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Water Chemistry Concepts and Equations

Molarity = Molar Concentration (M) = moles of solute/L of solution
Normality = Normal concentration (N) = eq/L = molarity × (# of equivalence) = mg/L  Eq.Wt
Mass fraction = (#of moles)  (total # of moles)
Equivalent Weight (Eq.Wt, g/eq) = Molecular weight (g/mol)  Equivalence (eq/mol)
pH= -log [H+]
Kw =[H+][OH-] = 10-14
Molecular weight of Alum = MW of (Al2(SO4)314H2O) = 594 g/L

Ionic strength =

Exact Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) = [HCO3- ] + 2[CO32-] + [OH-] – [H+] (when using equivalents do NOT multiply with 2 for CO32-)

Approximate Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) = [HCO3- ] + 2[CO32-] (when using equivalents do NOT multiply with 2 for CO32-)

Converting mg/L species to mg/L as CaCO3

How much alkalinity will be consumed? Use the following equation:

How much precipitate will form? How much will pH change when no alkalinity is present? Use the following equation:

How much base is needed to neutralize acid? Use the following equation:
2 NaOH + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

Coagulation and Flocculation Design equations

Flowrate (m3/s) = Q = vol/time=V/t  t = detention time = residence time = V/Q where V = volume of fluid in reactor, m3

Np = 5.7 for radial, Np = 0.31 for axial impeller

G = (P/ μ V)1/2 unit:1/sec, P = μVG2

where G = velocity gradient(s-1), μ = absolute viscosity, V = volume of fluid in a tank, P = power in kW

In general if they ask you for the motor power, take the power provided by the impeller, assume 80 % efficiency and divide the power of the
impeller by 0.8 to find the power of the motor.

To calculate the tip speed of an impeller multiple the rotational speed (n) by the circumference of the impeller: tip speed = n×(D)

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Sedimentation

Stokes’ law:

Where sgp: Specific gravity of particle (Dimensionless) = ρp/ ρ

ρp: density of particle, ρ: density of water, dp: particle diameter, υ: kinematic viscosity
Equation is valid when Re ≤ 1 (laminar flow)

Re = dPρV/ μ = VdP/ υ

Sedimentation Design Equations

Overflow rate Vo = Q/As
Q =VA
Percentage of particle removal, P (%) = Vs/Vo × 100

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Reactor Analysis

[Accumulation] = [Input] - [Output] [Reaction]

VdC/dt = Q C0 - Q C - V rA
Where
dC = change of Component A in the vessel, mass/volume
V = Vessel volume
Q = flowrate, volume/time
C0 = Initial concentration, mass/volume
C = final concentration, mass/volume
rA = rate at which component A reacts, mass/volume-time (i.e. rate of change in the concentration of A with time, e.g. mg/L-hr)

Reaction Kinetics
Zero order C = Co -kt
First order lnC = ln Co-kt C = Co e -k t
Second order 1/C= 1/ Co - kt

Residence time (retention time)

Residence time Θ= V/Q

CSTR Reactor
Cf = Co/ (1+ k Θ) Θ= (Co - Cf)/ k Cf

PFR Reactor
Cf = Coe -k Θ Θ= -1/k ln(Cf / Co)

Batch Reactor
Cf = Coe -k t t= -1/k ln(Cf / Co)

CSTR Reactor in Series

Cf = Co/ [(1+ k Θ1) (1+ k Θ2)…….(1+ k Θn)]
Cf = Co/ (1+ k Θ)n when Θ1= Θ2

Unit Conversion
1 µm = 10-6 m
1 ft3 = 7.48 gal
1mile =5280 ft
1 N = kg·m/s2
1 Pa = 1N/m2