CIRCLES

INTRODUCTION

(Math | Geometry | Circles) a circle. Definition: A circle is the locus of

all points equidistant from a central point. Definitions Related to Circles. arc: a
curved line that is part of the circumference of a circle. chord: a line segment
within a circle that touches 2 points on the circle.

Examples:

1. For what value of K is the point (1 , K) inside the circle with equation x2
+ y2 = 4?

= -√(3) < K < √(3)

2. For what value of K is the point (K , -2) outside the circle with equation
x2 + y2 = 9?

= K may have any value in the interval ( - infinity , -√(5) ) U ( √(5) +

infinity)

3. For what value of K is the point (K , 2K) on the circle with equation x

= K = 1, K = -1

Part 1 Exercises:

Question 1

Find the distance between the points A(3 , 4) and B(5 , 8)

Question 2

Find x so that the distance between the points (x , 4) and (-5 , 3) is equal to 5.

Question 3

Write the equation of the circle with center at (0 , 0) and a radius of 6.

Question 4

Find the center and radius of the circle whose equation is given by: (x - 2)2 + (y
+ 5)2 = 13

Question 5

Find the center and radius of the circle whose equation is given by: (5 - x)2 + (y
- 1)2 = 4
 CHORDS

INTRODUCTION

A chord of a circle is a straight line segment whose endpoints both lie on

the circle. A secant line, or just secant, is the infinite line extension of a chord.
More generally, a chord is a line segment joining two points on any curve, for
instance, an ellipse. The word chord is from the Latin chorda meaning
bowstring.

- A chord is a straight line joining 2 points on the circumference of a

circle.

Theorem: A radius or diameter that is perpendicular to a chord divides

the chord into two equal parts and vice versa.
 In the above circle, if the radius OB is perpendicular to the chord PQ
then PA = AQ.

Converse: The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the

center of a circle.

In the above circle, OA is the perpendicular bisector of the chord PQ and

it passes through the center of the circle. OB is the perpendicular bisector of
the chord RS and it passes through the center of the circle.

Example:

The figure is a circle with center O. Given PQ = 12 cm. Find the length of PA.

Solution:

The radius OB is perpendicular to PQ. So, OB is a perpendicular bisector of PQ.

Example:

The figure is a circle with center O and diameter 10 cm. PQ = 1 cm. Find the
length of RS.
Solution:

OP = OQ – PQ

= 5 cm – 1 cm = 4 cm

Using Pythagoras’ theorem,

Since OQ is a radius that is perpendicular to the chord RS, it divides the chord
into two equal parts.

RS = 2RP = 2 × 3 = 6 cm

If a diameter is perpendicular to a chord, then it bisects the chord and its

arc.
Example:
Find the length of the radius of a circle if a chord of the circle has a length of
12 cm and is 4 cm from the center of the circle.
Part 2 exercises:
 CIRCUMFERENCE & AREA OF CIRCLES

INTRODUCTION

In review, the area of a circle is defined as the amount of space covered by

the circle and is calculated using the formula A = π * r2. Circumference, the distance around
the circle, is calculated using the formula C = 2 * π * r. For both formulas, r represents the

Problem Solution
1. The diameter of a
nickel is 2 cm.
What is the
d = 2 cm; C = 3.14 (2 cm); C = 6.28 cm
circumference?

2. The circumference
of a bicycle wheel C = 50.24 in; d = 50.24 in ÷ 3.14; C = 16
is 50.24 in. What in
is the diameter?
3. The radius of a
circular rug is 4 ft. r = 4 ft; d = 8 ft; C = 3.14 (8 ft); C = 25.12
What is the ft
circumference?
4. The circumference
of a compact disc
C = 28.26 cm; d = 28.26 cm ÷ 3.14; d= 9
is 28.26
cm; r = 4.5 cm
centimeters. What
is the radius?
5. The diameter of
your bicycle wheel
is 25 in. How far
d = 25 in; C = 25 in (3.14); C = 78.5 in
will you move in
one turn of your
wheel?
radius of the circle.

Exercises Part 3:

1. If the diameter of a circle is 142.8 mm, then what is the radius?

2. If the radius of a circle is 15.3 cm, then what is the diameter?
3. Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 11 mm.
4. Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 7.5 in.
5. Find the diameter of a circle with a circumference of 21.98 m.
6. Find the area of a circle with a radius of 4 in.
7. Find the area of a circle with a radius of 3.5 cm. (Do not round. Enter your
answer to three decimal places.)
8. Find the radius of a circle with an area of 200.96 square feet.
9. If the radius of a circle is 1.5 in, then what is the circumference?
10. If the diameter of a circle is 9 cm, then what is the area? (Do not round.
Enter your answer to three decimal places.)

POLYNOMIALS AND POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Polynomial equations are equations that have multiple terms made up of

numbers and variables. The degree is the highest exponent of the polynomial.
The degree tells us how many roots are found in a polynomial equation. The
roots of the polynomial equation are the values of x where y = 0.

The equations formed with variables, exponents and coefficients are called
as polynomial equations. It can have a number of different exponents, where
the higher one is called the degree of the exponent. We can solve polynomials
by factoring them in terms of degree and variables present in the equation.

A polynomial function is an equation which consists of a single independent

variable, where the variable can occur in the equation more than one time with
different degree of the exponent. Students will also learn here to solve these
polynomial functions. The graph of a polynomial function can also be drawn
using turning points, intercepts, end behaviour and the Intermediate Value
Theorem.

Example of polynomial function:

f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 19

Usually, the polynomial equation is expressed in the form of an(xn). Here a

is the coefficient, x is the variable and n is the exponent. As we have already
discussed in the introduction part, the value of exponent should always be a
positive integer.

If we expand the polynomial equation we get;

F(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + …….. + a1x +a0

This is the general expression and is also a polynomial equation solver. It

can also be expressed as;

F(x) = ∑nk=0aknk

Example of a polynomial equation is: 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0, where 2x2 + 3x + 1 is

basically a polynomial expression which has been set equal to zero, to form a
polynomial equation.

Part 4 Exercises: Choose the one alternative that best completes the
statement or answers the question.

Multiply.

1) -7x(11x + 12)
A) -77x2 - 84x B) -161x2 C) 11x2 - 84x D) -77x2 + 12x

2) -5x5(10x2 + 5)

A) -50x7 + 5 B) -50x7 - 25x5 C) -75x5 D) -50x2 - 25

3) -2x3(-2x7 - 7x2)

A) 4x10 - 7x2 B) 18x10 + 18x5 C) 18x3 D) 4x10 + 14x5

4) 6x8(11x9 + 6x8 - 3)

A) 66x17 + 36a3x16 – 3 B) 66x17 + 36x16 - 18x8

C) 66x17 + 6x8 - 3 D) 66x9 + 36x8 - 18

5) -4a2x5(-2a8x6 - 9x4 + 2a)

A) 8a10x11 - 9x4 + 2a B) 8a8x6 + 36x4 - 8a

C) 8a10x11 + 36a3x9 + 2a D) 8a10x11 + 36a2x9 - 8a3x5

 DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS

INTRODUCTION

In the same way as multiplication was the same for rational expressions as
for rational numbers so is the division of rational expressions the same as
division of rational numbers. Remember that division of fractions of rational
numbers is the same as multiplication by the reciprocal of the divisor.

Example

4x3÷7y2=4x3⋅27y=8x21y4x3÷7y2=4x3⋅27y=8x21y

A polynomial divided by a monomial or a polynomial is also an example of a

rational expression and it is of course possible to divide polynomials as well.
When you divide a polynomial with a monomial you divide each term of the
polynomial with the monomial.

Example

ax+bc=axc+bcax+bc=axc+bc

When you divide polynomials you may have to factor your polynomials to
find a common factor between the numerator and the denominator

x2−4x+3x−3=x2−4x+3x−3=

=(x−3)(x−1)x−3=x−1=(x−3)(x−1)x−3=x−1

When there are no common factors between the numerator and the
denominator or if you can't find the factors you can use a longer division
process to simplify the expression.

Example

7x2+x−8x−17x2+x−8x−1

You begin by dividing the first term of the dividend (7x2) with the first term
of the divisor (x) to find the first term of the quotient (7x) and then you multiply
the quotient term with the divisor and subtract.

Part 5 Exercises: Evaluate the expression, given x = -2, y = 3, and a = -4.

1. (-7a)(4x + 2y)
A) 224 B) 392 C) -56 D) 56
2. –x 2 - (2y2 - 6x)
A) -26 B) -2 C) -34 D) 26
3.) 4a3x - y2(7y - 2x2)
A) 629 B) -251 C) 395 D) -629
4.) Which of the following is a factor of ?
A
B
C
D x +2
5 In the expression , when the first two terms are grouped, and the last two terms
are grouped, what is the common binomial factor?
A C
B D
 Answer key

Part 1

1) 2 √(5)

2) x = -7 , x = -3

3) x2 + y2 = 36

4) center at (2 , -5) , radius = √(13)

5) center at (5 , 1) , radius = 2

Part 2

Angles Circle Tangent Chord Intersecting Chords-Worksheet 1

1. 80O 2. 100O 3. 45O 4. 270O

5. 75O 6. 37.5O 7. 284O 8. 90O

9. 258O 10. 100O

Part 3

1. d = 142.8 mm; r = 142.8 ÷ 2; r = 71.4 mm

2. r = 15.3 cm; d = 15.3 cm • 2; d = 30.6 cm

3. d = 11 mm; C = (11 mm)(3.14); C = 34.54 mm

4. d = 7.5 in; C = (3.14)(7.5 in); C = 23.55 in

5. C = 21.98 m; d = 21.98 m ÷ 3.14; d = 7 m (or 7.0 m)

6. A = (4 in)(4 in)(3.14); A = (16 in2)(3.14); A = 50.24 in2

7. r = 3.5 cm; A = (3.5 cm)(3.5 cm)(3.14); A = (12.25 cm2)(3.14); A = 38.465

cm2

8. A = 200.96 ft2; 200.96 ft2 ÷ 3.14 = r2;

64 ft2 = r2; r = 8 ft.

9. r = 1.5 in; d = 2 • 1.5 in; d = 3.0 in; C = (3.14)(3 in) = 9.42 in.

10. d = 9 cm; r = 9 cm ÷ 2; r = 4.5 cm;

A = (4.5 cm)(4.5 cm)(3.14);

A = (20.25 cm2)(3.14);

A = 63.585 cm2
PART VI.

1.A

2.B

3.D

4.B

5. D

PART VII.

1.C

2.C

3.C

4. A

5. B