 The principles of Energy Harvest

o Cellular respiration and fermentation are catabolic, energy-yielding pathways

 They gain energy by breaking down complex molecules
 This is called fermentation
 Degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen
 The more efficient process if cellular respiration
 Oxygen is consumed
 Organic compounds + Oxygen  CO2 + water + energy
 This breakdown of glucose if exergonic
 Cells recycle the ATP they use for work
 Cells transfer phosphate groups from the ATP to other molecules in
order to perform work
 The transfer of ATP to ADP, along with the inorganic Phosphate, is the
main process for this.
 Redox reactions release energy when electrons move closer to electronegative
atoms
 These reactions are based upon the transfer of electrons between
reactants.
o These are called redox reactions
o The reactant that loses electrons are oxidized, and the one that
gains the electrons are reduced.
 Glucose and other organic fuels are broken down gradually
 Hydrogen atoms are stripped from their glucose
 Not transmitted to Oxygen
 They are passed to NAD+ -- oxidizing agent during respiration
 Dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms from the substrate
 Since NAD+ gains an Hydrogen, it becomes NADH
 The cell uses the electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons
to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of just one.
o The chain consists of many molecules built into the inner
membrane of the mitochondrion
o NADH moves the electrons to the top of the chain and when it
reaches the bottom, it becomes water.
o Exergonic reaction
o Instead of all the energy being released in one reaction, small
amounts of energy are released between each step.
o Each step of the chain is more electronegative than the one
before it.
o Thus, the electrons move down.
o This chain moves like this: food  NADH  electron transport
chain  oxygen.
 Respiration involves Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport.
o Glycolysis: happens in the cytosol; breaks the glucose into pyruvate
o Krebs cycle: Within the mitrochondrial matrix; pyruvates into carbon dioxide;
o Dehydrogenases move the electrons from the subtrates into the NAD+ to NADH
o In the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons
o Oxidative phosphorylation: the release of a little bit of energy in each step.
o Substrate level phosphorylation accounts for a small part of ATP production.
o ATP is formed when a phosphate is separated from a substrate to an ADP.
 In-depth look at each of the cycles
o Glycolysis
 Is the “splitting of sugar”
 Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two three sugar carbons.
 After this, the molecules are formed into pyruvate.
 This is divided into ten phases:
 The first five goes into the Energy investment phase
 Energy payoff phase goes into the next five steps
 During the investment phase, ATP goes into the process
 The result is 2 ATP and 2 NADPH
 Glycolysis is oxygen independent
o Krebs Cycle
 Most of the energy is stored within the pyruvates
ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE
1. Glucose enters the cell and is phosphorylated by hexokinase.
Phosphorylation makes the glucose more reactive. ATP transforms
into ADP and turns Glucose into Glucose-6-Phosphate
2. The Glucose-6-phosphate is transformed into fructose same form.
This is aided by phosphoglucoisomerase
3. Using Phosphofructokinase, ATP is transformed into ADP. The sugar
is ready to be split into two.
4. Fructose-1,6 biophosphate Aldolase the enzyme cleaves the
molecule into two different three carbon sugars.
5.