SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

1. Graphical Representation of Solutions

y = mx +b
One solution Infinite number of solutions No solution

.
x x x

y y y
m1 = m2 m1 = m2
m1 ≠ m2 b1 = b2 b1 ≠ b2
2. Arithmetic Representation of Solutions
Examples:
a. 3x – 4y = 8 ; 2x + 8y = 9
b. 6x – 8y = 4 ; 3x – 4y = 2
c. 2x + 3y = 5 ; 4x + 6y = 9
Practice!
I. Determine how many solutions the system have.
a. 3x – 4y = 8 ; 2x + 8y = 9

3x – 4y = 8 2x + 8y = 9
3x – 8 = 4y 8y = – 2x+9
3 1 9
x–2 =y y = – 4x + 8
4
3 1
m1 = 4 m2 = – 4
⸫ one solution

b. 6x – 8y = 4 ; 3x – 4y = 2

6x – 8y = 4 3x – 4y = 2
6x – 4 = 8y 3x – 2 = 4y
3 1 3 1
x – =y x – =y
4 2 4 2
3 3
m1 = m2 =
4 4
1 1
b1 = – 2 b2 = – 2
⸫ infinite number of solutions

c. 2x + 3y = 5 ; 4x + 6y = 9

2x + 3y = 5 4x + 6y = 9
3y = –2x + 5 6y = –4x + 9
2 5 2 3
y = – 3x + 3 y = – 3x + 2
2 2
m1 = – 3 m2 = – 3
5 3
b1 = 3 b2 = 2
⸫ no solution

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 MATRIX
A matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers. Each number in the matrix is called an entry or element.
The order of a matrix is given by the number of rows by the number of columns.
System of Equations Coefficient Matrix Augmented Matrix
2x + 7y − z = 9 2 7 −1 2 7 −1 ∶ 9
x − 2𝑦 + 7 = 1 [1 −2 1 ] [1 −2 1 ∶ 1 ]
5y − 3z = 15 0 5 −3 0 5 −3 ∶ 15
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION
If the dimensions of two matrices are not the same, the addition is not defined.
2 7 −1
2 4
For example: [1 −2 1 ] + [ ] = undefined
3 1
0 5 −3
1. Commutative Property of Addition
 Two matrices can be added in any order and get the same result.
A + B = B + A
Example:
2 4 1 5
A=[ ] B=[ ]
3 1 2 −1
2+1 4+5 1+2 5+4
A+B =[ ] B+A =[ ]
3 + 2 1 + (−1) 2 + 3 −1 + 1
3 9 3 9
A+B =[ ] B+A =[ ]
5 0 5 0
2. Associative Property of Addition
 Changing the grouping in matrix addition and still get the same result.
 (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
Example:
2 4 1 5 2 4
A=[ ] B=[ ] C=[ ]
3 1 2 −1 1 2
2+1 4+5 2 4 2 4 1+2 5+4
(A + B) + C = ([ ]) + [ ] A + (B + C) = [ ] + ([ ])
3 + 2 1 + (−1) 1 2 3 1 2 + 1 −1 + 2
3 9 2 4 2 4 3 9
(A + B) + C = [ ]+[ ] A + (B + C) = [ ]+[ ]
5 0 1 2 3 1 3 1
5 13 5 13
(A + B) + C = [ ] A + (B + C) = [ ]
6 2 6 2
3. Additive Identity Property
A + O = A
The zero matrix, denoted by O, is a matrix in which all of the entries are 0.
Example:
2 4 0 0
A=[ ] O=[ ]
3 1 0 0
2 4 0 0
A+O=[ ]+[ ]
3 1 0 0
2 4
A+O=[ ]
3 1
4. Additive Inverse Property
 A + (-A) = O
The opposite of a matrix A is the matrix −A, where each element in this matrix is the
opposite of the corresponding element in matrix A.
Example:
−2 4 2 −4
A=[ ] −A = [ ]
3 −1 −3 1
−2 4 2 −4
A + (-A) = [ ]+[ ]
3 −1 −3 1
0 0
A + (-A) = [ ]
0 0

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 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

1. Associative Property of Multiplication

 If A, B, and C are the appropriate sizes, then: A(BC) = (AB)C
Example:
2 −1 1 0 1 0 2
5 2 3 2 −3 0
A=[ ] B = [0 2 2 2] C=[ ]
2 −3 4 0 0 3
3 0 −1 3 2 1 0
0 3 7 1 0 2
5 2 3 2 −1 1 0
2 −3 0
A(BC) = [ ] [8 −4 6] (BC) = [0 2 2 2 ] [ ]
2 −3 4 3 0 −1 3 2 1
0 0 3
9 3 3 0

0 + 16 + 27 15 − 8 + 9 35 + 12 + 9 2−2+0+0 0+3+0+0 4+0+3+0

A(BC) = [ ] (BC) = [0 + 4 + 0 + 4 0 − 6 + 0 + 2 0 + 0 + 6 + 0]
0 − 24 + 36 6 + 12 + 12 14 − 18 + 12 3+0+0+6 0+0+0+3 6+0−3+0

𝟒𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟓𝟔 0 3 7
A(BC) = [ ] (BC) = [8 −4 6]
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟖 9 3 3

1 0 2
19 −1 6 13 2 −3 0 5 2 3
2 −1 1 0
(AB)C = [ ][ ] (AB) = [ ] [0 2 2 2]
16 −8 −8 6 0 0 3 2 −3 4
3 0 −1 3
2 1 0
19 − 2 + 0 + 26 0 + 3 + 0 + 13 38 + 0 + 18 + 0
(AB)C = [ ] (AB) = [10 +0+9 −5 + 4 + 0 5 + 4 − 3 0 + 4 + 9
]
16 − 16 + 0 + 12 0 + 24 + 0 + 6 32 + 0 − 24 + 0 4 + 0 + 12 −2 − 6 + 0 2 − 6 − 4 0 − 6 + 12

𝟒𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟓𝟔 19 −1 6 13
(AB)C = [ ] (AB) = [ ]
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟖 16 −8 −8 6

𝟒𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟓𝟔 𝟒𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟓𝟔
[ ]=[ ]
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟖 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟖

A(BC) = (AB)C

2. Distributive Property of Multiplication

 If A, B, and C are the appropriate sizes, then: A(B + C) = AB + AC or (A + B)C = AC + BC
Example:
1 0 −1 2
2 2 3
A=[ ] B = [2 2 ] C=[ 1 0]
3 −1 2
3 −1 2 −2
0 2
2 2 3
A(B + C) = [ ] [3 2] AB + AC = [2 + 4 + 9 0 + 4 − 3] + [−2 + 2 + 6 4 + 0 − 6]
3 −1 2 3−2+6 0−2−2 −3 − 1 + 4 6+0−4
5 −3
0 + 6 + 15 4 + 4 − 9 15 1 6 −2
A(B + C) = [ ] AB + AC = [ ]+[ ]
0 − 3 + 10 6 − 2 − 6 7 −4 0 2

𝟐𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐𝟏 −𝟏
A(B + C) = [ ] AB + AC = [ ]
𝟕 −𝟐 𝟕 −𝟐
𝟐𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐𝟏 −𝟏
[ ]=[ ]
𝟕 −𝟐 𝟕 −𝟐

A(B + C) = AB + AC

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 PROPERTIES OF SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
The term scalar multiplication refers to the product of a real number and a matrix. In scalar
multiplication, each entry in the matrix is multiplied by the given scalar.
If r and s are real numbers; and A and B are matrices, then:
1. r(sA) = (rs)A
2. (r + s)A = rA + Sa
3. r(A + B) = rA + rB
4. A(rB) = r(AB) = (rA)B
Example: Let r = −2, show that A(rB) = r(AB)
2 −1
1 2 3
A=[ ] B = [1 4 ]
−2 0 1
0 −2
−4 2 2 −1
1 2 3 1 2 3
A(rB) = [ ] [−2 −8] r(AB) = −2 ([ ] [1 4 ])
−2 0 1 −2 0 1
0 4 0 −2
−4 − 4 + 0 2 − 16 + 12 2 + 2 + 0 −1 + 8 − 6
A(rB) = [ ] r(AB) = −2 [ ]
8+0+0 −4 + 0 + 4 −4 + 0 + 0 2 + 0 − 2
−8 −24 4 1
A(rB) = [ ] r(AB) = −2 [ ]
8 0 −4 0
−8 −24
r(AB) = [ ]
8 0
−𝟖 −𝟐𝟒 −𝟖 −𝟐𝟒
[ ]=[ ]
𝟖 𝟎 𝟖 𝟎
A(rB) = r(AB)

PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

Transpose: row becomes the column.
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (AB)T = BTAT
4. (rA)T = rAT
Example: Show that (AB)T = BTAT
0 1 1 2
1 3 2 0 2 3
A=[ ] B = [2 2 ] AT = [3 −1] BT = [ ]
2 −1 3 1 2 −1
3 −1 2 3
0 1 𝑇 1 2
1 3 2 0 2 3
(AB)T = ([ ] [2 2 ]) BTAT = [ ] [3 −1]
2 −1 3 1 2 −1
3 −1 2 3
0 1 𝑇
1 3 2 0+6+6 0−2+9
(AB)T = ([ ] [2 2 ]) BTAT = [ ]
2 −1 3 1+6−2 2−2−3
3 −1
T 0+6+6 1+6−2 𝑇 12 7
(AB) = ([ ]) BTAT = [ ]
0−2+9 2−2−3 5 −3
12 5 𝑇
(AB)T = ([ ])
7 −3
12 7
(AB)T = [ ]
5 −3
𝟏𝟐 𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟕
[ ]=[ ]
𝟓 −𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑
(AB)T = BTAT

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 Row Operations
 Interchange any two rows.
 Multiply each element of a row by a nonzero constant.
 Replace a row by the sum of itself and a constant multiple of another row of the matrix.

Any of the following elementary row operations performed on an augmented matrix will produce a
matrix that is equivalent to the original matrix.

Gaussian Elimination
A method of solving a linear system of equations that is done by transforming the
system's augmented matrix into row-echelon form by means of row operations. Then the system 1 9 2
is solved by back-substitution (The process of solving a linear system of equations that has been transformed [ 0 1 3]
into row-echelon form or reduced row-echelon form. The last equation is solved first, then the next-to-last, etc.). 0 0 1

Gauss-Jordan Elimination
A method of solving a linear system of equations that is done by transforming the 1 0 0
system's augmented matrix into reduced row-echelon form by means of row operations. This [0 1 0]
method is after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan. 0 0 1

Practice!
II. Solve the system using Gauss-Jordan.

1. 3x – 6y = 24 ; 5x + 4y = 12
3 −6 : 24 1
=[ ] R1 → R1
5 4 : 12 3

1 −2 : 8
=[ ] –5R1 + R2 → R2
5 4 : 12
1 −2 : 8 1
=[ ] R2 → R2
0 14 : −28 14

1 −2 : 8
=[ ] 2R2 + R1 → R1
0 1 : −2
1 0 : 4
=[ ]
0 1 : −2
Answer: x = 4 and y = –2

2. 2x + y = –4 ; 3x – 2z = –11 ; –2y + 4z = 0
−11
1 0 −2 : 3
2 1 0 : −4 4 10 3
= [ 3 0 −2 : −11] R1 ↔ R2 = 0 1 3
: 3
R3 → R3
20
0 −2 4 : 0 20 20
[0 0 : ]
3 3
2 −11
3 0 −2 : −11 1 0 −3 : 3
1 4
=[ 2 1 0 : −4 ] R1 → R1 = [0 1 4
:
10 ] − 3R3 + R2 → R2
3
4 3 3
0 −2 : 0
0 0 1 : 1
2 11 2 −11
−3 : − 3
1 0 1 0 −3 : 3 4
=[ 2 1 0 : −4 ] –2R1 +R2 → R2 = [0 1 0 : 2] − 3R3 + R1 → R1
0 −2 4 : 0 0 0 1 : 1
2 11
1 0 − : − 1 0 0 : −3
3 3
=[ 0 1 4
:
10 ] 2R2 +R3 → R3 = [0 1 0 : 2]
3 3
0 0 1 : 1
0 −2 4 : 0

Answer: x = –3, y = 2 and z = 1

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 Cramer’s Rule
Cramer’s Rule can only be used when the number of equation equals the number of variables. It is
named after Gabriel Cramer.

Practice!
III. Using the Cramer’s Rule, solve the following systems of equations.

1. 5x – y = 13 ; 2x + 3y = 12

5 −1
D=| | = 15 – (–2)
2 3 Answer:
= 17
𝐷𝑥 51
x = = 17 =3
13 −1 𝐷
Dx = | |= 39 – (–12)
12 3 𝐷𝑦 51
= 51 y = = 34 =2
𝐷

5 13
Dy = | | = 60 – 26
2 12
= 34

2. x + 6y + 2z = 9 ; 3x – 2y + 3z = –1 ; 5x – 5y + 2z = 7

1 6 2
D = |3 −2 3| = (–4+90–30) – (–20–15+36) Answer:
5 −5 2
𝐷𝑥 275
= 56 – 1 x = = =5
𝐷 55
= 55
𝐷𝑦 110
9 6 2 y = = =2
𝐷 55
Dx = |−1 −2 3| = (–36+126+10) – (–28–135–12)
𝐷𝑧 −220
7 −5 2 z = = = –4
𝐷 55
= 100 +175
= 275

1 9 2
Dy =|3 −1 3| = (–2+135+42) – (–10+21+54)
5 7 2
= 175 – 65
= 110

1 6 9
Dz =|3 −2 −1| = (–14–30–135) – (–90+5+126)
5 −5 7
= –179 – 42
= –220

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