136 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays

(c) 2I (d) 4I
6. When an inert gas is filled in the place vacuum in
a photo cell, then [MP PMT 1997]
(a) Photo-electric current is decreased
(b) Photo-electric current is increased
(c) Photo-electric current remains the same
1. A 1A beam of protons with a cross-sectional area
(d) Decrease or increase in photo-electric current
of 0.5 sq. mm is moving with a velocity of
does not depend upon the gas filled
3  104 ms1 . Then charge density of beam is
[CPMT 2002]
7. A photon of 1.7  1013 Joules is absorbed by a
material under special circumstances. The correct
(a) 6.6  104 C / m3 (b) 6.6  105 C / m3
statement is
(c) 6.6  106 C / m3 (d) None of these [MP PET 1999; JIPMER 2000]
2. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two (a) Electrons of the atom of absorbed material will
particles of masses m1 and m2, having non-zero go the higher energy states
velocities. The ratio of the de-Broglie wavelengths (b) Electron and positron pair will be created
of the particles, 1 /  2 is (c) Only positron will be produced
(d) Photoelectric effect will occur and electron will
[IIT-JEE 1999; KCET 2003] be produced
(a) m1 /m2 (b) m2 /m1 8. The maximum velocity of an electron emitted by
light of wavelength  incident on the surface of a
(c) 1.0 (d) m2 / m1
metal of work function  , is [MP PMT/PET 1998,
3. A photon and an electron have equal energy E. MP PMT 2003]
photon/ electron is proportional to 1/ 2
 2(hc   ) 2(hc   )
[UPSEAT 2003; IIT-JEE (Screening) 2004] (a)   (b)
 m  m
(a) E (b) 1 / E
1/ 2 1/ 2
(c) 1 / E (d) Does not depend  2(hc   )  2(h   )
(c)   (d)  
upon E  m   m 
4. When photon of energy 4.25 eV strike the surface Where h = Planck's constant, m = mass of
of a metal A, the ejected photoelectrons have electron and c = speed of light.
maximum kinetic energy TA eV and de-Brolie
9. When a point source of monochromatic light is at a
wavelength  A . The maximum kinetic energy of distance of 0.2 m from a photoelectric cell, the
photoelectrons liberated from another metal B by cut-off voltage and the saturation current are 0.6
photon of energy 4.70 eV is volt and 18 mA respectively. If the same source is
TB  (TA  1.50) eV . If the de-Broglie placed 0.6 m away from the photoelectric cell,
then [IIT JEE 1992; MP PMT 1999]
wavelength of these photoelectrons is  B  2 A , (a) The stopping potential will be 0.2 V
then (b) The stopping potential will be 0.6 V
[IIT-JEE 1994]
(c) The saturation current will be 6 mA
(a) The work function of A is 2.25 eV
(d) The saturation current will be 18 mA
(b) The work function of B is 4.20 eV
10. In a photoemissive cell with executing wavelength
(c) TA  2.00 eV
 , the fastest electron has speed v. If the
(d) TB  2.75 eV exciting wavelength is changed to 3 / 4 , the
5. An image of the sun is formed by a lens of focal speed of the fastest emitted electron will be
[CBSE PMT 1998]
length of 30 cm on the metal surface of a
1/ 2
photoelectric cell and a photoelectric current I is (a) v (3 / 4) (b) v (4 / 3)1/ 2
produced. The lens forming the image is then
replaced by another of the same diameter but of (c) Less than v (4 / 3)1/ 2 (d) Greater than
focal length 15 cm. The photoelectric current in v (4 / 3)1/ 2

this case is
[Manipal MEE 1995] 11. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 300 nm and
intensity 1.0 watt/m2 falls on the surface of a
I photosensitive material. If 1% of the incident
(a) (b) I
2 photons produce photoelectrons, then the number
 137 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
of photoelectrons emitted from an area of 1.0 cm2 of the supplied electric power is converted into X-
of the surface is nearly [AMU 1995] rays and the entire remaining energy goes into
heating the target. Then [IIT 1995]
(a) 9.61 1014 per sec (b)
(a) A suitable target material must have a high
4.12 1013 per sec melting temperature
(c) 1.51 1012 per sec (d) (b) A suitable target material must have low
thermal conductivity
2.13 1011 per sec
(c) The average rate of rise of temperature of
12. Photoelectric emission is observed from a metallic target would be 2 °C/s
surface for frequencies  1 and  2 of the (d) The minimum wavelength of the X-rays
incident light rays ( 1   2 ) . If the maximum emitted is about 0.25 1010 m
values of kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
18. The wavelength of K X-rays produced by an X-
emitted in the two cases are in the ratio of 1 : k ,
then the threshold frequency of the metallic ray tube is 0.76 Å. The atomic number of the
surface is anode material of the tube is
[IIT 1996]
[EAMCET (Engg.) 2001]
(a) 20 (b) 60
 1  2 k 1   2
(a) (b) (c) 40 (d) 80
k 1 k1
19. X-ray beam of intensity I0 passes through an
k 2   1  2  1 absorption plate of thickness d. If absorption
(c) (d)
k1 k coefficient of material of plate is  , the correct
13. Light from a hydrogen discharge tube is incident statement regarding the transmitted intensity I of
on the cathode of a photoelectric cell the work X-ray is [MP PET 1999]
function of the cathode surface is 4.2 eV. In order
to reduce the photo-current to zero the voltage of (a) I  I0(1  e d ) (b) I  I0e d
the anode relative to the cathode must be made
[DCE 2002] (c) I  I0(1  e  / d ) (d) I  I0e  / d
(a) – 4.2 V (b) – 9.4 V
(c) – 17.8 V (d) +9.4 V 20. The K X-ray emission line of tungsten occurs at

14. Work function of lithium and copper are   0.021 nm. The energy difference between K
respectively 2.3 eV and 4.0 eV. Which one of the and L levels in this atom is about
metal will be useful for the photoelectric cell [IIT 1997 Cancelled]
working with visible light ? (h = 6.6  10–34 J-s, c = (a) 0.51MeV (b) 1.2 MeV
3  108 m/s) [DPMT 2003]
(c) 59 KeV (d) 13.6 eV
(a) Lithium (b) Copper
21. Electrons with energy 80 keV are incident on the
(c) Both (d) None of these
tungsten target of an X-ray tube. K shell electrons
15. X-rays of wavelength 0.1 Å allowed to fall on a of tungsten have ionization energy 72.5 keV. X-
metal get scattered. The wavelength of scattered rays emitted by the tube contain only
radiation is 0.111 Å. If h = 6.624  10–34 J-s and [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2000]
m0 = 9  10–31 kg, then the direction of the (a) A continuous X-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung)
scattered photons will be with a minimum wavelength of ~ 0.155Å
(b) A continuous X-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung]
(a) cos–1 (0.547) (b) cos–1 (0.4484) with all wavelengths
(c) cos–1 (0.5) (d) cos–1 (0.3) (c) The characteristic X-rays spectrum of tungsten
(d) A continuous X-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung)
16. The largest distance between the interatomic with a minimum wavelength of ~ 0.155Å and
planes of a crystal is 10 -7cm. The upper limit for the characteristic X-ray spectrum of tungsten
the wavelength of X-rays which can be usefully
studied with this crystal is 22. The X-ray wavelength of L line of platinum

[CPMT 1984] (Z=78) is 1.30Å. The X –ray wavelength of L

line of Molybdenum (Z=42) is
(a) 1 Å (b) 2 Å [EAMCET (Eng.) 2000]
(c) 10 Å (d) 20 Å (a) 5.41Å (b) 4.20Å
17. An X-ray tube is operating at 50 kV and 20 mA. (c) 2.70Å (d) 1.35 Å
The target material of the tube has a mass of 1.0
kg and specific heat 495 J kg-1 o C 1 . One percent
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 138
23. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths of molecules [Based on IIT-JEE (Mains) 2005]
of hydrogen and helium which are at temperature (a) 2 (b) 1
27oC and 127oC respectively is
1
1 3 (c) 2 (d)
(a) (b) 2
2 8
29. Rest mass energy of an electron is 0.51 MeV. If this
8 electron is moving with a velocity 0.8 c (where c is
(c) (d) 1
3 velocity of light in vacuum), then kinetic energy of
24. A silver ball of radius 4.8 cm is suspended by a the electron should be.
thread in the vacuum chamber. UV light of (a) 0.28 MeV (b) 0.34 MeV
wavelength 200 nm is incident on the ball for
some times during which a total energy of 1  10–7 (c) 0.39 MeV (d) 0.46 MeV
J falls on the surface. Assuming on an average one 30. A proton, a deutron and an -particle having the
out of 103 photons incident is able to eject same momentum, enters a region of uniform
electron. The potential on sphere will be
electric field between the parallel plates of a
(a) 1 V (b) 2 V capacitor. The electric field is perpendicular to the
(c) 3 V (d) Zero initial path of the particles. Then the ratio of
25. A photon of wavelength 6630 Å is incident on a deflections suffered by them is
totally reflecting surface. The momentum
–
delivered by the photon is equal to
(a) 6.63  10–27 kg-m/sec (b) 2  10–27 kg-m/sec
(c) 10–27 kg-m/sec (d) None of these  p d

26. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of a -particle +

Scree
to that of a proton being subjected to the same
n
magnetic field so that the radii of their path are (a) 1 : 2 : 8 (b) 1 : 2 : 4
equal to each other assuming the field induction
(c) 1 : 1 : 2 (d) None of these
vector B is perpendicular to the velocity vectors
of the -particle and the proton is 31. In order to coincide the parabolas formed by singly
ionised ions in one spectrograph and doubly
1 ionized ions in the other Thomson’s mass
(a) 1 (b)
4 spectrograph, the electric fields and magnetic
fields are kept in the ratios 1 : 2 and 3 : 2
1 respectively. Then the ratio of masses of the ions
(c) (d) 2 is
2
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 1 : 3
27. K wavelength emitted by an atom of atomic
number Z = 11 is . Find the atomic number for an (c) 9 : 4 (d) None of these
atom that emits K radiation with wavelength 4 32. Let  ,   and  denote the wavelengths of
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 2005]
the X-rays of the K  , K  and L lines in the
(a) Z = 6 (b) Z = 4
characteristic X-rays for a metal
(c) Z = 11 (d) Z = 44
(a)       (b)      
28. The potential energy of a particle of mass m is
given by 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c)   (d)  
       
E0; 0  x  1
U(x)   33. The minimum intensity of light to be detected by
human eye is 1010W / m2 . The number of

 0; x  1 photons of wavelength 5.6  107 m entering

the eye, with pupil area 106 m2 , per second for
1 and 2 are the de-Broglie wavelengths of the vision will be nearly
particle, when 0  x  1 and x > 1 respectively. If
(a) 100 (b) 200
1 (c) 300 (d) 400
the total energy of particle is 2E0, the ratio
2 34. In X-ray tube when the accelerating voltage V is
will be halved, the difference between the wavelength of
 139 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
K line and minimum wavelength of continuous X-
ray spectrum
(a) Remains constant
(b) Becomes more than two times
order of micro second another photon collides with
same hydrogen atom inelastically with an energy
of 15 eV. What will be observed by the detector
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 2005]

(c) Becomes half (a) 2 photon of energy 10.2 eV

(d) Becomes less than two times (b) 2 photon of energy of 1.4 eV
35. In a photocell bichromatic light of wavelength (c) One photon of energy 10.2 eV and an electron
2475 Å and 6000 Å are incident on cathode whose of energy 1.4 eV
work function is 4.8 eV. If a uniform magnetic field
of 3  10–5 Tesla exists parallel to the plate, the (d) One photon of energy 10.2 eV and another
radius of the path describe by the photoelectron photon of 1.4 eV
will be (mass of electron = 9  10–31 kg)
(a) 1 cm (b) 5 cm
(c) 10 cm (d) 25 cm
36. Two metallic plates A and B, each of area 5  10–
4
m2 are placed parallel to each other at a
separation of 1 cm. Plate B carries a positive
charge of 33.7 pc. A monochromatic beam of light,
with photons of energy 5 eV each, starts falling on 1. The curve drawn between velocity and frequency
plate A at t = 0, so that 1016 photons fall on it per of photon in vacuum will be a
square meter per second. Assume that one [MP PET 2000]
photoelectron is emitted for every 106 incident (a) Straight line parallel to frequency axis
photons. Also assume that all the emitted
(b) Straight line parallel to velocity axis
photoelectrons are collected by plate B and the
work function of plate A remains constant at the (c) Straight line passing through origin and
value 2 eV. Electric field between the plates at the making an angle of 45o with frequency axis
end of 10 seconds is
(d) Hyperbola
(a) 2  103 N/C (b) 103 N/C
2. Which of the following figure represents the
(c) 5  103 N/C (d) Zero variation of particle momentum and the
37. In the following arrangement y = 1.0 mm, d= 0.24 associated de-Broglie wavelength
mm and D = 1.2 m. The work function of the [AIIMS 1982]
material of the emitter is 2.2 eV. The stopping
potential V needed to stop the photo current will p
be (a) (b)

Brigh p
t
Dark y 
S
Brigh p
d
t (c) (d)
Dark 
Brigh A
p
t D

(a) 0.9 V (b) 0.5 V
3. The figure shows the variation of photocurrent
(c) 0.4 V (d) 0.1 V with anode potential for a photo-sensitive
 surface
38. The eye can detect 5  104 photons per square for three different radiations. Let I a , I b and I c
metre per sec of green light ( = 5000 Å) while the be the intensities and fa, fb and fc be the
ear can detect 1013 (W / m2) . The factor by frequencies for the curves a, b and c respectively
which the eye is more sensitive as a power [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2004]
detector than the ear is close to Photo
(a) fa  fb and la  lbcurrentc
(a) 5 (b) 10 b
(c) 106 (d) 15 (b) fa  fc and la  lc a
39. A photon collides with a stationary hydrogen atom (c) fa  fb and la  lb
in ground state inelastically. Energy of the colliding O Anode potential
photon is 10.2 eV. After a time interval of the (d) fa  fb and la  lb
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 140
4. According to Einstein's photoelectric equation, the (a) OB  e in eV
graph between the kinetic energy of
(b) OB in volt
photoelectrons ejected and the frequency of
(c) OA in eV
incident radiation is
[MP PMT 1994; CBSE PMT 1996; CBSE PMT 2004] (d) The slope of the line AB
8. The stopping potential as a function of the
(a) (b) frequency of the incident radiation is plotted for
energy
Kinetic

energy
Kinetic
two different photoelectric surfaces A and B. The
graphs show that work function of A is
A B
[DPMT 1992]
V

(c) (d)
energy
energy
Kinetic

Kinetic

Frequenc Frequenc 
y y
(a) Greater than that of B
(b) Smaller than that of B
5. For the photoelectric effect, the maximum kinetic
(c) Equal to that of B
energy Ek of the emitted photoelectrons is
(d) No inference can be drawn about their work
Frequencthe frequency  Frequenc
plotted against of the incident functions from the given graphs
y
photons as shown in the figure. The yslope of the
9. The intensity of X-rays from a Coolidge tube is
curve gives
plotted against wavelength as shown in the figure.
[CPMT 1987; MP PET 2001; DPMT 2002]
The minimum wavelength found is c and the
Ek
wavelength of the K  line is k . As the
accelerating voltage is increased
[IIT-JEE (Screening)
2001] I
(a) Charge of the electron 
(b) Work function of the metal
(c) Planck's constant
(d) Ratio of the Planck’s constant to electronic C K 
charge
6. The stopping potential V for photoelectric emission
from a metal surface is plotted along Y-axis and (a) ( K  C ) increases (b) ( K   C )
frequency  of incident light along X-axis. A decreases
straight line is obtained as shown. Planck's  K increases  K decreases
(c) (d)
constant is given by [CPMT 1987;
Similar to MP PMT 2000; Kerala PET 2001] 10. The figure represents the observed intensity of X-
Y
rays emitted by an X-ray tube as a function of
V wavelength. The sharp peaks A and B denote
[CBSE PMT 1995]
0 X
Intensity


A
(a) Slope of the line B
(b) Product of slope on the line and charge on the
electron
(c) Product of intercept along Y-axis and mass of
the electron O Wave length
(a) Band spectrum (b) Continuous spectrum
(d) Product of Slope and mass of electron
(c) Characteristic radiations (d) White radiations
7. In an experiment on photoelectric effect the
11. The graph between intensity of light falling on a
frequency f of the incident light is plotted against
metallic plate (I) with the current (i) generated is
the stopping potential V0 . The work function of [DCE 2001]
the photoelectric surface is given by (e is i
i
electronic charge) Y [CPMT 1987]
V0 (a) (b)

A
O X
0 

B I I
 141 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
(c) – 2V
(d) – 1 V
16. In the following diagram if V2 > V1 then
i
(c) (d) (a) 1  2 i (Photoelectr
ic current)

(b) 1  2
i 2
(c) 1  2 1
I V2 V1 Potential V
12. For a photoelectric cell the graph showing the (d) 1  2 difference
variation of cut of voltage (Vo) with frequency () 17. A point source of light is used in an experiment on
of incident light is best represented by [DCE
I photoelectric effect. Which of the following curves
2001; MP PET 2003]
best represents the variation of photo current (i)
Vo
with distance (d) of the source from the emitter
(a) (b)
(a) a
Vo (b) b i a

 (c) c b
Vo c
V0 d
(c) (d) (d) d
18. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the
 d
 plot of the kinetic energy of the emitted photo
electrons from a metal versus the frequency, of
13. The curve between current (i) and potential the incident radiation gives a straight line whose
difference (V) for a photo cell will be slope [AIEEE 2004]

i i (a) Is the same for all metals and independent of

(a) (b) the intensity of the radiation
(b) Depends on the intensity of the radiation
(c) Depends both on the intensity of the radiation
and the metal used
V V
(c) (d) (d) Depends on the nature of the metals used
i i
19. The stopping potential (V0) versus frequency ()
plot of a substance is shown in figure the
threshold wave length is
V V V0
14. The correct curve between the stopping potential 2
(V) and intensity of incident light (I) is
Vo Vo 1
(a) (b)
4 5 6 7 8
 ×1014 Hz
(a) 5 1014m
I I (b) 6000Å
Vo Vo
(c) (d) (c) 5000 Å
(d) Can not be estimated from given data
20. Figure represents a graph of kinetic energy (K) of
photoelectrons (in eV) and frequency (v) for a
I metal used as cathode in photoelectric
I
15. The value of stopping potential in the following experiment. The work function K
of metal is
diagram 3
i (photoelectr
(a) 1 eV 2
ic current) 1
(a) – 4V (b) 1.5 eV
0 
(b) – 3 V (c) 2 eV –1
–2
–3
–4V–3V–2V –1V 0 V
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 142
(d) 3 eV
21. Figure represents the graph of photo current I
26. The dependence of the short wavelength limit
versus applied voltage (V). The maximum energy
of the emitted photoelectronsi is min on the accelerating potential V is
represented by the curve of figure

B
(a) 2eV (a) A log min
(b) 4 eV (b) B
A
(c) 0 eV (c) C
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 C
(d) 4 J V (d) None of these log V
22. The graph that correctly represents the relation of
frequency  of a particular characteristic X-ray 27. The variation of wavelength  of the K  line
with the atomic number Z of the material is with atomic number Z of the target is shown by
the following curve of 
  A
(a) (b) (a) A
(b) B
B
(c) C C
Z
(d) None of these
Z Z
I I
 28. In the
graph given below. If the slope is

(c) (d) 4.12 1015 V-sec, then value of ‘h’ should be



Stopping
potential
V
Z 0
I
23. The intensity distribution of X-rays from two
coolidge tubes operated on Z different voltages V1
and V2 and using I different target materials of
atomic numbers Z1 and Z2 is shown in the figure.
(a) 6.6  1031 J-sec
Frequenc
Which one of the following inequalities is true? y
I (b) 6.6  1034 J-sec
K
(a) V1 > V2, Z1 < Z2 (c) 9.1 10 31 J-sec
K
1
(b) V1 > V2, Z1 > Z2 (d) None of these
2
(c) V1 < V2, Z1 > Z2 29. The curves (a), (b) (c) and (d) show the variation
(d) V1 = V2, Z1 < Z2  between the applied potential difference (V) and
1 2
the photoelectric current (i), at two different
24. The correct graph between the maximum energy
of a photoelectron and the inverse of wavelength intensities of light (I1 > I2). In which figure is the
of the incident radiation is given by the curve correct variation shown
C
i i
A intensity intensity
Kmax

(a) A
(a) I1 (b) I1
intensity intensity
(b) B
I2 I2
(c) C B

(d) None of the above 0 1/0 1/ –V0 –V0

V V
25. The continuous x-ray spectrum obtained from a i i
(c) intensity (d) intensity
Coolidge tube is of the form I1
I1
I I intensity
intensity I2
(a) (b) I2

–V0 V –V0 V

ma  min 30. The figure showing the correct relationship
I x I between the stopping potential V0 and the
(c) (d) frequency  of light for potassium and tungsten is

ma  
min
x
 143 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
V0 K V0 K

(a) (eV (b) (eV

) ) W
W

0 0. 1. 1. 0 0. 1. 1. (a) First peak is of K line at 0.6 Å

 5×10015 Hz5 5
×100
15
Hz5
V0 V0 (b) Highest peak is of K line at 0.7 Å
K
(c) (eV W (d) (eV K W
(c) If the energy of incident particles is increased,
) )
then the peaks will shift towards left
(d) If the energy of incident particles is increased,
0 0. 1. 1. 0 0. 1. 1. then the peaks will shift towards right
31.  5×10
The log-log
015 Hz5
graph
5×10015 Hz5
between the energy E of an 34. The maximum value of stopping potential in the
electron and its de-Broglie wavelength  will be following diagram is
i (Photoelectr
ic current)
log 

log 

(a) – 4V
(a) (b)
(b) – 1V 2
(c) – 3V 1
–4V –2V Potential V
log E log E (d) – 2V difference
35. In a parabola spectrograph, the velocities of four
positive ions P,Q,R and S are v1, v2, v3 and v4
log 

log 

(c) (d) respectively

(a) v1  v2  v3  v4 Y Q R S
P
(b) v1  v2  v3  v4
log E log E O X
(c) v1  v2  v3  v4
32. The graph between the square root of the
frequency of a specific line of characteristic (d) v1  v2  v3  v4
spectrum of X-rays and the atomic number of the 36. In Thomson spectrograph experiment, four
target will be positive ions P,Q,R and S are situated on Y-X curve

a shown in the figure
 Q
Y P
S
(a) (b) R
Z O X
Z

(a) The specific charge of R and S are same

 (b) The masses of P and S are same
(c) The specific charges of Q and R are same
(c) (d) (d) The velocities of R and S are same
 37. The slope of frequency of incident light and
Z
stopping potential graph for a given surface will
33. In the diagram a graph between the intensity of X- be [MP PET 1999;
rays emitted by a molybdenum target and the MP PMT 2000; JIPMER 2001, 02; UPSEAT 2003]
wavelength is shown, when electrons of 30 ZkeV (a) h (b) h/e
are incident on the target. In the graph one peak (c) eh (d) e
Stopping
potential

is of K line and the other peak is of K  line 38. From the figure describing photoelectric effect we
may infer correctly that [KCET 2005]
I
Y
Na Al
4
3
2
0.6 0.7 (Å) 1
 
X
5 10
Frequency
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 144
Reason : The ejection of electrons from metallic
surface is possible with frequency of
incident photon below the threshold
frequency. [AIIMS 1999]
7. Assertion : Separation of isotope is possible
because of the difference in electron
numbers of isotope.
(a) Na and Al both have the same threshold Reason : Isotope of an element can be
frequency separated by using a mass
spectrometer. [AIIMS 1999]
(b) Maximum kinetic energy for both the metals
8. Assertion : The specific charge of positive rays is
depend linearly on the frequency
not constant.
(c) The stopping potentials are different for Na Reason : The mass of ions varies with speed.
and Al for the same change in frequency [AIIMS 1999]
(d) Al is a better photo sensitive material than Na 9. Assertion : Photosensitivity of a metal is high if its
work function is small.
Reason : Work function  hf0 where f0 is
the threshold frequency. [AIIMS 1997]
10. Assertion : The de-Broglie wavelength of a
molecule varies inversely as the
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the square root of temperature.
correct option out of the options given below: Reason : The root mean square velocity of the
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the molecule depends on the
reason is the correct explanation of the assertion. temperature.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
[AIIMS 1997]
not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. 11. Assertion : An electron is not deflected on
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false. passing through certain region of
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true. space. This observation confirms that
1. Assertion : The energy (E) and momentum (p) of there is no magnetic field in that
a photon are related by p  E / c . region.
Reason : The photon behaves like a particle. Reason : The deflection of electron depends on
[AIIMS 2005] angle between velocity of electron
2. Assertion : Photoelectric effect demonstrates the and direction of magnetic field.
wave nature of light. 12. Assertion : Electric conduction in gases is
Reason : The number of photoelectrons is possible at normal pressure.
proportional to the frequency of light. Reason : The electric conduction in gases
[AIIMS 2004]
depends only upon the potential
3. Assertion : When the speed of an electron
difference between the electrodes.
increases its specific charge
decreases. 13. Assertion : Light is produced in gases in the
Reason : Specific charge is the ratio of the process of electric discharge through
charge to mass. [AIIMS 2001] them at high pressure.
4. Assertion : X-ray travel with the speed of light. Reason : At high pressure electrons of gaseous
Reason : X-rays are electromagnetic rays. atoms collide and reach and excited
[AIIMS 2001] state.
5. Assertion : Mass of moving photon varies 14. Assertion : If different gases are filled turn by turn
inversely as the wavelength. at the same pressure in the discharge
Reason : Energy of the particle tube the discharge in them takes
2
 Mass (Speedof light) place at the same potential.
[AIIMS 2000] Reason : The discharge depends only on the
6. Assertion : Kinetic energy of photo electrons pressure of discharge tube and not on
emitted by a photosensitive surface the ionisation potential of gas.
depends upon the intensity of incident
photon.
 145 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
15. Assertion : An electric field is preferred in 24. Assertion : X-rays can penetrate through the
comparison to magnetic field for flesh but not through the bones.
detecting the electron beam in a Reason : The penetrating power of X-rays
television picture tube. depends on voltage.
Reason : Electric field require low voltage. 25. Assertion : Intensity of X-rays can be controlled
by adjusting the filament current and
16. Assertion : The specific charge for positive rays is voltage.
a characteristic constant. Reason : The intensity of X-rays does not
Reason : The specific charge depends on depend on number of X-ray photons
charge and mass of positive ions emitted per second from the target.
present in positive rays. 26. Assertion : Anode of Coolidge tube gets heated
up at time of emission of X-rays.
17. Assertion : In Millikan's experiment for the
determination of charge on an Reason : The anode of Coolidge tube is made of
electron, oil drops of any size can be a material of high melting point.
used. 27. Assertion : Penetrating power of X-rays increases
with the increasing the wavelength.
Reason : Millikan's experiment determine the
charge on electron, by simply Reason : The penetrating power of X-rays
measuring the terminal velocity. increases with the frequency of X-
rays.
18. Assertion : In the process of photoelectric
emission, all the emitted 28. Assertion : X-rays are used for studying the
photoelectrons have the same kinetic structure of crystals.
energy. Reason : The distance between the atoms of
crystals is of the order of wavelength
Reason : The photon transfers its whole energy
of X-rays.
to the electron of the atom in
photoelectric effect. 29. Assertion : The phenomenon of X-ray production
is basically inverse of photoelectric
19. Assertion : In photoelectric effect, on increasing
effect.
the intensity of light, both the number
of electrons emitted and kinetic Reason : X-rays are electromagnetic waves.
energy of each of them get increased 30. Assertion : Soft and hard X-rays differ in
but photoelectric current remains
frequency as well as velocity.
unchanged.
Reason : The photoelectric current depends Reason : The penetrating power of hard X-rays
only on wavelength of light. is more than the penetrating power of
soft X-rays.
20. Assertion : Though light of a single frequency
(monochromatic) is incident on a
metal, the energies of emitted
photoelectrons are different.
Reason : The energy of electrons emitted from
inside the metal surface is lost in
collision with the other atoms in the
metal. Cathode Rays and Positive Rays
21. Assertion : The threshold frequency of
photoelectric effect supports the 1 b 2 b 3 d 4 b 5 d
particle nature of sunlight. 6 a 7 d 8 b 9 c 10 b
Reason : If frequency of incident light is less 11 c 12 b 13 d 14 b 15 d
than the threshold frequency, 16 c 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 b
electrons are not emitted from metal
21 b 22 c 23 c 24 d 25 c
surface.
26 d 27 b 28 b 29 c 30 a
22. Assertion : In photoemissive cell inert gas is
31 a 32 c 33 a 34 a 35 b
used.
36 b 37 a 38 d 39 b 40 a
Reason : Inert gas in the photoemissive cell
41 c 42 d 43 d 44 c 45 b
gives greater current.
46 c 47 a 48 d 49 c 50 c
23. Assertion : X-rays cannot be diffracted by means of
51 c 52 b 53 b 54 b 55 d
grating.
56 d 57 c 58 a 59 b 60 a
Reason : X-rays does not obey Bragg's law.
61 b 62 b 63 c 64 c 65 b
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 146
66 b 67 a 68 a 69 d 70 b 1 c 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 d
71 a 72 c

Matter Waves

1 b 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 a
6 b 7 a 8 a 9 d 10 a
11 b 12 a 13 c 14 b 15 b
16 d 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 d
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 b
26 b 27 c 28 a 29 d 30 b
31 a 32 b 33 c 34 a 35 a
36 a 37 c 38 c 39 d 40 a
41 d 42 d 43 d

Photon and Photoelectric Effect

1 d 2 d 3 c 4 a 5 a
6 b 7 d 8 b 9 b 10 a
11 b 12 b 13 b 14 c 15 a
16 a 17 b 18 a 19 a 20 c
21 d 22 c 23 b 24 a 25 a
26 a 27 a 28 c 29 d 30 c
31 c 32 a 33 e 34 a 35 d
36 c 37 d 38 c 39 d 40 b
41 a 42 c 43 d 44 d 45 d
46 c 47 c 48 b 49 c 50 a
51 a 52 b 53 d 54 b 55 a
56 d 57 d 58 b 59 b 60 a
61 c 62 b 63 b 64 c 65 a
66 d 67 d 68 c 69 b 70 a
71 d 72 a 73 c 74 c 75 b
76 c 77 a 78 a 79 b 80 c
81 b 82 d 83 c 84 c 85 b
86 c 87 a 88 b 89 c 90 d
91 a 92 a 93 a 94 b 95 c
96 b 97 d 98 a 99 b 100 b
101 a 102 d 103 a 104 b 105 b
106 a 107 a 108 b 109 a 110 b
111 c 112 b 113 a 114 c 115 c
116 b 117 c 118 d 119 a 120 c
121 c 122 c 123 b 124 a 125 a
126 a 127 a 128 c 129 d 130 b
131 d 132 b 133 c 134 d 135 c
136 c 137 d 138 b 139 c 140 c
141 a 142 d 143 b 144 d 145 b
146 c 147 a 148 a 149 c 150 d
151 d 152 b 153 a 154 c 155 a
156 a

X-Rays
 147 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
6 b 7 a 8 b 9 c 10 c 16 b 17 e 18 e 19 d 20 a
11 c 12 b 13 c 14 c 15 b 21 b 22 a 23 c 24 b 25 c
16 c 17 b 18 c 19 d 20 a
26 b 27 e 28 a 29 b 30 e
21 a 22 b 23 a 24 c 25 d
26 a 27 d 28 c 29 b 30 b
31 c 32 c 33 b 34 c 35 c
36 d 37 a 38 d 39 d 40 c
41 d 42 b 43 c 44 b 45 a
46 c 47 a 48 d 49 c 50 b
51 c 52 a 53 b 54 d 55 b
Cathode Rays and Positive Rays
56 d 57 d 58 c 59 a 60 a
61 a 62 b 63 b 64 b 65 b
1. (b) Electric field
66 a 67 b 68 d 69 d 70 d
V 250
71 d 72 a 73 c 74 c 75 c    10000V / m .
76 d 77 b 78 a 79 d 80 a
d 2.5  10 2
81 b 82 c 83 c 84 d 85 a 2. (b)
86 d 87 a 88 d 89 c 90 b 3. (d) In Millikan's experiment, drops of non-volatile
91 a 92 b 93 d 94 a 95 d liquid (cloak oil) are used to prevent
evaporation.
96 d 97 b 98 b 99 d 100 c
101 c 102 b 103 b 104 b 105 d 4. (b) E  eV  2e  5  10 eV
106 a 107 d 108 d 109 b 110 c 5. (d) E  eV  1.6  1019  105  1.6  1014 J
111 a 6. (a) Any charge in the universe is given by
q
Critical Thinking Questions q  ne  e  (where n is an integer)
n
q1 : q2 : q3 : q4 : q5 : q6 :: n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : n5 : n6
1 b 2 c 3 b 4 abc 5 d
6 b 7 b 8 c 9 b 10 d
6.563: 8.204: 11.5 : 13.13: 16.48 : 18.09
:: n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : n5 : n6
11 c 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 a
16 d 17 acd 18 c 19 b 20 c Divide by 6.563
21 d 22 a 23 c 24 c 25 b
1 : 1.25 : 1.75 : 2.0 : 2.5 : 2.75
26 c 27 a 28 c 29 b 30 a
:: n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : n5 : n6
31 c 32 c 33 c 34 d 35 b Multiplied by 4
36 a 37 a 38 a 39 c 4 : 5 : 7 : 8 : 10 : 11 :: n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : n5 : n6
q1  q2  q3  q4  q5  q6 73.967 1019
Graphical Questions e 
n1  n2  n3  n4  n5  n6 45

1 a 2 d 3 a 4 d 5 c  1.641 1019C
(Note : If you take 45.0743 in place of 45, you
6 b 7 a 8 b 9 a 10 c
will get the exact value)
11 b 12 d 13 d 14 b 15 a
7. (d) Because magnetic force always points
16 d 17 d 18 a 19 b 20 c perpendicular to the particle velocity. That is
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 a why velocity remains unchanged thereby
26 a 27 c 28 b 29 b 30 c 1 
keeping energy  mv2  and momentum
31 c 32 b 33 b 34 a 35 a  2 
36 a 37 b 38 b (mv) unchanged.
8. (b)
Assertion and Reason 9. (c) Mass is basically a constant term for any
physical application at low velocity. But in
1 a 2 d 3 b 4 a 5 b accordance with Einstein’s theory of relativity,
at higher speeds the mass of the particle
6 d 7 e 8 b 9 b 10 a
change according to formula
11 e 12 d 13 d 14 d 15 d
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 148

m0 25. (c)
m
26. (d)
1  (v2 / c2)
27. (b) For ionisation, high energy electrons are
10. (b) Refer Q.No. 9. Here the velocity of electron
required.
increases, so as per Einstein’s equation mass
of the electron increases, hence the specific E 20
28. (b) v    40m / sec.
e B 0.5
charge decreases.
m 29. (c) Higher the voltage, higher is the KE. Higher
11. (c) If the voltage given is V, then the energy of the work function, smaller is the KE.
electron
30. (a) Time period of revolution of electron
1 2eV 2 2r
mv  eV  v  T 
2 m  v
2  1.6  1019  1000 Hence corresponding electric current
  31
 1.875 107
9.1 10 e ev
7 i 
 1.9  10 m/ s T 2r
12. (b)
1.6  1019  2 106
2QV  i  1mA.
13. (d) Momentum p  mv and v  2  3.14 0.5  1010
m
31. (a)
p 2QmV  p  Qm 
K  Q.V  1.6  1019  100  1.6  1017 Joules
pe e  me me
  32. (c) K  Q.V  1e  1Volt  1e V
p 2e  m 2m
33. (a) Kinetic energy  Potential difference
14. (b) In an electric field, a force opposite to the
34. (a) In discharge tube cathode rays (a beam of
direction of electric field acts on negatively
negative particles) and canal rays (positive
charged particles (i.e. from lower potential to
rays) moves opposite to each other. They will
higher potential).
experience a magnetic force in the same
15. (d) direction, if a normal magnetic field is
mg mgd switched on B
16. (c) QE  mg Q   n + –
E Ve v

1.8  1014  10 0.9  102 F F

 n 5
2  103  1.6  1019
17. (c) Q 6.35 1019
35. (b) n   4
18. (b) In Millikan’s experiment, the charges present e 1.6  1019
on the oil drops are the integral multiples, so 36. (b)
18 37. (a) When cathode rays strike the metal plate, they
2e and 10e(1.6  10 C) charges are
transfer their energy to plate.
present.
38. (d) Cathode rays are beam of electrons.
E 3  104
19. (c) eE  evB  v    1.5  107 m / s 39. (b) K  QV  e  V  eV
B 2  10 3
20. (b) 1 2QV  e
40. (a) mv2  QV  v   2  V
21. (b) Charged particles trace a circular path in a 2 m  m
perpendicular magnetic field.
 v 2  1.6  1011  200  8  106 m/ s .
19
e 1.6  10
22. (c)   31
 1.76 1011C / kg 41. (c) Speed of the cathode rays is
m 9.1 10 7
10 m / sec 3  10 m / s 7

23. (c)
QV
24. (d) Light consists of photons and cathode rays 42. (d) QE  mg  mg 
consists of electrons. However both effect the
d
photographic plate. 43. (d)
 149 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
44. (c) In the condition of no deflection mg Q  E / 2  6r(v') D3 =
2 …(iii) 6r(2v)E/2
e E
  If m is increased by 208 times
m 2VB2 After solving (i), (ii) and (iii) QE/2
mg
then B should be increased 208  14.4 3
We get v' v
times 2
45. (b) The colour of the positive column in a
discharge tube depends on the type of gas (a) v 
2eV 2  1.6  1019  45.5
58. 
e.g. For air, colour is purple red, for H2 , m 9.1 10 31
colour is Blue etc.  4  106 m/ s
46. (c) 59. (b)
47. (a)
Q ne
p h 6.6  1034 i   1.8  1014  1.6  1019  28.8  106 A
v    7.25 106 m/ s t t
m m 9.1  10 31  1010  29 A
48. (d) Cathode rays are stream of negative charged
particle, so they deflect in electric field.  q  q  q
60. (a)  me  mp  m       
 me  m p  m
e E2 (3.6  104 )2
49. (c)  
m 2VB2 2  2.5  103  (1.2  10 3 )2 QE  3e E
61. (b) Acceleration a  
 1.8  1011C / kg . m 2m
q 1 e v2 (8.4  106)2
50. (c) Specific charge  ; Ratio 62. (b) mv2  eV   
m 2 m 2V 2 200
 q C
   1.76 1011 .
 m  q mp 1 kg
     .
 q qp m 2 63. (c)
 
 m p K  Q.V  (2e)  106 V  2  106 eV  2M eV
E V 1000 64. (c) Positive rays consist of positive ions.
51. (c) v  ; where E   105 V / m
B d 1 10 2 2mv m m
5 65. (b) 2r   2r   is maximum for
10 qB q q
 v  105 m/s .
1
C
52. (b)
53. (b) E 1.125 106
66. (b) v    3750m/ s
54. (b) B 3  1010
55. (d) In Thomson’s mass spectrograph E || B 67. (a) Positive rays was discovered by J.J. Thomson.
56. (d) 68. (a)
57. (c) In the absence of electric field (i.e. E = 0)
69. (d) If electron oscillate with a frequency of 1 GHz,
mg  6rv D1 = 6rv it does not radiate any energy, which
…(i) corresponds a definite wavelength. It only
radiate when it jump from one orbit to another
mg orbit.
1 2eV 2eV
In the presence of Electric field 70. (b) eV  mv2  v2  v
2 m m
mg QE  6r(2v) D2 =
71. (a)
…(ii) 6r(2v)
E
mg
72. (c) eE  mg e
D2 QE E
mg
16 106  10
 6
 16 1011 C.
10
When Electric field to reduced to E/2
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 150

Matter Waves 16. (d)

h 6.6  1034
1. (b)  
2. (c) According to de-Broglie hypothesis. 2mE 2 9  10 31  80 1.6  1019
h h  1.4 Å
3. (a)   
h 1
p mv 17. (c)   
mv m
h h h2
4. (a)    : E  18. (b) If an electron and a photon propagates in the
mv 2mE 2m2 from of waves having the same wavelength, it
implies that they have same momentum. This
1
 is same for all, so E  . Hence energy 1
m is according to de-Broglie equation, p 

will be maximum for particle with lesser mass.
h 1
5. (a) Particle is photon and it travels with the 19. (c)   
velocity equal to light in vacuum. p p
h h 1 20. (d) In photoelectric effect particle nature of
6. (b)    ;   (h and m = electron is shown. While in electron
p 2mE E
microscope, beam of electron is considered as
constant)
electron wave.
h h v m 4
7. (a)   ; 1  2  21. (b) K particle
1
mv2 also  
h
m1v1 m2v2 v2 m1 1 2 mv
8. (a) 1  h  2 vh
1 h h  K particle   .v 
mv2  E  mv  2mE;     2  v  2
2 mv 2mE ...(i)

Photoelect riceffect Particlenature hc

K photon  ...(ii)
9. (d)  Dualnature 
Diffraction  Wavenature  K particle v 2.25 108 3
   
nh K photon 2c 2 3  108
8
10. (a) mvr According to Bohr’s theory
2 22. (c)
 h   109
 2r  n    n for n  1 ,   2r 2 r n    n   3
 mv 2 r 2  3.14  5.13 1011
h 1 h h
11. (b)     (E =
2mE m 23. (a) By using  electron  v
mev me  e
same)
6.6  1034
h  m1 2   7.25 106 m /s.
12. (a)     p   9.1  10  31
 10 10
2mE m  mp 1
h
h h 24. (a) By using   E = 10–32 J = Constant
13. (c)    2mE
2mE 2m Q V 1
for both particles. Hence   Since
On putting Q  2  1.6  1019 C m
m  4mp  4  1.67 1027 kg  mp  me so  p   e .

0.101 1 1 V2
  Å 25. (b) By using     
V V 2 V1
14. (b)
1010 600
h  1 E2   2  2 = 0.5 Å.
15. (b)     1  2 150
2mE E 2 E1
h
1010 E2 26. (b)   
   E 2  4E1 mvrms
0.5  1010 E1
6.6  1034
Hence added energy  E 2  E1  3E1
  0.66 Å
2  1.67 10 27  3  103
 151 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
1 p  p  39. (d) Davission and Germer proved the wave nature
27. (c)       of electron by performing an experiment.
p p  p 
h 1
p0 0.25 1 40. (a)     .
    p = 400 p0 . 2mE E
p 100 400 2
 ' E E  0.5 
1 1 T2 41. (d)   ;     
28. (a)  neutron   2mE  E' E  1 
T 2 T1 E
E'   4E
 (273 927) 1200 0.25
   2  The energy should be added to decrease
2 (273 27) 300 wavelength.
  E' E  3E
2  .
2 42. (d)
h 1 43. (d)
29. (d)   E ( 
2mE m
constant) Photon and Photoelectric Effect
 me  mp so E e  E p
30. (b) h pc 3.3  1029  3  108
1. (d) p    
31. (a) Wavelength of photon will be greater than that c h 6.6  10 34
of electron because mass of photon is less
 1.5  1013 Hz
than that of electron   ph   e
2. (d)
h h2
32. (b)    E 
2m 2 E
 E  p  c  2 1016  (3  1010)
2mE
3. (c) p 
 2.65 10 18
J  16.8 eV c
 6  106 erg.
h 1 p m Q 4. (a)
33. (c)     
2mQV mQ  mp Q p h
5. (a) p 

4mp  2Q p
 2 2 6.6  1034
mp  Q p   1.3  10 27kg- m / s
(5000 1010)
h h 6.63 1034 E h
34. (a)    p 
 6. (b) p  
p 2  10 6 c c
 3.31 1028kg- m / sec
h
34 7. (d) E  h  mc2  m 
h 6.6  10 c2
35. (a)     3.3  10 37m
mv 1 2000 E h pc
8. (b) p    
 3.3  1027 Å c c h
36. (a)
W nhc  n  P
h 6.6  1034 9. (b) P     
  t t  t  hc
2mE 2 9.1 10 31  5  1.6  1019
10 103  300
 5.469 1010m  5.47Å 
6.6  10 34  3  108
37. (c)
h 6.6  1034  1.5  1031
  
E
2mQV 2  9.1 10 31  1.6  1019  100
10. (a) Momentum of photon p 
c
 1.23 Å
E
h h  Velocity of photon c 
38. (c) The De-Broglie wavelength is    p
| p| | I |
12375
1 11. (b) By using E (eV) 
  (Å)
| I|
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 152

12375 25. (a)

   4989.9 Å  5000Å 26. (a)
2.48
12. (b) hc hc
27. (a) E   
hc 3  108  6.62 1034  E
E  19
 5.9  10 6 eV 28. (c)
 0.21 1.6  10
13. (b) Momentum of photon h 6.0  1034  1012  106
29. (d) E(eV)  
h 6.6  1034 e 1.6  1019
p  = 6.6  10–24 kg - m/sec.
 1010  4.14 103 eV .
14. (c) 1 n1  2
30. (c) E  nh      .
1 2.5 1 n n2  1
E    E'  (2.5)  5000eV
 E' 5000 31. (c) According to Einstein's photoelectric equation.
15. (a) E  h  6.6  1034  1015  6.6  1019 J 32. (a) Kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends on
h h the frequency of incident radiations and is
16. (a) Since h  mc2 , hence p  mc   independent of the intensity of illumination.
c 
33. (e) In this case, for photoelectric emission the
E 1 106  1.6  1019
17. (b) E  h     wavelength of incident radiations must be less
h 6.6  10 34 then 5200Å . Wavelength of ultraviolet
 2.4  1020 Hz radiations is less then this value (5200 Å) but
h 6.6  1034  1.5  1013 wavelength of infrared radiations is higher
18. (a) p   than this value.
c 3  108
34. (a) Frequency of light of wavelength
 3.3  1029kg-m / sec
(  4000 Å) is
hc 6.62 1034  3  108
19. (a) E  
 450 10 9 c 3  108
    0.75 1015 which is
 4.4  1019 J  4000 10 10

less than the given threshold frequency. Hence

E 66 1.6  1019
20. (c) E  h     no photoelectric emisssion takes place.
h 6.6  10 34
35. (d) Refer to the application of photo-cell.
 16 1015 Hz 36. (c) Albert Einstein was awarded Nobel Prize in
1 1921 for discovering the photoelectric effect.
21. (d) E  ; also infrared  visible so
 37. (d)
Einfrared Evisible 38. (c) Energy of incident light
hc 12375
22. (c) Energy of photon E  (Joules) E (eV)   3.72eV
 3320
hc
 (eV) (332nm 3320Å)
e
According to the relation E  W0  eV0
6.6  1034  3  108 12375
 E   (E  W0) 3.72eV  1.07eV
(eV) 1.6  1019  (Å)  (Å)  V0  
12.37 12.4
e e
 E(keV)    2.65 Volt.
 (Å) 
39. (d)
23. (b) E  h  100 1.6  1019  6.6  1034  
40. (b) K max  (h  W0 );   frequency of
16
   2.42 10 Hz . incident light.
41. (a) Refer to threshold frequency.
h 6.6  1034
24. (a) p    1.5  10 27kg.m / s 12375 12375
 4400 1010 42. (c) W0(eV)   0   2955Å
0 4.2
p 1.5  1027
and mass m   8
 5  10 36kg 43. (d) Intensity  (No. of photons)  (No. of
c 3  10 photoelectrons)
 153 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
12375 56. (d) Number of ejected electrons
44. (d) E  W0  K max; E   4.125eV 1
3000  (Intensity
)
)2
(Distance
 K max  E  W0  4.125eV  1 eV  3.125eV Therefore an increment of distance two times
will reduce the number of ejected electrons to
1
 2
mvmax  3.125 1.6  1019 J 1
2 thof the previous one.
4
2  3.125 1.6  1019 57. (d) According to Einstein's photoelectric equation
 vmax   31
9.1  10 hc  1 1 
E  W0  K max  V0    
6
 1  10 m/ s e   0 
h Hence if  decreases V0 increases.
45. (d) Retarding potential V0  (   0 )
e
12375 12375
46. (c) 58. (b) W0    2.28eV
47. (c)
0(Å) 5420
hc 6.4  1034  3  108 59. (b) Number of electrons can be measured which
19
K max   W0   1.6  10 are directly proportional to the intensity of
 6400 1010
radiation.
 1.4  1019 J
60. (a) K max  h  W0
48. (b) K max(eV)  E (eV)  W0 (eV)
 6.2  4.2  2 eV  6.6  1034  8  1014  3.2 1019
 K max(Joules)   2.1 1019 J
2 1.6  1019 J  3.2 1019 J 61. (c)

hc (W0)T   1 1 
49. (c) Since W0  ;  Na or 62. (b) K max(eV)  12375  
0 (W0)Na T   (Å) 0(Å)
 Na  (W0 )Na 5460 2.3  1 1 
T    2791Å  12375    6.2 eV
(W0 )T 4.5  1000 2000
63. (b) Stopping potential does not depend on the
50. (a) K max  (E  W0 )  (3.4  2) eV  1.4 eV
relative distance between the source and the
51. (a) Energy of incident light cell.
64. (c)
12375 65. (a) Energy of incident light
E  6.18 eV
2000 12375
E (eV)   3.09eV
According to relation E  W0  eV0 4000
Stopping potential is – 2V so K max  2 eV
(E  W0) (6.18eV  5.01eV)
 V0   Hence by using E  W0  K max ; W0
e e
 1.09eV  1.1 eV
 1.17V  1.2 V
hc 1 2
12375 66. (d)  W0  mvmax
52. (b) W0   1.87eV.  2
6600
Assuming W0 to be negligible in comparison
53. (d)
hc
54. (b) E  h  6.64  1034  1.0  1014 to

 6.62 1020 J
2 1 1
55. (a) Number of photons emitted per second i.e. vmax   vmax  .
 
p 10 103 (On increasing wavelength  to 4, vmax
n   1.72 1031 becomes half).
h 6.6  10 34  880 103
W0 2.51 1.6  1019
67. (d) W0  h 0   0  
h 6.6  10 34
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 154

 6.08 1014 Cycle/ sec. 84. (c) E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0  h  W0

68. (c)  K1  h  W0 and K 2  2h  W0
69. (b)  K 2  2K1
70. (a) By changing distance of source, photoelectric
current changes. But there is no change in hc
85. (b) Work function  ; where  0 is threshold
stopping potential. 0
W0 3.3  1.6  1019 wavelength.
71. (d) 0    8  1014 Hz
h 6.6  10  34 W01  02 2
  
72. (a) For no emission of photoelectron, energy of W02  01 1
incident light < Work function
 86. (c)
 h      hc 6.625 1034  3  108
h W0   J  4  1019 J
73. (c) Number of electrons emitted  intensity  0 5000 1010
1 87. (a) The work function has no effect on current so
long as h  W0 . The photoelectric current is
)2
(distance
proportional to the intensity of light. Since
2
n d   2 n1 there is no change in the intensity of light,
 1   2      4  n2 
n2  d1   1 4 therefore I1  I 2 .

hc hc 88. (b) Number of photons emitted is proportional to

74. (c) E   W0 and 2E   W0
 ' hc
the intensity. Also  W0  E .
 1  W0 / E  
 ' E  W0
    '    
 89. (c) Photoelectric current  Intensity of light
 2E  W0  2  W0 / E 
(E  W0) (2eV  0.6 eV)
(1  W0 / E) 1  90. (d) V0    1.4V
Since  so  '  e e
(2  W0 / E) 2 2
91. (a)  r   y   g . Here threshold wavelength   y
hc  1 1  .
75. (b) Stopping potential V0     . As 
e   0  92. (a) For electron emission incident 0
decreases so V0 increases.
93. (a) K max  (| V0 | ) eV  2eV.
12375 12375
76. (c) W. (eV)   0   3000Å 94. (b) Threshold wavelength for Na,
0(Å) 4.125
12375
77. (a) Intensity increases means more photons of  Na   6187.5Å
2
same energy will emit more electrons of same
energy, hence only photoelectric current 12375
increases. Also  Cu   3093.75
4
12375
78. (a) E  W0  K max; E   2.475eV Since  Na  4000Å ; So Na is suitable.
5000
 K max  E  W0  2.475 1.9  0.57eV 95. (c) By using E  W0  K max
79. (b) 12375
E  2.475 eV and
hc 12400 5000
80. (c) 0    3100Å  310nm
W0 4 K max  eV0  1.36 eV
81. (b) K max   | Vs |  eV | Vs |  4V So 2.475  W0  1.36  W0  1.1 eV .
82. (d) Threshold wavelength
96. (b) For emission of electrons incident energy of
12375 each photon must be greater than work
0   5892.8 Å
2.1 function (threshold energy).
nhc n P. 100 5000 1010 97. (d) K max of photoelectrons doesn’t depends
83. (c) P    
t t hc 6.6  10 34  3  108 upon intensity of incident light.
20
 2.50 10
 155 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
1 2 hc 1
98. (a) By using E  W0  mvmax where and
9
 W0  m(2v)2
2 250 10 2
12375 …..(ii)
E  6.18 eV
2000 On solving (i) and (ii)

1 1 hc  1 1 
 6.18 eV  4.2 eV  2
mvmax mv2   9
 9 
2 2 3  250 10 400 10 
1 2 …..(iii)
 1.98 eV  mvmax
2 From equation (i) and (iii) W0  2hc  106 J .
 107. (a)
19 1 E  W0  eV0  4eV  2eV  eV0  V0  2 volt
1.98 1.6  10   9.1 10 31  vmax
2
2 108. (b)
 vmax  8.4  105 m/ s 12375
109. (a) W0   1.8eV
1 2
6800
99. (b) By using E  W0  mvmax ; where
2 110. (b) With the increase in intensity of light
photoelectric current increases, but Kinetic
12375
E  2.71 eV energy of ejected electron, stopping potential
4558 and work function remains unchanged.
111. (c)
1
 2.71 eV  2.5 eV   9.1  10 31  vmax
2
E  h  6.6  1034  8  1015  5.28  1018 J  33
2
By using E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0
1  33  6.125  27eV
 0.21 1.6  1019   9.1 10 31  vmax
2
2 12375 12375
112. (b)     6187.5Å  620nm
 vmax  2.65 10 m/ s 5 W0 2
100. (b) E  W0  K max …..(i) 113. (a) Minimum kinetic energy is always zero.

 hf  WA  K A …..(ii) 114. (c) Speed of photon is 3  108 m/ s in vacuum.

and 2hf  WB  K B  2WA  K B 115. (c) Minimum frequency : W0  h 0


 WA 1
 
 W  2 0 
W0 1.65 1.6  1019
  4  1014 Hz
 B 
h 6.6  10 34
Dividing equation (i) by (ii)
116. (b) By using E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0
1 WA  K A K 1
  A  Hence, K 1  1  0.5  0.5
2 2WA  K B KB 2
101. (a) K1 1
and K 2  2.5  0.5  2   .
102. (d) Stopping potential depends upon the energy of K2 4
photon
1  (W ) 4.5 2
12375 12375 117. (c) W0   1  0 2   .
103. (a)  0    4125Å   2 (W0 )1 2.3 1
W0 (eV) 3
104. (b) With decrease in wavelength of incident 118. (d) K max  eV0  eV0  4eV  V0  4V
photons, energy of photoelectrons increases.
119. (a) Number of photo electrons
105. (b)
2
hc 1 1 N d 
106. (a) By using  W0  mv2 (N)  Intensity  2  1   2 
 2 d N 2  d1 
hc 1
 9
 W0  mv2 …..(i) N1  100 4
2
N
400 10 2      N2  1 .
N 2  50  1 4
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 156
120. (c) 1
 h( f1  f2)  m(v12  v22)
W nhc n  6.6  1034  3  108 2
P   103 
t t 198.6  1 2h
 (v12  v22)  ( f1  f2)
 n  1030 . m
nhc n  6  1034  3  108 131. (d)
121. (c) p   100  
t 540 10 9  1 hc  1 1 
132. (b) By using     V0
n  3 1020 e   0 

1  e hc  1 1 
122. (c) 2
mvmax  eV0  vmax  2 V0      4.8 …..(i)
2  m e   0 
 2  1.8  1011  9  1.8  106 m / s. hc  1 1
and     1.6
hc hc e  2 0 

123. (b)  W0  K max   W0  K A
  A …..(ii)
...(i) From equation (i) by (ii),
hc
and  W0  K B ... 1 1 
B   
   4.8
(ii)  0
  0  4 .
Subtracting (i) from (ii),  1 1  1.6
 
 1 1   2   
hc    KB  KA  0
 B  A 
133. (c)
 1 1 
 hc    KB  KA  134. (d) E  W0  K max . From the given data E is 6.78
  B 2 B  eV (for = 1824 Å ) or 10.17eV (for
hc   1216 Å )
 K B  K A ...(iii)
2 B
 W0  E  K max  6.78  5.3  1.48eV
From (ii) and (iii), 2K B  2K A  W0  K B
or
 K B  2K A  W0 W0  10.17  8.7  1.47eV.
K B W0 KB
 KA   which gives K A  . hc E  3.32 1019 4000
2 2 2 135. (c) E   1  1 
 E2 2 E2 6000
12375
124. (a)  0   1.9 eV  2eV .
6500  E2  4.98 1019 J  3.1 eV.
125. (a)  X  ray   UV ray 136. (c) Number of waves

126. (a) E  h 0  K max  h(4 0 )  h 0  K max 103

  0.25 104
 K max  3h 0 . 4000 1010
127. (a) 137. (d) Velocity of photon c  
12375 12375
128. (c) W0   5380Å . 138. (b) 0   1813Å  1800Å
2.3 6.825
129. (d)
139. (c) Work function
130. (b) Using Einstein photoelectric equation
E  W0  K max W0  h 0  6.6  1034  1.6  1015

1  1.056 1018 J
hf1  W0  mv12 …..(i)
2  6.6 eV

1 From E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0

hf2  W0  mv22 …..(ii)
2  1.4 eV
 157 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
h hc 156. (a) K .E.  h  h 0
140. (c) P  ,E  E  Pc.
   6  1034  1.6  1015 
 8 eV   eV 

hc E 300 2  1.6  1019 
141. (a) E  1  
 E 2 150 1 = 8 eV  6 eV  2 eV
142. (d)
143. (b) If frequency of incident light increases, kinetic X-Rays
energy of photoelectron also increases.
12375
144. (d) Photoelectric effect can be explained on the 1. (c) min  Å  0.247 0.25 Å .
basis of spectrum of an atom. 50 103
2. (c) X-rays are electromagnetic waves of
12375 12375
145. (b) W0    2.28eV wavelength ranging from 0.1 to 100Å.
0 5420
3. (a) Penetrating power is greater for lower
146. (c) wavelength.
4. (a)
12375 12375
147. (a) E    2.47eV  2.5 eV 5. (d) From the formula
 5000
12375 12375
E V 
148. (a) Momentum p   E 2  p2c2 min 0.3094
c
 39.99 kV  40kV
149. (c) Energy of incident radiations (in eV)
6. (b) Refer to the application of X-rays.
12375 7. (a)
  3.01eV
4100 8. (b)
Work function of metal A and B are less then 9. (c)
10. (c) The voltage applied across the X-ray tube is of
3.01eV , so A and B will emit photo
the range of 10 kV – 80 kV.
electrons.
11. (c)
1 2 12. (b) In X-ray tube, target must be heavy element
150. (d) From E  W0  mvmax
2 with high melting point.

1 1 13. (c)   (Z  b)2   a(Z  b)2

 2h 0  h 0  mv12  h 0  mv12
2 2 Z = atomic number of element (a, b are
.....(i) constant).
14. (c)
1 1
and 5h 0  h 0  mv22  4h 0  mv22 15. (b) X-rays and gamma rays are electromagnetic
2 2 waves.
.....(ii) 12375
2 16. (c) Since  min  Å
 v2  4 V
Dividing equation (ii) by (i)  
v   1 12375
 1  Å  0.123Å
 v2  2v1  2  4  106  8  106 m/s
105
hc
1 E max  ;
151. (d) Number of photoelectrons  .  min
)2
(Distance
On putting the values. E max  101 MeV.
152. (b) The value of saturation current depends on
intensity. It is independent of stopping hc
17. (b)  min  . where h, c and e are constants.
potential eV
153. (a) In tungsten, photoemission take place with a 1
light of wavelength 2300 Å. As emission of Hence  min 
V
electron is inversely proportional to
18. (c) Range of X-rays is 0.1Å to 100 Å.
wavelength, all the wavelengths smaller then
19. (d) The production of X-rays is an atomic property
2300 Å will cause emission of electrons .
whereas the production of  -rays is a nuclear
154. (c) Stopping potential =
property.
1.8 eV  1.2 eV  0.6 eV.
155. (a)
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 158
12375 41. (d) X-rays are electromagnetic in nature so they
20. (a)  min   0.30 Å Hence wavelength remains unaffected in electric and magnetic
40,000
field.
less than 0.30 Å is not possible.
42. (b)
hc
21. (a)  min  43. (c)
eV 44. (b) X-rays have high energy. They penetrate into
h 6.6  1034 the solid crystal and used to find out the
22. (b) p   internal structure.
 0.01 1010
45. (a) By changing the filament current with the help
 6.6  1022 kg- m / sec. of rheostat, thermionic emission intensity of X-
23. (a) X-rays are absorbed by the target; they are not rays can be changed.
reflected by the target. 46. (c) Applied voltage must be greater than binding
24. (c) energy.
25. (d) 47. (a)
26. (a) 12375
27. (d) 48. (d)   0.309Å  0.31Å
(40 103)
28. (c)
49. (c)
29. (b) Continuous spectrum of X-rays consists of
radiations of all possible wavelength range hc 12375
50. (b) min   Å  0.495 Å  0.5 Å
having a definite short wavelength limit. eV V
E h hc 12375
30. (b) P 51. (c) min   Å;
t t eV V
i.e. Penetrating power  energy  Frequency 12375
31. (c) In general X-rays have larger wavelength than
 V  124 kV
 in Å
that of gamma rays.
52. (a) Mosley's law is f  a(Z  b)2
32. (c) According to Mosley's law   a(Z  b)2 and
53. (b) The potential difference across the filament
1 and target determines the energy and thence
 
 the penetrating power of X-rays.
33. (b) E  h  eV    V 54. (d) The energy of X-ray photon obtained from a
coolidge tube by an electronic transition of
eV
34. (c) E  eV  h max   max  target atom such as K  line is obtained from
h
transition from L orbit in K orbit.
hc hc
35. (c) E  eV  h max   min  12375 12375
min eV 55. (b) min    0.4 Å
V 30 103
hc 1
36. (d)  min  or  min  On increasing
eV V 12375
56. (d) min  Å  0.124 Å
potential,  min decreases. 100 103
37. (a) h o  eV 12375
57. (d) min   0.025 nm
19 50000
eV 1.6  10  42000
 o    1019 Hz
h 6.63 10 34 58. (c)
38. (d) Nucleus of heavy atom captures electron of k- 59. (a) Refer theory
orbit. This is a radioactive process, so vacancy
60. (a) With the increase in potential difference
of this electron is filled by an outer electron
between anode and cathode energy of striking
and x-rays are produces.
electrons increases which in turn increases the
39. (d) Because they are electromagnetic waves.
energy (penetration power) of X-rays.
1
40. (c)  max  Hard X-rays have high frequency 61. (a)
 min 62. (b)
and low wavelength.
63. (b) The wavelength range of X-ray is 0.1 Å – 100
Å.
 159 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays

c E  5000 84. (d) When current through the filament increases,

64. (b) Energy E  h  h  1  2  number of emitted electrons also increases.
 E2 1 1
Hence intensity of X-ray increases but no
65. (b) effect on penetration power.
66. (a) Interatomic spacing in a crystal acts as a 85. (a)
diffraction grating.
Ne N i 3.2  103
67. (b) The wavelength of the -rays is shorter. i     2  1016 / sec
t t e 1.6  1019
However the main distinguishing feature is the
nature of emission. 86. (d)
87. (a) Because X-rays are electromagnetic (Neutral)
hc 1 in nature.
68. (d) h max  eV   eV   min 
min V
hc 6.6 34 3  108
69. (d) Hard X-rays are of higher energy and the 88. (d) min  
eV 1.6  1019V
energy of X-rays depends on the potential
difference between the cathode and the 12375 12400
  Å
target. V V
70. (d) Penetration is directly proportional to the 89. (c) Frequency of hard X-rays is greater than that
energy of radiations. of soft X-rays.
71. (d) Greater the number of electrons striking the 90. (b)
anode, larger is the number of X-ray photons
12375 12375
emitted. 91. (a) min  Å V   30kV
V 0.4125
12375 12375
72. (a) min  Å V   12375V 92. (b)
V 1 93. (d)
 12.375kV  12.42kV
12375
73. (c) 94. (a)  min   0.309Å  0.31Å
40 103
74. (c)
hc 6.6  1034  3  108
12375 95. (d) min  
75. (c) E(eV)   7500eV  7.5 keV. eV 1.6  1019  100 103
1.65
 0.123Å
76. (d)
96. (d) According to Mosley’s law   (Z  b )2
77. (b)
For k line, b  1, and it has maximum
12375
78. (a) min  Å  3.09 10 8 m frequency so  max  (Z  1)2
40
79. (d) Target should be of high atomic number and 97. (b) The velocity of X-rays is always equal to that of
high melting point light.
98. (b)
80. (a) Intensity of X-rays depends upon the number
of electron striking the target. 12375 12375
99. (d) min  Å V = 4950 V ≃ 5
81. (b) V 2.5
kV.
hc 6.6  1034  3  108 hc
E(eV)   19 10
 12375eV 100. (c) min  ; when KE (or eV)
e 1.6  10  1 10 eV(energy)
82. (c) When applied voltage is greater then energy of increases,  decreases.
K-electron, continuous and all characterstic X- 101. (c)
rays are emitted. 102. (b) When a high energy electron incident on
83. (c) n=4 heavy metal, it produces X-rays.

n=3 c 3  108
103. (b)    3  1018 Hz
n=2  1  10 10

k k k 1 c 1 2
n=1 104. (b)   2   2    Z
Z  Z
105. (d)
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 160

hc 6.63 1034  3  108 h

106. (a) eV   De Broglie wave length 
 1.5  1010 2mK
1
6.63 1034  3  108 
V =8280 Volt. K
1.6  1019  1.5  1010
107. (d) B KA TA
108. (d)    2  TA = 2eV
A KB TA  1.5
109. (b) Required ionisation energy
From equation (i) and (iii)
hc 6.6  1034  3  108
  J WA = 2.25 eV and WB = 4.20 eV.
 1.54 1010
5. (d)
 12.9  1016 J 6. (b) In the presence of inert gas photoelectrons
2 emitted by cathode ionise the gas by collision
1   Z  1
110. (c)    2   1  and hence the current increases.
(Z  1)2 1  Z2  1 
7. (b) For electron and positron pair production,
2 2 minimum energy is 1.02 MeV.
2  43 1   42 9
      2   . Energy of photon is given 1.7  10-3 J
  29 1   28  4
1.7  1013
111. (a) 
1.6  1019
Critical Thinking Questions = 1.06 MeV.
Since energy of photon is greater than 1.02
1. (b) For one second, distance = Velocity = MeV,
3  104 m/ sec and Q  i  1  106 C . So electron, positron pair will be created.
Charge 8. (c) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation
Charge density 
Volume 1/ 2
hc 1  2(hc   )
6    mv2  v   
10  2  m 
  6.6  10 5 C / m3 .
3  10  0.5  10 6
4
9. (b) Cut off voltage is independent of intensity and
2. (c) By law of conservation of momentum hence remains the same. Since distance
I
0  m1v1  m2 v2  m1 v1  m2 v2 becomes 3 times, so intensity (I) becomes .
9
– ve sign indicates that both he particles are Hence photo current also decreases by this
moving in opposite direction. Now de-Broglie 18
wavelengths factor i.e. becomes  2mA.
9
h h
1  and 2  ; 1 2 hc hc 1 2
m1v1 m2v2 10. (d) h  W0  mvmax    mvmax
2  0 2
1 m2v2
  1   1 2
 2 m1v1  hc 0   mvmax

h   0  2
hc
3. (b) photon  and proton 
E 2mE 2hc   0   
 vmax   
 photon  photon m   0 
2m 1
 c  
 electron E  electron E When wavelength is  and velocity is v, then

4. (a,b,c) Kmax = E – W0 2hc   0   

v   …. (i)
 TA = 4.25 – (W0)A ...(i) m   0 
TB =(TA– 1.5)= 4.70 – (W0)B
...(ii) 3
When wavelength is and velocity is v’
Equation (i) and (ii) gives (W0)B – (W0)A = 1.95 4
eV then
 161 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
Hence to work with visible light, lithium metal
2hc  0  (3 / 4) will be used for photoelectric cell.
v'   
m  (3 / 4) 0  15. (a) Direction of scattered photon
….(ii) mec
cos  1 
Divide equation (ii) by (i), we get h
Here   0.011 Å
v' [0  (3 / 4)] 0
 
v 3 0  
0 0.011 1010  9.1 1031  3  108
4  cos  1 
6.624 10 34
1/ 2
 4 [0  (3 / 4)]  1  0.453 0.547
v'  v  i.e.
 3 0      cos1 (0.547)
1/ 2
 4 2d sin
v'  v  16. (d) Bragg's law, 2d sin  n or  
 3 n
11. (c) Intensity of light For maximum wavelength,
Watt nhc nmin  1, (sin )max  1
I   Number of photon
Area A   max  2d or  max  2  107 cm 20 Å
IA
n 17. (a,c,d) P  VI  50 103  20 103  1000W
hc
Power converted into heat = 990 W
1 IA
 Number of photo electron =  msT  990 T  2o C / sec
100 hc
hc
1 1  104  300 109 Now  eV
  34 8
 1.5  1012  min
100 6.6  10  3  10
hc
  min   0.248 1010 m
12. (b) By using h  h 0  K max
eV
18. (c) The wavelength of X-ray lines is given by
 h( 1   0 )  K 1 ….(i) Rydberg
And h( 2   0 )  K 2 1  1 1
….(ii)
Formula  RZ2  2  2 
  n1 n2 
 1   0 K1 1 K 1   2
   , Hence 0  . For K  line, n1  1 and n2  2
 2  0 K 2 K K 1 1/ 2
1  3
 RZ2    Z  
4 
13. (b) E  W0  eV0  
  4  3R 
For hydrogen atom, E  13.6 eV
 + 13.6 = 4.2 + eV0 1/ 2
 4 
(13.6  4.2)eV  1 10  = 39.99
 V0   9.4 V 7
 3 (1.097 10 m )(0.76 10 m)
e
 40
Potential at anode = – 9.4 V
19. (b) If intensity of X-ray is decreased by dI, when it
12375 passes through a length dx of absorbing
14. (a) From 0 
W0 material then, the amount of observed
intensity is I dx.
The maximum wavelength of light required for
the photoelectron emission, dI
Thus, – dI = I dx or  I  0
12375 dx
(0 )Li   5380Å .
2.3 On solving this equation I = I0e– x
=I0e–d (x
12375 =d)
Similarly (0 )Cu  = 3094 Å.
4
Since the wavelength 3094 Å does not in the
visible region, but it is in the ultraviolet region.
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 162

hc direction of it’s momentum without changing

20. (c) EK  EL  it’s magnitude

(6.6  1034) (3  108 ) 2h 2 6.6  1034
 eV =59keV  p  2p   = 2  10–27
(0.021 10 9) (1.6  1019)  6630 1010
kg-m/sec.
21. (d) Minimum wavelength of continuous X-ray
26. (c) When a charged particle (charge q, mass m)
spectrum is given by
enters perpendicularly in a magnetic field (B)
12375 12375 than, radius of the path described by it
min(in Å)    0.155
E(eV) 80 103 mv
r  mv qBr .
Also the energy of the incident electrons (80 qB
KeV) is more than the ionization energy of the
h
K-shell electrons (i.e. 72.5 KeV). Therefore Also de-Broglie wavelength  
characteristic X-ray spectrum will also be mv
obtained because energy of incident electron
h  qprp 1
is enough to knock out the electron from K or L       
shells. qBr  p q r 2
22. (a) The wave length of L line is given by v
27. (a) f1   a11 1 and
1
1  1 1 1
 R (z  7.4)2  2  2     v
 2 3  (Z  7.4)2 f2   a Z  1
2
1 (z2  7.4)2 1.30 (42 7.4)2
    2 10 4 10
2 (z1  7.4)2 2 (78  7.4)2 By dividing,     Z
1 Z1 1 Z1
 2  5.41Å
=6
h 28. (c) K.E.= 2 E0– E0 = E0 (for 0  x  1) 
23. (c) de-Broglie wavelength  , rms
mvrms h
1 
velocity of a gas particle at the given 2mE0
temperature (T) is given as
h
1 2 3 3kT K.E. = 2 E0 (for x > 1)  2 
mvrms  kT  vrms  4mE0
2 2 m
1
 mvrms  3mk T   2.
2
h h
    29. (b) Given m0c2 = 0.51 MeV and v = 0.8 c
mvrms 3mkT
K.E. of the electron = mc2– m0c2
H mHeTHe 4(273 127) 8 But
    m0 m0 m0 m0
He mH TH 2(273 27) 3 m   
v2 2 0.36 0.6
1  0.8 c 
E 1 107  200 109 1  
24. (c) n    1 1011 c2  c 
hc 6.6  10 34  3  108
2 0.51
1011 Now, mc  MeV = 0.85 MeV
Number of electrons ejected 
3
 108 0.6
10
 K.E. = (0.85 – 0.51)MeV = 0.34 MeV.

30. (a) The deflection suffered by charged particle in
q (108  1.6  1019) 9  109 q ELD q ELD
V   3V an electric field is y   2 (p
4 0r 4.8  10 2 mu 2
p /m
25. (b) The momentum of the incident radiation is =mu)
h
given as p  . When the light is totally

reflected normal to the surface the direction of
the ray is reversed. That means it reverses the
 163 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
qm and that corresponding to 2 = 6000 Å is
 y  yp : yd : y
p2 12375
E2   2.06eV
qpmp qdmd q m 6000
 : :
pp2 pd2 p2 As E2 < W0 and E1 > W0
Photoelectric emission is possible with 1 only.
Since p = pd = pp (given)
Maximum kinetic energy of emitted
mp : md : m = 1 : 2 : 4 and qp : qd : q = 1 : 1 : photoelectrons K = E – W0 = 5 – 4.8 = 0.2 eV.
2
Photo electrons experiences magnetic force
 yp : yd : y = 1 1 : 1  2 : 2  4 = 1 : 2 : 8 and move along a circular path of radius
2  q B2LD
31. (c) Using Z  k  y; where k  . For
 m E 2 mk 2  9  1031  0.2  1.6  1019
parabolas to coincide in the two photographs, r 
QB 1.6  1019  3  10 5
kq
the should be same for the two cases. = 0.05 m = 5 cm.
m
36. (a) Number of photoelectrons emitted up to t = 10
B12 LDe B22LD (2e) sec are
Thus, 
E1m1 E2m2 (Numberof photonsperunitarea
2
m1  B1   E2  1 9 2 1 9
    
perunittime) (Area Time)
    
   n
m2  B2   E1  2 4 1 2 4 106
32. (c) According to the energy diagram of X-ray
spectra 1
 [(10)16  (5  10 4 ) (10)]  5  107
hc 1 106
E  
 E At time t = 10 sec
(E = Energy radiated when e jumps from, – Charge on plate A ; qA = +ne = 5  107  1.6 
higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit) 10–19
= 8  10–12 C = 8 pC
(E)k  (E)k  (E)L       
and charge on plate B ; qB = 33.7 – 8 = 25.7
pc
Also (E)k  (E)k  (E)L
Electric field between the plates
hc hc hc 1 1 1
      (qB  qA ) (25.7  8) 1012
      E 
2 0 A 2 8.85 1012  5  10 4
P
33. (c) By using I  ; where P = radiation power N
A  2 103 .
C
nhc n IA
 P  I A  IA   37. (a) As we know in Young's double slit experiment
t t hc fringe width = separation between two
Hence number of photons entering per sec the D
10 6 7 consecutive fringe or dark fringes   
 n  10  10  5.6  10 d
eye   = 300.
 t 6.6  10 34  3  108 D 2yd
Here   2y  2y    
34. (d)    K  min When V is halved  min d D
 K 
becomes two times but remains the
2 1 103  0.24 103
same.   4  107 m  4000Å
1.2
  '   K  2 min  2( )   K a
Energy of light incident on photo plate
  ' 2( ) 12375
E (eV)   3.1 eV
35. (b) Energy of photons corresponding to light of 4000
wave length 1 = 2475 Å is
According to Eienstein photoelectric equation
12375
E1   5 eV.
2475
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 164
E = W0 + eV0  K max  h  h 0 , with y  mx c, we get
(E  W0) (3  2.2) slope, m h
V0   eV  0.9 V
e e 6. (b) K max  h  h 0  eV0  h  h 0 

(a) E 
12375
 2.475eV  4  1019 J h h
38.
5000
V0   0
e e
So the minimum intensity to which the eye can Comparing this equation with y  mx c , we
respond
h
I Eye  (Photon flux)  (Energy of a photon) get slope m   h  m e .
e
  h W
– 2  1014 (W / m2)7.
I Eye  (5  104 ) (4  1019)~ (a) Using Einstein’s equation, V0     0
 e e
Now as lesser the intensity required by a Comparing this equation with y  mx c
detector for detection, more sensitive it will be
W0
SEye I Ear 1013 We get intercept on – V0 axis 
   5 i.e. as intensity e
SEar I Eye 2  1014
W0
(power) detector, the eye is five times more  OB   W0  OB  e
sensitive than ear. e
39. (c) Due to 10.2 eV photon one photon of energy 8. (b) From the given graph it is clear that if we
10.2 eV will be detected. extend the given graph for A and B, intercept
Due to 15 eV photon the electron will come out of the line A on V axis will be smaller as
of the atom with energy (15 - 13.6) = 1.4 eV. compared to line B means work function of A is
smaller than that of B.

Graphical Questions 9. (a) Wavelength k is independent of the

accelerating voltage (V), while the minimum
1. (a) Velocity of photon (i.e. light) does not depend
wavelength c is inversely proportional to V.
upon frequency. Hence the graph between
velocity of photon and frequency will be as Therefore as V increases, k remains
follows
unchanged whereas c decreases or k  c
Velocity of photon will increase.
(c)
10. (c) In X-ray spectra, depending on the
accelerating voltage and the target element,
we may find sharp peaks super imposed on
continuous spectrum. These are at different
Frequency
()
wavelengths for different elements. They form
h 1 characteristic X-ray spectrum.
2. (d) De-Broglie wavelength    
p p 11. (b) Photo current (i) directly proportional to light
i.e. graph will be a rectangular hyperbola. intensity (I) falling on a photosensitive plate. 

3. (a) The stopping potential for curves a and b is

i I
same. 12. (d) According to Einstein’s equation

 fa  fb  h W
h = W0 + Kmax  V0     0
Also saturation current is proportional to  e e
intensity
This is the equation of straight line having
 Ia  Ib positive slope (h/e) and intercept on  V0
4. (d) According to Einstein equation W0
axis, equals to
h  h 0  K max  K max  h  h 0 on e
comparing it with y  mx c, it is clear to 13. (d) In photocell, at a particular negative potential
say that, (stopping potential V0) of anode, photoelectric
current is zero,
This is the equation of straight line having
positive slope (h) and negative intercept At the potential difference between cathode
(h 0 ) on KE axis. and anode increases current through the
circuit increases but after some time constant
5. (c) Comparing Einstein’s equation current (saturation current) flows through the
 165 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
circuit even if potential difference still hc
increasing. having slope (hc) and intercept on – KE
0
14. (b) Stopping potential does not depend upon
axis.
intensity of incident light (I).
25. (a)  varies from 0 to  max .
15. (a) Stopping potential is that negative potential
for which photo electric current is zero. hc hc
26. (a) min   log. min  log  logV
 h W  eV e
16. (d) V0      0  . From the graph
 e  e  hc
 logmin   logV  log
V2  V1 e
This is the equation of straight line having
h 2 W0 h 1 W0 hc
      2  1 slope (–1) and intercept log on
e e e e e
1  loge min axis.
 1  2 (as   )
 1
27. (c) For K line   (Z  1)2  
1 1 (Z  1)2
17. (d) I  2 and photo current i  I  i  2
d d i.e. the graph between  and z will be (c).
18. (a) h  h 0  KE max  KEmax  h  h 0 h
28. (b) Slope of V0   curve 
On comparing this equation with y  mx c e
we get  h = Slope  e = 1.6  10–19 4.12  10–15
m  h  Universal constant  6.6  1034 J -sec.
c 3  108 29. (b) I1  I 2 (given)  i1 > i2 (i  I )
19. (b) 0    6  107 m  6000Å
 0 5  1014 and stopping potential does not depend upon
20. (c) Work function is the intercept on K.E. axis i.e. intensity. So its value will be same (V0) .
2eV.
30. (c) Slope of V0 –  curve for all metals be same
21. (b) From the graph stopping potential |Vs|= –V
 h
Also kmax = (|V0|eV = 4eV.   i.e. curves should be parallel.
 e
22. (c) By Moseley’s law,   a(Z  b) or, h h 1
2 2 31. (c)     . Taking log of both
  a (Z  b) 2mE 2m E
Comparing with the equation of a parabola, h 1
sides log  log  log 
y2  4ax it conforms to graph c. 2m E
hc 1 h 1
23. (a) min    log  log  log E
eV V 2m 2
 2  1 (see graph)  V1  V2  log  
1
logE  log
h
2 2m
  a(Z  b) Moseley’s law
This is the equation of straight line having
1 slope (–1/2) and positive intercept on log 
  (Z  1)2  
(Z  1)2 axis.
 1 32. (b)   (Z  b)
  
  33. (b) Peak of K is greater than peak of K line.
34. (a) |– 4V|> |– 2 V|
1   2 (see graph for characteristic lines) 
1
Z2  Z1 . 35. (a) x  . The ion whose deflection is less,
v2
hc hc its velocity will be more. From the curve
24. (a) K max  h  h 0   i.e. graph
 0 x1  x2  x3  x4 , therefore v1  v2  v3  v4 .
1 36. (a) All the positive ions of same specific charge
between K max and will be straight line
 moving with different velocity lie on the same
parabola.
 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays 166
37. (b) The equation of curve between V0 and  is 11. (e) If electron is moving parallel to the magnetic
h h 0 field, then the electron is not deflected i.e., if
  V0 . electron is not deflected we cannot be sure
e e that there is no magnetic field in that region.
This is equation of a straight line with slope 12. (d) At normal pressure positive ions and electrons
h liberated by ionisation of gas atoms, due to
 . cosmic rays are very small in number and they
e
collide constantly with the gas atoms which
38. (b) Stopping potential equals to maximum kinetic are present in large numbers, and hence are
energy. unable to move a long distance under the
Since stopping potential is varying linearly electric field and soon get recombined i.e.,
with the frequency. There fore max. KE for flow of ions in the gas does not take place.
both the metals also vary linearly with
frequency. 13. (d) Light is produced in gases in the process of
electric discharge at low pressure. When
Assertion and Reason accelerated electrons collide with atoms of the
gas, atoms get excited. The excited atoms
h return to their normal state and in this process
1. (a) Momentum of a photon is given by p  light radiations are emitted.

Also the photon is a form of energy packets 14. (d) The discharge depends on both pressure of
hc discharge tube and ionisation potential of gas.
behaves as a particle having energy E  . Since the ionisation potential of different gases
 are different, hence the discharge in different
E gases takes place at different potential.
So p 
c 15. (d) If electric field is used for detecting the
2. (d) Photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle electron beam, then very high voltage will
nature of light. Number of emitted have to be applied or very long tube will have
photoelectrons depends upon the intensity of to be taken.
light. 16. (b) Specific charge of a positive ion corresponding
3. (b) Charge does not change with speed but mass to one gas is fixed but it is different for
varies with the speed as per relation different gases.
m0 17. (e) In Millikan’s experiment oil drops should be of
m
2 microscopic sizes. If much bigger oil drops are
v . Hence specific charge e/m
used, then a very high electric field will be
1
c2 required to balance it which is not possible to
achieve practically.
decreases with increase in speed.
4. (a) X-rays lies in electromagnetic spectrum. Further, the apparent weight of the liquid
4 3
h h a g ( liquid   air)  6av.
5. (b) Mass of moving photon m 2  and 3
c c
If a is large, v will be large and the
E  mc2 . experimental errors will be high.
6. (d) According Einstein equation KE  h  h 0 ;
18. (e) Only the photoelectrons emitted from the
i.e., KE depends upon the frequency. surface of the metal have maximum kinetic
Photoelectron emitted only if incident energy. Those emitted from inside the metal
frequency more than threshold frequency. loses part of their energy in collision with the
7. (e) The atomic number (number of electrons or other atoms inside the metal.
protons) remains same in isotope. Isotope of 19. (d) On increasing the intensity of incident light,
an element can be separated on account of the current in photoelectric cell will increase.
their different atomic weight by using mass The energy of the photons (h ) will, however
spectrograph.
not increase with increase in intensity, and
8. (b) The specific charge (e / m) of the positive hence the kinetic energy of the emitted
rays is not universal constant because these electrons will not increase.
rays may consists of ions of different element. 20. (a) When a light of single frequency falls on the
9. (b) Less work function means less energy is electron of inner layer of metal, then this
required for ejecting out the electrons. electron comes out of the metal surface after a
large number of collisions with atoms of its
10. (a) de-Broglie wavelength associated with gas
upper layer.
1
molecules varies as   21. (b) There is no emission of photoelectrons till the
T frequency of incident light is less than a
minimum frequency, however intense light it
 167 Electron, Photon, Photoelectric Effect and X-Rays
may be. In photoelectric effect, it is a single
particle collision. Intensity is h  N, where
h is the individual energy of the photon and
N is the total number of photon. In the wave
theory, the intensity is proportional, not only to
 2 but also to the amplitude squared. For the
same frequency, increase in intensity only
increase the number of photons (in the
quantum theory of Einstein).
22. (a) The photoemissive cell may be evacuated
contain an inert gas at low pressure. An inert
gas in the cell gives greater current but causes
a time lag in the response of the cell to very
rapid changes of radiation which may make it
unsuitable for some purpose.
23. (c) Wavelength of X-rays is very small ( Å) .
Hence they are not diffracted by means of
ordinary grating. X-rays follows the Bragg’s
law.
24. (b) The penetrating power of X-rays depends upon
the voltage applied across the tube producing
X-rays. X-rays can pass through matter of
lighter elements such as flesh (which is
composed of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon)
but cannot pass through substances made of
heavier elements like bones (which are made
of phosphorus and calcium).
25. (c) Intensity of X-rays (I) is proportional to the
filament current and also to the square of the
voltage. It is well known that intensity of X-
rays depends on the number of photons
emitted per second from target.
26. (b) When fast moving electrons strike the atoms
of the target, then most of their kinetic energy
is used in increasing the thermal agitation of
the atoms of the target and only a small part is
radiated in the form of X-rays. So the
temperature of the target rises.
27. (e) Higher is the wavelength of X-ray, lesser is the
frequency and penetration power.
28. (a) The distance between the atoms of crystals is
of the order of wavelength of X-rays. When
they fall on a crystal, they are diffracted. The
diffraction pattern is helpful in the study of
crystal structure.
29. (b) In photoelectric effect, the photon falling on
some matter is absorbed by the matter and its
energy is transferred to an electron of the
matter. In X-ray production, photons are
produced which get energy from energetic
electrons ionising the inner shells of the target
which in turn cause a cascade of emission
lines.
30. (e) Soft and hard X-rays differ only in frequency.
But both types of X-ray travel with speed of
light.