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FCP Fatigue-Crack PDF
FCP Fatigue-Crack PDF
Region II
For larger magnitudes of ∆K (region II), the crack growth rate
will be governed by a power law (such as Paris’ law)
The crack growth rate is fairly insensitive to the microstructure
(however, the constants m and C are, of course, different for
different materials)
If region II includes the dominating part of the fatigue life, the
fatigue life can be directly estimated by integrating Paris’ law
Region III
If the stress intensity ratio is increased even further (region III),
the crack growth rate will accelerate and finally fracture will
occur
The behavior of this fracture is rather sensitive to the
microstructure and flow properties of the material.
Thus, the crack growth rate (i.e. growth per stress cycle)
can be expressed as
da
= f ( ∆K , R, H )
dN
where da dN is the crack growth per stress cycle
ParisÕ law
Paris’ law can be written as
da
= C∆K m
dN
where C and m are material parameters
One of the first (1962) and most widely used fatigue crack
propagation criteria
ÒAlgorithmÓ
1. Find stress intensity factor for the current geometry
2. Find crack length corresponding to K max = KC
3. Check if the requirements for linear elastic fracture mechanics are
fulfilled
4. Integrate Paris’ law
5. Solve for the number of stress cycles corresponding to failure
Important
If the stress intensity factor includes a geometric function of a,
estimated (or analytic) values of this function has to be used
Short cracks
So far
da
= f ( ∆K )
dN
where ∆K depends on the ∆σ1 > ∆σ 2
amplitude of the normal stress a1 < a2
Crack Speed
(and geometry)
But short cracks are shear Short Crack Theory
stress driven also LEFM is
not valid
Two types of short cracks
• mechanically short cracks – Microstructural
propagate faster than large Threshold
cracks with same ∆K
Crack Length
• microstructurally short cracks
– interact closely with the
microstructure and grow fast
Solid Mechanics Fatigue crack propagation Anders Ekberg
10 (20)
σ σ
Loading Unloading
σY
crack crack
Plastic
zone
(tension) Plastic zone
σY (compression)
Kmax
∆Keff
∆K
Kop
Crack closure
Kmin
10
The only
8 Kop
Kmin ∆KParis difference
when using
∆KElber
6
∆KParis Elber
4 correction is
Kop and Kmin
in a new,
2 higher Kmin
0
Smallest magnitude of
Kmin in Paris law
-2
Using Elber
-4 correction in
Paris law is
-6
conservative
-8 (predicts a
longer
-10 fatigue life)
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
R
Crack arrestment
∆ m For
= C∆K m = C eff ∆K
da K
∆K 1 Kop
dN eff − =0
Kmax − Kop
m 1 − R ∆K
= C ∆K
∆K we get
m ∆K = Kop (1 − R) = ∆Kth
Kmax K op
=
C − ∆
K and
Kmax − Kmin ∆K da
m =0
dN
1 Kop
= C − ∆K For
Kmax Kmin ∆K Kop
− 1
− =1
max
K K max 1 − R ∆K
m we get
1 K op
= C − ∆
∆K = Kop − 1
K 1
1 − R ∆K R
By taking crack
closure into account
(using Elber
correction), we can
model a R-ratio
dependence
compressive mid
stress ⇒ slower crack
propagation
tensile mid stress ⇒
faster crack
propagation
log ∆σ B
The applied load gives a
stress intensity below the
A Fatigue fatigue threshold stress
log ∆σ e failure intensity ⇒ macroscopic
cracks will not continue to
grow
No fatigue failure
B
No propagation KI,th = α Uσ π a
log a
σ σ + ∆σ σ + ∆σ
σ
σ + ∆σ σ + ∆σ
Cracks that are loaded in mixed mode, will normally tend to
propagate in pure mode I
One exception is when a crack propagates along a weak zone
(e.g. a weld). In this case, an effective stress intensity factor can
be employed
∆Keff = ∆KI2 + (0.8 ⋅ ∆KII )
2