2/11/2020

Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- 3. HEAVY REINFORCED CONCRETE, PRE-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction STRESSED CONCRETE AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Foundations Systems 3.1

Foundation Walls,
Basement 3.1 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS (Deep and Shallow Foundation)
Construction, Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete The foundation system transfers

Columns the lateral loads on the
superstructure to the ground. The
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems horizontal component of these
lateral forces is transferred largely
Roof Decks through a combination of soil
Walls & Structural friction on the bottom of footings
Walls and the development of passive
soil pressure on the sides of
Pre-Stress Concrete
footings and foundation walls.
Pre-Cast Concrete Foundation systems are classified
Floor Systems into two broad categories ---
Building Protection shallow foundations and deep
Systems foundations.

Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction 3.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Foundations Systems 3.1 Shallow or spread foundations are employed when stable soil of
adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near the ground surface. They
Foundation Walls,
Basement are placed directly below the lowest part of a superstructure and transfer
Construction, Cisterns building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure. The types
of shallow or spread footings are:
Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete 1. Individual or isolated footings – are spread footings supporting free-
Floor Systems standing columns and piers.
Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

a. Block or square footings c. Slope or pyramidal footings
Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems

Building Protection
Systems

b. Stepped footings

1
 2/11/2020

Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction 2. Strip footings – are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls.
Foundations Systems 3.1
Stepped footings are strip footings that change levels to accommodate a
sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building.
Foundation Walls,
Basement
Construction, Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns
STRIP FOOTINGS

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks STEPPED FOOTINGS

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete 3. Combined footings.

Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems a. Combined footings. supporting two or more columns. This type of
footing is used where it is not possible to center the footing beneath its
Building Protection supported column as in the case of columns located at or very near the
Systems
property line. In such case, the nearest interior column is selected and
a combined footing constructed under both columns.

Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0 The footing is so designed so that the
Steel Construction center of gravity of the combined
Foundations Systems 3.1 loads passes through the center of
gravity of the footing area. Combined
Foundation Walls, column footings are usually
Basement
Construction, Cisterns rectangular or trapezoidal in shape.

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks
b. Cantilevered footings. This type
Walls & Structural
Walls of footing may be used in place of a
combined footing under the same
Pre-Stress Concrete conditions. In this type of
Pre-Cast Concrete construction, the footings of the
Floor Systems exterior and interior columns are
connected by a tie-beam or strap
Building Protection
Systems which is so extended to support the
exterior column. The top of the beam
or strap is usually placed level with
the top of the footings.

2
 2/11/2020

Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction c. Continuous footings.

Foundations Systems 3.1 These may be:

Foundation Walls, 1. supporting a line of columns
Basement 2. supporting all of the columns L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

Construction, Cisterns by strips at right angles to each

Reinforced Concrete other. L/5 L/5

Columns
They may be inverted slab or
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems inverted tee continuous
footings.
Roof Decks 4. Mat or Raft Foundations
Walls & Structural
Walls Mat foundations, like continuous footings are used on soil of low bearing
power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal
Pre-Stress Concrete
loading of soil. In this type of foundation all parts of the foundation are so tied
Pre-Cast Concrete together so that they will act as one and assist each other in keeping level
Floor Systems and plumb.
Building Protection
Systems

Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction Mat foundations may be divided into the following general classes:

Foundations Systems 3.1

1. Flat slabs of plain or reinforced
Foundation Walls, 2. Beams or girders with a slab
concrete
Basement underneath
Construction, Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls
3. Beams or girders with a slab on top
Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete
Floor Systems

Building Protection
Systems