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HOA MODULE 2
History of Architecture Classical Architecture and the
Western Succession

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Module 2 Overview
2.1 Greek Architecture
2.2 Roman Architecture
2.3 Early Christian Architecture GREEK
Byzantine Architecture
2.4
2.5 Romanesque Architecture ARCHITECTURE
2.6 Gothic Architecture
2.7 Renaissance Architecture
2.8 Modern Architecture
2.9 Postmodern Architecture

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Greek (800-300 B.C.) Greek (800-300 B.C.)

▪ Delicacy of outline, perfected proportions and refined ▪ Major public buildings were built with limestone and
treatment. marble. locks of stone were held in place by bronze or
▪ Based the different proportions of their construction iron pins set into molten lead.
systems on mathematical ratios.
▪ The first manifestation was a wooden structure of
upright posts supporting beams and sloping rafters.
▪ Completed with sophisticated optical corrections for
perspective.

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AEGEAN PERIOD

Phases ▪ Structures were generally rough and massive.

▪ The capital is ornamented with asquare abacus, and
Aegean, Hellenic, and Hellenistic a circular bulbous echinus.
▪ Cyclopean walls: large stones without mortar, on clay
bedding.
▪ Megaron: single-storey dwelling with a central room
and porticoed entrance; columns support roof;
thalamus (bedroom).

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Treasury of
Atreus

EXAMPLES
Beginning in the late BronzeAge, the
kings were buried outside the city in
great beehive—or tholos—tombs,
monumental symbols of wealth and
power.

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The Lion Gate

Mycenae, Greece.

Part of the citadel palace of

Agamemnon; Cyclopean walls of
boulders weighing 5-6 tonswere eased
into alignment with pebbles.

Section and plan, Treasury of Atreus.

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HELLENIC PERIOD HELLENISTIC PERIOD

▪ Of or pertaining to ancient Greek history, culture and ▪ From the time of Alexander the Great’s death; Greek
art, especially before the time of Alexander the Great. culture was modifiedby foreign elements.
▪ The temple became the chief building type. ▪ A diversion from religious building types; civic
▪ Columnar and trabeated; Carpentry in marble structures were also built; later will be an inspiration
▪ Materials used were timber, stone, and terracotta. for Roman architecture.
▪ Refinements to correct optical illusion (entasis, ▪ The design and layout of buildings are symmetrical
swelling of columns) and orderly.
▪ Structures were ornamented with sculptures,colors, ▪ Moldings were used for decorations.
and mural paintings. ▪ Entrances faced east.

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Greek Temples
The chief building type of the Hellenic Period.

1) First Temple of Apollo at Thermos, Greece; 2) Plan: Later Temple of Apollo at Thermos.

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Acropolis
"City on the height." In classical Greek architecture, a
city stronghold or fortress constructed on higher
ground than surrounding urbanfabric.

The Acropolis of Athens. (Reconstructedmodel)

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Temenos
1 Parthenon
3 Erechtheum
4 Statue of Athena Promachos
5 Propylaea The sacred area or enclosure surrounding a classical
6 Temple of Athena Nike
12 Altar of Athena
Greek citadel.
15 Odeon of HerodesAtticus
16 Stoa of Eumenes
18 Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
19 Odeon of Pericles

The Acropolis of Athens.

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Parthenon
Propylaea Athens, Greece. Ictinus and Callicrates.
A monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure,
fortification, town or square. Built from447-438 B.C. in honor of
Athena, the city’s patron goddess.
Used the proportion 2n+1 in determining
the number of columns on the sides of a
temple.

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Acroterium: A pedestal
for a sculpture or ornament
at the apex or at each of
Pediment: a wide, low- the lower corners of a
Naos or cella, principal pitched gable surmounting
pediment. Also called
a colonnade or a major
chamber; enclosed part of the Acroterion.
division of a façade.
temple where the cult image
Tympanum: The triangular space enclosed
was kept. by the horizontal and raking cornices of a
pediment, often recessed and decorated
Pronaos or anticum, an open with sculpture.
vestibule before the cella. Stylobate: A course of masonry
Epinaos or posticum, rear forming the foundation for a row of
columns. Euthynteria: is the
vestibule. Setereobate: A solid-mass of ancient Greek term
Opisthodomos, a small room masonry visible above ground level for the uppermost
and serving as the foundation of a course of a building's
in the cella as for a treasury. building esp. the platform forming foundations, partly
the substructure of a classical
temple.
emerging from
groundline.
Parts of a Greektemple. Parts of a Greektemple.

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Parthenon
Optical Corrections Planning of Temples
▪ Entasis, a slight convex curve inthe Greek and Roman temples are described according to
shaft of acolumn; the number of columns on the entrance front, the type
▪ the stylobate curvesupward;
▪ the columns taper toward the top; of colonnade, and the type of portico.
▪ the columns at the corners angle
inwards and are thicker than the
others;
▪ and the column flutesdeepen
toward the top.

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Number of columns
▪ 1 - hemostyle ▪ 7 - heptastyle
▪ 2 - distyle ▪ 8 - octastyle
▪ 3 - tristyle ▪ 9 - enneastyle
▪ 4 - tetrastyle ▪ 10 - decastyle
▪ 5 - pentastyle ▪ 12 - dodecastyle
▪ 6 - hexastyle

Terminologies.

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In-antis: anta, columns are

Column arrangement between anta and at front.

Amphi-antis: double anta, at
front andrear.
Prostyle: portico at frontonly.
▪ Determines the type of colonnade a classical temple Amphiprostyle: porticoes at
has. front andrear.
Peripteral: columns on all
sides.
Pseudo-peripteral:columns
attached to naos.
Dipteral: double line of
columns surrounding the naos
Pseudo-dipteral: like dipteral,
but inner columns are
attached to thenaos.

Variations in columnarrangement.

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Intercolumnation

The systematic spacing of columns expressed as

multiples of columndiameters.
▪ 1.50D Pycnostyle
▪ 2.00D Systyle
▪ 2.25D Eustyle
▪ 3.00D Diastyle
▪ 4.00D Araeostyle

Vitruvius’ Rules for the Diameter, Height, and Spacing of Columns.

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The Greek Orders

The Greek Orders ▪ Doric
▪ Ionic
An order is one of the predominating styles in ▪ Corinthian
classical architecture. The orders of ancient Greek
classical architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

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DORIC
Characteristics
▪ Oldest, simplest and most massive of the three Greek ▪ Fluted (concave curves) columns
orders. having no base;
▪ Developed in Greece in the 7th century B.C.
▪ Capital: square abacus at top,
rounded echinus at thebottom;

▪ Entablature: plain architrave, a

frieze of triglyphs and metopes,
and a cornice, the corona onwhich
has mutules on its soffit.

▪ Column: H= 4-6 * column base⌀

Entablature: H=1 3/4 * lower ⌀

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Parthenon
Athens, Greece. Ictinus and Callicrates.

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IONIC
Characteristics
▪ Developed in the Ionian Islands (now western Turkey) ▪ Fluted columns typically had
in the 6th centuryB.C. molded bases.
▪ Used for smaller buildings andinteriors.
▪ Capital: spiral volutes.

▪ Entablature; consists of an
architrave of three fascias, a richly
ornamented frieze, and a cornice
corbeled out on egg and dart and
dentil moldings.

▪ Column: H=9 * column base ⌀; 24

flutes separated by fillets
Entablature: H=2 ¼ * column ⌀

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Temple of
Athena Nike
Athens, Greece. Callicrates.

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CORINTHIAN
Characteristics
▪ Named after the city of Corinth, where sculptor ▪ Similar in most respects to Ionic
Callimachus supposedly invented it afterhe spotted but usually of slender proportions.
boblet surrounded by leaves.
▪ Capital: deep-bell shaped
▪ Similar to the Ionic order in its base, column, and decorated with acanthus leaves
entablature, but its capital is more ornate, carved with and an abacus with concavesides.
two tiers of curly acanthus leaves.
▪ Column: H=10 * column base⌀

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Temple of
Apollo Epicurius
Ictinus. Bassae.

The Corinthian order used for the first

time; Built of fine-grained, brittle grey
limestone; details in marble, roof of thin
marble slabs.

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Figured columns Figured columns

▪ Caryatid: Also kore, a carved statue of a draped ▪ Atlas (Greek) , telamon (Roman) plural atlantes: a
female figure which functions as a column. massive carved statuesque stooping male figure,
often serving as a columnar support for a pediment.
▪ Canephora, canephore, canephorum, kanephoros:
`basket-carrying´; a carved statuesque column of a ▪ Herm, herma plural hermae: a square taperedcolumn
draped female figure carrying a basket, or with a capped with the carved head, bust or torso of a figure,
basket on her head. usually Hermes; originally used by the Greeks as a
boundary marker, later as decoration.

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1) Treasury of Siphnos, Delphi, Greece, c.525 BC; 2) Erechtheion, Athens, Greece, 420–406BC, Mnesikles; 1) A caryatid from the Erechtheion,; 2) Canephora Statue British Museum;
3) Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Italy, 1300–1400; 4) Palazzo Valmorana, Padua, Italy, 1566, AndreaPalladio 3) Detail of an atlas in St. George, Hamburg; 4) Herma of Demosthenes from the Athenian Agora, work by
Polyeuktos, c. 280 BC,

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Erechtheion
Athens, Greece. Mnesikles. Civic Buildings

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AGORA THEATRON
Tyre,Lebanon. Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus.

A market or meeting place in a Greek

city, the hub of public life where the most Designed for the presentation of plays in
important public buildings weresituated. which choral songs and dances were
prominent features.

Open-air, usually hollowed out of the

slope of a hillside with a tiered seating
area around and facing a circular
orchestra backed by the skene, a
building for the actor’s use.

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STOA
Stoa of Attalos. Athens.

An ancient Greek portico, usually

detached and of considerable length,
used as a promenade or meeting place
around public places.

Parts of a Greektheater.

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PRYTANEION BOULEUTERION
Prytaneion of Panticapaeum. Ukraine. Bouleuterion. Priene.

Senate house; A public town hall for the Council chamber with rows of stepped
citizens of ancient Greece, containing benches surrounding a central platform.
state banquet halls and hospitality
suites.

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ODEION STADION
EphesusOdeon. Turkey. Nemea Stadion. Greece.

A roofed theatre building in antiquity, An ancient Greek elongated sports venue

especially one for the performance of with rounded ends, surrounded on all
vocal and instrumental music. sides by banked spectator stands; venue
for foot racing.

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HIPPODROME PALAESTRA
Hippodrome. Tyre, Lebanon. Palaestra, Vaison-la-Romaine.

An open or roofed track or arena for Wrestling house; A place used for the
chariot and horse racing in ancient instruction and practice of wrestling and
Greece. athletics.

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GYMNASION
Pompeii Gymnasion. Residential Buildings
An ancient Greek centre for sports,with
buildings, playing areas and baths.

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Megaron
1 prodomos – porch
▪ An early Greek dwelling type.
2 doma – main room
▪ A long rectangular central hall in a 3 thalamos – rear chamber
Mycenaean palace complex, which
4 hearth
may have served as atemple.

▪ Parts consists of an open porch, a

vestibule, and a large hall with a
central hearth and athrone.

Megaron, Dimini, Thessaly (Greece), neolithic period.

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Prostas 5 court, courtyard

6 prostas – anteroom

A Greek dwelling-type entered from the street via a 7 prothyron – entrance

passage to an open courtyard, around which all spaces 8 thyroreion – entrance passage

are arranged; the principal rooms are accessed via a 9 pastas – veranda
niche-like anteroom or prostas. 10 andron – mens' dining room
14 room's function uncertain;
bed chamber, living room, storeetc.

Prostas house, house 33, Priene, Ionia (modern Turkey), 200–100BC.

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Pastas
5 court,courtyard
8 thyroreion – entrance passage
A dwelling-type from the classical period of northern 9 pastas – veranda
Greece, 423–348 BC, with a courtyard in the centre of 10 andron – mens' dining room
the south side and deep columned veranda or pastas 11 kitchen
affording access to rooms.
14 room's function uncertain;
bed chamber, living room, storeetc.

Pastas houses, Olynthus (Greece), c.300BC.

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Peristyle
A Greek dwelling-type whose open courtyard is
surrounded by colonnades on all sides, often more
luxurious than a prostas or pastas house.

5 court, courtyard; 8 thyroreion – entrance passage; 9 pastas

– veranda; 10 andron – mens' dining room; 11 kitchen; 12
peristylion – peristyle; 13 hestia, eschara – altar; 14 room's
function uncertain; bed chamber, living room, store etc.

Peristyle house, Maison de la Colline, Delos (Greece), c.200BC.

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Hippodamian Grid System

Urban Planning A rectilinear town layout in which blocks of dwellings are

divided up by narrow side streets linked together by
wider mainroads, developed by the Ionian Hippodamus
of Miletus in the 5th century BC.

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G nymphaeum: fountain house,

nymph temple

H temple
A acropolis: citadel Kplateia (pl. plateiai): main street
Bgate L steponos (pl. steponoi): side street
C via sacra, sacra via: sacred road M gymnasion: sports hall
D city walls N stoa: colonnaded court
E agora: main square Othermae: baths

Qheroon (monopteros): heroic shrine

Rsynagogue (basilica)
T warehouse

MILETUS, Ionia, Ancient Greece (now Turkey); town plan probably by Hippodamus of Miletus c.450–400 BC. MILETUS, Ionia, Ancient Greece (now Turkey); town plan probably by Hippodamus of Miletus c.450–400 BC.

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Roman (300 B.C. - 365 A.D.)

▪ Ostentation, interiors were elaborately ornamented

Roman and exteriors remained austere.

▪ Influenced by the Etruscans, and combinedtheir use

Architecture of the arch, vault, and dome with the Greeks’ columns.
▪ The invention and development of concrete led to a
system of vaulting, which demonstrated their
sophisticated engineering skills.
▪ Placed an emphasis on monumental publicbuildings.

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Roman (300 B.C. - 365 A.D.)

▪ Marble, granite, and alabaster were the primary facing

materials, as well as stucco and mosaics.
The Roman Orders
▪ Sophisticated building services such as,plumbing, The orders of ancient Roman classical architecture:
heating, and water supply. Tuscan or Etruscan and Composite.
▪ On an urban scale it also produced an impressive
array of planningelements.

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The Roman Orders

TUSCAN
▪ Tuscan The Etruscans’ simplified version of the
▪ Composite Doric Order with smooth-shafted
columns, a simple capital, base and
entablature.

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COMPOSITE
A classical Roman order, a hybrid of
Ionian and Corinthian, with fluted
Materials and Methods
columns, a capital with both volutes and
acanthus leaves, a base and an
entablature with dentils.

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Opus Roman concrete

Combined volcanic ash - called pozzolana - and lime
Plural opera, “work” (Latin); an artistic composition with sand, water, and gravel.
or pattern, especially as used in relation to Roman
stonework and walling construction.

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Advantages of using concrete

▪ Strong, cheap, and easy to use.
▪ Doesn’t have to be quarried, cut, or transported unlike
real stone.
▪ Can be mixed on the building site.
▪ Can be casted in a mold of virtually any shape. 1 opus siliceum: polygonal masonry, cyclopean masonry, Pelasgic masonry; 2 emplecton: coursed stone masonry;
3 graecorum structura – 'Greek construction'; 4 opus antiquum, opus incertum, opus intercentum,
coursed stone masonry; 5 opus gallicum, murus gallicus: 'Gallic wall'; 6 opus testaceum, opus latericium, opus
lateritium, brick-faced concrete

Roman masonry and concretewalling.

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7 opus vittatum mixtum, opus mixtum vittatum, banded brick and ashlar; 8 opus listatum, banded brick and rubble; 13 opus isodomum, opus quadratum, coursed ashlar; 14 opus pseudoisodomum; 15 opus spicatum: herringbone
9 opus reticulatum mixtum; 10 opus reticulatum – 'meshwork'; 11 opus quasi reticulatum; 12 opus africanum – brickwork; 16 opus craticium: wattle and daub; 17 opus signinum: rough render; 18 opus caementicium, opus
'African work' concretum, opus structile, structura caementic

Roman opus mixtum. Roman opus mixtum.

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Arch
A curved structure for spanning an opening,
designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial
compression.

Parts of anarch.

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Typologies, round arch. Typologies, pointed arch.

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Vault
An arched structure of stone, brick, or reinforced
concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall room,
or other wholly or partially enclosed space.

Typologies, vault.

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FORUM
Civic Buildings Roman Forum, Italy.

The public square or marketplace of an

ancient Roman city, the center of judicial
and business affairs, and a place of
assembly for the people, usually
including a basilica and atemple.

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Imperial Forum
No streets and no spatial or axial connections between
the spaces; the elements are simply bonded to each
other to create a sequence of open, colonnaded, and
enclosed spaces.

Imperial Forums.

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Forum Romanum
Oldest forum in Rome; Open space, rectangular in shape,
enclosed by different institutionaland public buildings,
serving as the city's marketplace and centre of public
business.

Forum Romanum.

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BASILICA
Basilica of Maxentius. Rome.

A Roman building-type, rectangular in

shape with an apse at either end, used
as a meeting place, courthouse,
marketplace, and lecture hall.

View eastward into the Forum Romanum.

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1 tribune – apse, podium

2 navis media – nave
3 aisle
4 chalcidicum – porch
5 porticus, portico, colonnade
6 exedra, apse
7 epicranitis – moulding
8 clerestory window
9 coffered ceiling

Basilica of Maxentius (Basilica of Constantine, Basilica Maxentii), Rome, 306–312 AD. Basilica of Maxentius (Basilica of Constantine, Basilica Maxentii), Rome, 306–312 AD.

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20 vestibulum – entrance hall

21 main entrance
22 apodyterium – changing room
23 palaestra – wrestling area

THERMAE 24 ambulatio – exercise

25 balneum – bathing pool
26 destrictarium – massage
Thermae of Caracalla. 27 laconicum (dry), sudatorium (wet) – sweating rooms
28 schola – conversation
29 caldarium – hot baths
Establishments that were built for 30 heliocaminus – a solar-heated room
washing, as well as exercising,
31 tepidarium – lukewarm baths
entertaining, and conducting business.
32 frigidarium – cold baths
33 natatio – swimming pool
34 exedrae – libraries and lecture halls
35 xystus – gardens, parks
36 stadium or waterfall
38 aqueduct
39 tabernae – shops, restaurants

Thermae of Caracalla, Rome, 212–216AD.

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Thermae of Caracalla, Rome, 212–216AD. Hypocaust. System of flues on the floor or walls of Roman baths that provided central heating.

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1dromos – running track

2 xyst, xystus – passage, colonnade
3 sfairisterion, sphaeristerium – ball games

GYMNASIUM 4 cryptoportico, cryptoporticus

5 palaestra – wrestling hall

Gymnasium of Hadrian, Ephesus, 6 korykeion, coryceum – boxing

Turkey. 7 ephebeion, ephebeum – main hall and classrooms
8 apodyterion – dressing room
9 elaiothesion, elaeothesium – oil and lotion store
Centre for sports, with buildings,playing
areas and baths. 10 alipterion, unctuarium – oiling and massage
11konisterion, conisterium – sanding and powdering
12 laconicum (dry), sudatorium (wet) – steam bath
13 caldarium, calidarium – hot baths

14 tepidarium – lukewarm baths

15 frigidarium – cold baths

Gymnasium of Hadrian, Ephesus,Turkey.

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1Doric order, 1st storey

2 Ionic order, 2nd storey
3 Corinthian order, 3rd storey
4 Composite order, 4th storey
AMPHITHEATER 5 balteus, corona podii – parapet
6 podium – dignitaries' enclosure, 'ringside'
Colosseum. Rome. 7 maenianum primum, ima cavea – first tier
8 maenianum media, media cavea – middle tier

A classical arena for gladiatorial 9 maenianum summum, summa cavea – upper tier
contests and spectacles consisting of an 10maenianum summum in lignis – upper wooden tier,
oval or round space surrounded by tiered 'peanut gallery'
seating for spectators.
11 gradus – row of seats
12 praecinctio, precinctio, balteus – horizontal gangway
13 aditus – entrance to cavea
14 vomitorium (pl. vomitoria) – exit, escape route

Superimposed orders; elevation of amphitheatre; cavea, visorium – section through seating

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15 pulvinar – box, loge THEATRUM

(a) emperor's, (b) consuls' and Vestal virgins'
21 porta triumphalis – triumphal gate
Pompeii, Italy.
22 porta pompae – ceremonial gate
23 porta libitinensis – funerary gate A Roman theatre building or structure; a
24 porta sanavivaria – gate of life building or arena with a stage and
25 hypogeum, hypogaeum – underground
auditorium for the production and
performance of theatrical works.
spaces

Plan of amphitheatre

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8orkhestra, orchestra – choir

9 thymele – altar
1 logeion, pulpitum – platform 10paraskenion, versurae –

2 proskenion, okribas, proscaenium secondary stage

– front stage 11parados, itinera versurarum –

3hyposkenion – lower stage side entrance

4 episkenion – upper stage 12 thyroma – stage door
5skenotheke, scaena frons – stage 21prohedria – front seats
wall 22podium – diginitary seating

6 aulaeum – curtain 23 kerkis, kekrides, cuneus –

7parapetasma, siparium – seating block
secondary curtain 24 diazoma, praecinctio – gangway
25 klimakes – steps
26 gradus – seating row

Pompeii, Italy, c.30 AD; Oropus, Greece, c.200 BC. Priene (principle), Turkey, c.350–300BC;

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TRIUMPHAL
CURIA ARCH
Curia Julia. The Arch of Constantine, Rome.

Senate house; GreekPrytaneion. A large arched monument constructed in

a public urban place to commemorate a
great event, usually a victory in war.

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CIRCUS
Circus Maximus.

In Roman architecture, a long U-shaped

or enclosed arena for chariot and horse
racing; Greek hippodrome.

32 balbides, carceres – starting gates; 33 porta triumphalis; 34 spina – dividing wall; 35 meta prima; 36 meta
secunda; 37 quadriga – four-horsed chariot.

Plan, Romancircus.

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AQUEDUCT DRAINAGE
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France Cloaca Maxima.

A bridge or other structure designed to Main storm drainage system; one of the
convey fresh water, usually a canal or world’s earliest sewage system.
channel called “SPECUS” or river
supported by piers and arches, or a
tunnel; from the Latin, aquae ductus,
‘conveyance of water’.

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PONS FOUNTAINS
Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Italy. Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Italy.

▪ striking features of ancient & modern

Simple, solid and practical Rome
construction designed to resist the
current of the water. Types :
a) “Lacus” or Locus – designed similar to
a large basin of water.

b) “Salientes” – similar to a large basin of

water with spouting jets.

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Decumanus

PALACE The principal straight axis or street of a Roman

town, encampment etc., generally running east–
west and crossed towards one end by the cardo.
Palace of Diocletian, Split,Croatia.

Cardo
Diocletian’s Palace is part fortified camp, Shorter main axis or street in a typical Roman
part city, and part villa. It is in the form of city, town or military encampment (castrum),
a slightly irregular rectangle (175 by 216
meters) protected by walls and gates, running north to south and crossing the
with towers projecting from the western, principal street or decumanus
northern, and eastern facades

Palace of Diocletian, Split,Croatia.

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TEMPLE
Pantheon, Rome, Italy.

The world's largest unreinforced

concrete dome.
It served as a temple, church, and tomb
for the past centuries.
The building was sited in an area north
of the old city center known as Campus
Martius.

Pantheon, Rome, Italy.

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Residential Buildings

12 exedra, exhedra – niche; 13 lacunar, coffered ceiling; 14 caisson, coffer;

15 oculus, opaion – circular rooflight; 16 dome

Reflected ceiling, floor plan, and section. Pantheon, Rome, 118–126AD

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Domus
The patrician townhouse; Has party
walls on its flanks and an enclosed back
area, its principal opening to the exterior
is located on the street front.

Elements of a typical Romanhouse.

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Insula
Casa di Diana. Italy. On Street Level
1 taberna – shop or workshop

A Roman masonry and concrete 2 courtyard, light well

tenement block for the labouring
classes, often a multistorey structure
with commercial premises and
workshops (tabernae) at street level;
originally the plot of land bounded by
urban streets, on which one was built.

Casa di Diana – Insula of Diana, Ostia, 130–40 BC.

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4 atrium – court
5 impluvium – pool
Villa 12tablinum – reception room and
archive
Villa dei Misteri.
13 fauces – entrance passage
14 culina – kitchen
A large classical Roman country house
with an estate; originally divided into two 15 lavatrina – washroom
parts, the pars urbana, or living area, and 19 peristylium – colonnaded court
pars rustica or working area. 21 triclinium aestivum – outdoor
dining area

Villa dei Misteri – Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c.200–100 BC.

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3vestibulum – entrance hall

4 atrium – court
5 impluvium – pool
6 lararium – altar
7 compluvium – opening

Atrium house 8cubiculum – bed chamber

9 triclinium – dining room
10 ala – alcove
Casa di Trebius Valens. 11oecus, oikos – dining room
12 tablinum – reception room and archive
13 fauces – entrance passage
A Roman dwelling type in which the 14 culina – kitchen
building masssurrounds a main central 15 lavatrina – washroom
space, the atrium, open to the sky. 16 balneum, balineum – bathroom
17 porticus – veranda
18exedra, exhedra – reception room
19 peristylium – colonnaded court
20 piscina, fons – pool
21 triclinium aestivum – outdoor dining area
22 coenatio, cenatio – dining room

Casa di Trebius Valens – house of Trebius Valens, Pompeii.

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Vitruvius
▪ Marcus Vitruvius Pollio;
▪ Wrote De architectura (On architecture), known today
as the “Ten Books onArchitecture”. End of Module 2
▪ firmitas, utilitas, venustas (durability, usefulness, and
beauty) Part 1

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