ARCHITECTURE
 It is the art and science of designing buildings, bridges and
structures to help us meet our personal and communal needs.
 It is a complex matter since it under ARTS and SCIENCE.
 Aims to satisfy the aesthetic requirements of the building without
disregarding the need for a sound structure with complete utilities.
 Literally means "high (archi) building (lecture)," is the most
utilitarian of the three categories.
 It is also a vehicle for artistic expression in three dimensions.
 More than any other firm, architecture is experienced from within
as well as from without. Sculptures have fronts, back, sides and
bottoms. Buildings have facades, foundations, roofs and variety of
interior spaces that must be planned.
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE
1. POST AND LINTEL
 This consist of two vertical post for support and a horizontal one
 An early of Post and Lintel construction is the Stonehenge
 Two stones were set upright as supports and a third was placed
across them, creating an opening beneath.
 "How the massive blocks of stone were transported and erected
remains a mystery."
2. THE ARCHES
 Supports roofs serves as actual symbolic gateways
 Ex. Arc de triomphe in Paris
 The bricks used to create the arched portion of a Roman arch
are called VOUSSOIR. When properly aligned in the correct
semi-circular arrangement, the voussoirs push downward and
outward, holding the arch in place.
3. THE CANTILEVER
 It is any structural part projecting horizontally and anchored at
one end only.
 It needs a beam with a great tensile strength which can be
securely fastened at the supported end.
 Ex, Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright
 Used greatly in buildings with steel as a medium. Wood is also
fit for construction but it has the tendency to warp, sag, rot.
MATERIALS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1. STONE
 It is massive and virtually indestructible.
 It became the favored material for Egyptians and Greeks.
 Today, however stone is rarely used as structural material.
 It is expensive to carry and transport and too massive to handle.
 KINDS OF STONES FOR ARCHITECTURE
 Slate Stone - Volcanic Stone
 Coral - Calcium carbonate that forms a hard skeleton
 Yellowstone - In the latter, it can form stalactites and stalagmites
 Granite  Sandstone
 Limestone  Brownstones
2. WOOD
 PROS
 Can be used as a structural element or as a façade.
 It is as beautiful and versatile a material for building as it is
for sculpture
 It is abundant and a renewable resource.
 It is relatively light in weight and is capable of being worked
on the side with readily portable hand tools.
 It has variety of color and grains and has the capacity to
accept paint and weather when left in its natural state.
 CONS
 It warps, cracks and rots.
 It is highly flammable and stirs the appetites of termites and
other insects. However, modern technology has enhanced
the stability and strength of wood as building material.
3. CAST IRON
 It was introduced during the 19h century industrialization. It
was one of a number of structural materials that would change
the face of the architecture.
 Iron has great strength, heavy and has a certain brittleness yet
it was the first material to allow the erection of tall buildings
with slender walls.
4. STEEL
 It is a strong metal of iron alloyed with small amounts of Carbon
and a variety of other metals.
 Steel is harder than iron and more rust and fire resistant.
 It is more expensive than other structural materials but its great
strength allows it to be used in relatively small quantities.
5. CONCRETE
 It is manufactured mixture of cement and water with aggregate
of sand and stones which hardens rapidly by combination to a
stone-like, water and fire resisting solid with great compressive
strength.
6. BRICK
 Compares favorably with some as a structural material for its
fine and weather resisting qualities and for the ease of
production, transportation and laying.
THE PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
 It evolved from the nipa hut which commonly found in the country
side.
 It is made of: Nipa, Palm leaves, Wood, Bamboo.
 The design of Philippine Architecture is influenced by factors like
climate, weather conditions and availability of material.
 Since Philippines is a tropical country, windows are wide for free
circulation of air.
 These are made of wood and capiz shells.
 Modern Filipino houses are influenced by Western style of
architecture. They are made of cement, wood, marbles, tiles,
galvanized iron and glass or plastic for windows and doors.
SOME PROOF OF THE ANTIQUITY OF THE PH ARCHITECTURE
1. VIGAN
 Inscribed in the World Heritage List of Cultural Properties by
UNESCO Heritage Convention
 Vigan is an island which is separated from the mainland by
three bodies of water: the Abra River, the Mestizo River, and
the Govantes River.
 The city is unique in the Philippines because it is one of many
extensive surviving Philippine historic cities, dating back to the
16th century.
2. UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS
3. BASILICA OF SAN SEBASTIAN, MANILA
 Completed in 1891, San Sebastian Church is noted for its
Architectural features.
 An example of the revival of Gothic architecture in the
Philippines, it is the only all steel church or basilica in Asia.
4. SAN AGUSTINE CHURCH
 It is a Roman Catholic Church under the auspices of The Order
of St. Augustine located inside the historic walled city of
Intramuros in Manila.
 Completed by 1607, it is the oldest church still standing in the
Philippines.
5. SAN AUGUSTINE CHURCH IN PAOAY, ILOCOS NORTE
 It is the most famous of these churches. This unique specimen
of Filipino architecture from the Spanisih era has been included
in the World Heritage Sites List of the Unesco.
 The church was built by the Augustinian friars from 1694 until
1710. It shows the earthquake proof baroque style architecture.
6. MANILA CATHEDRAL, INTRAMUROS
7. PUERTA DEL PARIAN
8. FORT SANTIACO
9. CASA MANILA
10. CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Designed by National Artist for Architecture, Leonardo V.
Locsin. The CCP majestically rises on a 2I hectare (210,000 sqm.)
piece of reclaimed land along Roxas Bouleward, one of the most
significant and beautiful landmarks of the Philippines.
 FILIPINO ARTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED THEIR WORS AND
SERVICES TO THE CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES:
 HERNANDO OCAMPO - Donated his painting "Genesis” with
tapestry weaves in Kyoto, Japan utilized as the design for
curtains of the Center's Theater for performing Arts.
 FERNANDO ZOBEL, ARTURO LUZ AND CEZAR LEGASPI - Did
murals for various areas of the Center.
 VICENTE MANANSALA - Gave the bronze wall sculpture that
dominates the entrance of the theater.
 PACITA KELLER - Designed the Philippine made capiz
chandelier in the Center’s foyer area.
 FREDERICO AGUILAR ALVAREZ - Evolved the curtains design
for the smaller experimental theatre.
 LEONARDO V. LOCSIN - The architect of the Cultural Center
of the Philippines. Known for his bold modern and vigorous
design which are now found in the most progressive
business sectors of the country.
FAMOUS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
1. LEONARDO V. LOCSIN : Cultural Center of the Phiitppines
2. JOSE MANOSA : San Miguel Corporation Bldg. Ortigas
3. FRANCISCO MANOSA : Coconut Palace Monila
DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
Architectural styles evolved in the different periods in history because of the
needs of the times. Other factors which contribute to architectural styles are
the materials and the methods in assembling them.
ANCIENT EGYPT
1. The Gift of the NILE
 Egypt, in northeast Africa, was the home of one of the most
powerful and longest-lasting civilizations of the ancient world.
 Egypt was defined by its most important geographical feature,
the Nile, the world's longest river
 Annual floods kept the land fertile.
2. Pyramids
 The most monumental expression of the Egyptian Pharaoh’s
power, his burial place and zone of passage into the afterlife.
3. The Sphinx
 A mythical monster, with the body of a lion and the head of a
man, hawk, ram or woman.
MESOPOTAMIA
1. Ziggurat At Ur
 Built at successive levels, with ramps leading from one platform
to the next in order to reach the shrine which set atop the
Ziggurat. The base alone is some 50 ft. high, Ziggurat erected in
Babylon has a height of almost 300ft.
 It is also called the Tower of Babel.
THE ART OF ANCIENT GREECE
In its most characteristic form is found in the temple. Two upright
pieces or posts are surrounded by a horizontal piece the lintel, long enough to
reach from one to the other.
THREE STYLES OR ORDERS IN GREEK ARCHITECTURE
1. Doric - The earliest, simplest and most commonly used.
- Example of this is the Parthenon.
2. Ionic - More ornate, the column is taller and slender than Doric.
- It has a base and the capital is ornate with scrolls on each
side. It was introduced from Asia Minor for smaller temples.
3. Corinthian - The most intricate and the favorite of Roman archi.
- The distinctive feature is the capital which is much
deeper than Ionic.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 Stylistically linked to both Greek and Etruscan's (early inhabitants
of Northern Italy) precedents.
 The most significant was the arch and after the 2nd Century, the
use of concrete to replace cut stone. These combination resulted in
domed and vaulted structures.
 Roman Architecture emphasizes space rather than solids. Roman
conceptualized a certain space and then proceeded to enflame it.
This method is unique which served as a vital precedent for future
architecture.
1. Colosseum of Rome
 One of the most impressive and famous remains of Ancient
Rome. Dedicated in A.D 80, the structure consist of two back to
back amphitheatres forming an oval arena, around which are
tiers of marble seats.
 This can hold as many as 50,000 spectators.
 "The colosseum stood for Rome at its worst, but it also
represented Rome at its best."
2. Pantheon in Rome
 A brick, concrete structure originally created to house sculpture
of the Roman gods. Its design combines the simple geometric
elements of a circle and rectangle.
 The entrance consist of a rectangular portico, complete with
Corinthian columns and pediments.
 The main body of the building to which the portico is attached is
circular crowned by a dome equal in height to the diameter
supporting a massive dome
 It is the most innovative ancient Roman temple
 The interior is lavishly decorated with slabs and granite
columns.
 The source of light in the Pantheon is the oculus, a circular
opening in the top of the dome.
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
 Characterized by a great dome which had always been a
traditional feature in the east.
 Example: HAGIA SOPHLA IN ISTANBUL
 Byzantine or Byzantium was later renamed Constantinople and
now called Istanbul
1. Byzantine Churches
 The characteristic feature was the forms of the vaults and
domes, undisguised by any timber roof thus in Byzantine style,
exterior closely corresponds with the interior.
2. Hagia Sophia in Stanbul
 The undisputed architectural masterpiece of Justinian's reign is
the centrally planned church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
 It was dedicated to Christ as the personification of Holy (Hagia)
Wisdom (Sophia).
 The four tall slender towers, minarets, were added when the
Turks captured Constantinople in 1453 and Hagia Sophia was
converted into a mosque. The Christian mosaics in the interior
were largely covered over and replaced by Islamic decorations.
 Today, Hagia Sophia is a state museum.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
 Gothic cathedrals are among the greatest and most elaborate
monuments in stone.
 Example: Salisbury Cathedral, England
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
 Characterized primarily as a period of elaborate sculptural
ornamentation. It remained closed to that of the Renaissance,
although often it was far more spacious but had a profusion of
carved decoration.
 Columns and entablatures were decorated with garlands of
flowers and fruits, shell and waves.
1. St. Peter’s Church in Rome
 A prominent expression of the florid Baroque building style
from its origin in Rome.
 This style spread to Spain, Austria and Southern Germany.
 By 1650, this lush style appeared in Spanish, Portuguese
colonies and in America and flourished till the 19h century
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
 It is an attempt to interpret man's purpose through his building in
a style free in relation to change and dependent of fix symmetries.
 New material came to be utilized - pre stressed steel in tension,
high-pressure concrete, glass block, wood, metal, chromium,
plastics, copper, cork, steel, gypsum lumber, real and artificial
stone, all varieties of synthetic and compressed materials, and the
versatile plywood.
 Modern Building are either vertical as in the case of skyscrapers or
horizontal like the sprawling bungalow
“GOD is the Master Builder. An Architect”.
10. SOUND AND SOUND EFFECTS
 Sound, if required, is now generally recorded during the
reproduction period.
 Any sound that cannot be created by a performer may be
considered a sound effect.
DRAMA
 It comes from the Greek word "dram", meaning "To do" or "to act."
 A play is a story acted out on stage before an audience.
 On stage, it combines many arts, those of the author, director,
actor, designer or others.
 Drama is depicted as the art that represented by two masks that
distinguish between tragedy and comedy
 "Thalia", is the laughing face of the comedy mask while
"Melpomene", is the crying face of the tragedy mask.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRAMATIC PLAYS
1. CLASSICAL TRAGEDY
 It tells of a high and noble person who falls because of a "tragic
flaw", a weakness in his own character.
2. DOMESTIC TRAGEDY
 It is concerned with the lives of ordinary people brought low by
circumstances beyond their control. (realistic and on the seamy
side of life)
3. ROMANTIC COMEDY
 It is a love story. The main characters are lovers; the secondary
characters are comic.
4. FARCE
 It is comedy at its broadest.
 Much fun and horseplay enliven the action.
5. SENTIMENTAL COMEDY
 Sentimental comedy mixes sentimental emotion with its humor.
6. MELODRAMA
 It has a plot filled with pathos and menacing threats by a villain,
but it does include comic relief and has a happy ending.
7. TRAGIC OR COMIC
 The action of the play comes from conflict of characters, how
the stage people react to each other. The reactions make the
play.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
1. PLOT - sequence of events of which the story is composed.
2. CHARACTER - person who appears in the play and portrays the role.
3. THEME - The controlling idea or central insight.
4. DIALOGUE - It provides the substance of a play. Each word uttered
by the character contributes to its effect as a whole.
5. SET DESIGN - The arrangement of theatrical space; the set, or
setting, is the visual environment in which a play is
performed.
6. COSTUME DESIGN
 Costume is whatever is worn on the performer's body.
 Costume can also be wigs, masks and make-up.
 Costumes convey information about the character and aid in
setting the tone or mood of the production.
7. MASK - A special element of costume is the mask.
- It indicates symbolically significant aspects of the character.
8. MAKEUP
 Makeup may also function as a mask, especially in Oriental
theater, where faces may be painted with elaborate colors and
images that exaggerate and distort facial features.
9. TECHNICAL PRODUCTION
 The technical aspects of production may be divided into
preproduction and run of production.
MUSIC ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
 Music may be defined as the organization of sounds in time.  Music has five essential elements which the composer works in
much the same way than any other artist works with his materials.
 It is an organized sound.
 Sound that moves human soul. 1. RHYTHM
 Sound begins with the vibrations of an object.  Rhythm is the basic to life.
 A complete form of music is called composition.  Rhythm is the ordered flow of music through time.
 There are 2 ELEMENTS IN RHYTHM:
MAIN PROPERTIES OF MUSICAL SOUNDS  Meter- means measure and refers to number of beats a
rhythmic unit or measure.
1. PITCH
 Tempo- refers to speed, whether the music moves fast or
 It refers to the relative highness or lowness we hear in a sound.
slowly.
Most men speak and sing in a lower range of pitches than
women or children do. 2. MELODY
 A series of single tones that adds up to a recognizable whole.
2. DYNAMICS
 It begins, moves and ends.
 Degrees of loudness or softness in music.
 A melody moves by small intervals called steps (the interval
 Composers traditionally have used Italian words and
between adjacent tones as in do-re-mi scale) or larger one
abbreviations to indicate dynamics:
called leaps (interval larger than step, ex. Do-to-mi)
 Pianissisimo ppp very very soft
 Pianissimo pp very soft 3. HARMONY
 Piano p soft  Refers to the way chords (are is a combination of these or more
 Mezzo Piano mp moderately soft tones sounded at once) constructed and how they flow each
 Mezzo Forte mf moderately loud other.
 Forte f loud  Harmony is the simultaneous sounding of two or more tones.
 Fortissimo ff very loud
 Fortississimo fff very very loud 4. MUSICAL TEXTURE
 Refers to how many different layers of sounds are heard at
3. TONE COLOR /TIMBRE once, to what kind of layers they are (melody or harmony) and
 It is the quality of the sound that distinguishes them. to how they are related to each other.
 Music is painted with the harmonic palette of Timbre in much
the same way an artist uses color to give life to his painting. 5. FORM
 It is associated with shape, structure, organization, and
4. DURATION coherence
 This property of sound depends on the length of time over  Form in music is the organization of musical ideas and time.
which vibration is maintained.
 Tones are not only high or low, but also short or long. ENSEMBLES IN MEDIUM
 Medium is termed as ensemble when two or more performers are
MEDIUMS IN MUSIC engaged in playing or singing a piece of music.
1. THE VOCAL MEDIUM Combination of Instrumental Ensembles:
 Singing has been the most widespread and familiar way of 1. ORCHESTRA
making music. The song projected by the human voice is the
 It is the most spectacular of ensembles composed of any
most natural form of music.
sizeable group of instrumental performers usually under the
 Singing can make the words easier to remember and heighten direction of a conductor.
their emotional effect.
 CLASSIFICATION OF VOICE RANGES FOR WOMEN AND MEN 2. THE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
 WOMEN: MEN:  It is a large ensemble which includes all the principal
Soprano (highest) Tenor (highest) instrumental types.
Mezzo-Soprano (medium) Baritone (medium) 3. CONCERTO
Alto or Contralto (lowest) Bass (lowest)
 It is a form written for orchestra and usually one solo
2. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS instrument is given a prominent role in music.
 An instrument is any mechanism, other than voice that *Conductor- the director of the orchestra. He has to know every
produces musical sounds. Instruments produce tones more detail of the music and be able to give the most precise direction
rapidly than voice. with his baton and bands.
 TYPES OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:
 String Instruments- those which are bowed or plucked. 4. BAND
 Those which are blown are grouped into:  It is an instrument ensemble, large like orchestra but consisting
Brass Instruments- usually made of brass. mainly or exclusively of wind and percussion instruments.
Woodwinds- originally made of wood.  A band usually made up of stringed instruments: Banjo,
Flutes and Piccolo- those which are made of metals. Banduria, Laud, Octavina, Piccolo, Guitarra
 Percussion Instruments- Instruments which are struck.
5. RONDALLA
 It is the best-known instrumental group in the Philippines today.
KINDS OF MUSIC
1. PROGRAM MUSIC
 Imitative music - copies the actual sound of the subject.
 Descriptive program - music pictures, an event or scene.
 Narrative music - intends to tell a story or represent a series of
relative events. Ex. Don Quixote
2. FOLK MUSIC
 It is the traditional and spontaneous music of a people, race,
nation or region.
 It is passed down orally from one generation to another and is
generally not a composer's work.
3. ART SONG
 It is usually composed with a piano accompaniment and is often
sophisticated.
 Unlike folk songs, an art song is the work of a composer who is
trained in music.
4. JAZZ MUSIC
 It is a music genre that originated at the beginning of the 20th
century in African American communities in the Southern
United States from a confluence of African and European music
traditions.
 Melody and Rhythm blend harmonically in jazz music.
5. CLASSICAL MUSIC
 Musical Compositions of enduring excellence felt to be the first
significance before modern times.
 Filipino Classical music Composers are: Buencamino, Santiago
and Silos.
6. THE OPERA
 This is a musical drama, which for many years, has been one of
the most attractive forms of entertainment.
 It is a wonderful combination of vocal and instrumental music,
ensembles, soloist, chorus, ballet, orchestra, scenery
pantomime and acting.
DANCE
 The movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and
within a given space for the purpose of expressing an idea or
emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the movement
itself.
COMPONENTS OF DANCE
1. DANCERS
 Dancers are not just performing artists; their bodies are also the
instrument through the art is created.
2. BASIC STEPS AND FORMATION
3. CHOREOGRAPHY
 It is the art of making dances, the gathering of organization of
movement into order and pattern.
4. DANCE NOTATION
 Since dance is a performing art, the survival of any dance work
depends either on its being presented through traditions.
 Methods of recording dance are important in the preservation
of its history.
5. THEATRICAL ELEMENTS
 Music, design, the drama have all played important roles in the
evolution of dance, and in many cultures, dance has actually
been inseparable from these arts.
PRINCIPLES OF DANCE
1. CLIMAX AND RESOLUTION
 All dances need to begin somewhere, build toward something,
and come to a resolution (beginning, middle and end).
 When a dance builds in intensity and interest and reaches a
high point, the high point is called CLIMAX.
2. CONTRAST
 Contrast can be achieved by combining unlike movements.
3. REPETITION
 Repetition of movement phrases or parts of phrases is
reassuring for an audience.
 Repetition permits an audience to see the movements in more
detail, allowing them to become familiar with the movement.
4. SEQUENCING AND DEVELOPMENT
 Sequencing and development refer to the ordering movement
in a meaningful way.
 This creates continuity, helping the audience follow the intent
of the dance.
5. TRANSITIONS
 Needed when movements and dance phrases are connected.
 Transitional movements should promote continuity.
6. UNITY
 When all parts work together to contribute to the whole dance,
there is unity. Every movement, no matter how brief, should
work toward the intent of the composition.
7. VARIETY
 Variety within a dance composition can engage and hold an
audience's interest. Variety can be incorporated in several ways.
KINDS OF DANCES
1. BALLET
 This type of dance has its origin in the royal courts of the middle
ages. Many ballets convey a feeling of delicate beauty and
lightness-ballet dancers' graceful motions seem airy and
effortless, and much of the movement is focused upward.
2. ETHNOLOGIC DANCE
 This dance is native to a particular ethnic group.
 They are performed by dancers associated with national and
cultural groups.
 Folk dances are often derived from ethnic dances. Through
these, we can discover a lot more about our own heritage.
3. SOCIAL AND BALLROOM DANCE
 They are popular type of dancing usually performed by pairs.
 They include such forms as waltz, foxtrot, swing, cha-cha,
boogie, tango and the latest rock dances.
4. MODERN DANCES
 Sometimes called contemporary or interpretative dances.
 They represent a rebellion against the classical formation of the
ballet. The movements are based on the natural movements of
the human body. The dancer stretches, drops, exaggerates,
distorts or intensifies such movements for art's sake.
5. THEATRICAL AND SPECTACULAR DANCE
 This type of dance is so called because it is performed for the
entertainment of spectators. Ex. Theatrical ballet, modern
dance, musical comedy dances, and tap dancing.
6. OTHER DANCES
 Fire Dancing, Air Dancing, Belly Dancing, Pole Dancing