mid range as shown.
Output
Ideal
Actual
deviation from
linearity
Input
Linearity Error
Load (kg) 0 1 2 3
Deflection 0 20 40 60
(mm)
Deflection 5 27 49 71
(mm)
= ±0.27%
End
End of
of Lecture
Lecture notes
notes on
on Calibration
Calibration
EEB5223/EAB4223 Industrial Automation & Control Systems Topic 1.2 Calibration- 40