the pioneer in high-temperature brazing ...

NICROBR........
Tips and Techniques for Better Brazing

1997 @ Wall Colmonoy Corporation Issue 8

50 Years of Nicrobraz! INSIDE ...

• Bob Peaslee's Q & A
In 1947, Robert Peaslee We also celebrated Bob Corner_
Braze Joint Cracking
invented the first nickel-based Peaslee's 80th birthday this Under Heavy
Machrn�ng. Page 1
brazing filler metal- Nicrobraz year! He continues to be an
125. Today, the Nicrobraz inspiration to all' • Special Feature-
product line includes over 20 �he Range Between So
lidus and Liquidus .
nickel-based brazing filler rage2
metals to meet many industry
specifications, including AWS, • Brazing Fundamenta
ls- Lesson 8·.
AMS and other aerospace Metallurgy of Nickel-Bas
ed Brazing
specs. We also offer a variety of Frller Metals - Part I.
Page 3
stop-offs, cements, fluxes, • • Brazing Brief_
blasting grit and brazing Brazing Filler Metal Tempe
application systems. rature Ranges. Page 5

To commemorate the 50th

,'
Help s find the
soluti on to our "Bab
Year ,' contest from New
Anniversary of Nicrobraz, we your own memb
the last issue an
ership in the 1997
J
win
have published a new eight­ the Month Club! Snack 0f
page, full-color brochure. Your
; copy is enclosed!

Bob high-stress loading. When brazing for

short periods of time at temperature or
clearance, time and temperature. The
Lugscheider and Partz paper shows two

Peaslee's with large joint clearances, particularly at

Q&A
Corner
Braze Joint Cracking Under
Heavy Machining
Can you tell us why our braze
joint is cracking during the
machining operation? The
brazement is made up of a series of
lnconel' 600 rings and electrical iron
rings alternately stacked and brazed
together. Fixturing is accomplished by a
step in the iron rings which locates the
alternative rings. Nicrobraz LM (BNi-2)
filler metal paste is applied as a fillet at
each joint. The part is then brazed at
2050° F (1120° C), and the 1.0. is bored
and 0.0. contoured. The parts must
be leak-free when tested with a helium
leak detector.
If diffusion brazing is not
adequately accomplished, the
braze joint may crack under
lower brazing temperatures, the boron in
the filler metal will not completely diffuse.
Incomplete diffusion leaves a soft layer
on each side of the braze joint with a
hard center layer of low ductility, which
can fracture when highly stressed.
With a given set of base metals, the
major variables are (in order of signifi­
cance): quantity of filler metal (or
clearance), time at brazing temperature
and brazing temperature (which is
almost as important as time at temp.).
Two noteworthy papers referenced
below show the relationship of these
variables.
1. Dr. Richard Johnson, "The Use of
TETIG Diagrams in High-Tempera­
ture Brazing" (FL: Welding Journal,
October 1981), p. 185S.
2. Dr. Eric Lugscheider and KO.
Partz, "High Temperature Brazing
of Stainless Steels with Nickel
Base Filler Metals BNi-2, BNi-5 and
BNi-7" (FL: Welding Journal, June
1983), p. 160S.
Both papers provide insight into how the
secondary center phase reacts with
sturdy bars placed side by side with one
end at zero clearance and the other end
with a 0.004 gap. The bars were tack
welded (GTAW) at each end. The
specimen was brazed at a specified
time and temperature with a given filler
metal. Then it was cross sectioned,
polished and etched with Marbles
reagent, and the V-section observed
with a metallograph.
At the zero clearance end, a single
phase exists all the way across the joint,
and the phase remains essentially
unetched. As the clearance increases
along the V-joint, a point is reached
where a secondary phase appears in
the center of the braze joint. This
clearance is called the MBC point, or
maximum brazing clearance to obtain a
single-phase structure. The single­
phase structure is stronger, ductile and
has a high remelt temperature, which is
more desirable on high stress parts.
Both papers contain specimens that can
be used to obtain data on the clearance,
time and temperature required to obtain
single-phase diffusion of the brazing
filler metal in the joint.
cont1nued on page 2
Q&A
continued from page 1
Boron-containing filler metals, such as
Nicrobraz LM, have very interesting
properties At brazing temperature,
boron, which accounts for the low
melting properties of the filler metal, can
be diffused out of the brazed joint and
into the adjoining base metal. This
diffusion accounts for the drop in filler
metal hardness to as low as Rb 70 when
brazing steel or iron-chromium base
metals, (AISI 410) and the increase in
the brazing joint remelt temperature to
above 2500° F (1370° C).
Smaller elements can diffuse readily at
higher brazing temperatures. The atomic
diameters (angstrom or A) of some of
these smaller elements are shown here.
Boron 1.80 Carbon 1.54
Nitrogen 1.40 Oxygen 1.32
Hydrogen 0.74
The larger elements shown below
diffuse very slowly compared to the
above elements.
Nickel 2.49 Chromium 2.57
Cobalt 2. 51 Silicon 2.65
The Range Between Solidus and Liquidus
Ever wonder what the
commonly used terms -
solidus. liquidus.
melting point and
brazing range - really
mean, the difference
between them and why
these differences are
Tanya M. Anandan
important? Here, we will
explain these terms and their relevance to
brazing filler metals.
Melting Point vs. Melting Range
The term melting point, as used by
metallurgists, usually applies to pure
metals that melt at a single temperature.
However, brazing people sometimes use
melting point to refer to the liquidus
temperature of a brazing filler metal. This
is not technically correct.
Most brazing filler metals are alloys, or
combinations of pure elements or materi­
als. Alloys have very different melting
characteristics compared to their pure
forms. Most alloys do not have a single
melting temperature or melting point;
instead they have a melting range. The
upper and lower limits of this range are
called the liquidus and solidus tempera­
tures. Therefore, most metallurgists will
Iron 2.52 Gold, Silver 2.88
Copper 2.55 Tin
Thus, to obtain a joint strength that will
withstand the high pressure loadings of
heavy machining, it is necessary to have
a fully diffused brazed joint. There
should be no secondary phase in the
center of the joint.
Note: Subsequent parts were run using
the minimum clearance, a brazing
temperature of 2150° F ( 1 175° C) and
Nicrobraz LC (BNi-1 a) filler metal. The
butt joint was bent around a 5/8'
diameter bar with the braze at a right
angle to the direction of the bend. No
fractures were observed in the braze
joint (lnconel 600 to electrical iron), thus
indicating the fully diffusion brazed joint
was strong and ductile. A photomicro­
graph also confirmed that there was no
secondary phase in this particular braze
combination. 00
Originally appeared in the Welding
Journal, February 1991. Bob Peaslee
authors a monthly Q&A column on
brazing in the Welding Journal.
• Trademark of /nco Alloys International.
say a pure metal has a melting point,
while an alloy (brazing filler metal) has a
melting range.
Solidus
During heating, solidus is that tempera­
ture at which an alloy begins to melt.
Between the solidus and liquidus
temperatures, the alloy will be a mixture
of solid and liquid phases. Just above
the solidus temperature, the mixture will
be mostly solid with some liquid phases
(like the consistency of snow, but hotter').
Just below the liquidus temperature, the
mixture will be mostly liquid with some
solid phases (like sleet).
Liquidus
Liquidus is the temperature above
which an alloy is completely molten. In
other words, when an alloy exceeds the
liquidus temperature, there are no solid
phases present. The alloy is completely
melted and flowing.
Eutectic Point
A few special alloy compositions have a
specific melting point like that of a pure
metal, in other words the solidus and
liquidus are the same temperature.
Alloys of this type are called "eutectic
2
3.16 EWS
Editor in Chief ..... Dr. S. Rangaswamy (ext. 243)
Technical Editor ..... Robert L. Peaslee (ext. 240)
Production/Editor .. Tanya M. Anandan (ext. 244)
Nicrobraz News is published by:
@
WALL COLMONOY CORPORATION
World Headquarters
30261 Stephenson Highway
Madison Heights, Michigan 48071, U.S.A.
Tel: 248-585-6400 Fax: 248-585-7960
•
�
Please send your questions. suggestions and
editorial contributions to the address above.
Attn: "Nicrobraz News Editors."
All rights reserved. Copyright 1996.
WALL COLMONOY (CANADA), INC.
1575 Rossi Drive
Windsor, Ontario N9A 6J3, Canada
Tel: 519-737-9300 • Fax: 519-737-9899
WALL COLMONOY LTD.
European Headquarters
Pontardawe. Swansea. Wales SA8 4HL. U.K.
Tel: 44 (1792) 862287 Fax: 44 (1792) 830124
•
WALL COLMONOY S.A.
9 Rue des Aulnetttes
95104 Argenteuil, France
Tel: 33 (1) 30 25 98 60 • Fax: 33 (1) 39 82 88 89
Distributors Worldwide
compositions" and the melting point is
known as a eutectic point. An example
of a eutectic brazing filler metal compo­
sition is Nicrobraz 10 (BNi-6). As the table
on page 5 shows, this nickel-phosphorus
filler metal has a solidus and liquidus
both at 1610° F (875° C). Other examples
of eutectic compositions are Nicrobraz
50 (BNi-7) and Nicrobraz 150 (BNi-9)
Brazing Range
In most cases, for a brazing filler metal
to flow properly into a joint via capillary
action, the filler metal must be com­
pletely molten. Thus, the liquidus is the
lowest temperature that should be used
for brazing, and usually temperatures
above the liquidus are needed for
proper brazing. The exact brazing
range, however, will depend upon the
properties of the brazing filler metal and
base metals being joined. the brazing
process, and joint design.
When brazing joints with wide gaps, it is
advantageous to braze with a more
sluggish brazing filler metal that will not
flow all over the joint. This is why, as
shown on page 5, the low end of the
brazing range for certain brazing filler
continued on page 6
Solidus and Liquidus
contmued from page 2
metals is below the liquidus. For
instance, Nicrobraz 130 (BNi-3) has
a solidus at 1800° F (980° C) and a
liquidus at 1900° F ( 1040° C), but a
brazing range of 1850-2150° F
(1010-1175° C). The brazing range
actually begins 50° F below the liquidus.
At the low end of its brazing range,
Nicrobraz 130 will become fluid enough
to flow into a wide joint gap, but not so
fluid that it flows out of control. Other
brazing filler metals with similar charac­
teristics include Nicrobraz LC (BNi-1a)
and Nicrobraz 160.
Now that you know the difference
between solidus and liquidus, melting
point and melting range, and how they
relate to the brazing process, you will be
able to look at the table on page 5 with
greater understanding. Basically, a
brazing filler metal will begin to melt at
its solidus and continue to melt until it
reaches the liquidus where it is com­
pletely molten. In most cases, this is the
minimum temperature at which brazing
is done. To obtain good brazing filler
metal flow and capillary action. a temper­
ature somewhere within the brazing
range must be maintained for a given
period of time (time at temperature).
Tanya Anandan is Marketing Manager
for Wall Colmonoy. In addition to
overseeing corporate communications,
Tanya is responsible for developing
marketing plans, pricing strategies and
researching new market opportunities
for Wall Colmonoy's Products and
Processing Groups.
Tanya has been writing articles for
Nicrobraz News, and coordinating its
publication and circulation since the first
issue in 1992. Her department pub­
lished the new Nicrobraz brochure
enclosed with this edition. Coming this
Fall, Tanya will launch our new Web Site
at wallcolmonoy.com.
Mil Spec Canceled
The U.S. Military brazing specification,
MIL-B-7883, has been canceled. It has
been replaced with ANSI/AWS specifi­
cations C3.4 (torch brazing), C3.5
(induction brazing), C3.6 (furnace
brazing) and C3.7 (aluminum brazing).
Fall Brazing
Conference in Session
Our three-day brazing course returns
November 5-7. Led by Bob Peaslee,
the panel of instructors has over 80
years of combined experience in the
brazing field.
Help Us Find Our Baby!
For the contest in our
last issue, we asked
our readers to
guess the vital
statistics of the
first baby born
in the U.S. in the
new year. Many
of you sent in
your contest
entries which
we held until the
clock struck
midnight for the
last time in
1996. Then
we started
searching for
our baby new year.
We sent e-mail messages to editors
of major U.S. newspapers and
checked other popular sources, but
to no avail. Now we're asking for
your help! We need a super sleuth1
The first person to send or fax the
enclosed reply card with the
required statistics below and their
source (we must be able to verify the
statistics) will win a 6-month mem­
bership in the 1997 Snack of the
Month Club. The actual winner of the
"Baby New Year Contest," according
to the information provided by our
"super sleuth," will still win their
snack club membership.
The course covers:
• scientific principles behind
brazing techniques
• joint design and filler metal
application
• use of controlled atmospheres and
vacuum environments
• inspection techniques for evaluating
braze quality
• practical problem-solving ideas
The conference will be held at the
Holiday Inn in Troy, Michigan, about 40
minutes from Detroit Metro Airport. For
more information, request a brochure
on the enclosed reply card. or call
Marianne Huesing at 248-585-6400,
ext. 248; fax 248-585-7960. Class size
is limited to 35 participants. so reserve
your spot early!
We need the following statistics on
Baby New Year 1997:
1. Time of birth (hour, minute
and second).
2. Gender (boy or girl).
3. Birth place (U.S. city).
4. Source of statistics (must be
credible and verifiable).
TO ENTER:
Include the required statistics and
your source on the enclosed reply
card, make any necessary changes
to the mailing label, and mail it to our
Michigan address. Or fax a copy of
the reply card with your answers and
mailing label visible, to 248-585-7960.
RULES:
The first reader to mail or fax their
reply card with the required statistics
wins. The statistics, once verified, will
determine the winner of the original
contest.
THE PRIZE:
Both winners will receive a 6-month
membership in the Snack of the
Month' Club.
 Brazing Fundamentals
Lesson 8: Metallurgy of Nickel-Based Brazing Filler Metals- Part I
U
An on-going course
in furnace brazing
from the ivy halls of
Wall Colmonoy
"University"
In lesson 7, we discussed several
factors of base metal surface condition
that affect joint strength. In this issue,
we will examine the most
common elements that
are alloyed together to
form nickel-based
brazing filler metals and
the characteristics each
element contributes to
the brazeability of the
Sam C. duBois
filler metal.
Nickel-based brazing filler metals were
developed in 1947 to provide higher
temperature capabilities and improved
mechanical properties compared to
silver- and copper-based filler metals.
The metallurgical basis for many nickel­
based brazing filler metals was derived
from nickel-based hardfacing alloys.
) While there are some similarities in
compositions, the alloying elements in
nickel-based filler metals serve varied
purposes and are optimized differently.
We will now examine some of these
important elements.
Boron (B)
The melting point of pure nickel is
2651° F (1455° C). This temperature is
much higher than the melting points of
most base metals. Yet, according to the
definition of brazing, base metals must
be joined at a brazing temperature
below their melting points. Therefore, to
braze with nickel filler metals, elements
such as boron must be alloyed with the
nickel to lower its melting point below
that of most base metals. As shown in
Figure 1', when alloyed with nickel, a
mere 3.6 wt% boron will lower the melting
point by 652° F to 1999° F (1093° C).
The lower melting point allows us to use
nickel-boron filler metals to braze a wide
variety of metals at temperatures far
below their melting points.
Although boron serves an important
function in lowering the melting point of
brazing filler metals, when alloyed alone
with nickel, boron has some disadvan­
tages At 2.5-3.5 wt% boron (amounts
commonly used in brazing filler metals),
the binary nickel-boron alloy will be
deficient in the following ways.
• low tensile strength, higher hardness Phosphorus (P)
• lower corrosion resistance Similar to boron and silicon, phosphorus
• excessive fluidity when molten also reduces the melting point of nickel,
in fact quite dramatically as shown in
Thus, there are no commercially Figure 22. When alloyed with 11 wt%
available binary nickel-boron brazing phosphorus, the melting point of nickel
filler metals. All nickel-based filler metals is reduced by 1035° F to 1616° F (880° C).
containing boron must have additional
elements to enhance their physical Unlike boron and silicon, phosphorus
properties. does produce a satisfactory brazing
filler metal when alloyed alone with
Silicon (Si) nickel. Phosphorus at 11 wt% in nickel
Another element that lowers the melting is Nicrobraz 10 (BNi-6). However, even
point of nickel is silicon. Approximately though this filler metal has some satisfac­
11.8 wt% silicon alloyed with pure nickel tory brazing characteristics and an
will lower the melting point by 594° F extremely low melting point, the trade
(330° C). But, when alloyed alone with off is low strength and ductility, and
nickel, silicon like boron will not make a greater fluidity when molten.
satisfactory brazing filler metal. A
binary nickel-silicon alloy will exhibit low Chromium (Cr)
To diminish the shortcomings associ­
tensile strength, poor ductility and
ated with the binary systems we have
excessive fluidity.
examined thus far (nickel-boron, nickel­
silicon and nickel-phosphorus), chromium
Ni-B-Si
Although boron and silicon are both can be alloyed with any of these ele­
strong melting point depressants, ments to add strength and corrosion
resistance to the brazing filler metal.
neither one when alloyed alone with
One example is Nicrobraz 150 (BNi-9)
nickel will produce a satisfactory
brazing filler metal. However, when
alloyed together in nickel with 1.5-3.5%
with 3.5 wt% boron, 15 wt% chromium
and the balance nickel.
boron and 2.75-4.0% silicon, suitable
To maximize the benefits of the chro­
brazing filler metals can be formed.
mium addition, the time at brazing
Examples are Nicrobraz 130 (BNi-3)
temperature can be extended (typically
with a melting point as low as 1900° F
40-60 minutes) to allow the boron to
(1040° C) and Nicrobraz 135 (BNi-4)
diffuse out of the braze joint and into the
at 1935° F (1055° C). The silicon
base metals being joined (diffusion
addition will also enhance corrosion
brazing). The boron loss will result in a
resistance in both instances.
r----- strong, corrosion-
Figure 1 resistant braze joint
with a melting point
higher than the original
filler metal (above
1300 2500° For 1370° C).
Another example with
chromium is Nicrobraz
30 (BNi-5), which is
nickel-silicon alloyed
with 19 wt% chro­
mium. This strong
(64 ksi braze joints are
not uncommon)
900 10.7 corrosion-resistant
brazing filler metal is
Cil("] Ill z a:! used to braze a wide
.... ....
_o. I range of high tem­
z :z; 0 z
perature applications.
..._.f--m-Ni4B3
700������� To improve a binary
0 10 20 30 nickel-phosphorus
filler metal, 14 wt%
Weight Percent Boron
continued on page 4
3
 Figure 2
1200
1100
� a higher melting point
� 1000 (Ni)
"§
Ql
a.
E filler metal.
� silicon and phosphorus substantially
900
800 '-(;; I()
0.. 0..
M -o
.......
z z
700 �������
10
0
Weight Percent Phosphorus
Fundamentals
continued from page 3
chromium is added to form Nicrobraz 50
(BNi-7). This addition provides three
major advantages.
• increased molten viscosity
• more strength and ductility
• corrosion resistance
These advantages are best realized
when the brazing temperature is held at
1950° F (1065° C) for 60 minutes. This
will allow the phosphorus (after doing its
job to lower the melting point of the filler
metal) to diffuse into the base materials
and a small quantity of the phosphorus
will oxidize and replenish the more
ductile nickel.
Ni 8 Cr S i
- - -
Until this point, we had only examined
alloying two elements with nickel. What
happens if we combine nickel, boron,
silicon and chromium? Keep in mind
that both boron and silicon substantially
lower the melting point of pure nickel.
By alloying all three elements with
nickel, we form Nicrobraz LM (BNi-2) with
a melting point at 1830° F (1000° C).
This is particularly noteworthy because
we started with pure nickel that melts
at 2651° F (1455° C). By alloying it with
approximately 3.1 wt% boron, 7 wt%
chromium, 4.5 wt% silicon and also
3 wt% iron, a filler metal is formed with a
much lower melting point.
Furthermore, if the time at brazing
temperature is extended, most of the
boron will diffuse out
of the braze joint and
into the base metals.
This will result in a
finished braze joint
of Ni-Cr-Si-Fe
with high strength,
enhanced corrosion
resistance and, due
to the boron diffusion,
(above 2300° F or
1260° C) than the
original brazing
Carbon (C)
Carbon is an undesir­
able element in most
brazing filler metals.
Carbon reacts with
0..
� chromium to form
....... .......
z chromium carbides,
which are brittle,
angular, hollow
20
crystals that raise
braze joint stress.
Observations of braze
joints by X-ray mapping (SEM) have
shown that chromium carbides are
common in joints that are not fully
diffused or have wide gaps. These
carbides can also tie up valuable
chromium, thus lowering the corrosion
resistance of the braze joint. Therefore.
most nickel-based brazing filler metals
have less than 0. 1% carbon content.
However, there is another school of
thought which attributes less influence
to carbon. The claim is that although
carbon may slightly decrease the
melting point, increase fluidity and
decrease the strength of the filler metal,
in general, carbon in small amounts has
minimal effect (positive or negative) on
nickel-based brazing filler metals.
Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Tungsten (W)
and Molybdenum (Mo)
Here we will briefly discuss a few
additional elements which are less
common than the ones examined thus
far, yet worth mentioning. Iron is
generally a neutral element which is
inadvertently added to brazing filler
metals with the addition of boron and/or
silicon (ferro-silicon and low quality
nickel-boron). However, iron does
impart some ductility in brazing filler
metals. Copper, when alloyed with
nickel and chromium, enhances the
corrosion resistance to salt water
environments and other aqueous
media. Tungsten elevates the melting
point of brazing filler metals and
reduces viscosity during brazing. In
diffusion brazing processes. the
presence of tungsten increases the
4
high temperature strength of the braze
joint. Molybdenum increases the
viscosity of brazing filler metals, adds
high temperature strength and en­
hances corrosion resistance to aqueous
media, especially when alloyed with
chromium and copper.
During this examination of the elements
alloyed with nickel to make many
popular nickel-based brazing filler
metals, we discovered that melting
points, strength, ductility, viscosity and
corrosion resistance are important
considerations. We showed how boron,
reduce the melting point of pure nickel.
Chromium, when alloyed with nickel­
boron, nickel-silicon, nickel-phosphorus
or combinations of these elements, will
improve the strength, ductility and
corrosion resistance of brazing filler
metals. Generally, carbon and iron are
controlled neutral elements in nickel­
based brazing filler metals, tungsten
increases the melting point and
reduces viscosity, while copper and
molybdenum are beneficial additions
which will increase the corrosion
resistance of brazing filler metals. 1111
(Note: Melting point, when used in this
article to refer to alloys, is intended to
pertain to the liquidus temperature. For
an explanation refer to the article in this
issue, The Range Between Solidus and
Liquidus.)
In our next issue, we will examine
Metallurgy - Part II.
'ASM. Bmary Alloy Phase D1agrams. Volume 1
(OH· ASM International. 1986). p. 370.
"ASM. Bmary. Volume 2. p. 1739
Sam duBois, BSChE, is Vice President
of Research and Development and
Corporate Quality Assurance Manager
for Wall Colmonoy. He has been
working with nickel-based superalloys,
and hard-surfacing and brazing
technology for over 20 years. Sam
holds four U. S., one Canadian and two
European patents for hard-surfacing
and brazing alloys. He also has a
wealth of experience in engineered
powdered metal parts for gas turbines.
As an instructor for Wall Colmonoy's bi­
annual Brazing School, Sam teaches
courses on brazing metallurgy, inspec­
tion and quality control. He maintains
membership in ASM (American Society
of Metals), AWS (American Welding
Society) and ASQC (American Society
of Quality Control).
 :_ :: . ... 'i.'� ••=� T.-:�'T>--:;::-:,�·� ;--- .;; --:: :"" -- -----=-·-=- ---..--·-=,·----=-��--
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rature Ranges
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AWS Nominal Composition Solidus Liquidus Brazing Range

NICROBRAZ. A5.8 (%) OF CCC) OF (OC) OF CCC)

Ni Bal. Si 4.5 B 3 1780 1970 1950-2200

LC/LCP BNi-1a
Cr 14 Fe 4.5 c 0.03 (970) (1075) (1065-1205)

Ni Bal. Si 4.5 Fe 3 1780 1830 1850-2150

LM BNi-2
Cr 7 B 3.1 c 0.03 (970) (1000) (1010-1175)

Ni Bal. c 0.03 1610 1610 1700-2000

10 BNi-6
p 11 (875) (875) (925-1095)

Ni Bal. Si 10.2 1975 2075 2100-2200

30 BNi-5
Cr 19 c 0.03 (1080) ( 1135) (1150-1205)

Ni Bal. p 10 1630 1630 1800-2000

50 BNi-7
US. Patent 3, 188,203 Cr 14 c 0.03 (890) (890) (980-1095)

Ni Bal. p 10 1620 1740 1800-2000

51
Cr 25 c 0.03 (880) (950) (980-1095)

Ni Bal. B 3.2 Nb2

110 1775 1980 2000-2150
Cr 7.9 Cu 2.5 c 0.02
US Patent 5, 183,636 (970) ( 1080) (1090-1175)
Si 4.2 Mo 2

Ni Bal. Si 4.5 B 3 1780 1900 1950-2200

125 BNi-1
Cr 14 Fe 4.5 c 0.7 (970) (1 040) (1065-1205)

Ni Bal. B 3.1 1800 1900 1850-2150

130 BNi-3
Si 4.5 c 0.03 (980) (1040) (101 0-117 5)

Ni Bal. B 1.9 1810 1935 1950-2150

135 BNi-4
Si 3.5 c 0.03 (990) ( 1055) (1065-1175)

Ni Bal. B 3.5 1930 1930 1950-2200

150 BNi-9
Cr 15 c 0.03 (1055) (1 055) (1065-1205)

Ni Bal. Si 3.5 B 2.3 1780 2120 2100-2200

160 Cr 11 Fe 3.5 c 0.5 (970) ( 1160) (1150-1205)

Ni Bal. Si 3.5 B 2.5

1780 2020 2120-2200
170 BNi-10 w 16 Fe 3.5 c 0.5
(970) ( 1105) (1150-1205)
Cr 12

Ni Bal. Si 3.5 B 2.5

1780 2000 2100-2200
171 BNi-11 w 12 Fe 3.5 c 0.4
(970) (1095) (1150-1205)
Cr 10

200 Ni Bal. Si 4.5 B 3.2 1790 1900 1950-2150

US. Patent 2,868,639 Cr 7 Fe 3 c 0.03 (975) (1040) (1065-1175)
w 6

Co Bal. Si 8 B 0.8
1920 2090 2100-2250
210 BCo-1 Cr 19 w 4 c 0.4
(1045) ( 1140) (1150-1230)
Ni 17

Ni Bal. Si 8 1975 2075 2150-2200

3002 Cr 15 (1080) (1135) (1175-1205)

Ni Bal. Si 9 1980 2080 2100-2150

3003 Cr 17 B 0.1 (1080) ( 1135) (1150-1175)