Lab Manual

DMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PALANCHUR CHENNAI – 600 123

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
SUB CODE : EC6712

SUBJECT TITLE: OPTCIAL AND MICROWAVE LABORATORY
SEMESTER : VII
YEAR : IV
DEPARTMENT : ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC6612-Optical And Microwave Lab Dept of Electronics & Communication Engg
Vision of the Department
To develop committed and competent technologists in electronics and

communication engineering to be on par with global standards coupled with cultivating the
innovations and ethical values.
Mission of the Department:
DM 1: To be a centre of excellence in teaching learning process promoting active learning
with critical thinking.
DM 2: To strengthen the student’s core domain and to sustain collaborative industry
interaction with internship and incorporating entrepreneur skills.
DM 3: To prepare the students for higher education and research oriented activities
imbibed with ethical values for addressing the social need.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs):
PEO1. CORE COMPETENCY WITH EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS: Building

on fundamental knowledge, to analyze, design and implement electronic circuits and
systems in Electronics and Communication Engineering by applying knowledge of
mathematics and science or in closely related fields with employability skills.
PEO2. PROMOTE HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT: To develop the ability to demonstrate technical competence and
innovation that initiates interest for higher studies and research.
PEO3. INCULCATING ENTREPRENEUR SKILLS: To motivate the students
to become Entrepreneurs in multidisciplinary domain by adapting to the latest trends
in technology catering the social needs.
PEO4. ETHICAL PROFESSIONALISM: To develop the graduates to attain
professional excellence with ethical attitude, communication skills, team work and
develop solutions to the problems and exercise their capabilities.
2
DMI college of engineering
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
The Program Outcomes (POs) are described as.
1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design / Development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation
of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
3
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering management principles and apply these to one’s
own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):
PSO1. Analyze and design the analog and digital circuits or systems for a given
specification and function.
PSO2. Implement functional blocks of hardware-software co-designs for signal

processing and communication applications.
PSO3. Design, develop and test electronic and embedded systems for applications
with real time constraint and to develop managerial skills with ethical behavior to
work in a sustainable environment.
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INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE RECORD
In the record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the corresponding
experiment number, experiment name, date on which it was done and the page number.
On the right side page of the record following has to be written:
1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written in the page in capital letters. In
the left top margin, experiment number and date should be written.
2. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.
3. Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components used: A list of the Apparatus/Tools/
Equipments/ Components used for doing the experiment should be entered.
4. Theory: Simple working of the circuit/experimental set up/algorithm should be
written.
5. Procedure: Steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings should be
briefly described(flow chart/ Circuit Diagrams / programs in the case of
computer/processor related experiments)
6. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be
fulfilling the aim.
On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:
a) Circuit/Program: Neatly drawn circuit diagrams for the experimental set up.
b) Design: The design of the circuit components for the experimental set up for
selecting the components should be clearly shown if necessary.
Observations:
i. Data should be clearly recorded using Tabular Columns.
ii. Unit of the observed data should be clearly mentioned
iii. Relevant calculations should be shown. If repetitive calculations are needed, only
show a sample calculation and summarize the others in a table.
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EC6712 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB LT PC

0 03 2
Microwave Experiments:
1. Reflex Klystron – Mode characteristics

2. Gunn Diode – Characteristics
3. VSWR, Frequency and Wave Length Measurement
4. Directional Coupler – Directivity and Coupling Coefficient – S – parameter measurement
5. Isolator and Circulator – S - parameter measurement
6. Attenuation and Power measurement
7. S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane T, H-Plane T and Magic T.
8. Radiation Pattern of Antennas.
9. Antenna Gain Measurement
Optical Experiments:
1. DC characteristics of LED and PIN Photo Diode.

2. Mode Characteristics of Fibers
3. Measurement of Connector and Bending Losses.
4. Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link
5. Numerical Aperture Determination for Fibers
6. Attenuation Measurement in Fibers
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
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COURESE OUTCOMES
CO1 The student will be able to understand the characteristic of Optical fiber
CO2 The student will be able to Differentiate analog and digital link
The student will be able to Measure the power and attenuation of optical and
CO3
microwave devices.
The student will be able to Microwave parameter measurement of Gunn
CO4
diode and Reflex Klystron
CO5 Able to determine numerical aperture and attenuation of optical fiber
Course Program Outcomes PSO

Code and
CO
Course
name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO1 3 - - - - 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
EC6712 CO2 3 - - - - - 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3
Optical & 3 2 3
3 - - - - 2 3 3 2 3 2 3
Microwave CO3
Laboratory CO4 3 - - - - 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2
CO5 3 - - - - 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Average 3 - - - - 3 2.2 2.6 3 2 3 2.8 3 2 3
7
S.No. List of Experiments Page No

1 Reflex klystron characteristics 9
2 Gunn diode characteristics 15
3 VSWR measurement 19
4 Measurement of frequency and wavelength 25
5 Directional coupler characteristics 31
6 Scattering parameters of circulator and Isolator 35
7 Attenuation measurement 40
8 Gain Measurement and Radiation pattern of antenna 45
9 Scattering parameters of E-plane and H-plane tee 48
10 Scattering parameters of magic tee 53
11 Characteristics of LED & Photo Diode 58
12 Mode Characteristics of Optical Fibers 64
13 Measurement of Losses in Optical Fibers 69
14 Setting up a Fiber Optic Analog & Digital Link 74
15 Measurement of Numerical Aperture 79
SNO Content Beyond Syllabus Page No

16 Impedance Measurement 83
8
EXPT NO:1 REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To study the mode characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its
Electronic tuning range.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Klystron power supply
2. Klystron tube 2k-25 with klystron mount
3. Isolator
4. Frequency meter
5. Detector mount
6. Variable Attenuator
7. Wave guide stand
8. VSWR meter
9. Oscilloscope
10. BNC Cable
Block Diagram:
Klystron Power
supply
Klystron Isolator Frequency Variable Detector

Mount meter Attenuato mount CRO
r
THEORY: The reflex klystron is a single cavity variable frequency microwave generator
of low power and low efficiency. This is most widely used in applications where variable
frequency is desired as
9
1. In radar receivers
2. Local oscillator in μw receivers
3. Signal source in micro wave generator of variable frequency
4. Portable micro wave links.
5. Pump oscillator in parametric amplifier
Voltage Characteristics: Oscillations can be obtained only for specific combinations of

anode and repeller voltages that gives farmable transit time.
Power Output Characteristics: The mode curves and frequency characteristics. The
frequency of resonance of the cavity decides the frequency of oscillation. A variation in
repeller voltages slightly changes the frequency.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
CARRIER WAVE OPERATION:

1. Connect the equipments and components as shown in the figure.
2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum Position.
3. Set the MOD switch of Klystron Power Supply at CW position, beam voltage control
knob to fully anti clock wise and repeller voltage control knob to fully clock wise and
meter switch to ‘OFF’ position.
4. Rotate the Knob of frequency meter at one side fully.
5. Connect the DC microampere meter at detector.
6. Switch “ON” the Klystron power supply, CRO and cooling fan for the Klystron tube..
7. Put the meter switch to beam voltage position and rotate the beam voltage knob
clockwise slowly up to 300 Volts and observe the beam current on the meter by
changing meter switch to beam current position. The beam current should not increase
more than 30 mA.
8. Change the repeller voltage slowly and watch the current meter, set the maximum
voltage on CRO.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output.
10. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, where there is less
output current on multimeter. Read directly the frequency meter between two horizontal
10
line and vertical marker. If micrometer type frequency meter is used read the
micrometer reading and find the frequency from its frequency calibration chart.
11. Change the repeller voltage and read the current and frequency for each repeller
voltage.
B. SQUARE WAVE OPERATION:

1. Connect the equipments and components as shown in figure
2. Set Micrometer of variable attenuator around some Position.
3. Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40 db position, input selector switch to crystal
impedance position, meter switch to narrow position.
4. Set Mod-selector switch to AM-MOD position .beam voltage control knob to fully anti
clockwise position.
5. Switch “ON” the klystron power Supply, VSWR meter, CRO and cooling fan.
6. Switch “ON” the beam voltage. Switch and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise up
to 300V in meter.
7. Keep the AM – MOD amplitude knob and AM – FREQ knob at the mid position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter or square wave on
CRO.
9. Rotate the AM – MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter or
CRO.
10. Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get the maximum output in VSWR
meter or CRO.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of VSWR meter 30dB to 50dB if the deflection in
VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respectively. Further the output
can be also reduced by variable attenuator for setting the output for any particular
position.
C. MODE STUDY ON OSCILLOSCOPE:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in Fig.
2. Keep position of variable attenuator at min attenuation position.
11
3. Set mode selector switch to FM-MOD position FM amplitude and FM frequency knob
at mid position keep beam voltage knob to fully anti clock wise and reflector voltage
knob to fully clockwise position and beam switch to ‘OFF’ position.
4. Keep the time/division scale of oscilloscope around 100 HZ frequency measurement
and volt/div. to lower scale.
5. Switch ‘ON’ the klystron power supply and oscilloscope.
6. Change the meter switch of klystron power supply to Beam voltage position and set
beam voltage to 300V by beam voltage control knob.
7. Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to max. Position and rotate the reflector voltage
anti clock wise to get the modes as shown in figure on the oscilloscope. The horizontal
axis represents reflector voltage axis and vertical represents o/p power.
8. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation in any mode of
klystron tube can be seen on oscilloscope.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Beam Voltage : 203V (Constant)
Beam Current : 11mA
Repeller Current Power Dip
Voltage (V) (mA) (mW) Frequency
(GHz)
12
EXPECTED GRAPH:
Worksheet
Electronic Tuning Range
ETR =fmax-fmin
=
=
Electronic Tuning Sensitivity
ETS = fmax - fmin
Vo2-vo1
=
=
13
RESULT: Thus the mode characteristics of the reflex klystron tube are studied and to
determined its Electronic tuning range.
14
EXPT NO:2 GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To study the V-I characteristics of Gunn diode.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Gunn power supply

2. Gunn oscillator
3. PIN Modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency Meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Slotted line
8. Detector mount and CRO.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Gunn Gunn power

oscillator supply
Isolator Pin Frequency Detector

modulator Meter mount CRO
15
THEORY: Gunn diode oscillator normally consist of a resonant cavity, an arrangement

for coupling diode to the cavity a circuit for biasing the diode and a mechanism to couple
the RF power from cavity to external circuit load. A co-axial cavity or a rectangular wave
guide cavity is commonly used.
The circuit using co-axial cavity has the Gunn diode at one end at one end of cavity
along with the central conductor of the co-axial line. The O/P is taken using a inductively
or capacitively coupled probe. The length of the cavity determines the frequency of
oscillation. The location of the coupling loop or probe within the resonator determines the
load impedance presented to the Gunn diode. Heat sink conducts away the heat due to
power dissipation of the device.
Voltage-Current Characteristics:
1. Set the components and equipments as shown in Figure.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for minimum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as below
Meter switch – “OFF”
Gunn bias knob – Fully anti clock wise
PIN bias knob – Fully anti clock wise
PIN mode frequency – any position
4. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation.
5. Switch “ON” the Gunn power supply.
6. Measure the Gunn diode current to corresponding to the various Gunn bias voltage
through the digital panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage above
10 volts.
7. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph.
8. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponding to max current.
Note: Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 sec.
readings should be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise due to excessive heating Gunn
diode may burn
16
EXPECTED GRAPH:
Threshold voltage
I
(mA)
Volts (V)
I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN OSCILLATOR
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Gunn bias voltage Gunn diode current

(v) (mA)
17
Gunn Bias Voltage(v) Frequency(GHz)
Worksheet
Pushing Factor = (f max – f min )

(V max – V min )
RESULT: Thus the V-I characteristics of Gunn diode is Studied.
18
EXPT NO:3 VSWR MEASUREMENT
AIM: To determine the standing-wave ratio and reflection coefficient.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Klystron tube (2k25)
3. CRO
4. Klystron mount
5. Isolator
6. Frequency meter
8. Slotted line
9. Wave guide stand
10. Movable short/termination
11. BNC CableS-S Tuner
19
THEORY:
` Any mismatched load leads to reflected waves resulting in standing waves along the
length of the line. The ratio of maximum to minimum voltage gives the VSWR. Hence
minimum value of S is unity. If S<10 then VSWR is called low VSWR. If S>10 then
VSWR is called high VSWR. The VSWR values more than 10 are very easily measured
with this setup. It can be read off directly on the VSWR meter calibrated. The
measurement involves simply adjusting the attenuator to give an adequate reading on the
meter which is a D.C. mill volt meter. The probe on the slotted wave guide is moved t get
maximum reading on the meter. The attenuation is now adjusted to get full scale reading.
Next the probe on the slotted line is adjusted to get minimum, reading on the meter. The
ratio of first reading to the second gives the VSWR. The meter itself can be calibrated in
terms of VSWR. Double minimum method is used to measure VSWR greater than 10. In
this method, the probe is inserted to a depth where the minimum can be read without
difficulty. The probe is then moved to a point where the power is twice the minimum.
20
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up equipment as shown in figure.
2. Keep variable attenuator in minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep control knobs of VSWR meter as below
Range dB = 40db / 50db
Input switch = low impedance
Meter switch = Normal
Gain (coarse fine) = Mid position approximately
4. Keep control knobs of klystron power supply as below.
Beam Voltage = OFF
Mod-Switch = AM
Beam Voltage Knob = fully anti clock wise
Reflection voltage knob = fully clock wise
AM-Amplitude knob = around fully clock wise
AM frequency and amplitude knob = mid position
5. Switch ‘ON’ the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Switch ‘ON” the beam voltage switch position and set (down) beam voltage at 300V.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
8. Tune the O/P by turning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM
modulation.
9. Tune plunges of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
10. If required, change the range db-switch variable attenuator position and (given) gain
control knob to get deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.
11. As your move probe along the slotted line, the deflection will change.
A. Measurement of low and medium VSWR:
1. Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
2. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter
indicates 1.0 on normal VSWR scale.
3. Keep all the control knob as it is move the probe to next minimum position. Read the
VSWR on scale.
21
4. Repeat the above step for change of S-S tuner probe depth and record the corresponding
SWR.
5. If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range 0dB switch to next higher
position and read the VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.
B. Measurement of High VSWR: (double minimum method)
1. Set the depth of S-S tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.
2. Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
3. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain
n a reading of 3db in the normal dB scale (0 to 10db) of VSWR meter.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on 0-10
db scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted line. Let it be d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and then move the probe right along the slotted line until full scale
deflection is obtained on 0-10db normal db scale. Let it be d2.
6. Replace S-S tuner and termination by movable short.
7. Measure distance between 2 successive minima positions of probe. Twice this distance
is guide wave length λg.
8. Compute SWR from following equation
λg
SWR = ---------------
 (d1 - d2)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Beam Voltage =230V
Repeller Voltage =-236
Practical VSWR
Load Vmax Vmin Vmax/Vmin
Reading
22
Work Sheet
VSWR Calculation
1. Matched termination = Vmax/Vmin =
2. Fixed shot = Vmax/Vmin =
Reflection Coefficient Calculation
1. Matched termination = S-1/S+1 =
2. Fixed shot = S-1/S+1 =
INFERENCE:
Indirect VSWR Direct VSWR Reflection

Load
Reading Reading Coefficient
Matched
termination
Fixed shot
23
RESULT: Thus we determine the standing-wave ratio and reflection coefficient.
24
EXPT NO:4 MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
AIM: To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular wave guide working in
TE10 mode.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Klystron tube
3. Klystron mount
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
7. Slotted section
8. Tunable probe
9. CRO
10. Wave guide stand
11. Movable Short
12. Matched termination
25
THEORY:
The cut-off frequency relationship shows that the physical size of the wave guide
will determine the propagation of the particular modes of specific orders determined by
values of m and n. The minimum cut-off frequency is obtained for a rectangular wave
guide having dimension a>b, for values of m=1, n=0, i.e. TE 10 mode is the dominant mode
since for TMmn modes, n#0 or n#0 the lowest-order mode possible is TE10, called the
dominant mode in a rectangular wave guide for a>b.
For dominant TE10 mode rectangular wave guide λo, λg and λc are related as below.
1/λo² = 1/λg² + 1/λc²
Where λo is free space wave length
λg is guide wave length
λc is cut off wave length
For TE10 mode λc – 2a where ‘a’ is broad dimension of wave guide.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure.
2. Set up variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
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3. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below:

Beam voltage – OFF
Mod-switch – AM
Beam voltage knob – Fully anti clock wise
Repeller voltage – Fully clock wise
AM – Amplitude knob – Around fully clock wise
AM – Frequency knob – Around mid position
4. Switch ‘ON’ the klystron power supply, CRO and cooling fan switch.
5. Switch ’ON’ the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300V with help of beam
voltage knob.
6. Adjust the repeller voltage to get the maximum amplitude in CRO
7. Maximize the amplitude with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power
supply.
8. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum Amplitude.
9. Tune the repeller voltage knob for maximum Amplitude.
10. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a ‘dip’ on the CRO and note down the frequency
from frequency meter.
11. Replace the termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter.
12. Move the probe along with slotted line. The amplitude in CRO will vary .Note and
record the probe position , Let it be d1.
13. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again, Let it be
d2.
14. Calculate the guide wave length as twice the distance between two successive minimum
position obtained as above.
15. Measure the wave guide inner board dimension ‘a’ which will be around 22.86mm for
x-band.
16. Calculate the frequency by following equation.
c  1 1 
f    2  2 
   g c 
Where C = 3x108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
17. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency modes
27
18. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.

fo = C/λo => C => 3x108 m/s (i.e., velocity of light)
1/λo² = 1/λg² + 1/λc²
g c
0 
g 2  c 2
λg = 2x ∆d
For TE10 mode => λc = 2a
a  wave guide inner broad dimension
a = 2.286cm” (given in manual)
λc = 4.6cm
28
OBSERVATION TABLE:
∆d1= ∆d2=
∆d=(∆d1+∆d2+∆
∆d3=
Beam current
meter) (GHZ)
fo (using freq
d1 d2 d3 d4
λg=2 x ∆d
voltage(v)
voltage(v)
fo (GHZ)
Repeller
λo (cm)
d2- d3-
Beam
(mA)
d3)/3
(cm (cm (cm (cm d4 - d
d1 d2
) ) ) ) 3
(cm) (cm)
Worksheet
F = c/λ
= c√((1/λg2)+)(1/λc2))
=
=
g c
0 
g 2  c 2
=
F0=c/λ0
=
29
RESULT: Thus we determined the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular wave guide
working in TE10 mode.
30
EXPT NO:5 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following
parameters. The Coupling factor, Insertion Loss and Directivity of the Directional
coupler
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave Source (Klystron or Gunn-Diode)
2. Isolator, Circulator
3. Frequency Meter
5. Slotted Line
6. Tunable Probe
7. Detector Mount Matched Termination
8. MHD Coupler
9. Waveguide Stand
10. Cables and Accessories
11. CRO.
Microwave Isolator Variable Frequency

Source attenuator Meter
Matched Load
Slotted MHD
Line Coupler
Detector CRO/
Mount VSWR
Matched Load
31
THEORY:
A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident
and reflected wave separately. It consist of two transmission lines the main arm and
auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other Refer to the Fig.1. The power
entering, in the main-arm gets divided between port 2 and 3, and almost no power comes
out in port (4) Power entering at port 2 is divided between port 1 and 4.
The coupling factor is defined as
Coupling (db) = 10 log10 [P1/P3] where port 2 is terminated, Isolation (dB) = 10 log 10
[P2/P3] where P1 is matched.
With built-in termination and power entering at Port 1, the directivity of the coupler
is a measure of separation between incident wave and the reflected wave. Directivity is
measured indirectly as follows:
Hence Directivity D (db) = I-C = 10 log10 [P2/P1]
Main line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the main-line input terminal when
the matched loads are placed at all other ports.
Auxiliary live VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output
terminal when the matched loads are placed on other terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission line by insertion of
coupler, it is defined as:
Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 log10 [P1/P2]
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the Figure.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency .
3. Remove the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the slotted
section.
4. Set maximum amplitude in CRO with the help of variable attenuator, Let it be X.
5. Insert the directional coupler between the slotted line and detector mount. Keeping port
1 to slotted line, detector mount to the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port
2 without changing the position of variable attenuator.
6. Note down the amplitude using CRO, Let it be Y.
7. Calculate the Coupling factor X-Y in dB.
32
8. Now carefully disconnect the detector mount from the auxiliary port 3 and matched
termination from port 2 , without disturbing the setup.
9. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector mount to port 2
and measure the amplitude on CRO, Let it be Z.
10. Compute Insertion Loss= X – Z in dB.
11. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction i.e., port 2 to slotted section,
matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without disturbing the
position of the variable attenuator.
13. Measure and note down the amplitude using CRO, Let it be Y0.
14. Compute the Directivity as Y-Y0 in dB.
Input port Output Port Matched Po(dB)

Termination
Worksheet
Coupling Factor =
Insertion loss =
Directivity =
33
RESULT: Thus the Coupling factor, Insertion Loss and Directivity of the Directional
coupler has been calculated.
34
EXPT NO:6 SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR AND

ISOLATOR
AIM:
To study the Isolator and circulators and measure the Insertion Loss and Isolation of
Circulator.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave Source (Klystron or Gunn-Diode)
2. Isolator, Frequency Meter
4. Slotted Line
5. Tunable Probe
6. Detector Mount Matched Termination
7. Circulator
8. Waveguide Stand
9. Cables and Accessories
10. VSWR Meter.
CIRCULATOR:
Circulator is defined as device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is
coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to the other ports. This is depicted in figure
circulator can have any number of ports.
35

Slotted Circulator Detector CRO/

Line Mount VSWR
Matched Load
ISOLATOR:
An Isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with little
attenuation and from output to input with very high attenuation.
36

Slotted Isolator Detector CRO/

Line Mount VSWR
The isolator, shown in Fig. can be derived from a three-port circulator by simply placing a
matched load (reflection less termination) on one port.
The important circulator and isolator parameters are:
A. Insertion Loss
Insertion Loss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by
source to the input port, measured with other orts terminated in the matched Load. It is
expressed in dB.
B. Isolation
Isolation is the ratio of power applied to the output to that measured at the input. This ratio
is expressed in db. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the third port terminated
in a matched load.
Measurement of insertion
1. Remove the isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount to
the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected with CRO.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of
operation. Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the CRO.
3. Set any reference level of output in CRO with the help of variable attenuator, Let it be
V1.
37
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of
the set up. Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keep
input port to slotted line and detector its output port. A matched termination should be
placed at third port in case of Circulator.
5. Record the output in CRO, Let it be V2.
6. Compute Insertion loss given as V1-V2 in db.
Measurement of Isolation:
7. For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected in reverse
i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated by
matched termination (for circulator).
8. Record the output of CRO and let it be V3.
9. Compute Isolation as V1-V3 in db.
10. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
11. Repeat the above experiment for other frequency if needed.
Isolator
Input Port Output Port Power (dB)
Circulator
Input Port Output Port Matched Termination Power (dB)
38
RESULT: Thus the Isolator and circulators is studied and measure the Insertion Loss and
Isolation of Circulator.
39
EXPT NO:7 ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
AIM: To study insertion loss and attenuation measurement of attenuator.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source Klystron tube (2k25)

2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable probe
7. Detector mount
8. Matched termination
9. Test attenuator
a) Fixed
b) Variable
10. Klystron power supply & Klystron mount
11. Cooling fan
12. BNC-BNC cable
13. VSWR or CRO
40
THEORY:
The attenuator is a two port bidirectional device which attenuates some power when
inserted into a transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log (P1/P2)
Where P1 = Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line
P2 = Power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the equipments as shown in the above figure.

2. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of operation
3. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line and tune the detector mount also for max
deflection on VSWR or on CRO
4. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter or on CRO with the help of variable
attenuator. Let it be P1.
5. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing any
position on the setup place the test variable attenuator to the slotted line and detector
mount to O/P port of test variable attenuator. Keep the micrometer reading of text
41
variable attenuator to zero and record the readings of VSWR meter or on CRO. Let it
to be P2. Then the insertion loss of test attenuator will be P1-P2 db.
6. For measurement of attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator. Place the test
attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount at the other port of test attenuator.
Record the reading of VSWR meter or on CRO. Let it be P3 then the attenuation value
of variable attenuator for particular position of micrometer reading of will be P1-P3 db.
7. In case the variable attenuator change the micro meter reading and record the VSWR
meter or CRO reading. Find out attenuation value for different position of micrometer
reading and plot a graph.
8. Now change the operating frequency and all steps should be repeated for finding
frequency sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.
Note:1. For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of
micrometer reading of the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies of
operation.
EXPECTED GRAPH:
42
OBSERVATION TABLE:
P1 P2 Attenuation = P1-P2
Micrometer reading
(dB) (dB) (dB)
.
43
RESULT: Thus the insertion loss and attenuation measurement of attenuator is also
studied.
44
EXPT NO:8 GAIN MEASUREMENT AND RADIATION PATTERN OF ANTENNA
AIM
To measure the gain of the pyramidal antenna and to plot the radiation pattern and also
obtain the directivity and directivity.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1. Microwave source :Klystron tube (2k25)
2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable probe
7. Detector Mount
8. CRO
9. Klystron Power Supply + Klystron Mount
10. Pyramidal antenna-2
11. VSWR meter
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the equipment as shown below. Both the antenna should be in line. Keep the
range dB switch in 30 dB position.
2. Remove the Transmitting antenna and connected to the detector.The output of the
detector may be connected to the CRO on VSWR meter.
3. Energize the klystron oscillator and choose a modulation of square wave
signal.Observe the demodulated signal on the CRO and VSWR meter.
4. Ensure that setup in working properly.
5. Adjust the variable attenuator and gain control to get a full scale deflection or
VSWR meter say 0dB.
6. Record the frequency using frequency meter.
7. Gain can be controlled using the equation
Pr= Pt Gt Gr
4*π*d2
45
8. Do not disturb the settings of the VSWR meter.

9. Turn the antenna to the left until the received signal falls below 80dB
10. Repeat the above by turning the antenna right and note down the reading.
11. Mark 3 dB point on the radiation pattern.
12. Obtain the bandwidth of the antenna.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
CRO
Klystron
AM
Power
Modulator Detector
Supply
Mount
Tunable
Klystron
Probe
Tube and
Mount
Variable Frequency Slotted Transceiver VSWR

Isolator Meter Line antenna /CRO
attenuator
46
OBSERVATION:
Angle Voltage Gain=20log (Vo\Vin)
RESULT:
Thus the gain of the pyramidal antenna is determined and the radiation pattern
also determined.
47
EXPT NO:9 GAIN MEASUREMENT AND RADIATION PATTERN OF ANTENNA
AIM: To Study the operation of E-plane Tee and H-plane Tee and to scattering matrix.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source : Klystron tube (2k25)
2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable probe
7. Detector Mount
8. Matched Termination
9. Magic Tee
11. Wave guide stands and accessories
BLOCK DIAGRAM
E-Plane Tee H-Plane Tee
48
Block Diagram of E-plane Tee
Block Diagram of H-plane Tee
49
THEORY
E-plane Tee:
It has 3 ports. First and second port are called collinear arm third port is called E-
arm will be in same amplitude and opposite in phase. Since the wave feed into the port 3
will be divide the wave into port 1 and port 2 in same amplitude and opposite in phase. E-
plane act as a 3 dB splitter. Since it divides the input and port 3 between 1 and 2 with
phase shift of 180 degree.
H-plane Tee:
It is formed by cutting a rectangular along a width of the waveguide and attaching another
waveguide inside the arm is called H- arm. If the input is feed into port 3 their waves will
equally divide between port1 and port 2 which will be in phase with same amplitude.
PROCEDURE
1. Setup the components and equipments as shown in figure.

2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximum output.
3. With the help of variable frequency of operation and tune the detector mount for
maximum output attenuator, CRO.
4. Measure VSWR reading by adjusting it read the value of it.
5. Without disturbing the position of thw variable attenuator carefully place to E-plane
and H-plane after the slotted line by providing the one input port.
6. Note down the amplitude and VSWR meter reading.
7. Determine s-matrix
8. Same experiment is repeated for other port also.
50
OBSERVATIONS:
E-plane Tee:
Input Matched Output Amplitude VSWR
Ports Termination Ports (V)
H-plane Tee:
Input Matched Output Amplitude VSWR
Ports Termination Ports (V)
51
RESULT:
Thus the operation of E-plane Tee and H-plane Tee is studied.
52
EXPT NO:10 SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF MAGIC TEE
AIM: To Study the operation of Magic Tee and calculate Coupling Co-efficient and
Isolation.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source :Klystron tube (2k25)
2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable probe
7. Detector Mount
8. Matched Termination
9. Magic Tee
11. Wave guide stands and accessories
53
Fig: Magic Tee
54
THEORY:
The device Magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee. Arm 3 is the H-arm and
arm 4 is the E-arm. If the power is fed, into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric field divides equally
between arm1 and 2 with the same phase and no electric field exists in the arm 4. If power
is fed in arm 4 (E-arm) it divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power
to arm 3, further, if the power is fed in arm 1 and 2 simultaneously it is added in arm 3 (H-
arm) and it is subtracted in E-arm i.e., arm 4.
A. Isolation:
The Isolation between E and H arm is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by
the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H-arm (port 3) when
side arm 1 and 2 terminated in matched load.
Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [P4/P3]
Similarly, Isolation between other ports may be defined.
B. Coupling Factor:
It is defined as Cij = 10 – /20
Where ‘’ is attenuation / isolation in dB when ‘i' is input arm and ‘j’ is output arm.
Thus,  = 10 log10 [P4/P3]
Where P3 is the power delivered to arm ‘i’ and P4 is power detected at ‘j’ arm.
9. Setup the components and equipments as shown in figure.
10. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximum output.
11. With the help of variable frequency of operation and tune the detector mount for
maximum output attenuator, set any reference in the CRO let it be V3.
12. Without disturbing the position of the variable attenuator, carefully place the Magic Tee
after the slotted line, keeping H-arm to slotted line, detector mount to E-arm and
matched termination to Port-1 and Port-2.
13. Note down the amplitude using CRO, Let it be V4.
14. Determine the Isolation between Port-3 and Port-4 as V3-V4.
55
15. Determine the coupling co-efficient from the equation given in theory part.
16. The same experiment may be repeated for other Ports also.
OBSERVATIONS:
Ports Power
(W)
Calculations:
Coupling Co-efficient:
Vi
α = 10 log
Vj
Therefore C = 10 – α /20
RESULT: Thus the operation of Magic Tee is studied and calculated Coupling Co-efficient
and Isolation.
56
57
EXPT NO:11 CHARACTERISTICS OF LED AND PHOTO DIODE
AIM:
To determine the characteristics of fiber optic LED and Photo detector.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED :
1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-01 & 02)

2. Optical Fiber Cable (1m)
3. Patch chords
4. Jumper to crocodile wires
5. Power supply
6. Volt meter & Ammeter
THEORY :
In optical fiber communication system, electrical signal is first converted into

optical signal with the help of E / O conversion device as LED. After this optical signal is
transmitted through optical fiber, it is retrieved in its original electrical form with the help
of O / E conversion device as photo detector.
The most significant features of LEDs, which are used for optical communication
include high modulation rate capability, high radiance, high reliability and emission
wavelengths restricted to the near infrared spectral regions of low attenuation in fibers.
Photo detectors usually come in variety of forms like photo conductive,
photovoltaic, transistor type output and diode type output. Here also characteristics to be
taken into account are response time of the detector, which puts the limitation on the
operating frequency, wavelength sensitivity and responsively.
58
TABULATION:
LED CHARECTERISTICS
Vf (V) If (mA) Pi (mW) Po (μW)
PHOTO DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Ip (μA) R (mA)
Vf = Forward voltage of LED, If = Forward current of LED

Pi = V * I (Electrical power), Po = Pi * 1.15% (Optical power of LED)
Vo = Output voltage of Photo diode, Ip = Output current of Photo diode
R = Ip / Po (Responsivity)
59
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections as shown in fig. Connect the power supply with proper
polarity to FCL-01 & FCL-02 kits. While connecting this, ensure that the
power supply is OFF.
2. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SHF756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1-meter fiber into the
cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
3. Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into
the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
4. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2, JP3 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in fig.
5. Keep the jumpers JP1 & JP2 on FCL-02 as shown in fig.
6. Keep the switch S2 in VI position on FCL-01.
7. Connect Volt meter and Ammeter as per the polarities.
8. Switch on the power supply.
9. Keep the potentiometer P3 in its maximum position (anti-clockwise). P3 is
used to control current flowing through the LED.
10. Keep the potentiometer P4 in its fully clockwise. P4 is used to control bias
voltage of the LED.
11. To get the VI characteristics of LED, rotate P3 slowly and measure forward
current and corresponding forward voltage. Take number of such readings for
various current values and plot VI characteristics graph for the LED.
12. For each reading taken above, find out the power, which is product of V and I.
This is the electrical power supplied to the LED.
13. Plot the graph of forward current v/s output optical power of the LED.
60
MODEL GRAPH:
VI CHARACTERISTICS
DMI college of engineering 61

14. Similarly measure the current at the detector.

15. Plot the graph of receiver current v/s output optical power of the LED.
16. Perform the above procedure again for all the combinations of Transmitter and
Receiver.
17. Calculate the responsivity of the detector
R = Ip / Po (A/W) = Photo current in μA / Optical power in μW
Quantum efficiency (η) = (Ip / q) / (Po / hf)
q = 1.60218 x 10-19 C, h = 6.6356 x 10-13 J.s,
f = c / λ = (3 x 108 m/s) / 850nm or η = R. hf / q, R = Responsivity
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of fiber optic LED and Photo detector are studied.


EXPT NO:12 MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBER
AIM :
To study the mode characteristics of fiber optic cable and observe the lower order
Linearly Polarized (LP) modes.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED :
1. LASER Source (633 nm – 1mW)

2. Source to Fiber Coupler
3. Single Mode Fiber
4. Fiber Holding Stand
5. Opaque Screen
THEORY :
The central spot carries 95% of the intensity for laser beams with Gaussian
profile. I = Ioe-2(r / w) ^2 where e = 2.718 is the base of the natural logarithm. An

accepted definition of a radius of a Gaussian beam is the distance at which the beam
intensity has dropped to 1/e2 = 0.135 times its peak value Io. This radius is called spot
size. The spot diameter is w.
Spot Diameter (d) micron = Focal length of the Lens (f) mm x Laser beam full
divergence angle (DA) mrad.
In order to achieve maximum coupling efficiency, the fiber core diameter has to
be bigger than the spot diameter.
NA rays = Laser Beam Diameter (B.D.)
2 x Lens Focal Length (f)
The source coupler is comprised of two base plates. One of the base plates
contains a focusing lens and a female connector receptacle. The other base plate is
attached onto the laser. An O-ring is sandwiched between the base plates. Threaded
screws interconnect the two base plates. A screw driver to alter the angular orientation of
one base plate relative to the other can then adjust the screws.
The number of modes propagating through the fiber depends on V-number. If the
fiber whose V-number is less than 2.045, it allows to propagate single mode through it, so
it is called as Single Mode fiber. For a Multimode fiber, V-number is slightly greater than
2.045 but the number of allowed modes is small enough so that they may be individually
identified when the output of the fiber is examined.
When V < 2.045, then only a single mode may propagate in the fiber waveguide.
This mode is HE11 mode or LP01 – Linearly Polarized mode.
When V > 2.045, other modes may propagate, when V is slightly greater than
2.045 i.e. V = 4.91 then 4 Linearly Polarized modes will propagate through fiber.
PROCEDURE :
1. Keep optical bread board onto original and flat table surface, so that it will not
toggle.
2. Fix the pre-fitted cylindrical head of the He-Ne laser source on to the surface
of the bread board from the bottom side with the help of Allen screws
provided with it. Confirm the rigid ness of the mount.
3. Fix the laser to the fiber coupler mount on to the bread board with base plate
orientation of it towards He-Ne laser exit.
4. Turn on the He-Ne laser and locate the beam spot on the central portion of the
laser-fiber coupling lens assembly by adjusting the vertical and horizontal
travel arrangement provided with the mount. Tighten the screws of the vertical
and horizontal slots.
5. Now look for the back reflection of the He-Ne laser spot from the rod lens of
the coupler. In case if you found the back spot, away from the exit of the
cylindrical laser head of the laser, adjust the back-reflected spot going back in
exit hole by slowly moving the four screws provided for the laser mount.
6. Confirm the central alignment of the laser beam at the exit of the laser fiber
coupler by putting a white card sheet and zooming the spot on to it. In case the
spot is found of center, adjust it to the center by slightly moving the screws of
the laser mount.

7. Put the multimode optical patch cord on to the laser fiber coupler exit and fix
the other end of the fiber in the fiber holding stand by moving the grub screws
provided with the holder.
8. Notice the bright laser beam spot coming out of the fiber. Adjust the height of
exit tip of the fiber to about 50mm. Min. from the white sheet of the paper.
9. Observe the bright round shape circular spot with laser speckle pattern on to
the screen. Multimode pattern can be refined by screws provided with laser-
fiber coupler. Slightly adjusting or moving the screws on the laser mount,
view the change in pattern of this multimode spot.
10. After observing the multimode pattern, change multimode fiber optic patch
cord with single mode fiber patch cord.
11. For single mode patch cord, the blur pattern of the various single mode
patterns will appear on the screen. That is, single circular two lobes, three
lobes and four lobes patterns can be very well observed by slightly adjusting
the Allen screws of the laser-fiber coupler.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION :

Parameter of given fiber are,
A = 4.5μm (core radius), N.A = 0.11, λ = 633nm
V = 2 π x A x N.A / λ = 4.91
From fig. shows only 4 LP modes propagates.
Total number of modes = V2 / 2 = 4.912 / 2 = 12
RESULT :
Thus the mode characteristics of fiber optic cable are studied and the lower order
Linearly Polarized modes are observed
Department of ECE
EC 6712 Optical & Microwave Lab

EC 6712 Optical & Microwave Lab Department of ECE
EXPT NO:13 MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER
AIM :
To measure the propagation loss, bending loss and connector loss in the optical
fiber.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-01 & 02)

2. 1 , 3 Meter & Connectorized Fiber Cable
3. Patch Chords
4. Power Supply
5. CRO
THEORY :
Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These materials are
usually selected by taking into account their absorption characteristics for different
wavelengths of light. In case of optical fiber, since the signal is transmitted in the form of
light, which is completely different in nature as that of electrons, one has to consider the
interaction of matter with the radiation to study the losses in fiber. Losses are introduced
in fiber due to various reasons. As light propagates from one end of fiber to another end,
part of it is absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of the light is
reflected back or in some other direction from the impurity particles present in the
material contributing to the loss of the signal at the other and of the fiber. In general
terms, it is known as propagation loss. Plastic fibers have higher loss of the order of 180
dB/Km. whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated,
the losses are introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to
bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss. Other losses are due to the
coupling of fiber at LED & photo detector ends.
69
TABULATION:
PROPAGATION LOSS
POWER =
P2 (1m fiber) P1 (3m fiber)
10 log (P2/P1) dB
CONNECTOR LOSS
P1
P2 (1m fiber) LOSS = P2 – P1
(Connectorzed fibers)
70
PROCEDURE:
A) MEASUREMENT OF PROPAGATION LOSS
1. Make connections as shown in fig. Connect the power supply cables with
proper polarity to FCL-01 & 02 kits. While connecting this, ensure that the
power supply is OFF.
2. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2, JP3 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in fig.
4. Keep switch S2 in VI position on FCL-01.
6. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1 meter fiber into the
cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
7. Now rotate the optical power control pot P3 in FCL-01 in anticlockwise
direction. This ensures minimum current flow through LED.
8. Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into
the cap. Now tighten cap by screwing it back.
9. Keep switch SW1 to SIGNAL STRENGTH position in FCL-02
10. Connect the output of Photo Diode detector post OUT to post IN of Signal
Strength Indicator block.
11. Observe the signal strength by adjusting the TRANSMITTER LEVEL using
Intensity control pot P3.
12. Measure the light output using the SIGNAL STRENGTH section of the kit.
The loss will be larger for a longer piece of fiber. In order to measure the loss
in the fiber a short piece of fiber is used as a reference from the LIGHT
TRANSMITTER.
71
TABULATION:
BENDING LOSS
BENDING (SIZE) SIGNAL STRENGTH
NO BEND
BEND @ 1
BEND @ 2
BEND @ 3
BEND @ 4
BEND@1 BEND@2
BEND@3 BEND@4
72
13. Now remove the 1 meter and insert the 3 meter fiber.
14. Loss in optical fiber systems is usually measured in dB. Loss of fiber itself is
measured in dB per meter.
15. Subtract the length of the short fiber from the length of the long fiber to get
the difference in the fiber lengths (3m – 1m). The extra length of two meters is
what created the extra loss measured. Then take the signal strength reading
obtained for the loss of the long fiber and convert it to dB using the equation.
Power = 10 log (P2 / P1) dB.
P2 – Reference reading by 1 meter fiber.
P1 – Reference obtained after replacing 3 meter fiber.
B) MEASUREMENT OF BENDING LOSS

1. Keep the connections with 1 meter fiber as per the above procedure.
2. Adjust the transmitter power so that the SIGNAL STRENGTH reading is 8.
Now take the portion of the fiber and loop it to match the bends as shown in
fig. As you match each bends write down the reading from signal strength
indicator. Don’t bend the fiber too tightly or it may not come back to shape.
3. Measure the loss for a number of different bends.
C) MEASUREMENT OF CONNECTOR LOSS

1. Keep the connections with 1 meter fiber as per the above procedure.
2. Adjust the transmitter power so that the SIGNAL STRENGTH reading is 8.
3. Remove the 1 meter fiber and insert 0.5 meter connectorized fibers through
connecting sleeve. What reading you get on the signal strength? Now take
your loss from this measurement, say 7dB and subtract it from 8dB. Your
connector loss is then 8dB – 7dB = 1dB this is actual connector loss.
RESULT:
Thus the losses in optical fiber are measure
73
EXPT NO:14 SETTING UP A FIBER OPTIC ANALOG & DIGITAL LINK
AIM :
To establish an optical transmission using analog and digital link.
1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-03)

2. Function Generator (FG-02)
3. 1 Meter Fiber Cable
4. Patch Chords
5. Power Supply
6. CRO
THEORY:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.
Basically, a fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber
and a receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then
transforms it into optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber
is the medium, which carries this energy to the receiver. At the receiver, light is
converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the
transmitter.
PROCEDURE:
ANALOG LINK
1. Make the connection as shown in fig. Connect the power supply cables with
proper polarity to FCL-03 kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply
is OFF.
2. Connect function generator FG-02 to FCL-03 using power cable
74

5. Connect the 2 KHz, 2Vpp signal from FG-02 as a constant signal to the IN post of
Analog Buffer on FCL-03.
6. Connect the output of Analog Buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
7. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap
by screwing it back.
8. Now rotate the optical power control pot P3 in FCL-03 in anticlockwise direction. This
ensures minimum current flow through LED.
9. Slightly unscrew the cap of RX2 Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap from
the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now
tighten the cap by screwing it back.
10. Observe the output signal from the detector at ANALOG OUT post on
Oscilloscope by adjusting optical power control pot P3 in clockwise direction and you
should get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal.
11. To measure the analog bandwidth of the link, keep the same connections and vary the
frequency of the input signal from 100Hz onwards. Measure the amplitude of the received
signal for each frequency reading.
12. Plot a graph of Gain/Frequency. Measure the frequency range for which the response
if flat.
TABULATION:
INPUT VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY (KHz) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) GAIN (Vo/Vi)
75

Page 76
DIGITAL LINK
3. Connect the TTL signal from FG-02 as a constant signal to the IN post of
Digital Buffer on FCL – 03.
4. Connect the output of Digital Buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap.
Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
6. Slightly unscrew the cap of RX1 Photo Transistor with TTL logic output
SFH551V. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is
loosened, insert the other end of fiber in to the cap. Now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
7. Observe the output signal from the detector at TTL OUT post on Oscilloscope
you should get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal.
8. To measure the digital bandwidth of the link, keep the same connections and
vary the frequency of the input signal from 100Hz onwards. Observe the
variation in duty cycle of the received signal for each frequency reading and
determine the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted on the digital link.
TABULATION :
INPUT OUTPUT
FREQUENCY (Hz)
TON TOFF TON TOFF

Page 77
RESULT:
Thus the fiber optic analog and digital links are established.

Page 78

Page 79
EXPT NO:15 MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE
AIM:
To measure the numerical aperture (NA) of the optical fiber
1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-01)

2. 1 Meter Fiber Cable
3. NA Measurement JIG
4. Ruler
5. Power Supply
THEORY:
Numerical aperture is a characteristic parameter of any given fiber’s light

gathering capability defined by the sine of half angle over which a fiber can accept light.
It refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is totally
internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the
rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. The
light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance; else it is refracted out
of the fiber core.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections as shown in fig. Connect the power supply cables with
proper polarity to FCL-01 kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power
supply is OFF.
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap.
Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
3. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in fig.
4. Keep switches S2 in VI position on FCL-01.
80
TABULATION:
DISTANCE VERTICAL HORIZONTAL RADIUS

(d) MR PN r = MR+PN / 4
CALCULATION :
NA = sinθ max = r / d2 + r2
Where θ max is the maximum angle at which the light incident is

properly transmitted through the fiber.
81

6. Insert the other end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measurement jig
Hold the white sheet facing the fiber. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is
perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
7. Keep the distance of about 10mm between the fiber tip and the screen. Gently
tighten the screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.
8. Observe the bright red light spot on the screen by varying intensity pot P3 and
bias pot P4.
9. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters
MR and PN as indicated in the fig.
10. Mean radius is calculated using the formula r = (MR + PN) / 4.
11. Find the numerical aperture of the fiber using the formula.
RESULT:
Thus the numerical aperture of optical fiber is measured
82
EXPT NO:16 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

Aim:
To determine the impedance of an unknown load by measuring VSWR and the
position of voltage minimum
Equipment Required:
Klystron Power supply, Klystron tube, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable
attenuator, slotted section, Tunable probe, Waveguide stand, Detector mount, CRO, BNC
Connectors, Movable short, SS tuner, matched Termination
Theory:
The impedance at any point in a line is the ratio of the voltage to the current at that
point. Since the voltage and current are not necessarily in phase z is generally complex,
therefore Z =R + jX, where R, the real part is called resistance and the imaginary part is
called reactance. If X is positive, the reactance is inductive and if X is negative, the
reactance is capacitive. The value of the unknown impedance could be calculated from the
VSWR and the distance of a minimum position from the unknown impedance. The
unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the position of one minima is
determined. The unknown device is replaced by the movable short to the slotted line. Two
successive minima position are noted. The twice the difference between minima position
will give the guide wavelength. One of the minima is used as the reference for impedance
measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and minima position obtained from
the unknown load. Let it be d. Take a smith chart, taking I as centre, draw a circle of radius
equal to S. Mark a point on the circumference of smith chart towards load side at a distance
equal to d/g. Join the center with this point. Find the point where it cuts the circle. The co -
ordinates of this point will show the normalized impedance of the load.
83
Block Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the block diagram
2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position.
3. Initial adjustments are made to have the maximum output.
4. With the load end short circuited the two successive minima’s are found by moving the
probe along the line.
5. Remove the movable short and place the SS tuner with matched termination.
6. Calculate the VSWR for the given load from the voltage maximum and voltage
minimum position.
7. Unknown load is calculated using the load.
84
Result:
Thus the unknown resistance is determined by measuring the VSWR and the
position of voltage minimum.
85

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DMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PALANCHUR CHENNAI – 600 123

SUB CODE : EC6712

Vision of the Department

To develop committed and competent technologists in electronics and

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs):

PEO1. CORE COMPETENCY WITH EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS: Building

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

The Program Outcomes (POs) are described as.

1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):

PSO2. Implement functional blocks of hardware-software co-designs for signal

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE RECORD

On the right side page of the record following has to be written:

On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:

EC6712 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB LT PC

1. Reflex Klystron – Mode characteristics

1. DC characteristics of LED and PIN Photo Diode.

Course Program Outcomes PSO

S.No. List of Experiments Page No

SNO Content Beyond Syllabus Page No

EXPT NO:1 REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

Klystron Isolator Frequency Variable Detector

Voltage Characteristics: Oscillations can be obtained only for specific combinations of

CARRIER WAVE OPERATION:

B. SQUARE WAVE OPERATION:

EXPT NO:2 GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

1. Gunn power supply

Gunn Gunn power

Isolator Pin Frequency Detector

THEORY: Gunn diode oscillator normally consist of a resonant cavity, an arrangement

I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN OSCILLATOR

Gunn bias voltage Gunn diode current

Gunn Bias Voltage(v) Frequency(GHz)

Pushing Factor = (f max – f min )

RESULT: Thus the V-I characteristics of Gunn diode is Studied.

EXPT NO:3 VSWR MEASUREMENT

AIM: To determine the standing-wave ratio and reflection coefficient.

1. Matched termination = Vmax/Vmin =

2. Fixed shot = Vmax/Vmin =

Reflection Coefficient Calculation

1. Matched termination = S-1/S+1 =

2. Fixed shot = S-1/S+1 =

Indirect VSWR Direct VSWR Reflection

RESULT: Thus we determine the standing-wave ratio and reflection coefficient.

EXPT NO:4 MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH

3. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below:

18. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.

EXPT NO:5 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS

Microwave Isolator Variable Frequency

Input port Output Port Matched Po(dB)

EXPT NO:6 SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR AND

Microwave Isolator Variable Frequency

Slotted Circulator Detector CRO/

Microwave Isolator Variable Frequency

Slotted Isolator Detector CRO/

Input Port Output Port Power (dB)

EXPT NO:7 ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

AIM: To study insertion loss and attenuation measurement of attenuator.

1. Microwave source Klystron tube (2k25)

1. Connect the equipments as shown in the above figure.

EXPT NO:8 GAIN MEASUREMENT AND RADIATION PATTERN OF ANTENNA