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Capacitors Basics Applications PDF
Capacitors Basics Applications PDF
Capacitors Basics Applications PDF
Basics &
Applications
Applications - I
Oct 2006
CARTS-Asia 2006
Capacitor Types, Uses, and Differences
Capacitors &
Applications Ceramic
Tantalum
Alum. Elect.
Film
22
2
Common structure
3
3
“Pure” Capacitor
"Pure" Capacitor
1
Z = XC =
2πf ( Hertz )C ( Farads )
4
4
“Pure” Capacitor’s Performance
Impedance (Ohms)
10000
1000 .47 u
F
100 4.7 u
F
10 47 u
F
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
100 10,000 1,000,000
1,000 100,000 10,000,000
Frequency (Hz)
5
5
Capacitor with Series Resistance
C ESR
(Capacitance) (Equivalent Series Resistance)
Z = X C + ESR
2 2
6
6
Vectors
7
7
Capacitance & Resistance vs. Freq.
1000 .47
uF 47, 4.7, and .47 uF
4.7 ESR = 1 and 0.1 ohms
100 uF
47
10 uF
0.01
100 10,000 1,000,000 100,000,000
1,000 100,000 10,000,000
Frequency (Hz)
8
8
Loss Factor vs. Application
Power Applications
ESR
General Applications
DF
9
9
Common terms define “loss” element
ESR
DF = cot(Theta) = ESR / X C XC
Z
PF = cos(Theta) = ESR / Z
Q = tan(Theta) = X C / ESR = 1 / DF
where
DF = Dissipation Factor
PF = Power Factor
Q = "Q" or figure of merit
10
10
The “RLC” Circuit
C ESR ESL
11
11
Vectors R, XL, XC, Z
X L = 2πfL ESR
XL
0
Impedance is a
Z X
factor of vector
X summation.
XC
Z = XC + X L + R
or
Z = ( XC − XL ) + R
2 2
12
12
Self-Resonance
XC de
creas
Reactance
ing si ng
cr e a
XL i n
Frequency
The frequency at which XC = XL is the self-resonant
self-resonantfrequency.
frequency.
At this frequency, XC=-XL, or zero, and the impedance is equal to the
ESR.
Prior to this frequency, component behaves as capacitor; after this
frequency, component behaves as inductor.
1
f=
2π LC
13
13
RLC Frequency Response
10
0.001
100 10,000 1,000,000
1,000 100,000 10,000,000
Frequency (Hz)
14
14
Actual Freq. Response: Tantalum vs. Ceramic
1000
100
Impedance/ESR
Tantalum Z Ceramic Z
(Ohms)
10
1
Tantalum ESR
0.1
15
15
Impedance across types
Impedance (Ohms)
10
100 uF
0.1 Aluminum 10 uF
Tantalum
1 uF
0.01 Ceramic
1 100 10,000
10 1,000
Frequency (kHz)
16
16
Capacitance change with frequency
% Capacitance Change
17
17
Actual capacitance change - measured
10
Ceramic
Capacitance (uF)
Tantalum
1
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (kHz)
18
18
False Capacitance Peaking
Actual Capacitance
Actual
Frequency
Inductive
Reactance
Determined
Capacitive
Reactance
Actual
Capacitive
19
Reactance 19
Measuring with pure sinusoidal signal
Phase
Measurement
Capacitor
Source Under
Amplitude
Test
Measurement
20
20
Dynamic – Current Pulse Injection
Constant
Current
Level
0 Current Level
Transition Time
21
21
Voltage Response (from current pulse)
Pure Capacitor
Pure Resistor 0 Current Level Constant Current
0 Current Level Constant Current
Voltage
Increasing
Voltage
Constant Voltage Level Exponentially
Transition Voltage Increasing
0 Voltage Level Constant Rate
0 Voltage
Voltage Decays to 0
"Rings out"
Transition Voltage
0 Voltage
Transition Time
22
22
Actual Cumulative Pulse Response
v2
v1
I Constant × ( t2 − t1 )
C=
Volts
( v2 − v1 )
0
t1 t2
tr Time
Trans
I Const tr
VC ( tr ) = × 23
C 2 23
Decaying Slope of Electrolytics
Slope is
decaying
Typical
Electrolytic
Typical
Volts
Ceramic
Time
24
24
Derived capacitance from dv/dt Slope
14 Ceramic 15 μF
12 X7R 10 μF
10
Ceramic
8
6 X7R 4.7 μF
4 Wet Ta
Solid Ta
2
"Low ESR“ 10 μF
0 5.6 μF
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (nSec.)
25
25
Decaying Voltage on Decoupling Caps
Initial Level
Typical
Volts
Ceramic
Typical
Electrolytic
Time
26
26
Capacitance & ESR
1µF-1,000µF
Comm. T49
1/T494 MnO
2
4.7µF- 1,0000
µ F Low-ESR T
495 MnO
Increasing ESR
15µF- 1,000µF T
520 Ta-Poly
1 10 100 1000
Capacitance (µF)
27
27
Applications: "grandfather" controlled.
28
28
Main Areas of Application
•Decoupling
•Filtering
• Coupling
• Timing / Wave Shaping
• Oscillating
29
29
Coupling
+5.0
C
+1.5
RB XC << R B
• Requirements
May have to handle wide frequency range
Must not cause large, unexpected phase shifts
May have to handle large currents
Capacitance stability not critical
Noise from capacitor critical
30
30
Timing / Wave-shaping
31
31
Decoupling – Water analogy
32
32
Suddenly a disturbance!
Central Water
Yaugh!! Supply / Source
Suddenly TOO HOT!!
or TOO COLD!!
34
34
Water decoupling in Taipei
35
35
Decoupling Ideal
Windows of
acceptable levels
36
36
Decoupling RF Noise
Windows of
acceptable levels
37
37
Decoupling RC Delay
Windows of
acceptable levels
500 MHz Clock - OK
1 GHz Clock – Problems!
2 GHz – Oh! My head hurts!
38
38
Decoupling with "Droop"
Windows of
acceptable levels
39
39
Decoupling IC and SMT Capacitor
IC
I need some Charge coming up!
charge!
Charge coming up!
I need some
charge!
Charge coming up!
I need some
charge!
Charge coming up!
I need some
charge!
Charge coming up!
I need some
charge! Power Supply
41
41
Decoupling eliminates delay
IC
I need some charge! Charge coming up!
Decoupling Capacitor
Power Supply
43
43
Filtering
Alternative path
offered by
capacitor Load
45
45
Power Filtering - Smoothing
Voltage
Voltage
Time Time
Voltage is pulsing with time Voltage is steady with time
Capacitor charges as voltage attempts to go high, and discharges
as voltage attempts to go low.
Capacitance value is high as it must stabilize this voltage and
feed current to circuit during discharge
High ripple currents!!
ESR is of critical importance (ripple voltage & heat - efficiency)
Capacitance stabilization acceptable for ±20% variations.
46
46
Switch Mode Power Supply - Kluge
Capacitor Usage
Snubber Resonator
Coupling
Snubber
Small Signal
Input Filter
Power Decoupling Control Output Filter
47
47
SMPS – On/Charge
Switch Closed
Load
Current Current
Supplied Charge
Capacitor
Supply
Load
Requirements
48
48
SMPS – Off/Discharge
Switch Open
Load
Current Current
Supplied Discharge
Stopped Capacitor
Supply
Load
Requirements
49
49
SMPS Timing Diagram - Full Power
Input Current
Switch On / Current High
Capacitor Current
Switch Off / Discharging
0 Current
Switch On / Charging
50
50
CR Ripple - Capacitance Effects
If the load is kept constant and the ESR is ignored, then the
amount of voltage the capacitor discharges to, is inversely
proportional to the capacitance.
Higher ripple
Lower capacitance - lower RC
time constant, or the more
discharge in given time period.
Lower ripple
Higher capacitance - longer RC
time constant, or the lower
discharge in given time period.
Nominal DC
51
51
ESR Inhibits Capacitor Charge
Switch Closed
Load
Current
Current
Charge
ON
Capacitor Supply
Load
Requirements
VC = VL(Closed) - VESR ESR
52
52
ESR Robs Capacitor Discharge
VL(Open) = VC - VESR
Switch Open
Load
Current
Current
Discharge
Stopped
Capacitor Supply
Load
Requirements
ESR
53
53
CR & ESR Ripple
If the capacitance and load are kept constant and the ESR is
increased, then the amount of voltage the capacitor charges to
is a step less than the peak voltage noted during the "on cycle".
Nominal DC
CR
ripple
ESR
CR
ESR Ripple
CR
Ripple
ESR
Load
Current Discharge Current
Stopped Capacitor
Supply
Load
ESR Requirements
0.1 ohms/v
Series R
57
57
CR & ESR with Rs Ripple
Recommended Series
RS= 0
ESR
CR T491/T494
Recommended Series
ESR RS = 0.1 ohms/volt
Ripple
VL (Close)
VL(Open)
Rs
58
58
ESL Inductive Spikes
ESR
ripple
Nominal DC
59
59
Capacitance decay with Frequency
Expected ripple
Actual ripple
Nominal DC
Constant C
dv/dt slope
Changing C
dv/dt slope
Nominal DC
ripple
Capacitor Charging
Capacitor Discharging
Slope determined
by current/load
ripple
61
61