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Pile Foundations PDF
Pile Foundations PDF
Qall As f s
Two categories of concrete piles are (a) precast and (b) cast-in-
situ
Precast piles, Figure 3.2:
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3. Timber piles
Three classifications are :
Qall Ap f w
Figure 3.4 Splicing of timber piles (a) use of pipe sleeves (b) use of
metal straps and bolts
4. Composite piles
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(a) Bearing pile, (b) friction pile, (c) piles under uplift,
(d) piles under lateral loads, (e) batter piles under lateral loads
Figure 3.5
Requirements and conditions for pile foundations, Figure 3.6 :
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Figure 3.7 (a) and (b) Point Bearing Piles; and (c) Friction Piles
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o Friction Piles
o Compaction Piles
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Q z
f z
pz
Where :
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Qu Q p Qs
Where :
Q p Ap q p Ap cN c* q' N q*
Where :
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Frictional resistance, Qs is :
Qs pLf
Where :
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ql kip / ft 2 N q* tan
q
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1 2K o
o' - mean normal ground effective stress = q '
3
Ko – earth pressure coefficient = 1 – sin Ø
N , N * - bearing capacity factors (see Table D.6 of Das textbook)
*
c
Q p Ap cN c* q' N q*
Where :
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Q p q' N q* Ap
Where :
q’ – effective vertical stress at the pile tip
N q* - bearing capacity factor, Figure 3.15
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Where :
K – effective earth coefficient
v' - effective vertical stress at specified depth
- soil-pile friction angle
L’ = 15d
Read text for values of K, fav and Qs between 1976 and 1982
1. Method :
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'
f av v 2cu
Where :
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2. Method :
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3. Method :
f v'
Where :
q p qu N 1
Where :
N tan 2 45 / 2
qu – unconfined compression strength of rock
- drained angle of friction
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qu (lab)
After taking care of scale effect, qu ( design)
5
Table 3.1 is the typical value of qu(lab) for rocks and Table 3.2
the value of angle of friction respectively
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Table 3.4 : Bearing capacity factors for deep foundations, N*c and N*σ,
Vesic’s, 1977.
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Example 3.1
Solution :
a. Meyerhof’s :
Because it is a homogeneous soil, Lb=L. For Ø=35°,
(Lb/D)cr =(L/D)cr ≈ 10 (Figure 3-16a). So for this pile, Lb/D = 39.34 >
(Lb/D)cr. Hence, from the same figure N q* 120
Q p Ap q p Ap q' N q* 0.0929201.6120 2247.4kN
ql kN / m 2 50 N q* tan 50120tan 35 4201.25kN / m 2
Q p Ap ql 0.09294201 390.3kN Ap q' N q*
Qp = 390 kN
Vesic’s : use I rr 90 ; with Ø=35°; N* 79.5 so :
1 21 sin
Q p A p o' N * A p q' N *
3
1 21 sin 35
0.0929 201.679.5 923kN
3
Janbu’s : with c=0; use ' 90;..and .. 35;..N q* 41.3 by int erpolation
Q p Ap q' N q* 0.0929m 2 201.6kN / m 2 41.3 773.5kN
SPT method :
q p kN / m 2 40N L / D 400 N
Q p Ap q p 0.0929m 2 401639.34 2339kN
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Thus
f f z 4.58m
Qs z 0 pL' f z 20 ft pL L'
2
0 53.2kN / m
2
: 4 0.305m 4.58m 53.2kN / m 2 4 0.305m 12 4.58m
2
149 482 631kN
Qult 2318
And Qall 579.6kN
FS 4
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Example 3.2
Find :
a. Net point bearing capacity.
b. Skin resistance using α, λ and β method if ØR =30°; the
top 10m is normally consolidated clay and the bottom
clay layer has OCR=2.
c. Net allowable pile capacity, Qall if FS=4.
Solution :
a. Cross section of pile, Ap D2 0.4062 0.1295m 2
4 4
Q p Ap q p Ap N c*cu ( 2) 0.12959100 116.55kN
b. Skin resistance, Qs :
(α method) :
Qs fpL cu pL
From Figure α vs cu : cu(1)=30kN/m2 α=1.0; cu(2)=100 α=0.5
Thus :
Qs fpL cu pL 1cu (1) 0.40610 2 cu ( 2) 0.40620
130 0.40610 0.5100 0.40620 1658.2kN
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2
For z=5-10m :
90 130.95
f av( 2) 1 sin R tan R v' ( av) 1 sin 30tan 30 31.9kN / m
2
2
For z=10m-30m , OCR=2:
130.95 326.75
f av(3) 1 sin R tan R OCR v' ( av) (1 sin 30)tan 30 2 93.43kN / m
2
2
so
Qs p f av(1) 5 f av( 2) 5 f av(3) 20 0.406135 31.95 93.4320 2669.7kN
Example 3.3
Given : An H-pile (size HP 310 x 1.226), length of embedment =
26m, driven through soft clay and rest on sandstone, qu(lab) for
sandstone = 76 MN/m2, Ø=28°, FS=5.
Find : The allowable point bearing capacity, Qp(all)
Solution : Since q p qu N 1 ; N tan 2 45 / 2 and qu ( design)
qu (lab)
5
qu ( lab) 2
tan 45 1 A p
qu N 1A p 5 2
q p Ap
Q p ( all )
FS FS FS
76 10 3 kN / m 2
2
tan 45
28
1 15.9 10 m
3 2
5 2
182kN
5
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Q4 The most common function of piles is to transfer a load that cannot be adequately
supported at shallow depths to a depth where adequate support becomes available.
Hence, the piles can also be categorized based on its function/ support capacity.
(a) Briefly describe with relevant sketches the five (5) functions / support
capacity of piles.
(5 marks)
(b) Reinforced concrete piles 18 m long, of square section and width 400 mm
are driven through 8 m of loose fill with unit weight of 13 kN/m3 to
penetrate 10 m into an underlying firm to stiff saturated clay. The
groundwater table is found at a depth of 2 m below ground surface.
(i) Determine the ultimate bearing capacity, Qult, of pile by the given formula,
if the undrained shear strength of the clay increases linearly with depth
from 65 kN/m2 at the top of the clay to 100 kN/m2 at a depth of 10 m
below the surface of the clay.
(5 marks)
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ANSWER
Q4 The most common function of piles is to transfer a load that cannot be adequately
supported at shallow depths to a depth where adequate support becomes available.
Hence, the piles can also be categorized based on its function/ support capacity.
(a) Briefly describe with a relevant sketch what are the five (5) function/
support capacity of piles.
(5 marks)
(a) Bearing pile, (b) friction pile, (c) piles under uplift,
(d) piles under lateral loads, (e) batter piles under lateral loads
(b) A reinforced concrete piles 18 m long, of square section and width 400
mm is driven through 8 m of loose fill with unit weight of 13 kN/m3 to
penetrate 10 m into the underlying firm to stiff saturated clay. The
groundwater table is found at a depth of 2 m below ground surface.
(i) Determine the ultimate bearing capacity, Qult of pile by the given
formula, if the undrained shear strength of the clay increases
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linearly with depth from 65 kN/m2 at the top of the clay to 100
kN/m2 at a depth of 10 m below the surface of the clay.
Given that:-
qtip = cu Nc (Based on Meyerhof’s equation); f s ( avg ) v ' 2cu
(10 marks)
Answer:-
To determine Qp:-
To determine Qs:-
(45.14 117.04)(10)
v' 2 81.09kN / m 2 [1M]
10
(65 100)(10)
cu 2 82.5kN / m 2 [1M]
10
Based on Figure 1, = 0.185 [1M]
f s ( avg ) v ' 2cu
= (0.185)[81.09+2(82.5)]
= 45.53kN/m2 [1M]
As = 4 x 0.4 x 10 = 16 m2 [0.5 M]
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Qs = As. fs = 16 x 45.53 = 728.48 kN [1M]
(5 marks)
Answer:-
For most practical purposes, the ultimate load of pile group, (QvG)ult, can be estimated
based on the smaller value of the following two values:-
(QvG)ult = x n x (Qv)ult
[2M]
(b) Individual Action (Figure B) – if there is no group action
(when the center to center spacing, s, is large enough, >1), in that
case, the piles will behave as individual piles. The total load of the
group can be taken as n times the load of the single pile, in which
[2M]
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[2 x 0.5M = 1M
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Where :
The ultimate failure load for a pile is defined as the load when
the pile plunges or the settlements occur rapidly under
sustained load and the amount of settlement exceed the
acceptable soil-pile system
Or
Besides it, many engineers define the failure load at the point
of intersection of the initial tangent to the load-settlement
curve and the tangent to or the extension of the final portion of
the curve.
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Example 3.4
A precast concrete pile 12 in. x 12 in. in cross section is driven by a
hammer. Given :
Maximum rated hammer energy = 30 kip-ft
Hammer efficiency = 0.8
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Solution :
a. 12 12 80150lb / ft 550 12.55kip
Weight of pile + cap = 12 12 3
and WR h 30kip ft
EW R h WR n W p 0.830 12kip in 7.5 0.42 12.55
2
Qu 607kip
S C WR W p 8 0.1
1
7.5 12.55
Qu 607
Qall 101kip
FS 6
EH E
b. Qu
EH E L
S
2 Ap E p
Use Ep = 3 x 106 lb/in2
And
EH E L
0.830 1280 12 0.566in.
2 Ap E p 3 10 6
212 12 kip / in 2
1000
Qu
0.830 12 417kip
1
8 0.566
417
Qall 104kip
4
c.
Qu a EH E b log S 27 0.8301 log18 252kip
252
Qall 84kip
3
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The Hiley’s formula gives the simplest method of calculating the final
setting or the ultimate load of a pile while driving depending upon
the given parameter.
It is usually written as :
C BW H h WH Pe 2
s
2 FS WL WH P
And
C Cc C p C q
where :
s - Set value /1 blow (mm/blow)
C - Temporary compression of pile & soil (mm)
WH - Weight of hammer (kN)
h - Drop of hammer (mm)
P - Total load (P1 + P2) (kN)
P1 - Weight of pile (kN)
P2 - Weight of driving assembly (kN)
WL - Pile working load (kN)
FS - Factor of safety
e - Coefficient of restitution
Cc - Temporary compression coefficient due to pile
head and cap (mm), Table 3.3
Cp, - Temporary compression coefficient due to pile
length (mm), Table 3.3
Cq, - Temporary compression coefficient due to ground
or quake (mm), Table 3.3
Note :
(a) This formula was developed by Hiley (1925). The formula
assumes the energy of the falling hammer during pile
driving is proportional resisted by the pile. This method is
widely considered to be one of the better formulas that
intended to be applied to cohesionless, well-drained soils
or rock.
(b) Weight of the hammer shall be about 0.5 to 2.0 times of
the total pile weight.
(c) The term mass and weight are interchangeably
(d) The term Cp and Cq are shown in Figure 3.19 after a pile
set measurement of pile are made.
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point
Note :
Example 3.5
Using Hiley’s formula calculate the final set of a 200mm X 200mm RC pile.
The pile driven with single acting and drop hammer with medium driving. The
type of pile is the reinforced concrete pile with helmet and packing, dolly in
good condition.
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Density of concrete, = 24 kN/m3
Solution :
Total load, P = P1 + P2
= 17.28 + 2.0
= 19.28 kN
BW H h
0.8525400 15.454mm
FS WL 2.0 275
WH Pe 2 25 19.28 0.252
0.592
WH P 25 19.28
Value of C :
Cc = 0.15in X 25.4 = 3.81 mm
Cp = 0.006(59ft) = 0.354in X 25.4 = 8.99 mm
Cq = 0.10in X 25.4 = 2.54 mm
Example 3.6
Given :
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Figure 3.20
Required : Ultimate load of pile
Solution :
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BW H h
0.8525500 361.52kN
FS s C c C p C q 2.01.9 25.59
1 1
2 2
WH Pe 25 26.040.25
2 2
0.5217
WH P 25 26.04
Where :
s – total pile settlement
s1 – elastic settlement of pile
s2 – settlement caused by the load at the pile tip
s3 – settlement caused by the load transmitted along pile shaft
Formulae :
- elastic settlement, s1 :
Q Qws L
s1
wp
Ap E p
Where :
Qwp – load carried at the pile point under working condition
Qws – load carried by frictional resistance under work load
Ap – area of pile cross section
L – length of pile
Ep – modulus of elasticity of the pile material
- nature of unit skin friction (=0.5 or 0.67), Figure 3.21
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Figure 3.21 Various types of unit friction resistance along pile shaft
Where :
Or
Qwp C p
s2
Dq p
Where :
qp – ultimate point resistance of the pile
Cp – an empirical coefficient, Table 3.8
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Example 3.7
Solution :
From Table D3; for D=356mm, Ap=1045cm2, p=1.168mm and
Qws=350 kN; so Qwp=502-350=152 kN
Due to material :
Ap E p
0.1045m 2 21 10 6
Qwp
q wp
Ap
Due to skin :
L 21
With I ws 2 0.35 2 0.35 4.69
D 0.356
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Q D 350 0.356
s3 ws
1 s2 I ws
1 0.35 4.69
2
And 1.16821 25 10
3
pL E s
0.00084mm 0.84mm
Tug Tun W
Where :
Tug – gross uplift capacity
Tun – net uplift capacity
W – effective weight of pile
a. In Clay
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Where :
Values of ' :
b. In Sand
as in Figure 3.23a
1
Tun pL2 K u tan with values Ku and from Figure
2
3.23b&c
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Where :
Ku – uplift coefficient
v' - effective vertical stress at a depth z
- soil-pile friction
Tug
Tu ( all)
FS
Figure 3.23 (a) Variation of fu (b) Ku (c) Variation of /Ø, (L/D)cr with
relative density of sand Dr
Example 3.8
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Example 3.9
L
14.5;..Lcr 14.50.35m 5.08m
D cr
1;.. 135 35;.......K u 2
Hence : for L (15m) > Lcr (5.08m)
Tug 1961
Tu ( all) 490kN
FS 4
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Eg 1
n 1m m 1n
90mn
Where :
Eg – pile-group efficiency
θ – tan-1(d/s), (deg)
n – number of piles in row
m – number of rows of piles
d – diameter of piles
s – spacing of piles, center to center, same unit as pile
diameter.
Example 3.10
Given :
Required :
1
tan 1 18.4 ; E g 1 18.4
4 13 3 14 0.710
3 9034
Allowable bearing capacity of a single pile=450kN/2=225kN
Design capacity of the pile group = 0.710(12)(225kN)=1917kN.
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Figure 3.24
Qg (u )
Q u
Where :
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(QvG)ult = x n x (Qv)ult
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Qg (u ) 6.5Qu
Therefore, efficiency, 72%
Q u 9Qu
As individual
From : Qu n1n2 Q p Qs ; Q p Ap 9cu ( p) and Qs pcu L
So : Q u
n1n2 9 Ap cu ( p ) pcu L (1)
p g u c L 2Lg Bg cu L
Point bearing capacity as : Ap q p Ap cu ( p ) N c* Lg Bg cu ( p ) N c*
Where :
D D
Lg n1 1d 2 and Bg n2 1d 2
2 2
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Example 3.11
5m
40 kN/m2
10 m
70 kN/m2
1.22 m
Q
n1 n2 9 Ap cu ( p ) pcu L
If pile act as single pile: u
n1 n2 9 Ap cu ( p ) 1 pcu (1) L1 2 pcu ( 2) L2
2 2
With cu(1)=40 kN/m ;α1=0.86 and cu(2)=70 kN/m ;α2=0.63 thus;
Ap=0.350x0.350=0.093m2, p=4x0.350=1.22m
Q u
n1 n2 9 A p cu ( p ) 1 pcu (1) L1 2 pcu ( 2) L2
3 490.09370 0.861.22405 0.631.227010
3 458.6 209.8 538.02 9677.04kN
If pile as a group :
D
Lg n1 1d 2 4 11.22 0.305 3.965m
2
D
Bg n2 1d 2 3 11.22 0.305 2.745m
2
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Lg 3.965 L 15
1.44;..... 5.46
Bg 2.745 Bg 2.745
From Figure 3.29: N c* 8.6
(assuming : that at the end of curve at right hand stays horizontal)
Thus :
Q u Lg Bg cu ( p ) N c* 2Lg Bg cu L
3.9652.745708.6 23.965 2.745405 7010
6552 13.42200 700 18630kN
9677 9677
Q all
FS
4
2419kN
e(i )
o Consolidation Settlement, si Hi
1 e(i )
p0 p
o Where : e C c log ;
p0
Layer 2 : Hi=L1; Layer 3 : Hi=L2; Layer 4 : Hi=L3
Figure 3.32
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Example 3.12
Solution :
Qg 2000
p(1) 51.6kN / m 2
B g z i Lg z i 2.2 3.53.3 3.5
Qg 2000
p( 2) 14.52kN / m 2
B g z i Lg z i 2.2 93.3 9
Qg 2000
p(3) 9.2kN / m 2
B g z i Lg z i 2.2 123.3 12
Cc (1) H 1 p0(1) p(1)
With s1 log and ;
1 e0(1) p0(1)
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Bg
Elastic settlement of group pile, s g ( e) s
D
Bg – width of pile group
D – width or diameter of each pile in the group
s = s1 + s2 + s3 – total elastic settlement at working load
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Given that:-
qtip = cu Nc (Based on Meyerhof’s equation);
f s ( avg ) v ' 2cu
(ii) Evaluate Qa if using total FS=2.5
3m
3m
12m
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To determine Qp:-
To determine Qs:-
(60.57 158.85)(12)
v' 2 109.71kN / m 2
12
(80 120)(12)
cu 2 100kN / m 2
12
Based on Figure 1, = 0.185 for L=18m
f s ( avg ) v ' 2cu
= (0.185)[109.71+2(100)]
= 57.3 kN/m2
As = 4 x 0.3 x 12 = 14.4 m2
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Table 3.10
Ø 20 25 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 45
Nq(driven) 8 12 20 25 35 45 60 80 120 160 230
Nq(drilled) 4 5 8 12 17 22 30 40 60 80 115
Table used for values of Ks for various pile types in sand, Table
3.11
Table 3.11
Pile type Ks
Bored pile 0.5
Driven H pile 0.5 – 1.0
Driven displacement pile 1.0 – 2.0
Example 3.14
Solution :
1 ft 2
For circular pile : Ap 0.785 ft 2 , p 1 3.14 ft
4
Nq=60, Table 3.10; Ks=1.0, Table 3.11; 36 24
2 2
3 3
Using the formula of the ultimate capacity :
L L
Qv ult Q p Q f Ap v' N q pK s tan vl' L
L 0
Where :
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LL
'
vl L sub 20 B / 220 B sat 20 B L 20 B
L 0
LL
'
vl L sub 20 B / 220 B sub 20 B L 20 B
L 0
LL
Qv ult Q p Q f Ap v' N q pK s tan vl' L
Thus : L 0
(Qv)all=(Qv)ult/FS=93.83/3=31kips (137.95kN)
Example 3.15
Solution :
Area of base 122 113in 2
4
Pipe inside diameter 12 (2 3 / 4) 10.5in.
Area of steel section
12 2 10.52 / 4 144 0.184 ft 2 26.496in 2
1. Semiempirical method :
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And (Qv)all=(Qv)ult/FS=93.83/3=31kips
Due to material :
Q s Q fa L 19.6 0.5 11.41000 360 25.3 36 10 4
Ss 0.011in
pa
Ap E p 26.496 30 10 6 26.496 3 10 7
Vesic (1977) recommends αs = 0.5 for uniform or parabolic
skin friction distribution along pile shaft.
Ep = 30x106 psi for steel Ep = 21 x 106 kN/m2 for concrete
Due to point :
C p Q pa 0.03 19.6 113
Sp 0.094in
Bq p 12 58.88
Cp=0.03 (Table 9.3); qp=Qp/Ap=58.88/113
Df
Cs 0.93 0.16 .C p 0.93 0.16
360
0.03 0.054
B 12
Due to skin :
S ps
C s Q fa
0.05411.4113 0.0033in
Df qp 36058.88
Using St=Ss+Sp+Sps=0.011+0.094+0.0033=0.108in(2.7mm)
2. Empirical method :
B Q L 12 31 360 1000
St va 0.12 0.014
Using : 100 Ap E p 100 26.496 30 10 6
0.134in.(3.35mm)
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Example 3.16
Figure 3.34
Solution :
(b) Average N value near pile tip, Navg(tip)=(10+12+14)/3=12
(c) Point bearing, Qp
v' 125 62.5lb / ft 3 30 ft 1875lb / ft 2 0.938ton / ft 2 (tsf )
1 ton = 2000 lb
Correction for depth of N values,
C N 0.77 log10 20 / 0.938 1.02
Therefore ; N C N N 1.02 12 12
And 0.4 N D f Ap / B 0.4 12 30 0.785 / 1 113tons
4 N Ap 4 12 0.785 37.7tons For driven piles :
The lower of these values is Qp=37.7 tons
Q p 0.4 N / B D f Ap 4 N Ap
(Meyerhof,1976)
(d) Shaft friction, Qf Q f f s p D f ;.. f s* N / 50 1tsf
Average N value along pile shaft, (Meyerhof,1976)
Navg(shaft)= (4+6+6+8+10)/5=6.8
Use σ’v for average depth of L/2=30/2=15ft so
σ’v= 0.938/2=0.469tsf
C N 0.77 log10 20 / 0.469 1.25 Therefore ;
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Example 3.16
Using data from Example 3.14, calculate the pile group bearing
capacity if the piles are placed 4ft center to center and joined at
the top by a square pile cap supported by nine piles. Estimate pile
group settlement.
Figure 3.35
Solution :
(b) settlement
B=1ft; b 4 4 1 9 ft , (square arrangement); n=9 piles;
(Qg)all=281kips; zone of influence, b =9ft below the group base;
Navg=(12+14+14)/3≈13; for single pile st=0.134in.(EX.3.14)
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QG all 281
p 3.47kips / ft 2 1.74tons / ft 2
bb 99
where Df is pile length = 30 ft
Df 30
I 1 1 0.58 0.5
8b 8 9
So :
2 pI b 23.47 0.58 9
S 0.93in
N 13
2q Bg I 23.47 2q Bg I
sg ( e ) in sg ( e ) in
N corr. N corr.
Example 3.17
Figure 3.36 Soil profile and soil properties used : N-SPT value;
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v' effective ...vertical..stress;... 36.. for ..sand ;.. clay 110lb / ft 3 ;..
sand 125lb / ft 3 ;.... ' sand 125 62.5 62.5lb / ft 3
Solution :
L 0
Thus :
lb
Qv ult Q p Q f 0.785 ft 2 1690 2 60
ft
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And Q p 0.4 N / B D f Ap 4 N Ap
Q p 0.4 N D f Ap / B 0.4 12 30 0.785 / 1 113tons > than
4 N Ap 4 12 0.785 37.7tons
Therefore use Qp=38 tons = 76kips
Q
p all
2kip
38ton / 3 25.3kips
1ton
Q
f all
13.22 / 3 8.8kips
will ..be..used ..in.. predicting ..settlement
Figure 3.37
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Semiempirical Method
St=Ss+Sp+Sps
Where :
Q s Q fa L Q 25.331 / 34 23kips Q pa
and
p actual
Ss
pa
A E
p p Q f actual
8.831 / 34 8kips Q fa
Ep=30 x 106psi; αs= =0.5
Q s Q fa L 23 0.5 830 12 1000 0.012in ; A =26.5 in2
Ss
pa
A E
p p 2
12 10.5 30 10
2 6
p
4
C p Q pa
Sp and Cp=0.03; Qpa=23kips; B=12in; Ap=113.09 in2
B q p
Sp
C p Q pa 0.03 23kips
B q 12in 0.672kip / in 0.086in
p
2
C s Q fa
S ps and Qfa=8kips; Df=30x12in; qp=0.672kips/in2
Df qp
Df 30 12
C s 0.93 0.16 C p 0.93 0.16 0.03 0.054
B 12
S ps
C s Q fa
0.054 8kips 0.0018in ; Ap=113.09 in
2
D f q p 30 12in 0.672kip / in 2
Therefore :
St=Ss+Sp+Sps=0.012in+0.086in+0.0018in=0.0998in
Say 0.1in (2.5mm)
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Empirical Method
B Q L 12in 31kips 360in 1000lb / kip
St va
100 A p E p 100
26.5in 2 30 10 6 lb / in 2
0.12 0.014 0.134in..(3.35mm)
From the two results consider the larger : settlement for a
single pile St=0.134 in.
I 0.58
SG 2 p b 2 1.74 9 0.5in (13mm)
N 13
The larger is SG=0.5in(13mm) < allowable settlement, Sa=0.6in
Therefore OK..
Q Myx Mxy
Qm
n x 2
y2
Where :
Qm – axial load on any pile m
Q – total vertical load acting at the centroid of the pile
group
n - number of piles
Mx, My - moment with respect to x and y axis respectively
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Example 3.18
Figure 3.38
Solution :
Q Myx Mxy
Qm
n x
2
y2
Q=2250kN; n=9
x 61m 6m 2
2 2
y 61m 6m 2
2 2
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Figure 3.39
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Example 3.19
Given : A pile cap with five piles. The pile cap is subjected to a 900
kN vertical load and a moment with respect to the y axis of 190
kN.m, Figure 3.39.
Required : Shear and bending moment on section a-a due to the pile
reacting under the pile cap.
Solution :
(Draw free body diagram of the pile cap and take summation of
shear and moment at section a-a)
Example 3.20
Given :
Required :
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Figure 3.40
Solution :
(a) Block capacity: Since c-to-c spacing = 0.75 and < 0.90m;
Coyle and Sulaiman, 1970 suggested :
Qg 2DW L f 1.3 c N c W L
D=10.5m
W=0.75+0.15+0.15=1.05m
L=0.75+0.15+0.15=1.05m
f=αc
qu=200 kN/m2; c=200/2=100kN/m2; α=0.56 (Figure 3.17)
f=0.56x100=56kN/m2
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Qg 2 DW L f 1.3 c N c W L
210.51.05 1.0556 1.3 100kN / m 2 5.141.051.05
2469.6 736.7 3206kN
3206
Allowable block capacity 1069kN
3
Qult Qs Qtip
Qs f Asurface 56 0.3m 10.5m 56 9.9 554kN
0.32
Qtip cN c Atip 100kN / m 9
* 2
64kN
4
618
Thus Qult 554 64 618kN; Qall 309kN
2
With :
n=2, m=2, θ=tan-1(1/2.5)=21.8˚
Eg 1
n 1m m 1n 1 21.8 2 12 2 12 0.758
90mn 9022
Qall for group (based on individual pile) :
Qg ( all) 309kN40.758 937kN
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Example 3.21
That pile group will retain vertical load V = 1500 kN, horizontal load H = 300 kN and
momen = 150 kNm at the centroid of the pile group. Design the proper pile lay out to
retain those of external load. For stability control, use this formula (conventional rigid
method):
V [ M Ve x ]e x [ M Ve y ]e y
Sn
ex ey
2 2
n
Answer
Number of piles = 1500 / 120 ~ 12 ; 300 / 30 ~ 10 ; 150 / 65 ~ 3
Answer
4.2 m
yy
Try this lay out : a b c d
1
ey 4.2 m
xx 2
4 a b c d
ex
Figure 3.41
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Check stability to obtain how much the external load imposed to each piles, then each
piles should be compared to allowable bearing capacity.
ey2 = 20
V [ M ]e x
Sn
n ex 2
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Pxu vx K q
Where;
vx is the effective vertical overburden pressure at depth x and
coefficient K q and Kc is determined from Figure 3.42.
2. Determine σvx and Kq and Kc for each layer and then calculate Pxu for
each layer and plot it with depth.
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EXAMPLE 3.22
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0.6
SOLUTION
(a) Divide the soil profile in five equal layers, 3 ft long each (Figure
6.8).
For each of the five soil layers, calculations for σvx and pxu are carried
out as
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shown in Table 6.1. pxu is plotted with depth in Figure 6.8. The values
for pxu at the middle of each layer are shown by a solid dot.
(c) Assume the point of rotation at 9.0 ft below ground level and
take moment about the point of application of lateral load,
Qu. Each layer is 3 ft thick, which
Gives:
(d) This is not near zero; therefore, carry out a second trial by
assuming a point of rotation at 12ft below ground. Then, using the
above numbers,
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(e) Take the moment about the center of rotation to determine Qu:
79