CHEMISTRY

The Central Science

9th Edition

Chapter 2
Atoms, Molecules, and
Ions

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

 The Atomic Theory of
Matter

• Democritus
• - Father of Modern Atomic thought; proposed that matter
is made of small indivisible particle called atomos

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2

 The Atomic Theory of
Matter

• John Dalton:
– Each element is composed of atoms
– All atoms of an element are identical.
– In chemical reactions, the atoms are not changed.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one
element combine.
• Dalton’s law of multiple proportions: When two elements
form different compounds, the mass ratio of the elements
in one compound is related to the mass ratio in the other
by a small whole number.
Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2
 The Atomic Theory of
Matter

• JJ Thompson – discovered electrons; proposed the

‘Plum Pudding Model’ with electrons inside the
proton
• Ernest Rutherford – discovered protons and the
nucleus
• Niels Bohr – improved Rutherford’s model; every
atom has a specific number of electron shells
• James Chadwick – discovered neutrons
Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2
 The Discovery of Atomic
Structure
Cathode Rays and Electrons
• The voltage causes negative particles to move from the
negative electrode to the positive electrode.
• The path of the electrons can be altered by the presence
of a magnetic field.
• Consider cathode rays leaving the positive electrode
through a small hole.
– If they interact with a magnetic field perpendicular to
an applied electric field, the cathode rays can be
deflected by different amounts.
Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2
The Discovery of Atomic
Structure
The Nuclear Atom
• From the separation of
radiation we conclude that
the atom consists of neutral,
positively, and negatively
charged entities.
• Thomson assumed all these
charged species were found
in a sphere.
 The Discovery of
Atomic Structure
The Nuclear Atom
• Rutherford modified
Thomson’s model as follows:
– assume the atom is spherical
but the positive charge must
be located at the center, with
a diffuse negative charge
surrounding it.
 The Modern View of
Atomic Structure

• The atom consists of positive, negative, and neutral

entities (protons, electrons, and neutrons).
• Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the
atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom is
due to the nucleus.
– There can be a variable number of neutrons for the
same number of protons. Isotopes have the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
• Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the
volume of the atom is due to electrons.
Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2
 The Modern View of
Atomic Structure

Prentice Hall © 2003 Chapter 2