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Electrical engineers are at the forefront of some of today's most important
innovations. Whether working for the private sector, government, or

major research institutes, electrical engineers are always pushing the
boundaries of the possible. Recently, they've contributed to huge strides in
energy efficiency, mobile technology, accessibility, transportation,
telecommunication, and much more. Let's take a look at some of the most
exciting new ideas in the field. Smart Electrical Grids: As energy systems
become more complex and energy sources become more diverse, smart
grids are growing in importance worldwide. Smart grids integrate
innovative electrical technology at multiple levels to improve flow control,
detect malfunctions, and automate service delivery. With end-to-end
communication between power plants, distribution sites, and the end
user's electrical point-of-presence, it becomes possible to raise efficiency
and reduce costs.
Amritjot Kaur
Er. Amritjot Kaur,Assistant Professor at Chandigarh

Innovations & Inventions in
University,done her BE-EE ,ME-EE from
NITTTR,Chandigarh.Her area of interest is Energy Electrical Engineering
Systems,Energy Efficient Buildings,Smart Grid,Energy
Management,energy storage technologies.She has
published papers in national and international
journals and conferences,having 13 years experience
in academic
978-620-0-11377-1
INNOVATIONS AND INVENTIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Innovation and Inventions in Electrical

Engineering
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Objectives
This is a core subject with the intention of providing the importance of innovations which have
global presence. Students after having completed their first year in science streams are able to
demonstrate their core competency subjects like mathematics, science and engineering. Further,
their ideation process with better creative concepts combined with ideation techniques could be
useful to modulate the innovations needs of Electrical engineering.
Outcomes
1. Identify the need for innovation and its global presence and its development in various
Branches of engineering.
2. Comprehensively classify innovation, recognize and understand the importance of various
types of innovation. Evaluate the scope for innovations and appreciate the methods of
protection to innovations.
3. Analyze innovations the past and present and study the possibility of development of few
of the innovations in Electrical Engineering
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1. Introduction
Definition of Invention
The term ‘invention’, is defined as the act of creating, designing or discovering a device, method,
process, that has not existed before. In finer terms, it is a novel scientific idea conceived through
research and experimentation that turns into a tangible object. It can be a new process of
producing a product or may be an improvement upon a product or a new product [1].
Examples:
1. Computer: Invented by Charles Babbage in 1982

2. Telephone: Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
Definition of Innovation
The word ‘innovation’ itself signifies its meaning, as the transformation of an idea into reality. In
the purest sense, innovation can be described as a change that adds value to the products or
services; that fulfils the needs of the customers. It is when something new and effective is
introduced to the market that fulfils the needs of the customers by delivering better products and
services [2].
CHARACTERISTICS OF INNOVATION:
• There is an object or target which is being changed.
• It can be a product, a process, an individual’s lifestyle, an organization's strategy, a

society culture.
• Innovation varies in extent or magnitude i.e. degree to which one deviates from the past.
• It is closely related to problem solving since generation & implementation of ideas for
change never transpire without difficulty.
A final characteristic is the impact of the change, the significance or range of its effects.
Examples:
1. Evolution of Computers
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2. Evolution of Programming languages
Need For Innovation
a) For business survival [4]

b) For better returns
c) For a more constant flow of innovation
d) To take advantage of opportunity
e) Desire for higher business revenues
f) Because cost-cutting is not enough anymore
g) For competitive advantage
h) For the progression of human well-being
i) For economic growth
Key Differences between Invention and Innovation
The significant differences between invention and innovation are classified below [3]:
1. The occurrence of an idea for a product or process that has never been made before is
called the invention. The implementation of the idea for product or process for the very first time
is called innovation.
2. The invention is related to the creation of new product. On the other hand, innovation
means adding value or making a change in the existing product.
3. The invention is coming up with a fresh idea and how it works in theory. As opposed to
innovation, is all about practical implementation of the new idea.
4. The invention requires scientific skills. Unlike innovation, which requires a broad set of
marketing, technical and strategic skills.
5. The invention occurs when a new idea strikes a scientist. Conversely, innovation arises
when a need realized for a new product or improvisation in the existing product.
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6. The invention is concerned with a single product or process. As against this, innovation
focuses on the combination of various products and services.
7. While the invention is limited to research and development department of the

organization. Innovation is spread all over the organization.
Discovery:
A new increment to knowledge. In this course we consider three types of knowledge of physical,
biological or social systems. Theoretical knowledge is increasingly expressed as a mathematical
model. Empirical knowledge is obtained from observations of new phenomenon or observations
deliberately taken to test a theoretical hypothesis. Last, but not least, is practical knowledge. An
important economic example is the practical knowledge acquired by a workforce to make a new
manufacturing plant operate efficiently. This knowledge is intuitive and frequently very difficult
to express as equations [5].
A discovery is a thing which is discovered by someone which already exists in nature.
Examples:
1. Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
2. Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday.
3. Theory of evolution by natural selection – Charles Darwin
IDEA
1) A new thought that arises after thinking

(2) A new way of behaving or performing
(3) A technological invention
(4) A scientific discovery
(5) A better or clearer understanding of a previously known concept
(6) A way of approaching the world
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Ideas - Types of Ideas:
1) Concept: Most ideas start out in the form of a concept. It’s that first step that takes the mere
thought into the realm of idea[7].
2) Processes: A second way to express your idea is as a set of steps or actions for someone to
complete..
3) Achievements: Accomplishment.
4) Thing: A fourth expression for your idea is to turn it into a physical thing.
Difference between invention, innovation and discovery:
 A discovery is recognizing something that already exists for the first time that nobody
has found before.
 An invention is creating something totally new with one's own ideas and development
 The enhancement of invention is Innovation.

 Discovery is intrinsically finding of something meaningful that wasn't of knowledge
before. For ex. an earth-like planet within the habitable zone from the star was recently
discovered namely Kepler-452b. That's a discovery. It's a finding of something that
already exists.
 On the other hand, invention is creating something original and advanced typically a
process or a device. It can also loosely be called innovation. Steam engine was a product
of invention. So was battery, radio etc.
 Innovation is similar to invention but it mainly refers to ideas, and new way of thinking
that may lead to new inventions.
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2. Inventions of the Past and Present
First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum Tubes
These computers used large number of vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory. They often required an entire room to be installed. They were very expensive and were
hence mainly used for scientific purposes. They also needed a lot of electricity, and thus
generated enormous heat. First generation computers could be programmed using machine
language, consisting of only 0’s and 1’s. These computers could solve only one problem at a
time. Input was fed using punched cards and paper tape, the output was generated on printouts.
Examples include UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator).
Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors
These computers manufactured using transistors, rather than vacuum tubes. Computers
manufactured using transistors were far superior to vacuum tubes. They were smaller, faster,
cheaper, and more energy efficient and reliable than their first-generation predecessors. The
programming of second generation computers was done using symbolic or assembly language
which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Input as fed using punched cards
and the output was generated on printouts. Second generation computers were first to store the
instructions in memory, which moved from magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuits
The development of integrated circuit (IC) was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Several electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors were
miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called IC’s, which drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers. IC’s were smaller, less expensive, more reliable and faster in operation,
consumed less power, and generated less heat than the components used earlier. These
computers had a few megabytes of main memory and magnetic disks that could store a few tens
of megabytes of data per disk drive. On the software front, high-level programming languages
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such as COBOL and FORTRAN were standardized by ANSI (American National Standards
Institute).
Fourth Generation (1971-1989): Microprocessors
The microprocessor launched the fourth generation of computers, with thousands of IC’s built
onto a single silicon chip. Fourth generation computers could fit in the palm of the hand.
Example the Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, consisted of all the components of the computer
on a single chip. The semiconductors memories which were used were very fast and HDDs also
became cheaper, smaller in size, and larger in capacity. For input, floppy disks were used to port
data and programs from one computer to another. During this period, many new operating
systems were developed, including MS DOS, Microsoft Windows, UNIX, and Apple’s
proprietary operating system.
In 1981, IBM introduced the first PC that was specifically meant for the home user, and in 1984
Apple introduced the Macintosh. As these small computers became more powerful, they could
be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet and
other distributed systems. Fourth generation also saw the development of graphical user interface
(GUIs). At the same time, several word processing packages, spreadsheet packages, and graphics
packages were introduced, thereby making the computers a powerful tool for everyone.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computers are completely based on the new concept of artificial intelligence.
Although, such computers are still in development, there are certain applications such as voice
recognition that are widely being used today. Parallel computing and superconductor technology
have made AI a reality. In this generation, the aim is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self organization. AI touches the following areas
among others: Gaming, Expert Systems, Natural Languages, Neural Networks, Robotics etc. The
current status is that no computer is able to completely simulate human behavior.
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Evolution of Software
The advancement of hardware was not sufficient to change the human life-style, had it not been
supported by software and software application. Let us see how software applications evolved
over time.
• Command Line Programs (1980s)- The first generation software application included
compilers, device- drivers etc, which were mainly command line programs.
• Desktop Application (1990s)- With the popularity of graphical interface, GUI based
desktop applications of multiple types and forms were released: Office Application,
Audio and Video players, Utility programs, Browsers etc.
• Web Application (21st century)- With Web’s availability, the next generation
applications were developed keeping world wide web in mind. Web applications were
developed keeping in mind that they can be accessed from any location over Internet.
Most popular web applications include Email clients like Gmail, Yahoo-mail etc; Social
networking platform like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, Quora etc; VoIP
Programs like Skype etc. and many more.
• Mobile Application (21st century)- Advent of computer technology has resulted into
smart phones being affordably available, thus mobile application were the obvious
outcome. The popular Mobile Applications development platforms are IOS, Android, and
Windows, which are also the most popular mobile operating systems.
Top 30 Innovations
The Wharton School of Business performed a survey to determine the top 30 innovations of the
last 30 years. The list is presented below, with the innovations directly attributable to computer
science in bold. These innovations are the technologies that computer scientists had a direct hand
in developing. For the remaining innovations, computer scientists played an important support
role, developing control software for technologies like mobile phones, DNA testing and
sequencing, MRI, microprocessors, and robotic surgery.
The majority of the provided list would not exist without computer scientists.
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1. Internet, broadband, WWW (browser and html)

2. PC/laptop computers
3. Mobile phones
4. Email
5. DNA testing and sequencing/human genome mapping
6. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
7. Microprocessors
8. Fiber optics
9. Office software (spreadsheets, word processors)
10. Non-invasive laser/robotic surgery (laparoscopy)
11. Open source software and services (e.g., Linux, Wikipedia)
12. Light-emitting diodes
13. Liquid crystal display (LCD)
14. GPS systems
15. Online shopping/ecommerce/auctions (e.g., eBay)
16. Media file compression (jpeg, mpeg, mp3)
17. Microfinance
18. Photovoltaic Solar Energy
19. Large-scale wind turbines
20. Social networking via the Internet
21. Graphic user interface (GUI)
22. Digital photography/videography
23. RFID and applications (e.g., EZ Pass)
24. Genetically modified plants
25. Bio fuels
26. Bar codes and scanners
27. ATMs
28. Stents
29. SRAM flash memory
30. Anti-retroviral treatment for AIDS
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3.Role of Creativity and Intelligence in Innovation
Creativity arises through the confluence of following three components [6]:

1) Knowledge: All the relevant understanding an individual brings to bear on creative effort.
2) Creative thinking: Relates to how people approach problems and depends on personality
and thinking/ working style.
3) Motivation: Motivation is generally accepted as key to creative production, and most
important motivators are intrinsic passion and interest in work itself.
Creativity techniques:
• Brainstorming
One of the most popular free association techniques is brainstorming, which adheres to the
fundamental rules of creative thinking. Brainstorming sessions can be conducted
electronically, or verbally. Brainstorming was originally proposed by Alex Osborn (1957) as
a means of generating as many ideas as possible from group work. He claimed that a group
can generate twice as many ideas as individuals working alone, provided that the group
follows a systematic approach and adopts four rules [6].
The four rules are:
No criticism is allowed, Freewheeling is welcome, Quantity wanted, Combination and

improvement are sought.
• Nominal Group Technique

Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is a variation of the brainstorming' process developed
in late 1960s. NGT is described as a means of generating alternative solutions to problem
in-group sessions. NGT was originally developed for face-to-face group meetings. The
technique has two main parts: generating ideas first, and discussing ideas later. In the
meeting, group members sit around a table in full view of each other. A leader then
introduces the problem to members. In the first part, each member writes their own ideas
on a card or a pad. The members do not communicate with each other. while writing their
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ideas. Later, each group member presents their idea (one idea at a time, in rotation). The
leader writes the ideas on a board that can be seen easily by everybody. In the second
part, the discussion starts and the leader asks members' comments, opinions on each idea.
More ideas can be added at this stage. When the commenting stage is finished, each
group member writes their own favorites ideas on a card in ranking order.
• Delphi Method
The Delphi Technique (DT) was introduced in the 1950s by the RAND Corporation. DT
uses a survey of experts' opinion in which experts review one another's ideas. In this
technique, a group of experts is first chosen to participate, and a small team is set up to
prepare a set of questionnaires on the topic. This team then sends the questionnaires,
together with some supporting information on the topic, to the experts (geographically
dispersed groups), or gives the material to the experts during face-to-face meetings.
• KJ Method
The KJ Method (also known as affinity diagrams) is another brainstorming tool, and was
originally developed in the 1960s by Jiro Kawakita of Japan. This method was used
originally for anthropological fieldwork to generate ideas from gathered and stored data.
The original method involved having group members write their ideas onto cards.
However, in later years, Ohiwa et al. (1990) developed the system for computer-
supported environments by using HyperCard. The application of the method has two
major components: First, a diagram (named `A type diagram') is produced to assist in the
generation of ideas and to also illustrate the relationships between ideas (participants
write down their ideas on cards and then the cards are grouped, based on similarity).
Second, generated ideas are recorded on a document which is called `B-type writing'.
Relationships between the card groups (such as opposition, equality, causality) are then
outlined by drawing arrows.
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• Mind Mapping
This method involves starting with writing down a main idea in the centre of the page,
and then working outward in all directions (which visually appears to be like wheel
spokes), producing a growing and organised structure composed of key words and key
images. Mind mapping therefore relies on association (and clustering) of concepts/
issues. The association process underlying construction of the mind map, actually
facilitates making connections between concepts, and hence tending to generate new
ideas and associations that have not been thought of before.
• Solo Brainstorming
An individual creativity technique is Solo Brainstorming (SBS), originally proposed by
Aurum (1997). This technique is especially suited to environments where sentential
analysis is appropriate, or information sources are document-based (e.g., reports,
abstracts, testimonies, interview transcripts, web publications). The SBS technique
requires the individual to adhere to a formal protocol (procedure), where a series of
documents are examined (‘reading’ stage), and then edited. The ‘editing’ stage consists of
the following activities: typing a summary of each document; making lateral
comments/links (e.g. making connections between documents; noting ideas as they
occur); and nominating issues to be followed up. The ultimate aim in a SBS session is to
determine a sufficient set of issues.
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4. Classification of innovation
Based on category :
 Product Innovation
 Service innovation
 Process Innovation
 Marketing Innovation
 Organisational Innovation
 Product Innovation:
It is actually improved version of Product.
Example: Digital reader is improved version of Traditional book.
Products:
i. Evolution of computing devices

ii. Evolution of storage devices
iii. Evolution of computers
 Service Innovation:
It includes new ways in which services are provided to customers/users.
Example: Online Tax Forms, Online FIR system.
Services
i. Evolution of computing devices
ii. Evolution of software applications
Process Innovation:
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It includes significant changes in techniques, equipment's and software.
 Process innovation means the implementation of a new or significantly improved

production or delivery method.
This includes significant changes in techniques, technology, equipment and/or software
Example:
Administration re-organisation
Marketing innovation:
 A marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method involving

significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product
promotion or pricing.
 Marketing innovation is aimed at better addressing customer needs, opening up new
markets, or newly positioning a firm's product on the market, with the objective of
increasing the firm's sales.
 The distinguishing feature of a marketing innovation compared to other changes in a
firm's marketing instruments is the implementation of a marketing method not previously
used by the firm. It must be part of a new marketing concept or strategy that represents a
significant departure from the firm's existing marketing methods. New marketing
methods can be implemented for both new and existing products [8-10].
Organisational innovation
An organisational innovation is the implementation of a new organisational method in the firm's

business practices, workplace organisation or external relations
Product innovation is the introduction of new or significantly improved goods or services. With
respect to the characteristics of goods or services, it involves improvements on technical
specifications, components and materials, ease of use and the incorporation of software and other
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functional characteristics. According to the product or service innovation addresses the source of
change, which enables a competitive advantage; however, in services, innovation includes the
provision of a new service. Report that product/service innovation is related to changes in the
products or services provided by an organization [8-10].
Process innovation is centered on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the production
process. It involves changes in the way products and services are created and delivered to
customers.
Process innovation as the implementation of a new or significantly improved method of

production or delivery. Significant changes in techniques and equipment are part of process
innovation, which intends to reduce production or distribution costs in order to improve the
quality and distribution of products.
Marketing innovation is the one which generates significant improvements in some of the
marketing elements, such as product, price, promotion, distribution and market. It may be based
on product differentiation, promotion, distribution, market or costs, in this case, the price. They
are considered changes in the context in which products and services are introduced to the
market.
Thus, marketing innovation addresses the implementation of new methods, with significant
changes in product development, packaging, promotion, positioning, and even in pricing.
Therefore, marketing innovation seeks to address the consumers’ needs, by the way new markets
are opening, the product repositioning of a company within the market, aiming to increase sales.
Organizational innovation
Organizational innovation is essential for companies that intend to follow strategic challenges,
since they result in improvements in the organization's management. Thus, organizational
innovation means the implementation of a new organizational method in a company's business
attitudes, such as the arrangement of the workplace and also external relationships [8-10]. New
methods aid in the organization's routines and procedures, in addition to driving the work and
practices which facilitate learning and knowledge sharing within the company.
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Social Innovation
 Social innovations are new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that meet
the social needs of different elements which can be from working conditions and
education to community development and health — they extend and strengthen civil
society.
Examples of Social Innovation (Business)
Incremental Innovation:
 Incremental innovation seeks to improve the systems that already exist, making them
better, faster cheaper [10-12].
 Incremental innovation includes the modification, refinement, simplification,

consolidation, and enhancement of existing products, processes, services, and production
and distribution activities. The majority of innovations fall in this category [11-12].
Examples can be found across industries, markets and regions for incremental
innovation: Uber : For hailing a ride on a tap through mobile apps; Square for enabling
individuals or small commercial businesses -ups to accept credit/debit card payments
through their iOS or Android-based devices, and Flipkart for its ability to collect cash on
delivery. All are great illustrations which provide huge benefits on account of
incremental innovation.
One of the most successful and recent examples of incremental innovation is the
iPhone.
While Smartphone’s existed before Apple entered the market, it was mostly the
incremental innovations of a larger touch-screen, the app store, various ease of use and an
improved overall experience, which enabled the iPhone to be the first in making
smartphones mainstream.
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Apple then created a whole new ecosystem which made the iPhone a preferred medium
for accessing the internet, sending e-mail, finding directions, playing games, conducting
online transactions and generally becoming a central part of our daily live.
Systematic Innovation:
 Systematic innovation is the process of methodically analyzing and solving problems

with a primary focus on identifying the correct problem to be solved and then
generating innovative solution concepts free from mental inertia [11-12].
Steps involved in Systematic Innovation
 Developing a systematic innovation strategy from scratch is a challenge many companies

are facing in today’s fast-paced world. This series of articles will focus on the steps a
company should take in creating its own innovation practice, one that was developed
specifically for its product, process or service.
 Step one – identify the company’s type of innovation.
 Step two is scouting and strategizing for innovation.
 Step three is committing to, and cultivating, an innovation environment.
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 Step four is to innovate disruptively.
The fifth, and final, step is to sustain innovation
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5. BUSINESS NEEDS
1. Globalization and the price war is transforming businesses

Recently, some trends have emerged that drive the innovation process. Due to factors such as
globalisation and outsourcing, there is an increased push to improve efficiency and effectiveness
of companies.
Organisations need more than good products to survive these days; they must have innovative
processes and management that can drive down costs and improve productivity.
Think of Amazon or Google. Can we tag them to a country?
They exist equally everywhere. Why are they way ahead of their competitors? They keep
innovating and are way ahead in globalisation and price war.
Would you pay for a Google search? Think of the business model of Google now. Do they
innovate regularly? Hell yes!!
Amazon, Tesla Motors, Marriott are ahead of their competitors as according to Forbes they were
among the most innovative companies of 2015.
2. Consumers expect even more

Consumer expectations also drive the amount of innovation in the market.
Customers are used to products that continually improve and make their lives easier. Modern
consumers are more informed and have more options in terms of what they buy and who they
buy it from.
What this means is that customers won’t accept a product that is merely at par; a product must
excel at what it does to garner the consumer’s attention and money.
Think of Apple ‘I watch’. It was innovative and way superior to most of its competitors. Yet, it
couldn’t meet expected sales. It was a great product but consumers expected even more.
It is important to stay with the buzz.
3. Your competitors are innovating
Innovation is also important because it is one of the primary ways to separate your product from
the competition.
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If you can’t compete on price, you’ll need innovative products and ideas to make your business
stand out from the crowd. Recently Google’s parent firm Alphabet took over Apple as the most
valuable company. It is a dynamic world. You miss I hit is the norm in business. Business needs
innovation and that too continuously to beat the competition.
4. Disruptive innovation is on the cards- innovate rapidly
Use innovation to grow your business as innovation is the fuel to run the business effectively.
Business needs innovation to perform better than competitors.
Disruptive innovation can spoil even the most prolific business runs. Regular innovation is the
only tool that can help us all stay afloat in business.
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6. Product Development Process (7 Phases)
The new product planning is the function of the top management personnel and specialists drawn
from sales and marketing, research and development, manufacturing and finance [13-14]. This
group considers and plans new and improved products in different phases, as given below:
1. Idea generation (Idea Formulation)
2. Screening of ideas (Evaluation)
3. Concept Testing
4. Business analysis
5. Product development
6. Test market
7. Commercialization (Market Introduction)
1. Idea Generation:
The focus in this first stage is on searching for new product ideas. Few ideas generated at this
stage are good enough to be commercially successful. New product ideas come from a variety of
sources [13-14].
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2. Screening the Ideas: (Evaluation):

It means critical evaluation of product ideas generated. After collecting the product ideas, the
next stage is screening of these ideas. The main object of screening is to abandon further
consideration of those ideas which are inconsistent with the product policy of the firm. The
product ideas are expected to be favorable and will give room for consumer satisfaction,
profitability, a good market share, firm’s image [13-14].
3. Concept Testing:
After the new product idea passes the screening stage, it is subjected to ‘concept testing’.
Concept testing is different from test marketing, which takes place at a later stage. What is tested
at this stage is the ‘product concept’ itself-whether the prospective consumers understand the
product idea, whether they are receptive towards the idea, whether they actually need such a
product and whether they will try out such a product if it is made available to them.
4. Business Analysis (Market Analysis):
This stage is of special importance in the new product development process, because several
vital decisions regarding the project are taken based on the analysis done at this stage. Estimates
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of sales, costs and profits are important components of business analysis and forecasts of market
penetration and market potential are essential [13-14].
5. Product Development:
The idea on paper is converted into product. The product is shaped corresponding to the needs
and desire of the buyers. Product development is the introduction of new products in, the present
markets. New or improved products are offered by the firm to the market so as to give better
satisfaction to the present customers. Laboratory tests technical evaluations are made strictly.
6. Test Marketing:
By test marketing, we mean, what is likely to happen, by trial and error method when a product
is introduced commercially into the market. These tests are planned and conducted in selected
geographical areas, by marketing the new products. The reactions of consumers are watched[13-
14].
Designing the programme for test marketing involves making a number of decisions:
1. Where and in how many markets should test be carried out?
2. What should be the duration of test marketing?
3. What to test?
4. What criteria should be used to determine success or otherwise?
7. Commercialization (Market Introduction):
This is the final stage of product planning. At this stage, production starts, marketing programme
begins to operate and products flow to the market for sale. It has to compete with the existing
products to secure maximum share in the market-sales and profits. When a product is born, it
enters into the markets; and like human beings, has a life span-product life cycle.
Prototyping
Prototypes are a preliminary interactive model of an idea. They are used in almost every industry
that involves product design. Prototyping is essential to the concept selection process. The most
useful characteristic of prototypes is that they can be thrown away. Thus, designs can be tested
through hypothesis driven prototyping. Prototypes are useful for presenting designs to user, since
visualizations based on written or verbal communication may be difficult, especially if the user
interface is very novel. When prototyping, keep in mind that successful products in the market
came from consecutive failed prototypes.
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Why Prototype
Prototyping is a great way to get feedback quickly and at a low cost. It allows engineers to
experiment with alternative designs before deciding on the final one (which is nearly always a
combination of multiple designs). This in itself is important because it prevents committing to a
first design since less time is poured in when prototyping compared to coding, in the case of
mobile app building. It is extremely important to not go with the first idea that comes to mind.
Creating prototypes will decrease a psychology commitment that may arise from substantial
amounts of (block) coding, thus increasing design freedom.
In launching a new product, the company must make four decisions:
1. When should the product to be launched?
a. Right time.
2. Where should it be launched?
i. a single locality
ii. a region or
iii. national market.
3. Which groups should be targeted?
a. Existing customers.
4. How should it be launched?
i. Develop an action plan for introducing the new product into the rollout markets.
Consider the following before launching a new product:
1. Effective market research
2. Ensure product quality
3. Differentiation of product
4. Identification of consumer needs
5. Effective promotion
6. Proper distribution system
7. Correct pricing strategy
8. Knowledge of local needs
9. Choose correct time
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10. Strength of sales force.

Factors that hinder the new product development:
1. Shortage of ideas
2. Shorter PLC
3. Higher expenditure
4. Fragmented markets
5. Inappropriate incentives
6. High gestation period
7. Non-cooperation of staff
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7. Intellectual Property Rights Protection
INTRODUCTION
Intellectual Property (IP) has been traditionally categorized into Industrial property and
Copyright. The term Industrial Property includes patents, trademarks, industrial designs, and
geographic indications of source. Copyright protection is granted to protect literary, artistic and
musical works. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their
performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their
radio and television programs. Intellectual property rights are generally said to be a bundle of
exclusive rights granted to the lawful owner [15-16].
The term intellectual property denotes the specific legal rights, and not the intellectual work
itself. It is important to be aware of what these IP rights are, how they can be protected and, in
due course, how to benefit from them.
Why Registration of Intellectual Property is important?
Developments of new products and processes, brand names, content, etc. are resource intensive
and usually require huge investments. It is therefore, the expectation of the individuals or entities
creating them that they have exclusive rights over their creation to the exclusion of others.
Intellectual Property system and laws essentially provides this exclusivity. For certain forms of
IP like trademark and copyright, the right is born the day the work is created, registration though
not mandatory provides certain benefits and advantages like prima facie proof of the ownership
making it easier to enforce the IP right in court. Otherwise, the registered owner will have to
prove that the IP belongs to him when the IP is used in an unauthorized manner. In case of
trademark only a registered proprietor can claim and sue for infringement. For certain IP like
patents and designs, the right is granted upon making application and complying with the rules
prescribed for their registration. The IP so protected helps the registered owners to reap the
returns of their investments by preventing others from using the creation without permission. IP
rights in essence are said to be negative rights. IP rights and registrations help the owner to
exclude third parties from using the creation in an unauthorized manner and having a free ride on
the efforts of the original inventor [15, 19]. It provides an incentive to keep creating and benefit
from them.
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The various forms of IP, their protection and registration both in India and internationally are
detailed below.
1. Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a
limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is
a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of
intellectual property.
The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the
exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international
agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims
that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific
property right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty,
usefulness, and non-obviousness. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is
the right to prevent others, or at least to try to prevent others, from commercially making, using,
selling, importing, or distributing a patented invention without permission [15, 17-19].
Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) TRIPS Agreement, patents should be available in
WTO member states for any invention, in all fields of technology, provided they are new,
involve an inventive step, and are capable of industrial application. [4] Nevertheless, there are
variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, even among WTO
member states. TRIPS also provide that the term of protection available should be a minimum of
twenty years.
Definition
The word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means "to lay open" (i.e., to make
available for public inspection). More directly, it is a shortened version of the term letters patent,
which was an open document or instrument issued by a monarch or government granting
exclusive rights to a person, predating the modern patent system. Similar grants included land
patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patents, a
precursor of modern copyright [17].
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In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the right granted to anyone who invents any
new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter.
Some other types of intellectual property rights are also called patents in some jurisdictions:
industrial design rights are called design patents in the US, plant breeders' rights are sometimes
called plant patents, and utility models and Gebrauchsmuster are sometimes called petty patents
or innovation patents.
The additional qualification utility patent is sometimes used (primarily in the US) to distinguish
the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for
inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents and software
patents.
2. Copyright
Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original
work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time. The
exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law,
including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the original
expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves.
Copyright is a form of intellectual property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some,
but not all jurisdictions require "fixing" copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shared
among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who
are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control
over derivative works, distribution, public performance, and moral rights such as attribution.
Copyrights are considered "territorial rights", which means that they do not extend beyond the
territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been
standardized through international copyright agreements, copyright laws vary by country [15,
20].
Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the author's life plus 50 to 100 years (that is,
copyright typically expires 50 to 100 years after the author dies, depending on the jurisdiction).
Some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most
recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is
enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
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Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the creator's
exclusivity of copyright and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and
computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced
new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to the philosophical
basis of copyright law. Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon
copyright, such as those in the music business, have advocated the extension and expansion of
copyright and sought additional legal and technological enforcement [20-23].
Definition of copyright
Copyright is a bundle of rights given by the law to the creators of literary, dramatic, musical and
artistic works and the producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. The rights
provided under Copyright law include the rights of reproduction of the work, communication of
the work to the public, adaptation of the work and translation of the work. The scope and
duration of protection provided under copyright law varies with the nature of the protected work.
In a 2016 copyright lawsuit, the Delhi High Court states that copyright is "not an inevitable,
divine, or natural right that confers on authors the absolute ownership of their creations. It is
designed rather to stimulate activity and progress in the arts for the intellectual enrichment of the
public. Copyright is intended to increase and not to impede the harvest of knowledge. It is
intended to motivate the creative activity of authors and inventors in order to benefit the public
[23].
Types of works protected
The Indian copyright law protects literary works, dramatic works, musical works, artistic works,
cinematograph films and sound recordings.
Background
Copyright came about with the invention of the printing press and with wider literacy. As a legal
concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers' monopolies at the beginning of the
18th century. The English Parliament was concerned about the unregulated copying of books and
passed the Licensing of the Press Act 1662, which established a register of licensed books and
required a copy to be deposited with the Stationers' Company, essentially continuing the
licensing of material that had long been in effect [20-23].
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Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic
production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes,
social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why
copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example, in Asia. In the middle Ages in Europe, there
was generally a lack of any concept of literary property due to the general relations of
production, the specific organization of literary production and the role of culture in society. The
latter refers to the tendency of oral societies, such as that of Europe in the medieval period, to
view knowledge as the product and expression of the collective, rather than to see it as individual
property. However, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of
an individual, with attendant rights. The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws
support the expansion of the range of creative human activities that can be commodified. This
parallels the ways in which capitalism led to the commodification of many aspects of social life
that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se [20-23].
Copyright has grown from a legal concept regulating copying rights in the publishing of books
and maps to one with a significant effect on nearly every modern industry, covering such items
as sound recordings, films, photographs, software, and architectural works.
Ownership of copyright under the Copyright Act 1957
The author of a work is generally considered as the first owner of the copyright under the
Copyright Act 1957.[15] However, for works made in the course of an author's employment under
a "contract of service" or apprenticeship, the employer is considered as the first owner of
copyright, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary.
The concept of joint authorship is recognised in Section. 2(z) of the Act which provides that "a
work produced by the collaboration of two or more authors in which the contribution of one
author is not distinct from the contribution of the other author or authors" is a work of joint
authorship. This concept has been elucidated in cases like Najma Heptulla v. Orient Longman
Ltd. and Ors 15, 23].
Section 19 of the Copyright Act 1957 lays down the modes of assignment of copyright in India.
Assignment can only be in writing and must specify the work, the period of assignment and the
territory for which assignment is made. [17] If the period of assignment is not specified in the
agreement, it shall be deemed to be 5 years and if the territorial extent of assignment is not
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specified, it shall be presumed to be limited to the territories of India. In a recent judgement

(Pine Labs Private Limited vs Gemalto Terminals India Limited), a division bench of the Delhi
High Court confirmed this position and held that in cases where in the duration of assignment is
not specified, the duration shall be deemed to be five years and the copyright shall revert to the
author after five years [23].
Copyright law of India
The Copyright Act 1957 (as amended by the Copyright Amendment Act 2012) governs the
subject of copyright law in India. The Act is applicable from 21 January 1958. The history of
copyright law in India can be traced back to its colonial era under the British Empire. The
Copyright Act 1957 was the first post-independence copyright legislation in India and the law
has been amended six times since 1957. The most recent amendment was in the year 2012,
through the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012. India is a member of most of the important
international conventions governing the area of copyright law, including the Berne Convention
of 1886 (as modified at Paris in 1971), the Universal Copyright Convention of 1951, the Rome
Convention of 1961 and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS). But India is not a member of the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO
Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) [15, 23].
Obtaining protection
Ownership
The original holder of the copyright may be the employer of the author rather than the author
himself if the work is a "work for hire". For example, in English law the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988 provides that if a copyrighted work is made by an employee in the course of
that employment, the copyright is automatically owned by the employer which would be a
"Work for Hire". Typically, the first owner of a copyright is the person who created the work i.e.
the author. But when more than one person creates the work, then a case of joint authorship can
be made provided some criteria are met.
Eligible works
Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or "works".
Specifics vary by jurisdiction, but these can include poems, theses, fictional characters plays and
other literary works, motion pictures, choreography, musical compositions, sound recordings,
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paintings, drawings, sculptures, photographs, computer software, radio and television broadcasts,
and industrial designs. Graphic designs and industrial designs may have separate or overlapping
laws applied to them in some jurisdictions [23].
Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which
they are expressed. For example, the copyright to a Mickey Mouse cartoon restricts others from
making copies of the cartoon or creating derivative works based on Disney's particular
anthropomorphic mouse, but does not prohibit the creation of other works about
anthropomorphic mice in general, so long as they are different enough to not be judged copies of
Disney's.[24] Note additionally that Mickey Mouse is not copyrighted because characters cannot
be copyrighted; rather, Steamboat Willie is copyrighted and Mickey Mouse, as a character in that
copyrighted work, is afforded protection.
Originality
Typically, a work must meet minimal standards of originality in order to qualify for copyright,
and the copyright expires after a set period of time (some jurisdictions may allow this to be
extended). Different countries impose different tests, although generally the requirements are
low; in the United Kingdom there has to be some "skill, labour, and judgment" that has gone into
it.[25] In Australia and the United Kingdom it has been held that a single word is insufficient to
comprise a copyright work. However, single words or a short string of words can sometimes be
registered as a trademark instead [23].
Copyright law recognizes the right of an author based on whether the work actually is an original
creation, rather than based on whether it is unique; two authors may own copyright on two
substantially identical works, if it is determined that the duplication was coincidental, and neither
was copied from the other.
Registration
In all countries where the Berne Convention standards apply, copyright is automatic, and need
not be obtained through official registration with any government office. Once an idea has been
reduced to tangible form, for example by securing it in a fixed medium (such as a drawing, sheet
music, photograph, a videotape, or a computer file), the copyright holder is entitled to enforce his
or her exclusive rights.[14] However, while registration isn't needed to exercise copyright, in
jurisdictions where the laws provide for registration, it serves as prima facie evidence of a valid
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copyright and enables the copyright holder to seek statutory damages and attorney's fees. (In the
USA, registering after an infringement only enables one to receive actual damages and lost
profits.)
A widely circulated strategy to avoid the cost of copyright registration is referred to as the poor
man's copyright. It proposes that the creator send the work to himself in a sealed envelope by
registered mail, using the postmark to establish the date. This technique has not been recognized
in any published opinions of the United States courts. The United States Copyright Office says
the technique is not a substitute for actual registration. The United Kingdom Intellectual Property
Office discusses the technique and notes that the technique (as well as commercial registries)
does not constitute dispositive proof that the work is original or establishes who created the work
[15, 23].
Fixing
The Berne Convention allows member countries to decide whether creative works must be
"fixed" to enjoy copyright. Article 2, Section 2 of the Berne Convention states: "It shall be a
matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to prescribe that works in general or any
specified categories of works shall not be protected unless they have been fixed in some material
form." Some countries do not require that a work be produced in a particular form to obtain
copyright protection. For instance, Spain, France, and Australia do not require fixation for
copyright protection. The United States and Canada, on the other hand, require that most works
must be "fixed in a tangible medium of expression" to obtain copyright protection. U.S. law
requires that the fixation be stable and permanent enough to be "perceived, reproduced or
communicated for a period of more than transitory duration." Similarly, Canadian courts
consider fixation to require that the work be "expressed to some extent at least in some material
form, capable of identification and having a more or less permanent endurance."
Before 1989, United States law required the use of a copyright notice, consisting of the copyright
symbol (©, the letter C inside a circle), the abbreviation "Copr.", or the word "Copyright",
followed by the year of the first publication of the work and the name of the copyright holder.
Several years may be noted if the work has gone through substantial revisions. The proper
copyright notice for sound recordings of musical or other audio works is a sound recording
copyright symbol (℗, the letter P inside a circle), which indicates a sound recording copyright,
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with the letter P indicating a "phonorecord". In addition, the phrase All rights reserved was once
required to assert copyright, but that phrase is now legally obsolete [15, 23]. Almost everything
on the Internet has some sort of copyright attached to it. Whether these things are watermarked,
signed, or have any other sort of indication of the copyright is a different story however.
In 1989 the United States enacted the Berne Convention Implementation Act, amending the
1976 Copyright Act to conform to most of the provisions of the Berne Convention. As a result,
the use of copyright notices has become optional to claim copyright, because the Berne
Convention makes copyright automatic. However, the lack of notice of copyright using these
marks may have consequences in terms of reduced damages in an infringement lawsuit – using
notices of this form may reduce the likelihood of a defence of "innocent infringement" being
successful.
Enforcement
Copyrights are generally enforced by the holder in a civil law court, but there are also criminal
infringement statutes in some jurisdictions. While central registries are kept in some countries
which aid in proving claims of ownership, registering does not necessarily prove ownership, nor
does the fact of copying (even without permission) necessarily prove that copyright was
infringed. Criminal sanctions are generally aimed at serious counterfeiting activity, but are now
becoming more commonplace as copyright collectives such as the RIAA are increasingly
targeting the file sharing home Internet user. Thus far, however, most such cases against file
sharers have been settled out of court. (See: Legal aspects of file sharing)
In most jurisdictions the copyright holder must bear the cost of enforcing copyright. This will
usually involve engaging legal representation, administrative or court costs. In light of this, many
copyright disputes are settled by a direct approach to the infringing party in order to settle the
dispute out of court.
"...by 1978, the scope was expanded to apply to any 'expression' that has been 'fixed' in any
medium, this protection granted automatically whether the maker wants it or not, no registration
required."
Copyright infringement
For a work to be considered to infringe upon copyright, its use must have occurred in a nation
that has domestic copyright laws or adheres to a bilateral treaty or established international
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convention such as the Berne Convention or WIPO Copyright Treaty. Improper use of materials
outside of legislation is deemed "unauthorized edition", not copyright infringement.
Copyright infringement most often occurs to software, film and music. However, infringement
upon books and other text works remains common, especially for educational reasons. Statistics
regarding the effects of copyright infringement are difficult to determine. Studies have attempted
to determine whether there is a monetary loss for industries affected by copyright infringement
by predicting what portion of pirated works would have been formally purchased if they had not
been freely available. Other reports indicate that copyright infringement does not have an
adverse effect on the entertainment industry, and can have a positive effect. In particular, a 2014
university study concluded that free music content, accessed on YouTube, does not necessarily
hurt sales, and instead has the potential to increase sales.
3. Trademark
A trademark, trade mark, or trade-mark is a recognizable sign, design, or expression which
identifies products or services of a particular source from those of others, although trademarks
used to identify services are usually called service marks. The trademark owner can be an
individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package,
a label, a voucher, or on the product itself. For the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are
often displayed on company buildings [15, 24-26].
A trademark identifies the brand owner of a particular product or service. Trademarks can be
licensed to others; for example, Bully land obtained a license to produce Smurf figurines; the
Lego Group purchased a license from Lucasfilm in order to be allowed to launch Lego Star
Wars; TT Toys Toys is a manufacturer of licensed ride-on replica cars for children.[6] The
unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is
known as brand piracy.
The owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most
countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of
action. The United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark
rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still,
common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered
trademarks [24].
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A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:

 ™ (the "trademark symbol", which is the letters "TM" in superscript, for an unregistered
trademark, a mark used to promote or brand goods)
 ℠ (which is the letters "SM" in superscript, for an unregistered service mark, a mark
used to promote or brand services)
 ® (the letter "R" surrounded by a circle, for a registered trademark)
A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of
these elements. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which
do not fall into these standard categories, such as those based on colour, smell, or sound (like
jingles). Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nation's
trademark law.
The term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an
individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a
trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a
service mark, particularly in the United States [24-26].
4. INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
An industrial design refers to the creation of a shape, configuration or composition or
combination of pattern or color in three dimensional forms containing aesthetic value. Designs
Act protects only designs that are aesthetic in nature. An industrial design can be a two- or three-
dimensional pattern. Novelty and originality are important criteria for a design registration. In
addition, only those designs that are applied to an article by an industrial process will be
protected [27-28].
The Indian law of designs is enshrined in the Designs Act, 2000 and the Design Rules, 2001.The
industrial design registration grants the proprietor the exclusive rights of selling, importing and
applying the design to any product. India has adopted the ‘first to file’ system, which means that
the right holder should file the application on the earliest point of time to rule out the possibility
of any other person claiming for the rights of the intended designs. Any person can apply for the
industrial design rights as far as the design is new, not previously published in any nation,
reproducible through industrial means, not against to the public order, distinct from the known
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designs, not consisting of any obscene material and eye catching. In India, a design registration is
valid for a period of 10 years, renewable for a further period of 5 years [27-28].
The registration of a design confers the copyright in the design for the period of registration to
the proprietor. Copyright means the exclusive right to apply the design in respect of the article
for which it is registered.
There are some artistic works which is not possible to be registered as the design. They are
painting, sculpture, drawing (including a diagram, map, chart or plan), an engraving or
photograph (whether or not any such work possesses artistic quality), a work of architecture, and
any other work of artistic craftsmanship.
Design rights are granted on a country-by-country basis. An Indian registration provides
protection only in India and its territories. If the proprietor of a design wishes to protect a design
in other countries, the owner must seek protection in each country separately under the relevant
laws.
The Paris Convention also provides certain privileges to member countries for design protection.
A party who files design application in a member state of the Paris Convention, such as India,
can within six months of that filing date file applications in other member countries claiming the
priority of the first application. If such a design is accepted for registration it will be deemed to
have registered from the same date on which the application is made in the home country [27-
28].
Hague Agreement is the only international system for filing design applications. Since India is
not a signatory of this agreement, Indian companies/individuals do have access to this system.
International filing through Hague Agreement-
The Hague System of international registrations of industrial designs is applicable among the
countries party to the Hague Agreement. It is administered by the International Bureau of WIPO.
This system gives the owner of an industrial design the possibility to have his design protected in
member countries of the Hague Agreement, by simply filing one application, in one language,
with one set of fees in one currency.
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5. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION (GI)

Geographical Indication refers to “Indication which identifies a good as originating in the
territory of a member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or
other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin’.
In India, the geographical indications regime is regulated by the Geographical Indications of
Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999 and the Geographical Indication of Goods
(Regulation and Protection) Rules, 2002. Registration of the geographical indication is not
compulsory in India the owner of the unregistered geographical indication can enforce his rights
through the common law remedy of passing off. It is recommendable to register the geographical
indication as the registration certificate acts as the prima facie evidence in the court in case of
any dispute and no additional evidence is required to prove the validity / ownership [29-31].
While registration of geographical indication is not mandatory in India, Section 20 (1) of the
Geographical Indication of Goods Act states that no person “shall” be entitled to institute any
proceeding to prevent, or to recover damages for, the infringement of an “unregistered”
geographical indication. The registration of a geographical indication gives its registered owner
and its authorized users the right to obtain relief for infringement.
To register the geographical indication, any organization or association of people or statutory
authority can apply for the registration. They need to file the application which should consist of
the statement of how the geographical indications are related to the quality and with other
characteristic features which are the result of the geographical environment encompassing the
natural qualities and human factors, unique methods of production, processing and preparation,
which occur within the said geographical area[29-31].
In India, a geographical indication may initially be registered for a period of ten years, and it can
be renewed from time to time for further periods of 10 years. Indian law places certain
restrictions in that a registered geographical indication is not a subject matter of assignment,
transmission, licensing, pledge, mortgage or any such other agreement.
At the international level, TRIPS sets out minimum standards of protection that WTO members
are bound to comply within their respective national legislations. However, as far as the scope of
protection of geographical indication under TRIPS is concerned, there is a problem of hierarchy.
This is because, although TRIPS contains a single, identical definition for all geographical
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indication, irrespective of product categories, it mandates a two-level system of protection: (i)

the basic protection applicable to all geographical indication in general (under Article 22), and
(ii) additional protection applicable only to the geographical indication denominating wines and
spirits (under Article 23).”
Like any other intellectual property law, the regulations which govern geographical indication
also vary from one country to another. An Indian registration of geographical indication provides
protection only in the territories of India.
The two agreements which relate to the international registration of geographical indication are
the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin, 1958 and the Paris
Convention on industrial property, 1883 (Trademarks) [29-31].
International Protection through “Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of
Origin”-
Certain countries together have created a system of international registration of appellations of
origin so called Lisbon Union. The basic mechanism of Lisbon is that the local producers of the
product must first seek protection for their appellation of origin in their home country. As long as
the appellation of origin is protected in the home country, all other Lisbon Countries are obliged
to protect it.
The appellation of origin right is a superior right to the trademark right. Therefore, if an existing
trademark right conflicts with a newly registered appellation of origin, it must be phased out
within two years. Very few countries are members of the Lisbon Union. India is not a member of
the Lisbon Union.
Brand Name Protection for the Online Consumer Electronic Market
Technological innovations and customer demands have paved the way for unprecedented growth
recorded in the consumer electronics industry. However, as new products or updated versions hit
the market, this industry becomes especially susceptible to excessive discounting. Further, wide
usage of Internet has seen a growth of e-commerce sales in the sector, which calls for pricing and
promotional monitoring of e-commerce sales. Companies are struggling to protect their
intellectual property in the volatile marketplace–especially when outsourcing to low cost regions.
The consumer electronics market has products varying from simple gadgets to high-end
electronics. Tracking product prices, pricing policy compliance, gray market sales and
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counterfeit detection have become necessary for consumer electronic product manufacturers and
retailers, who have strived hard to build a brand name and a distinctive identity in this growing
market. Providing them with end-to-end visibility of online sales will not only help them
understand business competition, but will also enable them to manage online pricing and
maintaining consumer credibility.
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Practice Questions with answers
1. How do you define innovation? Something different that has impact.

2. What are different types of innovation? Innovation is more than whiz-bang
technology; consider different strategic intents (e.g., create a new category, extend
current business) or innovation mechanisms (e.g., new product, distribution channel,
marketing approach).
3. How do I spot opportunities for innovation? Go to the source: the customer you hope
to target.
4. Which customers should I target? Look beyond your best customers to those who face
a constraint that inhibits their ability to solve the problems they face in their life.
5. What should I look for? As Drucker said, “the customer rarely buys what the business
thinks it sells him;” look for a job-to-be-done, an important problem that is not
adequately solved by current solutions.
6. How should I look? Start with deep ethnographic research; avoid focus groups!
7. How do I come up with an idea? Remember the Picasso line “good artists copy, great
artists steal;” seek to borrow ideas from other industries or geographies.
8. What is disruptive innovation? An innovation that transforms a market or creates a new
one through simplicity, convenience, affordability or accessibility.
9. What is the best way to disrupt a market? Embrace the power of trade offs. Seek to be
just “good enough” along historical performance dimensions but introduce new benefits
related to simplicity or affordability.
10. What does “good enough” mean? Performance above a minimum threshold to
adequately solve a customer’s job to be done; sacrificing performance along traditional
dimensions can open up new avenues to innovate.
11. What is a business model (and how do I innovate one)? How a company creates,
captures, and delivers value; codifying the current business model is the critical first step
of business model innovation.
12. How can I “love the low end”? Build a business model designed around the low-end
customer’s job-to-be-done.
13. How do I know if my idea is good? Let patterns guide and actions decide; remember
Scott Cook’s advice that “for every failure we had we had spreadsheets that looked
awesome.”
14. How can I learn more about my idea? Design and execute “high return on investment”
experiments to address critical unknowns.
15. How can I get other people behind my idea? Bring the idea to life through visuals and
customer testimonials.
16. How long does it take new businesses to scale? Almost always longer than initial
projections; be patient for growth and impatient for profits.
17. Why is innovation so important? The “new normal” of constant change requires
mastering perpetual transformation.
18. Why is innovation so hard? Most organizations are designed to execute, not to
innovate.
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19. Who are your influences? Academics like Clayton Christensen and Vijay Govindarajan,
leading-edge innovative companies like Procter & Gamble and Cisco Systems, and
thoughtful writers like Michael Mauboussin and Bill James.
20. How do I encourage innovation in my organization? Stop punishing anything that
smells like failure, recognizing that failure is often a critical part of the innovation
process.
21. What is “the sucking sound of the core?” The pull of the core business and business
model that subtly influences new ideas so they resemble what the organization has done
before.
22. What is an innovation “safe space”? An organizational mechanism that protects
innovators from the sucking sounds of the core.
23. How should I form and manage innovation teams? Keep deadlines tight and decision
makers focused.
24. What is in a good innovation strategy? Overall goals, a target portfolio for innovation
efforts, a mechanism to allocate resources to achieve that portfolio, and clearly defined
goals and boundaries for innovation.
25. What is the best way to manage an innovation portfolio? Make sure you correctly
capture current activities and measure and manage different kinds of innovations in
different ways.
26. What does ‘prudent pruning’ mean? Recognizing that destruction is often a critical
component of creation.
27. What role should senior executives play in innovation? A big one.
28. How can I personally become a better innovator? Practice – innovation is a skill that
can be mastered.
29. How can I find more resources for innovation? Shut down “zombie projects” that are a
drain on corporate resources.
30. How can I more quickly turn good ideas into good businesses? Remember what
Edison said – genius is “1% inspiration and 99% perspiration;” get ready to sweat.
31. Has anyone built the ability to innovate at scale? An increasing number of companies,
such as Google, Apple, Procter & Gamble, Amazon.com, Cisco Systems, Godrej &
Boyce and General Electric.
43
References:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation
[3] https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-invention-and-innovation.html
[4] http://www.amcreativityassoc.org/Resources/Documents/Cohen-
TOP+10+Reasons+Why+We+Need+INNOVATION.pdf
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Creativity techniques
[7] http://geoffmcdonald.com/four-types-of-ideas/
[8] https://thegentleartofsmartstealing.wordpress.com/types-of-innovation/
[9] http://www.innovation-management.org/types-of-innovation.html
[10] http://www.innosupport.net/uploads/media/1_Innovation_issues_01.pdf
[11] www.lead-innovation.com/english-blog/degree-of-innovation
[12] http://www.extremefactories.eu/classifying-innovations/
[13] http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/portakabin/product-development-innovation-and-the-
product-life-cycle/the-product-life-cycle.html
[14] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/new-product-development-life-cycle-innovation-
adoption-sandeep-g/
[15] www.altacit.com/publication/protection-of-intellectual-property-rights-under-the-indian-
and-international-laws/
[16] http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/patent
44
[18] https://patents.google.com/
[19] www.ipindia.nic.in/patents.htm
[20] Section 22 of the Copy Right Act 1957- defines copyright shall subsist in any literary,
dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than photograph) published with in the lifetime
of the author until sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the
year in which the author dies
[21] Article 3 (1) (b) of the Berne Convention For The Protection Of Literary And Artistic
Works
[22] Article 3 (2) of the BERNE Convention For The Protection Of Literary And Artistic
Works
[23] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/copyright
[24] Section 25 (1) of the Trade Mark Act, 1999
[25] Section 11 (2) (b) of the Trade Mark Act, 1999

[26] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark
[27] Article 2 (d) of the Designs Act, 2000 in India defines “A design is defined as the
features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours
applied to any article by any industrial process or means, whether manual, mechanical or
chemical, separate or combined, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged
solely by the eye, but does not include any mode or principle of construction or anything
which is in substance a mere mechanical device and does not include any trademark or
property mark or artistic work’.
[28] Article 4 (A) (1) of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 1883.
[29] The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 – Section
22.
[30] The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999- Section
21 (a).
45
[31] The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999- Section
18 (1).
46

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Electrical engineers are at the forefront of some of today's most important

innovations. Whether working for the private sector, government, or

Er. Amritjot Kaur,Assistant Professor at Chandigarh

Innovation and Inventions in Electrical

1. Computer: Invented by Charles Babbage in 1982

• There is an object or target which is being changed.

• It can be a product, a process, an individual’s lifestyle, an organization's strategy, a

2. Evolution of Programming languages

Need For Innovation

a) For business survival [4]

Key Differences between Invention and Innovation

7. While the invention is limited to research and development department of the

1) A new thought that arises after thinking

Ideas - Types of Ideas:

Difference between invention, innovation and discovery:

 The enhancement of invention is Innovation.

2. Inventions of the Past and Present

First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum Tubes

Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors

Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation (1971-1989): Microprocessors

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence

1. Internet, broadband, WWW (browser and html)

3.Role of Creativity and Intelligence in Innovation

Creativity arises through the confluence of following three components [6]:

The four rules are:

No criticism is allowed, Freewheeling is welcome, Quantity wanted, Combination and

• Nominal Group Technique

It is actually improved version of Product.

Example: Digital reader is improved version of Traditional book.

i. Evolution of computing devices

It includes new ways in which services are provided to customers/users.

Example: Online Tax Forms, Online FIR system.

It includes significant changes in techniques, equipment's and software.

 Process innovation means the implementation of a new or significantly improved

This includes significant changes in techniques, technology, equipment and/or software

 A marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method involving

An organisational innovation is the implementation of a new organisational method in the firm's

Process innovation as the implementation of a new or significantly improved method of

Examples of Social Innovation (Business)

 Incremental innovation includes the modification, refinement, simplification,

 Systematic innovation is the process of methodically analyzing and solving problems

Steps involved in Systematic Innovation

 Developing a systematic innovation strategy from scratch is a challenge many companies

 Step one – identify the company’s type of innovation.

 Step two is scouting and strategizing for innovation.

 Step three is committing to, and cultivating, an innovation environment.

 Step four is to innovate disruptively.

The fifth, and final, step is to sustain innovation

1. Globalization and the price war is transforming businesses

2. Consumers expect even more

6. Product Development Process (7 Phases)

2. Screening the Ideas: (Evaluation):

10. Strength of sales force.

7. Intellectual Property Rights Protection

specified, it shall be presumed to be limited to the territories of India. In a recent judgement

A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:

5. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION (GI)

indication, irrespective of product categories, it mandates a two-level system of protection: (i)

Practice Questions with answers

1. How do you define innovation? Something different that has impact.

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Creativity techniques

[24] Section 25 (1) of the Trade Mark Act, 1999