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Ti
tl
e:Compr
essi
blef
lowt
hroughanOr
if
icemet
er.

Obj
ect
ive:
 Tocal
ibr
atethegi
venori
fi
cemeter
.
 Todeter
minetheori
fi
cecoeff
ici
entandpl
ott
hegr
aphbet
ween
CoandNRe.

Theor
y:
Anor i
ficei napi peli
newi thamanomet erf ormeasur i
ngthe
dropi npr essure( differential
)ast hef luidpassest hrought heorif
ice.
Themi nimum cr osssect ionalar eaoft hej etisknownast he“vena
contracta.”Whenaf luidflowst hr oughanor i
fi
ce,thepr essurehead
onanupst ream si deoft heor if
icei st ransformedi ntovelocit
yhead.
Duet osuddencont r
actionandenl argementoft hest ream oft he
fl
uidsther ei sconsi derableheadl ossi nf ri
ctionandf ormationofeddy
currentswi thar esul tthatconsi der ableener gyisusedupwhenaf lui
d
fl
owst hr oughandor if
ice.
In case of compr essi ble f lui
ds f l
ow we consi der a
dimensi onlessex pansi onf actor‘ Y’whi chaccount sal lthechanges
duet opr esenceofcompr essiblefluidsi ntheexperiment .

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Ber
noul
l
i’
sequat
ionatt
wopoi
nts;
‘a’
and‘
o’wher
e,

a:
ispresentatsomepar
toft
hepi
pe
o:i
stheorif
ice

Letρ r epr
esentt
he densi t
y oft he flui
d and g r epresentthe
accel
erat
ionduetogravi
ty.LetPa,Va,Zarepresentthepressurehead
,vel
oci
tyheadanddat um headr espect
ivelyat‘a’andl etPo,Vo,Zo
repr
esentthesamefor‘
o’.

Accor
dingt
otheBer
noul
l
i’
sequat
ion:

2 2
Pa v P v
+Za + a = o +zo+
o
ρ 2gc ρ 2gc

But
,Za=Zo

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2 2
Pa v
a
P v
Hence, + = o+ o
ρ 2gc ρ 2gc

Po V2
Pa- -V2
o a
=
ρ 2gc

2 2
ΔP Vo- Va
= _
___
___
___
___
eq.1
ρ 2gc

Accor
dingt
otheequat
ionofcont
inui
ty:

ρVaAa=ρVoAo

Ao
Va=Vox _
___
___
___
__eq.2
Aa

Fr
om eq.1andeq.2,
2 2
ΔP Vo(
1-(
Ao/Aa))
=
ρ 2gc

2 ΔP gc
V2 = 2
o
ρ(
1-Ao/
( Aa) )

2ΔP gc
Vo= 2
ρ(
1-Ao/
( Aa) )

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Forcompr
essi
blef
lui
ds;

Y ΔP
Vo= 2g
A2
c
ρ
o
1-2
Aa

Wher
e,
Y=di
mensi
onl
essexpansi
onf
act
or

0. 35β4
41+0.
=1–
γ

t
hroatarea
wher
e,β= andγ=1.
4
pipearea

Vol
umet
ri
cfl
owr
ate,
Qtheo=VoAo

Massf
lowr
atemt
heo=Qxρ=VoAoρ

Rm(
ρm-ρf)
g
Manomet
ri
cequat
ion:
ΔP=
gc

ΔP
=
Rm( )ρm
ρf
-
1g

ρ gc

wher
e Rm =Manomet
ri
creadi
ng(
m)

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Vel
oci
tyatt
heor
if
ice=Vo=
Y
A2
( )
2Rm
ρm
ρ
-
1g
1-o
A2
a

YAoAaρ
Theor
eti
cal
massf
lowr
ate,
mtheo=
A2-A2 ( )
2Rm
ρm
ρ
-
1g
a o

Ai
robey
sideal
gasl
awsi
.e.PV=nRT

n P
=
V RT

PM
ρ=
RT
I
f‘t
’ist
akenf
or5r
evol
uti
ons,
then

v
olumedi
spl
acedin5r
evol
uti
ons
Qexp=
t

mexp=Qexp ρ

Hence,
ori
fi
cedi
schar
gecoef
fi
cient:

mexperimental
Co=
mtheoretical
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Descr
ipt
ionofset
up:
The exper i
ment alset up,hav e a hor i
zontall
y
mai ntainedpi peofgivendi amet erandav alvetocont r
oltheflowofai r
i
ni t.aPr essur eGauget ocont rolt hepr essurebeingappl i
edbyt he
compr essor .Thereisanor i
ficedr i
ll
edi nt heplateandkepti nthepi pe
tomakeanor i
fi
cemet erandamanomet erisinstal
ledinitatt hetwo
pointsbef oreand af tert heor ificet o measur et hepr essur edr op
acrosst het wol i
mbs.Theai rt hengoest owetgasmet erwhi ch
measur est hef l
owofai rthroughi t.At her momet erisalsoplacedi nit
tor ecor dt het emperatureatt hatpar t
icularv al
ueoff low.Ther eisan
extrav alvet oout l
ett
heex traai rsoast osett hepressuregaugeata
const antv aluetoperformt heexper i
ment .GasFl owMet er,i
susedt o
calculat et hev olumetr
icf l
owr at ef or5r ev ol
uti
onsaswel last heexit
temper atureoft hegas.Al so,ast opwat chisusedt onotedownt he
ti
met akenf or5r evol
utions.

Schemat
icdi
agr
am:

Pr
ocedur
e:

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 Thecompressori
sstar
tedandsi
dev
alv
eisopenedt
oadj
ustt
he
gaugepr
essureto10psig.

 Cor
respondi
ngl
y bar
omet
ri
c pr
essur
e i
s not
ed f
rom t
he
bar
ometer.

 Thenominalsi
zeandschedulenumberoft
hepi
peandor
if
icefor
thedeter
minat
ionofi
nternaldi
ameteroft
hepi
peandori
ficeis
noted.

 Thevalvei
sopenedinsuchawaythatthevol
umet
ricf
lowofthe
ai
rthroughthepipei
sv er
ylessascomparedtothemaximum
fl
owrateandall
oweditt
oreachasteadyst
ate.

 Forapar
ti
cul
arr
evol
utionther
eisf
lowof3l
i
tresofai
randt
ime
i
snotedf
or5rev
olut
ions.

 Pressuredi
ff
erenceacrosstheselect
ed t
wo poi
ntsi
snot
ed
usingthemanometerat
tachedt
oit
.

 Thehei
ghtr
eadi
ngsofdi
ff
erentt
ubesar
enot
eddown.

 Temper
atur
eoft
heairi
snot
edusi
ngt
het
her
momet
erat
tached
tot
hegasfl
owmeter
.

 Theval
veisopenedslowl
ytoincr
easet
hef
low r
ateandt
he
samepr
ocessi
srepeat
edfor5t
imes.

 Acomplet
esetof5readi
ngaret
akenagai
nwi
thgaugepr
essur
e
of20psi
gbyadj
usti
ngthesi
deval
ve.

Recor
dings:

 Temper
atur
eofwat 50C
er=25.

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 Ambi
entt
emper
atur 50C
e=26.

 Manomet
ri
cfl
uid=CCl
4

 Densi
tyofmanomet
ri
cfl
uid=1582. m3
131kg/
3
 Densi
tyofmer
cur
y=13533.
61kg/
m

 Densi
tyofwat
er=996. m3
915kg/
I
nter
nal
diamet
eroft
hepi
pe=0.
0127m
I
nter
nal
diamet
eroft
heor
if
ice=0.
0065m
 Bar
omet
ri
cpr
essur
e=73.
2cm ofHg=97.
5679kPa
 Gaugepr
essur
eforsetAr
eadi
ngs=10psi
g=68.
947kPa
 Gaugepr
essur
eforsetBr
eadi
ngs=20psi
g=137.
895kPa
 Vi
scosi
tyofai 3x10-7
r=9.

Obser
vat
ions:

Ti
me
SETA
Manometr
icr
eadi
ng t
akenfor5 Exi
tai
rtemper
atur
e
(
gaugepressur
e
Rm (
cm) r
evol
uti
ons ℃
=10psig) sec)
(
1. 2.
5 375 26.
8
2. 3.
8 350 26.
8
3. 7.
6 215 26.
8
4. 10.
0 190 26.
8
5. 12.
5 168 26.
8

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6. 18.
4 136 26.
8

SETB
(
gaugepressur
e
=20psig)
1. 3.
5 290 26.
8
2. 7.
1 216 26.
8
3. 12.
4 174 26.
8
4. 17.
5 140 26.
8
5. 22.
7 119 26.
8
6. 34.
0 100 26.
8

Sampl
eCal
cul
ati
ons:

Absolutepressur
e=gaugepr essur
e+bar
omet
ri
cpr
essur
e
5 2
1atm =1. 013x10 N/ m
=760mm ofHg
=14.7psi
Molecularmassofai r=0.029kg
0
R=8. 3143J/ kgmolK

Fort
hepr essure=10psi
g
Manomet erreadi
ng=10cm
Ti
metakenfor5r evol
uti
ons=190sec

Gaugepressure=10psi
g=68947.
57Pa
Baromet
ricpressur
e=73.
2cm ofHg=97567.
89Pa

Pr
essur
e=68947.
57+97567.
89=166515.
46Pa
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PM
Densi
ty=ρ=
RT

166515.
46x0.
029
ρ= =1. m3
937292691kg/
8.
3143x299.
8

Vol
umet
ri
cfl
owr
ateQexp(
m/
3
s)=
Volumei n5r evol
uti
ons
time

0.015 3
= =0.
0000789474m /s
190

Massf
lowr
ate=ṁ exp=Qexp xρ

=0.
0000789474x1.
937292691=0.
000152944
kg/
s

Rm (
ρm-ρf)
g
ΔP=
100
10(
1582. 937292691)
131-1. 9.81
=
100
2
=1550.
170027N/
m

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YAoAaρ
Massf
lowr
ate=ṁ t
heo=
A2-A2 ( )
2Rm
ρm
ρ
-
1g
a o

0.
705965x0.
00003317x0.
00012661x1.
93729
=
000126612-
0. 0.000033172
(
2x10
1582.
1.
131
937293
-)
19.
81

=0.
001880492kg/
s

mexperimental
Co=
mtheoretical

0.
000152944
= =0.
081332012
0.
001880492

v
olumetr
icf
lowrat
e
Vel
oci
ty=Va=
pi
pearea

0.
0000789474
= =0.
623547654
0.
00012661

daVaρf
Reynol
dsno=NRe=
μf

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0.
0127x0.
623547654x1.
937292691
NRe = =
9.3x10-7
16496.
26641

LogNRe=4.
217386

Cal
cul
ati
ons:
SetA

SETA(
pressur
e10psi
)
3
Sr
. Densi
ty Qexp(
m/s) ṁ exp ΔP ṁt
heo Co
no (kg/s) N/m2 =
(
kg/
s)
ρ=
PM = Qexpxρ ṁexp
RT v
oli
n5rev ṁt
heo
t
ime
1 1.
937292691 0.
0000411 0.
0000775 387.
54251 0.
000941 0.
0824165

2 1.
937292691 0.
0000429 0.
0000831 589.
06462 0.
001159 0.
0716235

3 1.
937292691 0.
0000698 0.
0001352 1178.
1292 0.
001639 0.
0824461

4 1.
937292691 0.
0000789 0.
0001529 1550.
1701 0.
001881 0.
0813321

5 1.
937292691 0.
0000893 0.
0001729 1937.
7125 0.
002103 0.
0822718

6 1.
937292691 0.
0001121 0.
0002137 2852.
3129 0.
002551 0.
0837659

Gr
aphf
orsetA:

Cal
i
brat
ioncur
ve-ΔH (
cm)v
s.massf
low r
ate,exp
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(
kg/
s)

Cov
s.l
ogNRe

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SetB
SETA(
pressur
e20psi
)
Sr
. Densi
ty Qexp ṁ exp ΔP ṁt
heo Co
no (
m/
3
s) (kg/s) N/m2 =
(
kg/
s)
ρ=
PM Qexpxρ ṁexp
RT = ṁt
heo
v
oli
n5rev
t
ime
1 2.
739450181 0.
0000517 0.
00014169 542.
28409 0.
0013226 0.
1071341

2 2.
739450181 0.
0000694 0.
00019024 1100.
0620 0.
0018838 0.
1009896

3 2.
739450181 0.
0000863 0.
00023616 1921.
2351 0.
0024895 0.
0948636

4 2.
739450181 0.
0001072 0.
00029351 2711.
4204 0.
0029575 0.
0992461

5 2.
739450181 0.
0001261 0.
00034531 3517.
0997 0.
0033691 0.
1025179

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6 2.
739450181 0.
0001511 0.
00041092 5267.
9026 0.
0041223 0.
0996828

Gr
aphf
orsetB:

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Di
scussi
onofr
esul
t:
I
dealv al
ueofor i
fi
cecoef f
ici
entis1duet o
thecompressibi
li
tyofair.Thecompr essi
bleflow hadconst
ant
densi
tyasthet emperat
urechangeswer enegligi
bletonoteand
ori
fi
cecoeffi
ci
entwasnear l
y0.095forbot
ht hesetsofreadi
ngs
whichmighthavebeenduet otheir
regul
ari
tyoftheflow.

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