Chapter 1 - 3

Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Appliances have been invented to aid in the improvement of the quality of life of
the human beings. These have been used to help the human beings in performing their
daily chores and other basic aspects of life. Some appliances were also utilized for food
preparation and preservation, room ventilation, entertainment and many others. Taking
their contribution into consideration, there is an undeniable fact that appliances
nowadays are gaining more relevance; however, it is also an undeniable reality that in
one way or another, these appliances attain damages and defects for reasons which
may not be specified by the end-users.
The average lifetime of household appliances, such as washing machines and
dishwashers, is dependent upon many factors: stress, abrasion, maintenance,
technological change, fashion, shift in values and other external environmental
influences (Prakash et al., 2016a). Considering the overall resource efficiency of an
energy related product, the appliance should be durable enough to achieve the service
lifetime expected by end-users. Nonetheless, the service lifetime should also be
appropriate to technological progress and energy performance of newer products, as
most of the significant environmental impacts depend on the energy consumption during
the use phase (Bundgaard et al., 2017).
Per observation, there have been a considerable number of defective appliances
in the Municipality of Carmen which may be attributable to various yet unspecified
causes. This uncertainty, however, may lead to wrong solutions or even lead to the
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abandonment of the appliance/s which may still have the potential to be repaired and be
fully functional again.
The purpose of this research is to identify the common defective appliances
among the households in the Municipality of Carmen and know the common reason
behind the defects to enhance awareness of the end-users and general public.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to know the common defective appliances among the households in
the Municipality of Carmen. Specifically, this study aims to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a) Sex
b) Occupation
2. What are the common defective appliances among the households in the
Municipality of Carmen?
3. What is/are the common reasons for the defect/s of the appliances among the
households in the Municipality of Carmen?
Conceptual Framework
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The framework of the study focuses on the premise of “Common Defective
Appliances in Carmen, Surigao del Sur”. The instrument being used by the researcher
is a survey questionnaire designed to answer the research questions. Through this, the
researcher will be able to know the common defective appliances among the
households in the Municipality of Carmen.
The researcher will

Common Defective conduct a survey
Appliances in through the Proposed
Carmen, Surigao distribution of the intervention
del Sur survey
INPUT PROCESS
questionnaires to OUTPUT
the respondents.
Significance of the Study
The result of this study will be significant and beneficial to the following:
End-Users – This study will inform the end-users on the common reasons of the
defects of the appliances in their respective households and give them idea on the
proper maintenance practices on the appliances.
Readers- The study will be beneficial to the readers because this will give them
information on what are the common defective appliances in the Municipality of
Carmen, Surigao del Sur and the reasons behind the defects for their awareness.
Future Researchers. Result of this study will be used by the future researchers to
conduct similar study.
Scope and Limitation
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This study will cover the first semester of academic year (2019-2020). It will be
conducted in Municipality of Carmen, Surigao del Sur and was limited to the residents of
the Municipality of Carmen who have defective appliances in their respective
households.
Given the time frame and setting of this study, it can be understood that this research
is only with the common defective appliances in the Municipality of Carmen and is not
concerned with any issues beyond the said subject.
Definition of Terms
To aid the understanding of the readers on the study, the following terms are
defined:
Appliances - a device or piece of equipment designed to perform a specific task,
typically a domestic one.
Defects - Non-conformance of a product with the specified requirements, or non-
fulfillment of user expectations (including the safety aspects).
Defective- The state of having a defect of a particular thing which prevents it from
effectively performing the task that it is supposed to perform.
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This Chapter gives related studies and literatures on the research study being
conducted. This includes foreign and local published studies and articles which
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contribute to the completion of the study entitled, “Common Defective Appliances in
Carmen, Surigao del Sur”.
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY
FOREIGN
The available literature on average lifetimes and failure modes of household
appliances is mainly based on results of surveys conducted among end-users, but very
little precise information can be found on specific failure modes and repair rates. The
main objective of the study is to provide quantitative data about frequent failures and
average service lifetimes of two household appliances, through the analysis of repair
services performed by professional repair operators. We based our analysis on
available datasets provided by a representative independent repair centre based in
Europe, and we focused on the failures most frequently occurring and the potential
repair or discard of the appliances. A database of about 11,000 diagnoses on defective
washing machines and dishwashers was analysed, and frequent failure modes and
repair rates were identified. The analysis was supported by a tailored visualisation of
results. Concerning washing machines, recurring failures diagnosed by the repair
operator regarded the electronics, shock absorbers and bearings, doors, carbon
brushes and pumps. While the highest repair rates (repaired devices over total
diagnosed devices with a specific failure mode) were observed for doors, carbon
brushes and removal of foreign objects,the lowestrates were observedfor bearings,
drums and tubs, circulation pumps and electronics. Regarding dishwashers, recurring
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failures involved pumps, electronics, aquastop and valves, foreign objects and doors.
The lowest repair rates, however, were again observed for circulation pumps and
electronics. We also observed that the average service lifetime of an appliance not
repaired by repair centre operators is 12.6 years for washing machines and 12 years for
dishwashers.
LOCAL
The appliance industry has a number of ancillary or supplier industries. The 1983
Input-Output tables from the NSO show substantial backward linkages with three other
industries: primary iron and steel, electronics, and fabricated metal products. The 1988
tables have a more disaggregated but similarly defined list ofanciUary sectors. The
industry is also forwardly linked with the appliance retailing industry. Both supplier and
retailer industries have a substantial impact on competitiveness. Supplier industries, for
example, are crucial since most manufacturers require a reliable network of parts
suppliers. Retailers are important since manufacturers often rely on appliance dealers to
sell their products. Arrangements with dealers may also serve as a barrier to entry: New
entrants may find themselves facing established firms with close long-standing relations
with appliance dealers.
Listings of the country's top 1,000 companies from 1981 to 1991 show that the
five largest appliance firms in terms of gross revenues are: Precision Electronics (now
called Matsushita Electric Philippines or MEPCO); Philippine Appliance Corp. (Philacor);
Concepcion Industries; General Electric Philippines, and; Union Industries. The largest
four firms combined account for 70 to 80 percentof total gross revenues for the listed
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appliance firms. This seems to support Patalinghug's (1983) observation that the
industry is highly concentrated. In addition, the large firms are often the market leaders
in specific product lines. In audio-video appliances, for example, the leading firms are
Solid Corp. (which makes Sony products), MEPCO (which makes National Panasonic
products), and Sharp Philippines. Phihcor is a leader in refrigerators and freezers.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
FOREIGN
Janaki, P and Shanthi, P2 (2013) in their study entitled, “Marketing Stimuli in
Purchase of Home Appliances From Customer Perspectives”, explains that marketing
strategy is the game plan which the firms must adhere to, in order to outdo the
competitor or the plans to achieve the desired objective. The people consume things of
daily use, and buy these products according to their needs, preferences and buying
power. The objectives of the study are to study the purchase decision behaviour relating
to home appliances and to analyze customer response to the marketing stimuli of home
appliances. The study was carried out with the sample size of 200 respondents selected
based on proportionate random sampling with in Coimbatore city. The data were
collected with interview schedule and were analyzed using percentage weighted
average score analysis of variances. The findings of the study included that education
and income of the respondents are the two socioeconomic variables which have
significant association in all the stages which the buyers undergo while purchasing
home appliances.
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LOCAL
The Philippines is seen as one of the most attractive markets in Asia for
household goods, with the market here projected to reach PHP 249.7 billion, or around
USD 5.1 billion by 2022. BMI Research forecast that spending in household goods in
the country may grow 6 percent yearly from 2018 to 2022, amounting to PHP 197.5
billion, or USD 4 billion to almost PHP 250 billion in the next four years.
In a report, BMI Research said the bright prospect for the country’s household goods
market is driven by its large demographic group of first-time home buyers and rising
disposable income. “The growth in spending will be driven by rising disposable incomes
in the country with a growing middle-income (household disposable income of
USD10,000 -USD25,000) capable of spending on ‘big-ticket’ furniture items like sofas
and cabinets,” the BMI Research report noted. It projected middle-income group to
grow from 18 percent of the total households this year to 37 percent by 2022 or
expanding to 5.4 million over said period. “The Philippines also offers a high proportion
of young adults that are likely to be first-time home buyers, that typically need to furnish
their empty new houses,” it said, citing that those in ages 25 to 29 years old have
highest likelihood to be first-time buyers. But it also included those aged 30 to 34 years
old as first-time buyers as individuals are spending longer renting or living at home with
their parents due to increasing housing prices.
This literature shows how the Filipino people are attracted to purchase their
home appliances especially today’s generation of buyers considering the pace of the
lifestyle of today’s generation of buyers is. With this, it may be noted that the importance
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of the knowledge on the common reasons for the defects of appliances is a paramount
consideration for intelligent buying.
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
This chapter presented the research design, research sampling and
respondents, research setting, data gathering instruments and data gathering
procedure.
Research Design
This study will employ the descriptive research design where quantitative data
will be gathered through a survey questionnaire which will be prepared and
administered by the researchers.

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Research Sampling and Respondents
The researchers used a purposive sampling with the primary consideration that
the respondents will be those with defective appliances from their respective
households in the Municipality of Carmen, Surigao del Sur. Based on the number
agreed by the researchers, a total number of 30 respondents will be asked to answer
the survey questionnaires.
Research Setting
The research will be conducted in the select households with defective
appliances in the Municipality of Carmen, Surigao del Sur.
The Instrument Used
The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire checklist to gather
the needed data for the common defective appliances in the Municipality of Carmen
Surigao del Sur.
Data Gathering Procedure

The research asked a formal approval from the 30 participants of the survey, the
researchers personally administered the questionnaires to the respondents. In the
administration of the questionnaires, the following procedures had been adopted: the
researchers administered the same set of questionnaires for all the respondents and the
researchers used a setting where the respondents could answer properly the
questionnaire. Rapport between the researchers and the respondents had been
established in order to put them at ease and to develop self-confidence in answering the
survey questionnaires. The data will be analyzed to draw relevant conclusion.

Data Gathering Instruments
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The only data gathering instrument used for the study is a survey questionnaire.
There are only five (5) questions in the questionnaire with the first two questions
designed to extract the demography of the respondents based on sex and occupation.
The last three questions were then focused on the identification of the defective
appliances and the potential reasons for those defects.
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter shows the results of the survey designed to answer to the research
questions presented in Chapter 1.
1. Demography of the responders:
a) Sex
Total
Male Female
14 6 20
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It may be noted that out of the 20 respondents, 14 are males which
comprise of 70 % of the respondents while there 6 females of 30% of the
total number of the respondents.
b) Occupation
Government Private Total

Business Owner
Employee Employee
17 0 3 20
It may be observed that out of the 20 respondents, 17 are government
employees or 85% of the total number of respondents. Meanwhile, there
were no private employees and there are only 3 business owners or 15%
of the total number of respondents.
2. What are the common defective appliances among the households in the
Air
Electric
Refrigerator Conditioning Electric Fan Television Total
Flat Iron
Unit
1 0 14 5 0 20
Among the 20 surveyed home appliance owners, the researchers were able to
obtain the following data; 1 damaged refrigerator or .05% of the total surveyed
households, 14 Electric Fans, equivalent to 70% of the total surveyed
households, and 5 Televisions of 25% of the households.
3. What is the duration of the usage of the appliances?
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Over 1 year – Over 3 years-

0- 1 year Over 5 years Total
3 years 5 yeas
17 3 0 0 20
Based on the result of the survey conducted, it was found out that 17 or 85% of
the damaged appliances have only been used from 0- 1year while only 3, or 15%
were used for over 1 year to 3 years, while none of the damaged appliances
were able to last for more than 3 years.
4. What is/are the common defect/s of the appliances among the households in the
Damaged Hit on/ by

Wear Out Got Wet Total
Wiring Hard Object
0 0 14 6 20
Among the households surveyed, the researchers were able to gather the
following result; 14 out of 20 or 70% of the damaged household appliances were
caused by getting wet and 6 or 30% hit on or were hit by hard object/s.
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter will present the summary of findings, conclusions drawn from the
findings and the recommendations based on the conclusions.
Summary of Findings
This study had identified the following implications on the common defective
appliances in the households of the Municipality of Carmen.
1. Most of the in-charge of the appliances in the households are men.
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As shown in the result of the survey, most of the respondents were men which
gives the researchers the idea that the in-charge of the appliances in the
households of the Municipality of Carmen are men.
2. Most of the households with appliances in the Municipality of Carmen are from
those who gain income from being a government employee, while some are
from owning a business which may have implication on the choice of action that
our respondents will make with regards to the defective appliances in their
respective appliances.
3. Most defective appliances in the households in the Municipality of Carmen are
Electric Fans. As shown in the result of the survey, electric fans are the most
common defective appliances in the households in the Municipality of Carmen.
4. Most of the defective appliances in the households of the Municipality of
Carmen have only been used for a span of less than a year.
5. Based on the result of the survey, the researchers found out that the two most
common reasons for the damage or defect of the appliances in the households
of the Municipality of Carmen are either those appliances got wet, or got hit by a
hard object.
Conclusion:
Based on the findings of the study, the researchers were able to conclude that
the in-charge of the appliances in the households of the Municipality of Carmen are the
men. This has given the researchers the idea that the people in the area, and also in the
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other municipalities, the maintenance of the appliances are often delegated to men
which may have further implications on how the appliances are being taken care of. It
has also been found out that most of the households with appliances are those
households of the government employees and business owners who could afford in
buying one and their stable income may influence their means in keeping their
appliances.
The result of the survey also showed that the most common defective appliances
in the households of the Municipality of Carmen are electric fans, regardless of the
brand. This finding led the researchers into the conclusion that there are durability
concerns which need to be addressed in these appliances. It was also found out that
the life span of most of the appliances were less than a year which is quite alarming
considering the cost of purchase of the appliances with respect to their durability and
longevity.
In terms of the reason behind the defects, it was found out by the researchers
through the result of the survey that the most common reasons for the defects of the
appliances in the households of the Municipality of Carmen are either the appliances
got wet, or hit on or got hit by hard objects. With these findings, it is evident that most of
the reasons for the defects are not actually factory defects, rather, those were effects of
external forces and materials which is also attributable to the way the owners handle
their appliances in their respective households.
Recommendations:
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Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations were presented:
 The major way to safe keep and preserve the appliances in the households, not
just in the Municipality of Carmen, is to make sure that it is being situated in a
safe area wherein it does not easily get wet because this does not just threaten
the appliance, but also the persons. The owners will also have to make sure that
the appliances are stable enough in terms of their position to avoid falling on the
floor, or being hit by a hard object.
 The researchers also recommend a regular maintenance on the appliances at
home to increase the chances of prolonging the serviceable life of the
appliances.
 Further research is also recommend to exact the implication of men, being in
charge of the maintenance of the household appliances with respect to the life
span of the appliances.
REFERENCES
 B. E. Conway, Electrochemical Supercapacitors, NTS, 2001.
 Borghetti, A., Nucci, C.A., Pasini, G., Pirani, S., and Rinaldi, M. “Tests on self-
healing metallized polypropylene capacitors for power applications.” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery Vol. 10 No. 1 (1995): pp. 556-561.
 C. Kim, J. Power Sources, 142 (2005) 382.
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 Carlos Mano, 2017,. https://sciencing.com/types-non-polarized-capacitors-
7600369.html
 Electric Power Research Institute. (2000). Capacitor performance monitoring
project (Technical Report TR-1001257). Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research
Institute.
 J. Both, "The modern era of aluminum electrolytic capacitors," in IEEE Electrical
Insulation Magazine, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 24-34, July-August 2015.

 James Fife. Wet electrolytic capacitors. Patent No: 7,099 1, AVX Corporation,
Myrtle Beach, SC, Aug 2006.

 Kynix Semiconductor, Non-polarized capacitors,Electrolytic capacitors,polarity,
Sep. 2018, http://www.apogeeweb.net/article/118.html
 Kogler, K. J. (1999). Capacitor maintenance and application guide (Technical
Report TR-112175). Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.
 Laila Abdelgawad, 11th Nov, 2011 National Institute of Standards (Egypt)

 M. Makdessi, A. Sari and P. Venet, "Improved model of metalized film
capacitors," in IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 21,
no. 2, pp. 582-593, April 2014.

 Nagata, 1993. Aluminum Dry Electrolytic Capacitors, Japan Capacitor Industry,
Tokyo.
 Phillips Components. (1994). Electrolytic capacitors (Product Catalog PA01-A,
N.A. Edition). Juniper, FL: Phillips Components.
 R. Abebe et al., "Integrated motor drives: state of the art and future trends," in
IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 757-771, 9 2016.
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 Slaughter, L. (1996). System engineering training- capacitors. Glen Rose, TX:
TXU Electric. Photocopied.
 Slaughter, L. (2001). Smart form on capacitor failure ( SMF-2001-000211). Glen
Rose, TX: TXU Electric. Photocopied.
 TXU Corporation. (2000). TXU summary annual report 2000. Dallas, TX.
 United Chemi-Con Inc. (1995). Understanding aluminum electrolytic capacitors
(Product Cat. U7002). Rosemont, IL: United Chemi-Con Inc.
 W. Dong, J. Sakamoto, B. Dunn, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 26 (2003) 641.
 Y. Sakabe, Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, 2 (1997) 584.
Appendix A
QUESTIONAIRE
POLARIZED AND NON-POLARIZED CAPACITORS
Name:____________________________ (optional)
Sex: ____________________________
Age: ____________________________
DIRECTION: Read and answer the following question.
1. Does a polarized capacitor is always used rather than non-polarized capacitor?
Yes No
2. Is the shelf life of a polarized last long than non-polarized capacitor?

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Yes No
3. Are Non-polarized capacitors has no positive or negative polarity?
Yes No
4. Does a polarized and non-polarized capacitor both consisted of Al electrode in
electrolyte bath?
Yes No
5. Does non-polarized capacitor generally have the largest value of capacitance?
Yes No
20

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Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

their contribution into consideration, there is an undeniable fact that appliances

may not be specified by the end-users.

The average lifetime of household appliances, such as washing machines and

dishwashers, is dependent upon many factors: stress, abrasion, maintenance,

technological change, fashion, shift in values and other external environmental

inﬂuences (Prakash et al., 2016a). Considering the overall resource efﬁciency of an

lifetime expected by end-users. Nonetheless, the service lifetime should also be

appropriate to technological progress and energy performance of newer products, as

the use phase (Bundgaard et al., 2017).

Per observation, there have been a considerable number of defective appliances

in the Municipality of Carmen which may be attributable to various yet unspecified

fully functional again.

The purpose of this research is to identify the common defective appliances

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

households in the Municipality of Carmen?

The framework of the study focuses on the premise of “Common Defective

households in the Municipality of Carmen.

The researcher will

proper maintenance practices on the appliances.

information on what are the common defective appliances in the Municipality of

conduct similar study.

Scope and Limitation

the Municipality of Carmen who have defective appliances in their respective

concerned with any issues beyond the said subject.

Appliances - a device or piece of equipment designed to perform a specific task,

typically a domestic one.

Defects - Non-conformance of a product with the specified requirements, or non-

fulfillment of user expectations (including the safety aspects).

effectively performing the task that it is supposed to perform.

contribute to the completion of the study entitled, “Common Defective Appliances in

Carmen, Surigao del Sur”.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY

The available literature on average lifetimes and failure modes of household

services performed by professional repair operators. We based our analysis on

available datasets provided by a representative independent repair centre based in

repair or discard of the appliances. A database of about 11,000 diagnoses on defective

results. Concerning washing machines, recurring failures diagnosed by the repair

brushes and removal of foreign objects,the lowestrates were observedfor bearings,

retailer industries have a substantial impact on competitiveness. Supplier industries, for

with appliance dealers.

called Matsushita Electric Philippines or MEPCO); Philippine Appliance Corp. (Philacor);

products), and Sharp Philippines. Phihcor is a leader in refrigerators and freezers.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Janaki, P and Shanthi, P2 (2013) in their study entitled, “Marketing Stimuli in

Purchase of Home Appliances From Customer Perspectives”, explains that marketing

in the country with a growing middle-income (household disposable income of

USD10,000 -USD25,000) capable of spending on ‘big-ticket’ furniture items like sofas

their parents due to increasing housing prices.

consideration for intelligent buying.

This chapter presented the research design, research sampling and

respondents, research setting, data gathering instruments and data gathering

will be gathered through a survey questionnaire which will be prepared and

administered by the researchers.

Research Sampling and Respondents