Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TME2134 Chapter3 PDF
TME2134 Chapter3 PDF
z l sin (3.2.4)
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-9
3 Fluid Statics
3.2.1 Pressure at a Point
• Substituting (3.2.3) and (3.2.4) into (3.2.1) and (3.2.2)
yields:
P1 P3 0 (3.2.5)
1
P2 P3 g z 0 (3.2.6)
2
Fz maz 0 P x P P x g x z 0
Px g xz 0
P g z 0
• In the limit as z 0 :
dP
g (3.3.1)
dz
dP gdz g dz
P1 z1 z1
P2 P1 g z2 z1 (3.3.2)
• Easier to remember:
• Another approach:
– apply (3.3.2) repeatedly, jumping across at equal
pressures when we come to a continuous mass of
same fluid:
PA P2 PA P1 P1 P2
1g z A z1 2 g z1 z2
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-26
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.2
• Multiple-fluid manometer
• Find pressure difference between chambers A and B
Solution:
PA PB
PA P1 P1 P2 P2 P3 P3 PB
1g z A z1 2 g z1 z2 3 g z2 z3 4 g z3 z B
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-27
3 Fluid Statics
3.4.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer
• To measure small pressure differences
PC P0 ghC
is the pressure at the centroid C of the surface, which is
equivalent to the average pressure on the surface.
• Hence,
FR PC A Pave A
3.5.3.1 Determination of yP
• yP is determined by equating moment of resultant force
FR about the x-axis to moment of distributed pressure
force about the x-axis:
yP FR ydF yPdA
A A
• yp is the distance of CP from x-axis
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-37
3 Fluid Statics
3.5.3.1 Determination of yP
• Note:
– Resultant force FR does not pass through centroid C
but passes through center of pressure CP
I xx,C
– Since 0 , yP yC CP lower than C
yC A
(except when θ = 0)
http://www.efunda.com/math/areas/Common_Geometric_Shapes_Index.cfm
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-43
3 Fluid Statics
3.5.4 Centroidal Coordinates and Moments of Area
http://www.efunda.com/math/areas/Common_Geometric_Shapes_Index.cfm
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-44
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.3
• Gate 5 m wide is
hinged at B and
rests against smooth
wall at A
• Find:
a) Force on gate
due to water
pressure
b) Horizontal force P
exerted by wall at
A
c) Reactions at
hinge B
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-45
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.3
Solution:
Part (a)
• Gate is 10 m long from A to B centroid (CG) is halfway
between at elevation 3 m above B
• Depth of centroid hC = 15 – 3 = 12 m
• Gate area A = 10 x 5 = 50 m2
• Neglect P0 as atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of gate
• Hydrostatic force on gate:
FR PC A (3.5.3)
FR ghC A
FR 1000 9.8112 50
FR 5.886 106 N
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-46
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.3
• Gate is a rectangle:
3
I xx,C
3
ba
5 10
417 m 4
12 12
• Centroid (C):
hC yC sin
hC 12
yC 20 m
sin 3 5
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-48
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.3
• Center of Pressure (CP):
I xx,C
yP yC (3.5.8)
yC A
I xx,C
l yP yC
yC A
417
l 0.417 m
20 50
• Distance of B to force FR = 10 – l – 5 = 4.583 m
• Taking moments counterclockwise about B:
PL sin FR 5 l 0
P 10 3 5 5.886 106 5 0.417 0
Fx ' 0
Bx ' FR sin P 0
Bx ' 5.886 106 3 5 4.496 106 0
B y ' 5.886 106 4 5 0
B y ' 4.709 106 N
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-50
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.4
• Tank of oil
with right
triangular
panel near
bottom
• Assume P0 =
0 Pa gage
• Find
a) Hydrostatic
force on
panel
b) Center of
pressure
FR ghC A
FR 900 9.81 9 36
FR 2.861106 N
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-52
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.4
• Incremental
pressure forces are
normal to the local
area element
forces vary in
direction along the
surface cannot be
added numerically
• Separate into
horizontal
component FH and
vertical component
FV
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-55
3 Fluid Statics
3.6.1 Horizontal Component
Side View
of liquid
wedge 3-59
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
3 Fluid Statics
3.6.1 Horizontal Component
Side View
of liquid
wedge
FH FX
• Note:
In general there are 3 mutually perpendicular force
components: two horizontal and one vertical, which
might not meet at a single point in general, there is no
single resultant force
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-64
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.5
• Dam with parabolic
shape
2
s s0 r r0
• r0 = 10 m, s0 = 24 m
• Fluid: water ( =
1000 kg/m3)
• Omit atmospheric
pressure (P0 = 0 Pa
gage)
• Find FH and FV
acting on dam and
position CP where
they act
• Width of dam: w =
100 m
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-65
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.5
Solution:
• Project curved surface horizontally onto vertical x-y
plane get rectangle S 24 m high and 100 m wide
• Depth of centroid:
yC = hC = 12 m
FH ghC A (3.5.3)
FH 2.825 108 N
F = 3.232 x 108 N
• F acts down and to the
right at angle of
1 1.570
tan 29
2.825
• F passes through
(3.75 m, 8 m)
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-69
3 Fluid Statics
Example 3.5
FB g z2 z1 dAH
body
FB g body volume
Note:
http://www.wiley.com/college/munson/1118116135/video_lib/chapter02/ch02_v2_8.html
x
2 b
2 1
• 0 x b 1 2
• If 1 2 (like air-water):
x
2 b
2
can ignore buoyancy
force due to less dense
fluid 1
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3-82