Debris-¯ow Hazards and Related Phenomena

Matthias Jakob and Oldrich Hungr

Debris-flow Hazards
and Related
Phenomena

Published in association with

Praxis Publishing
Chichester, UK
Dr Matthias Jakob
Senior Geoscientist
BGC Engineering Inc.
Vancouver
British Columbia
Canada

Professor Oldrich Hungr

Earth and Ocean Sciences Department
University of British Columbia
Vancouver
British Columbia
Canada

SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN GEOPHYSICAL SCIENCES

SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: Dr Philippe Blondel, C.Geol., F.G.S., Ph.D., M.Sc., Senior Scientist,
Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK

ISBN 3-540-20726-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springeronline.com)

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek
Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra®e;
detailed bibliographic data are available from the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de

Library of Congress Control Number: 2004117082

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism
or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this
publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of
reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms
should be sent to the publishers.

# Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2005

Printed in Germany

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free
for general use.

Cover design: Jim Wilkie

Project Management: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK

Printed on acid-free paper




















































    






































   









































   












































 










































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Legend

Initial Failed Mass

Elevation (m)

800
ELEVATION (m)

Erosion

(m)
200

Width (m)
Final Flow Profile

WIDTH
600

100
ACTUAL
400
RUNOUT
WIDTH

200 0
(m/s)

20
Velocity (m/s)
VELOCITY

10
FRONT
TAIL
0

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

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(pebbles to v. coarse sand) (coarse to v. coarse sand) (med. to coarse sand)

G  30 to 5.0F G  18 to 24F G  11 to 16F

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c  90 to 79 wt %
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Figure 5.15. Central longitudinal section: (a) from the source area to the Omoji River; and (b)
of the source area. (c) Cross section of Failure T.
Figure 10.4. Lahar-hazard map of Hall and von Hillebrand (1988) superimposed on Landscan
population data courtesy of John Ewert. Landscan data is compiled in 1-km 2 pixels. The
combination of population data with lahar-hazard zones follows the volcano population index of
Ewert and Harpel (2004) to generate a lahar population index. The generation of Landscan data in
90-m pixels will make the technique more useful with small and moderate-sized lahar-hazard zones.
Figure 10.5. Photograph of Armero after the 13 November, 1985 lahars from Nevado del
Ruiz, Columbia.
USGS photograph from Pierson et al. (1990).

Figure 10.10. Idealized lahar path and geometric relationships between A and B describing the
extent of the lahar-inundation hazard zone.
After Iverson et al. (1998).
 Puget D
O UN
Sound S D
GET LAN
P U OW

E
L

NG
Gr

RA
Auburn ee
n
Riv
e

E
AD

r
Wh
TACOMA

SC
Sumner R. it e

CA
W hi
Puyallup Buckley te Greenwater
Enumclaw Riv
er
S.
Orting Pr
a irie
Ca

C reek
rb

on
Pu R iv er
ya
llu

Sunrise
p

MOUNT
Riv
er RAINIER
Co w

14,410 ft
litz

Nisqu
ally
River

Ri ver National
0 5 10 15 Km

Osceola Mudflow Ancient arms of Pugent Sound

and Pardise lahar
Electron Mudflow Source of Osceola Mudflow
Margin of Puget Sound lowland

Figure 10.8. Distribution map of the 5,600-year-old, 4-km 3 Osceola Mudflow and coeval
Paradise lahar (after Vallance and Scott, 1997) and of the 0.25-km 3 , 500-year-old Electron
Mudflow (after Crandell, 1971). Edifice collapse of hydrothermally altered weakened rock
generated all of these lahars. Eruptions at the summit of Mount Rainier caused the Osceola
Mudflow and Paradise lahar, but the cause of the Electron Mudflow may not be related to
eruptions.
Figure 10.9. Lahar hazard zones for Mount Rainier after Hoblitt et al. (1998). Large lahars
(Case 1) will extend farther downstream and will inundate greater areas of the drainage basins
than smaller lahars (Case 2). The geologic history of Mount Rainier during the last 10,000
years indicates the approximate frequency with which these lahars occur. The vast majority of
these large lahars occur during periods of volcanism. In contrast, the smallest lahars (Case 3)
include those that happen nearly every year and are not necessarily genetically related to
volcanism.
Figure 10.11. Lahar-inundation hazard map constructed by applying the computer model for
Mount Rainier and vicinity after Iverson et al. (1998). The dark line encloses a proximal
hazard zone, which includes hazards from diverse processes including lahars. Degree of
hazard diminishes with simulation volume because large lahars are less likely to recur than
small lahars.
 Figure 11.2. Spectral ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum expressed in nanometers.

Figure 11.5. CIR photograph showing seepage as dark blue patches in the debris slide scar.
Figure 11.6. Lidar range image of a hillslope subject to debris slides and ravelling. The color of
a pixel represents the distance from the sensor to that pixel. The colors cycle through the
rainbow as pixels become increasingly distant from the sensor.

Figure 11.7. Three-dimensional photograph of the same hillslope shown in Figure 11.6. The
shape data came from a lidar sensor and the image data from a color digital camera.
Figure 11.8. Photo showing the use of a ground-based lidar to monitor movement on a debris
slide face.
From Paar et al. (2000).

Figure 11.9. Isoline plot of landslide movements detected by a ground-based lidar system in
Austria.
From Paar et al. (2000).
Figure 11.10. Map of the maximum landslide-induced ground deformation provided by a
ground-based D-InSAR (left). Photo of the debris slide headscarp analysed (right).
From Leva et al. (2003).

Figure 14.4. (b) Rainstorm in 2002, Gisborne, East Coast.

Photo: by Michael Crozier.
 (c)

Figure 14.17. The Soil Water Status index calculated for Wellington, New Zealand. Threshold
lines refer to calculations from the observation period (Glade, 2000a). (a) Observation period
1950–1979, (b) control run of the downscaled GCM data for the similar period, and (c) climate
change scenario based on the GCM run for the period 2070–2099 (refer to Schmidt and Glade
(2003) for details). In (a) the event precipitation refers to landslide-triggering rainstorms.
Figure 14.18. Changes of total number of landslide events within each probability class for
Wellington, New Zealand. Data refer to Figure 14.17 and give observations, control-run, and
scenarios (Schmidt and Glade, 2003). The ‘‘number of events’’ refers to the number of
landslide-triggering rainstorm events.
 (a)

(b)

Figure 15.1. (a) Photograph of debris-flow path and (b) deposits generated from a burned
basin following the 2002 Coal Seam Fire in Colorado. Pickup truck towing trailer in lower left
of (a) for scale.
Photographs by Andrea Holland-Sears, USDA Forest Service.
Figure 15.2. Map showing locations of documented fire-related debris-flow events in the
western USA. Data for more than one basin exists at most locations. Yellow dots signify
locations of basins for which data on either debris-flow volume or peak discharge exist
(Gartner et al., 2004); both red and yellow dots show locations of debris-flow producing
basins included in Gartner et al. (in press); green dots show additional debris-flow locations
reported in the literature.
Figure 15.3. Photograph of debris-flow path generated through the process of progressive
bulking of runoff with sediment eroded from hillslopes and channels in the 2002 Coal Seam
Fire in Colorado. Levees consisting of poorly sorted, unstratified and matrix-supported
material, and mud coatings persisted down the channel from the point indicated by the arrow.
Photograph by Andrea Holland-Sears, USDA Forest Service.

Figure 15.7. Photograph of landslide scar on hillslopes burned by the 2002 Missionary Ridge
Fire in Colorado. Material from scar mobilized into a debris flow and travelled only a short
distance downslope.
Figure 17.11. Hazard map of Percy Creek at Indian Arm, Vancouver, British Columbia. This
map is based on repeated modelling of the 500-year return period debris flow and combined
several possible flow paths. High hazard (red) is defined for flow velocities (v) > 3 m/s, flow
depth (d) > 3 m, and maximum boulder size (D) > 2 m. Moderate hazard (orange) is defined as
v ¼ 1–3 m/s, d ¼ 1–3 m, and D ¼ 1–2 m. Low hazard (yellow) is defined as v < 1 m/s, d < 1 m,
and D < 1 m.
KWL Ltd (2003).

Figure 20.12. Discrete hazard levels (PREVENE 2001 project).

Figure 20.13. Hazard map for San Julian alluvial fan. Squares are 500  500 m.
 Figure 21.1. Geographical location and SPOT image of Taiwan Island.

Figure 21.3. Isohyetal map of the 96-hour rainfall during Typhoon Herb from 30 July to 2
August, 1996.
Figure 21.8. Map of the Chenyoulan stream watershed, NCCI Highway, 4 rain-gauge
stations, and 47 debris-flow gullies caused by Typhoon Herb.
After Chieng (1998).
 Figure 21.9. ‘‘Bouldery’’ ‘rock-rich) debris flow at Fengqiu.

Figure 21.10. ‘‘Sand-silt-clavey’’ (matrix-rich) debris flow at Longhua.

Figure 21.11. ‘‘Cobble-gravely’’ (mixed evenly with rock and matrix) debris flow at Shenmu.

Figure 21.14. Cross section of a ‘‘cobble-gravely’’ debris flow deposit at Junkengqiao. The
debris flow destroyed one home except for the wall foundation. The thickness of the wall
foundation was 0.7 m and the largest boulder in the photograph was 0.4 m. Note the debris
avalanche scar in the upper center of the photo, which likely triggered the debris flow.
Figure 21.15. Damaged bridge over the Chushui River at Shenmu. The bridge’s clearance was
designed for water floods and did not have sufficient conveyance for debris flows. The bridge
suffered severe structural damage. The largest boulder transported under the bridge had a
diameter of 2:0  2:5 m.

Figure 21.17. Debris-flow structural countermeasures, such as Sabo dams, debris barriers, and
debris basins, at Fengqiu in the Chenyoulan stream watershed. The photo shows a relatively
big debris basin having a designed capacity of 80,000 m 3 . It was built in 1999, and later divided
by a grid-type slit dam (as shown in blue color) in 2000.Photo: Professor C.C. Wu).
Figure 21.18. A slit dam built at the outlet of a debris-flow-prone stream at Jianqing in
Hualien County. Note the use of tires on the upstream face of the slit dam to reduce the
debris-flow impact. The photo inset shows a series of check dams constructed to stabilize the
channel bed and banks along the stream channel upstream of the slit dam.

Figure 21.19. A debris-flow warning sign installed at the crossing of a road and a debris-flow-
prone channel.
Photo: Disaster Prevention Research Center, NCKU.
Figure 23.5. Identification of potential timber salvage associated with landslide activity using
high-resolution satellite images.
Image copyright of DigitalGlobe.com.

Figure 23.6. Identification of landslide features in Escalante River using near-infrared satellite
images.
Image copyright of Spaceimaging.com.
Figure 24.2. Hazard matrix. Specific quantitative criteria (for debris flows: flow depth and
velocity) are provided for the magnitude of the processes (cf. BWW/BUWAL/BRP, 1997).
Figure 24.8. Simulation of debris flows at Sörenberg using a 2-parameter model for the travel
distance and a random-walk approach (using a GIS multiple-flow direction) for the behaviour
of the flows on the fan.
Figure 24.9. Hazard map for Sörenberg. Only the debris flow hazards from the landslide
complex are considered (colours according to Figure 24.2).
Figure 24.11. Hazard map after the implementation of a set of structural measures as
indicated in Figure 24.10 (colours according to Figure 24.2).
Figure 26.14. Model run for a debris flow with a volume of 3  10 6 m 3 and a peak discharge of
9,600 m 3 /s (Kerr Wood Leidal, 2003). According to the exceedence plots in Figure 26.11, this
event has a return period of 2,500–5,000 years. Middle and late Holocene debris flows,
including the 800-year-old event at the municipal landfill, created a topographic high that
splits the modelled event into southern and northern lobes. The thickest materials occur along
the modern channel. Note that the debris flow does not reach the residential areas of
Brackendale (BR). The contour interval is 5 m.