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3-Chemical-Thermodynamics-And-Energetics Qu Ban Pap PDF
3-Chemical-Thermodynamics-And-Energetics Qu Ban Pap PDF
3-Chemical-Thermodynamics-And-Energetics Qu Ban Pap PDF
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
AND ENERGETICS
1) Three moles of an ideal gas are ∴ 0.36 = –1.2 × (V2 – 0.5)
expanded isothermally from a volume 0.36
of 300 cm3 to 2.5 L at 300 K against a ∴ = –(V2 – 0.5)
1.2
pressure of 1.9 atm. Calculate the work
done in L atm and joules. ∴ 0.3 = –V2 + 0.5
Given : ∴ V2 = 0.2 L
V1 = 300 cm3
= 300 × 10–3 L ∴ V2 = 200 cm3
= 0.3 L
V2 = 2.5 L 3) Calculate the maximum work when 24
T = 300 K g of oxygen are expanded isothermally
P = 1.9 atm and reversibly from a pressure of
1.6 × 105 Pa to 100 kPa at 298 K.
To Find : Given :
Work done (W) Mass = 24 g
Formula : P1 = 1.6 × 105 Pa
W = –P∆
∆V P2 = 100 K Pa
Solution : = 100 × 103 Pa
∴ W = –P∆
∆V = 105 Pa
W = –1.9(2.5 – 0.3) 24
= –1.9 × 2.2 n =
32
= –4.18 L atm
= 0.75 moles
Now, 1 L atm = 101.33 J
R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1
So –4.18 L atm = –423.56 J
T = 298 K
∴ W = –423.56 J
To Find :
2) One mole of an ideal gas is compressed Maximum mark (Wmax)
3
from 500 cm against a constant pressure Formula :
5
of 1.216 × 10 Pa. The work involved in P
the process is 36.50 J. Calculate the final Wmax = –2.303nRT log10 1
P2
volume.
Solution :
Given :
V1 = 500 cm3 P
= 0.5 L Wmax = –2.303nRT log10 1
P2
P = 1.216 × 105 Pa
= –2.303 × 0.75 × 8.314 × 298
= 1.2 atm
W = 36.50 J 1.6 × 10 5
= 0.36 L atm × log10
10 5
To Find :
= –2.303 × 0.75 × 8.314 × 298
Find Volume (V2)
× log10 1.6
Formula :
= –4273.39 × log 1.6
W = –P∆ ∆V
= –4279.39 × 0.204
Solution :
Wmax = –873 J
W = –P∆ ∆V
Chemical Thermodynamcs and Energetics
.. 2
To Find :
15.15 × 10 5 W
∴ P2 =
1039.92 Formula :
P2 = 1456.8 Nm–2 W = –∆ ∆ nRT
Solution :
6) A sample of gas absorbs 4000 kJ of heat. i) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
i) If volume remains constant, what is 1 mole of SO2 will 0.5 mole of O2 to give
∆U ? 1 mole of SO3.
ii) Suppose that in addition to W = –∆∆ n.RT
absorption of heat by the sample, the = –RT(n2 – n1)
surroundings does 2000 kJ of work W = –8.314 × 323(1 – 1.5)
on the sample, what is ∆U ? = –8.314 × 323 × (–0.5)
iii) Suppose that as the original sample W = 1342.7 J
absorbs heat, it expands against As W is positive, work is done on
atmospheric pressure and does 600 kJ system.
of work on its surroundings. What ii) NH 4NO 3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)
is ∆U ? 2 moles of NH 4NO 3(s) gives 2 moles of
Given : N2O(g) and 4 moles of H2O(g)
i) q = 4000 KJ So, ∆n = (6 – 0)
ii) W = 2000 KJ = 6
iii) w = 600 KJ W = –∆∆ n.RT
To Find : = –6 × 8.314 × 373
i) ∆U ii) ∆U iii) ∆U = –18606.75 J
Solution : W = –18.61 kJ
i) At constant volume, ∆H = ∆U As W is negative, work is done by the
So, ∆ U = 4000 kJ system.
ii) Surroundings does 2000 kJ of work on 8) The enthalpy change for the reaction
sample C 2
H4(g) + H2(g) C 2 H 6(g) is –620 J
So, ∆ U = 4000 + 2000 when 100 mL of enthylene and 100 mL
= 6000 kJ of H 2
react at 1 atm pressure. Calculate
iii) Original sample absorbs heat and expands the pressrure volume work and ∆U.
aginst atmospheric pressure. Work done Given :
on surroundings. ∆H = –620 J,
∆ U = 4000 – 600 V 1
= 200ml = 0.2 L
= 3400 kJ P = 1 atm
V2 = 100 ml = 0.1 L
7) Calculate the work done in each of the
following reactions. State whether work To Find :
is done on the system or by the system.. Pressure – Volume work (W)
i) The oxidation of one mole of SO2 at 500C ∆U
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Formula :
ii) Decomposition of 2 moles of NH4NO 3 W = –P∆
∆V
0
at 100 C Solution :
NH 4 NO 3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g) W = –P∆
∆V
= –1 × (0.1 – 0.2)
= –1 × –0.1
Chemical Thermodynamcs and Energetics
.. 4
17) Given the following equation and ∆H0 18) Given the following equation and ∆H0
values at 250C, values at 250C,
i) Si(s) + O2(g) SiO 2(s) i) 2H3BO 3(aq)
∆H0 = –911 kJ B2O3(s)+ 3H2O(l), ∆H0 = +14.4 kJ
ii) 2C(graphite) + O2(g) 2CO(g) ii) H3BO 3(aq)
∆H0 = –221 kJ HBO2(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H0 = –0.02 kJ
iii) Si(s) + C(graphite) SiC(s)
iii) H2B4O 7(s)
2B2O3(s) + H2O(l)
∆H0 = –65.3 kJ
0 ∆H0 = 17.3 kJ
Calculate ∆ H for the following 0
Calculate ∆ H for the following
reaction,
reaction,
SiO2(s) + 3C(graphite) SiC(s) + 2CO(g),
H2B4O7(s) + H2O(l) 4HBO2(aq)
Given :
Given :
Equation are,
Equation are,
Si(s) + O2(g) SiO2(s)
2H3 BO 3(aq) B2O3(s)+ 3H2O(l),
∆H0 = –911 kJ ...(i) ∆H0 = +14.4 kJ ...(i)
2C(graphite) + O2(g) 2CO(g) H3BO 3(aq) HBO2(aq) + H2O(l)
∆H0 = –221 kJ ...(ii) ∆H0 = –0.02 kJ ...(ii)
Si(s) + C(graphite) SiC(s) H2 B4 O7(s) 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l)
∆H0 = –65.3 kJ...(iii) ∆H0 = 17.3 kJ...(iii)
To Find : To Find :
∆H0 ∆H0
Solution : Solution :
Reverse equation (i), so that it becomes Reverse equation (i) and multiply by (2)
SiO2(s) Si(s) + O2(g) 2B2O3(s)+ 6H2O(l) 4H3 BO 3(aq)
∆H0 = 28.8 kJ ...(iv)
∆H0 = 911 kJ ...(iv)
Multiply equations (ii) by 4
Add equations (iv), (ii), (iii),
4H3 BO 3(aq)
SiO2(s) Si(s) + O2(g)
4HBO2(aq)+ 4H2O(l)
∆H0 = 911 kJ ∆ 0 = (–0.08) kJ ...(v)
∆H
2C(graphite) + O2(g) 2CO(g) Now add equation (iv), (v) and (iii)
∆H0 = –221 kJ 2B2O3(s)+ 6H2O(l) 4H3BO3
∆H0 = 28.8 kJ
Si(s) + C(graphite) SiC(s) 4H3 BO 3(aq)
∆ 0 = –65.3 kJ
∆H 4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l)
∆H0 = (–0.08) kJ
SiO2(s) + 3C(graphite) SiC(s) + 2CO(g) H2 B4 O7(s) 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l)
∆H0 = 17.3 kJ
∆ H 0 = 911 + (–211) + (–65.3)
= 624.7 kJ H2B4O7(s)+ H2O(l) 4HBO2(aq)
∆ H 0 = –28.8 + (–0.08) + 17.3
= –11.58 kJ
19) Calculate Kp for the reaction, 21) Calculate ∆G0 for the reaction at 250C
C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H 6(g), CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH (g)
∆G = –100 kJmol at 250C
0 –1 0
∆G = –24.8 kJmol –1
Formula : Given :
∆ G 0 = –2.303RT log10 Kp T = 250C = 298 k
Solution : 0
∆ H = –238.6 kJ
∆ G 0 = –2.303RT log10 Kp ∆ S0 = +36.7 JK–1
∴ ∆ G 0 = –2.303 × 8.314 × 298 × log9 To Find :
× 10–10 ∆ S(total)
= 51,613.96 J/mol Formula :
= 51.61 kJ
– ∆H0
∆Ssurr =
T
Solution : = 50 + 32.5
= 82.5 kJ
– ∆H 0 –238.6kJ As ∆G is positive, the reactions is
∆Ssurr = =
T 298k nonspontaneous and the positive
= 0.8006 kJ/K value ∆ H indicates that the
= 800.6 J/K reaction is endothermic.
∆ Ssys = ∆ S0 = +36.7 J/K
∴ ∆S(total)= ∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr For the certain reaction, ∆H0 = –224 kJ
24)
= 36.7 + 800.6 and ∆S0 = –153 JK–1. At what temperature
= 837.3 J/K will it change from spontaneous to
As ∆S(total) is positive, the reaction is nonspontaneous ?
spontaneous at 298 K Given :
∆ H 0 = –224 kJ
23) Determine whether the reaction ∆H and ∆ S0 = –153 JK–1
∆ S values are spontaneous or = –0.153 kJ/K
nonspontaneous. State whether they are To Find :
exothermic or endothermic. Temperature (T) = ?
i) ∆H = –110 kJ and ∆S = + 40JK–1 Formula :
at 400 K
ii) ∆H = –50 kJ and ∆S = – 130 JK–1 at 400 K ∆H0
T =
∆S 0
Given : Solution :
∆H = –110 kJ and ∆S = + 40JK–1 at 400 K
∆H = –50 kJ and ∆S = – 130 JK–1 at 400 K ∆H0
T =
To Find : ∆S 0
To state whether the reactions are
–224
exothermic or endothermic and =
spontaneous or nonspontaneous. 0.153
Formula : = 1464.05 K
0
∆ G = ∆H – T∆ ∆S As ∆ H and ∆ S 0 both are negative,
Solution : reaction is spontaneous at lower
i) ∆ G = ∆H – T∆ ∆S temperature. So the reaction will be
∆ S = +40 J/K = 0.04 kJ/K spontaneous below 1464.05 K and
∆ H = –110 kJ nonspontaneous above 1464.05 K. The
∴ ∆ G = –110 – (400 × 0.04) change over between spontaneous and
= –110 –16 nonspontaneous occurs at 1464.05 K
= –126 kJ
Because ∆ G is negative, the 25) Determine whether the following
reactions is spontaneous and the reaction is spontaneous or
negative value ∆ H indicates that nonspontaneous under standard
the reaction is exothermic. condition ?
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+ + Cu(s)
ii) ∆G = ∆H – T∆ ∆S ∆H0 = – 219 kJ, ∆S0 = – 21 JK–1
∆H = +50 kJ Given :
∆S = –130 J/K = –0.130kJ/k ∆ H 0 = – 219 kJ
∴ ∆G = 50 – (250 × –0.130) ∆ S0 = – 21 JK–1
T = 298 K
Chemical Thermodynamcs and Energetics
.. 10
To Find : Formula :
∆G0 W = – P∆∆V
Formula : Solution :
∆ G 0 = ∆H0 – T∆∆ S0 W = – P∆∆V
Solution : = –1 × (22.4)
∴ ∆ G 0 = ∆H0 – T∆∆ S0 = – 22.4 L atm
= –219 – (298 × –0.021) = – 22.4 × 101.33 J
= –219 – (–6.258) = –2269.8 J
= –219 + 6.258 Ans : W = –2.27 kJ
= –212.74 kJ ∆ H = ∆U + P∆ ∆V
As ∆ G 0 is negative the reaction ∴ –P∆∆V = –2.27
spontaneous. P∆∆ V = 2.27
∴ ∆ U = ∆H – P∆ ∆V
26) Determine whether the following = –2043 – 2.27
reaction is spontaneous under standard = –2045.27 kJ
conditions. ∴ ∆U = –20445.27 kJ
2H2O(l) + O2(g) 2H 2O 2(l)
∆H0 = + 196 kJ, ∆S0 = – 126 JK–1 28) What is the value of ∆ S surr for the
Does it have a cross-over temperatuer ? following reaction at 298 K ?
Given : 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H 12O 6(s)
∆ H 0 = 196 KJ, ∆ S0 = –126 J/K + 6O2(g),
Solution : 0 –1
∆G = 2879 kJ mol
∆ G 0 = ∆H0 – T∆ ∆ S0
∆S0 = – 210 JK–1mol–1.
= 196 – (298 × –0.126)
Does it have a cross-over temperatuer ?
= 196 + (37.55)
Given :
= 233.55 kJ
∆ G 0 = 2879 kJ mol–1
As ∆ G0 is positive the reaction will be
∆ S0 = – 210 JK–1mol–1
nonspontaneous. As ∆H0 is positive and
= –0.210 kJ/K/mol.
As ∆S0 is negative. ∆G 0 will be always
T = 298 K
positive regardless of temperature. The
To Find :
reaction is therefore nonspontaneous at
∆ Ssurr
all the temperature. So it will not have
Formula :
cross-over temperature.
∆ G 0 = ∆H0 – T∆ ∆ S0
27) Oxidation of propane is represented as Solution 0:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g), ∆ G = ∆H0 – T∆ ∆ S0
0
2879 = ∆H – (298 × –0.210)
∆H0 = – 2043 kJ. 2879 = ∆H0 – (–62.58)
How much pressure volume work is ∆ H 0 = 2816.42 kJ
done and what is the value of ∆ U at
constant pressure of 1 atm when volume 2816.42
∆ Ssurr =
change i s+22.4 L. 298
Given : = 9.45 kJ/K
P = 1 atm
V = +22.4 L
To Find :
Work done (W)
Value of ∆U
Chemical Thermodynamcs and Energetics
.. 11