Reg. No. : eke] Question Paper Code: C 1159 B.E/B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2010. Sixth Semester Chemical Engineering CH 1354 — MASS TRANSFER — II (Regulatién 2004) Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Any missing data may suitably be assumed. Graph sheets will be provided. Answer ALL questions. PART A—(10 x 2 = 20 marks) 1. State Raoult’s law. 2. Explain the significance of operating line. 3. Define Reflux Ratio and its significance in tower design. 4. — How will you determine the VLE data with the given vapor pressure data? 5. What is meant by selectivity? 6. Whats a plait point? 7. _ Distinguish between elution and decoction. 8. Explain the theory of adsorption of concentrated solutions? 9. Name any four industrial adsorbents. 10. What is the principle of Reverse osmosis?ll. 12. PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) (a) An air-C,H, mixture containing 5% benzene enters counter current absorption tower where it is absorbed with hydrocarbon oil. G, = 600 k mole/hr. Solubility follows Raoult’s law. Temperature at 26.7°C and 1 atm is operating condition. Average molecular weight of oil is 200. Vapor pressure of benzene at 26.7°C is 103 mm Hg. Find : (i) (Ly pin to recover 90% of entering C,H, (ii) Number of theoretical stages if 1.5 times the minimum liquid rate used. (iii) The concentration of solute in liquid. a6) Or (b) () Explain the factors to be considered in the choice of solvent for absorption. 6) Gi) Give a brief account of different types of packing used for absorption. © (iii) Explain Loading and flooding in packed towers. @ (a) (i) Explain Steam Distillation. (ii) It is desired to separate a feed mixture containing 40% heptane and 60% ethyl benzene, such that 60% of the feed is distilled out. Estimate the composition of the residue and distillate when the distillation process is (1) Equilibrium distillation and (2) Differential distillation. : Eq. Data: x:| 0 | 0.08 | 0.185 | 0.251 | 0.335 | 0.489 | 0.651 | 0.79 | 0.914 | 1.0 y: | 0 | 0.233 | 0.428 | 0.614 | 0.608 | 0.729 | 0.814 | 0.910 | 0.963 |1.0 x, y : Mole fraction of heptane in liquid and vapor phase respectively. (4412) Or (b) A solution of Carbon tetra Chloride and Carbon disulfide containing 50 mole% of each is to be fractionated to get a top and a bottom product of 95 mole % and 6 mole % Carbon disulfide respectively. ‘The feed is a saturated liquid at its boiling point and is fed at the rate of 5000 Kg/br. A total condenser is used and reflux returned to the top plate as a saturated liquid the equilibrium data at 1 atm. Pressure is given below : 2 C 115913. 14. na ° 0.06| 0.11] 0.26 0.39 | 0.53} 0.66] 0.76| 0.86) 1.0 yt 0 | 0.16 0.27| 0.50] 0.63] 0.75| 0.83] 0.88] 0.93| 1.0 where x, y are mole fractions of Carbon disulfide in liquid and vapor phase respectively. (a) (b) (a) (b) (1) Determine the product rate in kg per hour. (2) Whatis the minimum reflux ratio? (3) Determine the theoretical number of plates required and the feed plate location if the tower is operated at twice the minimum reflux ratio. (ii) Explain the characteristics of Azeotropes with Txy and Pxy diagrams. (10 +6) (Discuss the effect of temperature on LLE diagrams with sketch. (i) Explain with a neat sketch the principle and working of any one liquid-liquid extraction column. (ii) Explain with neat sketches the different types of mixers used in liquid-liquid extraction. (6 +6+5) Or A 25% (weight) solution of dioxane in water is to be continuously extracted with 300 Kg/hr of pure benzene in each stage in a cross current extraction battery. The feed rate is 200 Kg/hr and if the extraction is carried out in 3 stages, estimate the % recovery. Compare this with the recovery when 900 kg/hr of solvent is ude in single stage for 200 ke/hr of feed. Equilibrium data : (16) Dioxane in water wt.% 5.1 18.9 125.2 Dioxane in Benzene wt. % 5.2 22.5 32.0 () Explain how the number of stages in a multistage countercurrent leaching equipment is determined. (ii) Explain: Heap Leaching. (10 +6) Or (Describe with neat sketch of the constructional features, working operation and application of Bollman extractor. (ii) Discuss : solution mining process. (10 + 6) 3 C115915. (a) (b) Explain the following: (i) Types of Adsorption (ii) Preparation and application of any two adsorbents (ii) Ton exchange. (6+6+5) Or Discuss the following : (@ Foam separation (i) Liquid membranes (ii) Thermal diffusion (iv) Sweep diffusion. : (4444444) 4 C1159e compre B.EJB.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2009. Sixth Semester Chemical Engincering CH 1354 - MASS TRANSFER - II (Regulation 2004 ‘Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Any missing data may suitably be assumed. Graph sheets will be provided Answer ALL questions. PART A — (10 x 2 = 2U marks} Explain HTU and NTU. Define absorption factor and state its significance. Vapor pressures of A and B are 800 mm and 400mm Hg respectively. If the liquid phase composition of A is 50 mcle‘, estimate the equilibrium vapor phase composition. State and explain Fenske’s equation. Define Plait point. Explain a tie line and a solutropic system What is ‘Lixiviation’ and Elution? Briefly explain : Heap leaching. Explain Freudlich adsorption Isotherm. Discuss the principle of Thermal diffusion process. PART B — (6 x 16 = 80 marks) (a) An air-NH mixture containing 5% NH, by volume is absorbed in water using a packed tower at 20°C and 1 atm pressure to recover 98% NHy. Gas flow rate is 1200 kg/hr.m?. Calculate (a) minimum mass flow rate of liquid. (ii) NTU using 1.25 times the minimum liquid flow rate (ii) Height of packed column using Kga=123k mole /hr m? atm. ‘Tho equilibrium relation is y = 1.154x where, x, y are exprossed in mole fraction units. (16) Or12. ra (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) wi ii) (iii) w Gi) 4) Gi @ Gi) Distinguish a Plate column rom a packed column Discuss the mechanism of absorption with Chemical reaction. Briefly explain the procedure for the design of Adiabatic absorber. (5 +5 +6) ‘The vapour pressure data for n-Hexane and n - Octane system is given below. Compute the equilibrium data and relative volatility for the system at a total pressure of 101.32kPa. Draw the T-x-y diagram for this system Temperature, °C Vapour pressure, kPa n-Hexane P, n-Octane Ph 68.7 101.32 16.1 19.4 136.7 23.1 93.3 197.3 37.1 107.2 284.0 57.9 125.7 456.0 101.32 Derive Rayleigh’s equation (10 +6) / Or A laboratory rectification column is operated at atmospheric pressure and at total reflux, on a benzene- chlorobenzene mixture. Samples of liquid from the condenser and reboiler analyze 95 mole percent benzene and 98 mole percent chlorobenzene respectively. Assuming a perfect reboiler, a total condenser, constant molal overflow and no heat loss from the tower, calculate the actual number of plates in the column. The average plate efficiency is 70%.The relative volatility of benzene to chlorobenzene is 4.13 Explain the characteristics of azeotropes and briefly discuss how azeotropic mixtures are distilled (10 +6) Explain the factors to be considered in the choice of solvent for extraction. Explain briefly the diffeent types of contactors used for liquid-liquid extraction (8 + 8) Or 100 Kg ofa solution containing acetic acid and water containing 25% acid by weight is to be extracted with isopropyl ether at 20°C. The total solvent used for extraction is 100kg. Determine the compositions and quantities of various streams if, (i) the extraction is carried out in single stage, (ii) The extraction is carried out in two stages with S0kgs of solvent in each stage. 2 J 313415. (b) fa) Equilibrium data : Water layer (wt) Ether layer (wt%) Acid Water Acid Water 0.69 98.1 0.18 0.5 141 97.1 0.37 07 2.9 95.5 0.79 08 6.42 917 1.93 1 13.3 84.4 4.82 is 25.5 TA 1.4 3.9 36.7 58.9 216 69 44.3 45.1 3L. 10.8 46.4 37.1 36.2 15.1 () Explain the operation of a counter current multiple contact Shanks system. (ii) Explain the operation of a leaching equipment for the extraction of oil from oil seeds. (8 +8) Or Roasted copper ore containing copper as CuSO4, is to be extracted in a countercurrent extractor. The feed charge to be treated per hour comprises 10 tonnes of inert solid, 1.2 tonnes of copper sulphate and 0.5 tonnes of water. The strong solution produced is to consist of 90% water and 10% copper sulphate by Wt. The recovery of copper sulphate is to be 98% of that of the ore. Pure water is to be used as solvent. After each stage one tonne of inert solid retains 2 tonnes of water plus the copper sulphate dissolved in that water. How many stages are required? Equilibrium data as follows x 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 N 0.5 0.495 0.49 0.485 0.48 0.475 a6) NO, produced by a thermal process for fixation of nitrogen is to oé removed from a dilute mixture with air by adsorption on silica gel in a continuous countercurrent adsorber. The gas entering at the rate of 0.125 kg/s contains 1.5% NO, by volume and 90% of NO,is to be removed. Operation is isothermal at 25°C and 1 atm. pressure. The entering gel will be free of NO,. Parual Pressure of o 2 4 6 8 10 12 NO, mm He Ke 0 04 09 165 26 365 4.85 NO,/ ey 3 J 313415. (b) (a) Equilibrium data : Water layer (wt%) Ether layer (wt%) Acid Water Acid Water 0.69 98.1 0.18 05 141 97.1 0.37 07 2.9 95.5 0.79 0.8 6.42 91.7 1.93 1 13.3 84.4 4.82 19 25.5 711 114 3.9 36.7 58.9 21.6 69 44.3 45.1 311 10.8 46.4 37.1 36.2 15.1 (i) Explain the operation of a counter current multiple contact Shanks system. (ii) Explain the operation of a leaching equipment for the extraction of oil from oil seeds. (8 +8) Or Roasted copper ore containing copper as CuSO4, is to be extracted in a countercurrent extractor. The feed charge to be treated per hour comprises 10 tonnes of inert solid, 1.2 tonnes of copper sulphate and 0.5 tonnes of water. The strong solution produced is to consist of 90% water and 10% copper sulphate by Wt. The recovery of copper sulphate is to be 98% of that cf the ore. Pure water is to be used as solvent. After each stage one tonne of inert solid retains 2 tonnes of water plus the copper sulphate dissolved in that water. How many stages are required? Equilibrium data as follows : x 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 x 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 N 05 0.495 0.49 0.485 0.48 0.475 a6) NO, produced by a thermal process for fixation of nitrogen is to o& removed from a dilute mixture with air by adsorption on silica gel in a continuous countercurrent adsorber. The gas entering at the rate of 0.125 kg/s contains 1.5% NO, by volume and 90% of NO,is to be removed. Operation is isothermal at 25°C and 1 atm. pressure. The entering gel will be free of NO, Partal Pressure of oO 2 4 6 8 10 12 NO, mm He kg 0 04 «0965S NO, /1 “ey 3 J 3134(b) (Calculate the minimum weight of gel required/hr (ii) For twice the minimum gel rate, calculate the number of stages required (88 1 Or Write short notes on : () Reverse osmosis (ii) Electro dialysis (iii) Foam separation. (6+6+4) 4 J 3134rn Reg. No.: LU B.EJB.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2008. Sixth Semester Chemical Engineering CH 1354 — MASS TRANSFER — IT (Regulation 2004) Time : Three hours : Maximum : 100 marks Note: 1. Answer ALL questions. 2. Any missing data may suitably be assumed. PART A —(10 x 2 = 20 marks) Write the significance of Kremser-Brown Souder equation. Explain the concept between HETP and HTU. Prove that *"taes for a binary ideal mixture in distillation. xt What is reflux? How does it affect the design of a distillation column? Define solutropic system. Explain the effect of temperature on LLE. What is meant by constant underflow condition in leaching? Give the significance of‘N’’ in leaching. Explain ion-exchange resins. Distinguish between dialysis and electrodialysis.aa 1. 12, (b) (a) (b) PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) Experiments have been conducted on the absorption of CO,-air mixture with 2.6 N caustic soda using a 250 mm diameter tower packed to a height of 3 m with 19 mm Raschig rings. In one experiment at 1 atm, the following results were obtained : Gas rate = 0.34 kg/m?.s Liquid rate = 3.94 kg/m?.s The CO, in the inlet gas is 315 ppm and in the exit gas 31 ppm. Estimate the value of overall gas transfer coefficient, Koo. (16) Or (i) Explain flooding and loading in Packed towers. (6) Gi) Using fundamentals, give the stepwise procedure for theoretical calculation of number of stages in a non-isothermal absorption tower, (0) (i) For a binary system of constant relative volatility, derive an equation for minimum number of plates. 6) (ii) State the significance of thermal quality of feed in distillation design. -(5) (iii) Write a note on flash distillation. (5) Or A liquid aiixture of beazene-teluene is to be distilled in a tower at atm pressure. The feed of 100 K moVhr is liquid and it contains 45 mol% benzene and 55 mo!% toluene which enters at 327.6 K. A distillate contains 95 moi% benzene and bottoms containing 10 mol% benzene. The reflux ratio is 4 : 1. The average heat capacity of the feed is 159 kJ/K mol K and the average latent heat is 32099 kJ/K mol. Calculate the quantity of distillate and bottom products cbtained and the number of plates required. The data as follows : Boiling point of benzene = 353 K Boiling point of toluene = 383.9 K 6) x: 0 0.26 0.41 0.58 0.78 1.0 y: 0 0.26 0.45 0.63 0.78 0.90 1.0 2 C316413. 14, (a) (b) (a) (b) A solution containing 10% acetaldehyde in an acetaldehyde-toluene mixture is to be extracted with water in four stage cross current extraction unit. Toluene and water are essentially insoluble. If 30 kg of water is used per 100 kg of feed at each time, calculate the amount of acetaldehyde extracted and final concentration of exit solution. The equilibrium relation is given as : Y=2.20X Where ¥ is kg acetaldebyde/kg water X is kg acetaldehyde/kg toluene. (16) Or (i) With neat sketches, discuss the ternary liquid-liquid equilibria for various LLE systems. (8) (ii) Describe the constructional features and working operation of a @ centrifugal extractor with neat sketch (8) Explain the design procedure for determination of number of stages in a multistage countercurrent leaching equipment with neat phase and design diagrams 0) (ii) Discuss heap leaching. © Or The equilibrium adsorption of acetone vapor on an activated carbon at 303 K is given by the following data : g adsorbed/g carbon 0 01 02 03 0.35 Part pressure of acctone,mmHg 0 2 12 42 92 ‘The vapor pressure of acetone at 303 K is 283 mm Hg. A 1.5 litre flask contains air and acetone vapor at 1 atm. and 303 K with a relative turation of vapor at 35%. After 2 g of fresh activated carbon has been ~ introduced into the flask the flask is sealed. Calculate the final vapor concentration at 303 K and the final pressure neglecting the adsorption of air. a6) 3 C3164 &.15. (a) (b) () Discuss the Demineralisation process by ion-exchange operation with neat flow diagram. (10) (i) What are the major factors that considered for selection of ion-exchange resins? 6) Or Write short note on: (i) Reverse Osmosis (ii) Foam separation (iii) Thermal Diffusion. (6+5+5) 4 S3le4Reg. No.:[ | T 3155 B.E/B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2008. Sixth Semester Chemical Engineering (CH 1354 - MASS TRANSFER - II (Regulation 2004) ‘Time: Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Any missing data may suitably be assumed Answer ALL questions. PART A — (10 x 2 = 20 marks) 1 Define the limiting gas-tiquid ratio. 2. Define NTU and HTU. 3. State Raoult's law. 4. State the assumptions made in Mc cabe-Thiele method. Define Distribution coefficient. 6. What are the various factors that limit the rate of solid-liquid extraction? 7. Write the application of pulsed column extractor and state its limitation 8. Define the team Peameability. 9. Differentiate chemical adsorption from physical adsorption 10. Define Sweep diffusion.iL 12. fa) (b) (a) (b) PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) A coal gas is to be freed of its light oil by scrubbing with wash oil as an absorbent. Gas in 0.250 m/s at 26°C and total pressure of 803 mm Hg, containing 2.0% by volume of light oil vapors. The light oil will be assumed to be entirely benzene, and a 954 removal is necessary. The wash oil is to enter at 26°C, containing 0.005 mole fraction benzene and has an average molecular weight 260. An oil circulation rate of 1.5 times the minimum is to be used. Wash oil-benzene solutions are ideal. The temperature will be constant at 26°C. Calculate the rate of oil required for this operation. Or ‘An acetone-air mixture containing 0.015 mole fraction of acetone has the mole fraction reduced to 1 percent of this value by countercurrent absorption with water in a packed tower. The gas flow rate is 1 kg/m?s of air and the water enters at 1.6 kg/m?s. For this system, Henry's law holds good and ye=1.75 x, , where y% is the mole fraction of acetone in the vapor in equilibrium with a mole fraction x, in the liquid. How many overall transfer units are required? 1000 kmoVhr of an ethanol-propanol mixture containing 65 mole% ethanol is to be separated in a continuous plate column operating at 1 atm pressure. The desired terminal compositions for ethanol are: xXp= 0.92 and x, = 0.07. The feed is a saturated vapour and a total condenser is used. When the reflux ratio is four times the amount of top product, find the number of theoretical plates required for the separation. Data Given: Relative volatility = 2.10 Or A binary mixture of benzene and toluene containing 40 mole & benzene is to be distilled at atmospheric pressure to recover 95% of the berzone. Estimate the molal percent of the mixture which should be distilled and the composition of the distillate obtained, if the distillation is carried out by simple equilibrium distillation Data Given : Relative volatility of benzene to toluene system = 2.5 2 T3155(a) (b) (a) tb) (i) Discuss in detail the factors which are considered while selecting the solvent for liquid-liquid extraction operations. do) (ii) Discuss the effects of temperature and pressure on liquid extraction operations 6) Or Nicotine (C) in water (A) solution containing 1% nicotine is to be extracted with kerosene (B) at 20°C. Water and Kerosene are essentially insoluble. (i) Determine the percentage extraction of nicotine if 100 kg of feed solution is extracted once with 150 kg solvent. (ii) Repeat for three theoretical extractions using 50 kg solvent each Data Given: Equilibrium data kg nicotine/kg water 00.001 0.0025 9.0050 0.0074 0.0099 0.0204 x y’ = kg nicotine/kg kerosene 0 0.001 0.0019 0.0046 0.0069 0.0091 0.0187 (i) Give a step by step approach for the estimation of number of ideal stages for multistage crosscurrent leaching operations. Your presentation should include all the necessary equations as well as graphical approach (8) (ii) With a neat sketch, discuss the working principle of Bollman extractor. (8) Or Crushed oilseeds containing 55% oil (by weight) is to be extracted at the rate of 4000 kg/hr using 100 kg/min of n-hexane containing 5% oil (by weight) as the solvent. A countercurrent two stage extraction is employed. The oilseeds will retain 1 kg of solution per kg of oil-free cake, Estimate the percent recovery of oil (based on original feed) obtained under the above conditions. 3 T315515. (a) (b) Experiments on decolorization of oil yielded the following equilibrium relationship: y = 0.5 x°*. Where y = gram of color removed ‘gram of adsorbent. x = color in the oil, gram of color / 1 kg of color free oil. 100 ke oil containing 1 part of color to 3 parts of oil is agitated with 25 kg of the adsorbent. Calculate the % of color removed, if (i) all 25 kg adsorbent is used in one step Gi) 12.5 kg adsorbent is used initially, foliowed by another 12.5 kg of adsorbent _ Or Briefly describe the principle and applications of the following separation operations: (i) Reverse Osmosis w (ii) Sweep diffusion a) (iii) Foam Separation « (iv) Electrodialysis (4) 4 T3155B.EJB.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007. Sixth Semester Chemical Engineering CH 1354 — MASS TRANSFER - II (Regulation 2004) Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks 10. Note: 1. Answer ALL questions in Part A. 2. Any missing data may suitably be assumed, PART A — (10 x 2 = 20 marks) Define Kremser’s equation. Give its limitations What is the effect of temperature on gas solubility? Show that y = 5 for a binary system behaves ideally, Lexa Distinguish between internal and external reflux. What is meant by critical solution temperature? Define Selectivity. How does leaching differ from decoction? What are the different adsorption isotherms? State their limitations. Explain ion ~ exclusion and ion ~ retardation. List out the various rate governed separation processesll. 12. (a) (b) (a) (b) PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) A mixture of acetone vapor and air containing 5% by volume of acetone is to be freed of its acetone content by scrubbing it with water in packed bed absorber. The flow rate of the gas mixture is 900 m¥/hr of acetone ~ free air measured at NTP and that of water is 1500 kg/hr. The absorber operates at an average temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 101 Kpa. ‘The scrubber absorbs 98% ecetone. The equilibrium relation for the system is given by 68x y Where y =K. mol acetone/K.mol dry air x = K. mol acetone/K.mol. water. Calculate (i) Mean driving force for absorption (ii) Mass transfer area if overall mass transfer coefficient is Kg = 0.4 K.mol acetone/m? hr (Ay) (16) or (i) Explain how the number of stages can be determined for absorption under non ~ isothermal operation (8) (ii) Draw a neat sketch of packed tower and give details about types of packing and working constraints. (8) (i) The feed consists of methanol and water containing 80 mol% methanol and 20 mol% water. The overhead product is to contain 99 mol% methanol and the bottom product contains 0.5 mol% methanol. The feed is cold and for each mole of feed, 0.2 moles of vapor is condensed on the feed plate. The reflux ratio is 1.35 and the reflux is at its bubble point. Calculate : (1) the minimum reflux ratio (2) numbe- of theoretical plates using total condenser and (3) fin out the location of the feed tray. (10) (i) Explain Flash distillation. (6) Or (i) The following information is available from the records of a binary fractionating column: Feed = 180 Kmol/hr and 60% vaporised 2 R 320213, 14 (a) (b) (a) (b) Distillate = 100 Kmol/hr with 0.98 mole fraction Reboiler steam demand = 4209 Kg/hr. Latent heat of steam used in reboiler = 2200 J/g... Latent heat of column liquid = 3 x 10¢ J/mol. Calculate : (1) the operating reflux ratio (2) the composition of vapor entering that plate from which the liquid overflow contains 0.7 mole fraction of more volatile component. a) (ii), Write down the merits and demerits between azeotropic and extractive distillations. (5) A solution containing 8% acetaldehyde and 92% toluene is to be extracted with water in five stage cross current extraction unit to extract acetaldehyde. Toluene and water are essentially insoluble. If 25 kg of water is used cach time per 100 kg of feed, calculate the amount of acetaldehyde extracted and final concentration of exit solution. The equilibrium relation is given as y=2.20x Where y is Kg acetaldehyde/Kg water x is Kg acetaldehyde/kg toluene 6) Or (i) Discuss about the design procedure for the determination of height ofa differential contacter from fundamentals. (10) (ii) Explain ceatrifugal extractor with neat sketch. 16) Seeds containing 25 wi% oil are to be extracted in a countercurrent plant and 95% of the oi! is recovered in a solution containing 50% by weight oil. If the seeds are contacted with fresh solvent and 1 Kg of solution is removed in the underflow in association with every 2 Kg of insoluble matter, determine the theoretical stages required (16) Or (i) How will you purify water in De — mineralization process. Write about the influencing parameters (0) (ii) How will you prepare solids for processing in leaching? Sy 3 R3202(b) ‘The equilibrium adsorption of acetone vapor on an activated carbon at 303 K is given by the following data : gm. adsorbed/gm. carbon 0 01 0.2 03 0.35 Partial pressure of acetone,mmHg. 0 2.0 12 42 92 ‘The vapor pressure of acetone at 303 K is 283 mm Hg. A one litre flask contains air and acetone vapor at 1 atm and 303 K with a relative saturation of vapor at 35%. After 2 g. of fresh activated carbon has been introduced into the flask,'the flask is sealed. Calculate the final vapor concentration at 303 K and the final pressure neglecting the adsorption of air. (16) Or Write a note on: (i) Reverse Osmosis. (6) (ii) Thermal Diffusion. (5) (iii) Electro dialysis. (5) 4 R 3202‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks 10. B.E/B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006. Seventh Semester Chemical Engineering CH 423 — MASS TRANSFER — II Answer ALL questions. PART A —(10 x 2 = 20 marks) What are the limitations of Fenske equation? Explain the term minimum boil-up ratio. List out the factors to be considered while selecting solvent for absorption. Define the term absorption factor. Give its significance. Define the separation fector with reference to extraction and give its significance. List the equipments used in liquid-liquid extraction _What do you mean by heap leaching? Explain the term decoction. Give the limitations of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Explain the term thermal diffusion.Ti. 12. (a) PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) A solute gas absorbed in water using a packed tower. The equilibrium relationship may be taken as y, =0.06x, . Terminal conditions are (b) (a) (b) Mole fraction ‘Top Bottom x 0 0.08 y 0.001 0.009 36m, what is the height of the packed If Hy, =0.24m and Hye section? Or Where N is the number of stages; y,.1,%» is the entering concentration of the vapour and liquid phases respectively; m is the slope of the equilibrium line and A is the absorption facor A liquid mixture containing 10 mol %, n-heptane and 90 mol %, n-octane is fed at its boiling point to the top of a stripping tower at 101.32 kPa abs, The bottom contains 98 mol % n-octane. For every 3 mol of feed, 2 mol of vapour is with drawn as product. Calculate the composition of the vapour and number of theoretical plates required. The equilibrium data below are given as mole fraction mole fraction n— heptane. = 7 = ¥ 0.284 0.459 0.039 9.078 0.097 0.184 0.012 0.025 0.067 0.131 Or Ina refinery it is desired to use 7 plates distillation column, including the reboiler and total condenser to separate the material A and B at atmospheric pressure. The feed consists of 40 mole % A. The overhead product contains_10 mole % of B. For the operating temperature range, the average value of relative volatility is 2.6. The feed is half vapour. Assume the plates are 190% efficient. Determine (i) the minimum reflux ratio and (ii) the yield of distillate product per 100 kg mole/s of feed. The reflux ratio is 1.5 times the minimum reflux ratio. 2 R87615. Dioxane (C) can be separated from water (A) by using benzene (B) as a liquid-liquid extraction solvent. Distribution coefficient for this system is, 1.2, independent of composition at 25°C and 101 kPa, the process conditions. Water and benzene may be assumed to be complete!y immiscible. 10000 kg/hr of a 25 wt % solution of C in water is to be extracted with 15000 kg/hr of B, What percent of extraction is achieved in (i) one singe stage and (ii) in two cross-flow stage. Or Prove that where ‘e’ is the extraction factor, for the design of multistage counter current extractor. (a) 6) 1000 kgfar of waxed paper is to be dewaxed in a continuous countercurrent leaching process. The paper contains 25 wt% wax and75 wt % paper pulp. The paper pulp should contain less than 0.3 kg of wax per 100 kg paper pulp. Entering solvent contains 0.045 kg of wax per 100 kg solvent. The paper pulp retains 1.5 kg solvent for every kg of entering diluent. Extract should contain 5 xg wax for every 100 kg solvent. How many equilibrium limited stages are required? (10) (ii) Write short notes on equilibrium in solid-liquid leaching process. 6) Or Write short notes on the following (i) Rates of leaching (ii) Fixed bed leaching (iii) Moving bed leaching (iv) Agitated solid leaching. (4x4 = 16) (a) (i) Equilibrium isotherm data for adsorption of glucose from an aqueous solution to activated alumina are as follows : (g/m) 0.0040 0.0087 0.019 0.027 0.094 0.195 q(gsolute/g alumina) 0.026 0.053 0.075 0.082 0.123 0.129 Determine the isotherm that fits the data and give the constants of the equation using the given units. (8) (ii) Explain the principle of ion exchange briefly and also explain the equipments used for the ion exchange in detail. (8) Or 3 R8176(b) Write short notes on the following : (i) Electrodialysis (i) Foam separation (ii) Industrial applications of membrane separation processes (iv) Reverse osmosis. (44 = 16) 4 R8176B.EJB.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/SUNE 2008. Seventh Semester Chemical Engineering CH 433 — MASS TRANSFER — I ‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions. PART A — (10 x 2 = 20 marks) 1. Define number of transfer unit and height of transfer unit. 2. Define stripping factor and give its importance. 3. State the assumptions made in calculating the number of theoretical plates using McCabe~Thiele method. 4. Ina binary distillation column, if the feed contains 49% liquid and the rest as vapor, estimate the slope of the gline. 5. Define and give the significance of the term ‘distribution coefficient’. 6. What are the factors to be considered for the selection of solvent for extraction process? 7. _ Differentiate between chemisorption and physical adsorption. 8. Define the terms “constant and variable underflow”. How does it affect the — performance of a leaching process? 9. Indicate the order of efficiency of operation of different flow types in the membrane processes. 10. Differentiate between foam separation and froth floatation.(b) PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) Write Fenske equation and also give its limitations. 4) A liquid mixture of Benzene (A)Toluene (B) is to be distilled_in a fractionating tower at 101.3 kPa pressures. The feed of 110 kg moVhr is liquid and it contains 60 mol% benzene and 60 mol% toluene and enters at 327.6 K. A distillate containing 95 mol% benzene and 6 mol% toluene and a bottom containing 10 mol% benzene and 90 mol% toluene are to be obtained. The reflux ratio is 4 : 1. The average heat capacity of the feed is 159 kJ/kg mol. K and the average latent heat of 32099 kJ/kg mol. Equilibrium data for this system is given in the table below. Calculate the kg moles of per hour distillate, kg moles per hour bottoms, and the number of theoretical trays needed. (a2) 7(#) :| 353.3 | 358.2 | 363.2 | 368.2 | 373.2 | 378.2 | 383.8 #4 | 1.000 | 0.780 | 0.581 | 0.411 | 0.258] 0.130] 0 4: | 1.000 | 0.900 | 0.777 | 0.632 | 0.456} 0.261] 0 1000 m‘/hr of an air-benzene mixture at 26.6°C and 1 atm pressure containing 5 mole percentage benzene vapor is being scrubbed with 1800 kg/hr of benzene free hydrocarbon oi) (M.W = 260) in a packed tower. Under the operating conditions 90 percentage of the incoming benzene is absorbed. Assuming that all operating conditions remains unchanged, how much taller the tower should be to absorb 96 percentage benzene. Raoult’z law holds good for the system and the vapor pressure of benzene at 26.6°C is 100 mm Hg. Or A mixture of 6 percent butane and 95 percent air is fed to a sieve plate absorber containing eight ideal plates. The absorbing liquid is heavy non-volatile oil having a molecular weight of 250 and specific gravity of 0.90. The absorption takes place at 1 atm and 15°C. The butane is to be recovered to the extent of 95 percent. The vapor pressure of butane at 15°C is 1.92 atm. And the liquid butane has a density of 680 kg/m? at 15°C. Determine the cubic meters of absozbing oil per cubic meter of butane recovered. Assume that Raoult's and Daltons law apply. 2 J 110718. (b) (b) A25 percent solution of dioxane in water is to be continuously extracted at a rate of 1000 kg/hr in a countercurrent fashion with benzene to remove 95 percent of dioxane. Equilibrium distribution of dioxane between water and benzene are as follows : Weight percent of dioxane in water | 6.1] 18.9 | 25.2 Weight percent of dioxane in benzene | 5.2[ 22.5 | 32 (i) What is the minimum solvent requirement in kg/hr? (i) If 900 kg/hr of solvent is used, how many theoretical stages (iii) How many transfer units Niog corresponds to the extraction in part ii? Or For the design of multistage countercurrent extractor, prove that ie a A = S5=* where ‘e's the extraction factor. 4, -U Ja) ec ~1 A wastewater solution having a volume of 1.0 m? contains 0.21 kg/m! of solution. A total of 1.4 kg of fresh granular activated carbon is added to the solution, which is then mixed thoroughly to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium data at room temperature are shown in the following table. [c: [0.322] 0.117 | 0.039 | 0.0061 | 0.0011 [e: 0.150 | 0.122 | 0,094 | 0.059 | 0.045 Where , C (kg phenoY/m? solution) and Q (kg phenoV/kg carbon) (i) Determine the isotherm that fits the data. Gi) and using the isotherm obtained, calculate the final equilibrium values, and what percent phenol is extracted? Or A mineral containing 20 percent elemental sulfur is to be leached with hot gas oil, in which the sulfur is sdluble to the extent of 10 percent by weight. The solvent will be repeatedly pumped over the batch of ground mineral, using 1.5 kg fresh solvent/kg of solvent. After no furtber solution of sulfur. is obtained, the liquid will be drained and replaced with fresh batch of 1.6 kg oil/kg of original mineral and the operation repeated. On drainage, the solid materials retain the solution to the extend of one-tenth the weight of un-dissolved solid (sulfur and gangue). No preferential adsorption takes place. i) Calculate the equilibrium data and plot them in the usual manner. (i) Determine the amount of sulfur un-extracted and the sulfur concentration of the composited leach solution. 3 J 110715. (a) (b) (i) Explain the working principle of the following equipments with neat sketch. (1) Spiral-wound membranes. @) (2) Hollow-fibre membranes. (ii) Explain the reverse-osmosis membrane processes indetail. (8) Or Write short notes on the foilowing : (i) Electrodialysis (ii) Thermal and sweep diffusion (iii) Principle of ion-exchange process. (iv) Membrane separation process. (4x4)10. A211 B.E/B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2005. Seventh Semester Chemical Engineering CH 433 — MASS TRANSFER — II ‘Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions Missing data may be suitably assumed PART A— (10 « 2 = 20 marks) Name four packing materials used in absorbers. Define HTU. The relative volatility of a binary system is 4.13. Find out x-y data In a distillation column handling a binary system feed enters at bubble point. What is the value of the slope of the feed-line. What is an azeotropic point? What is the function of a tie-line in extraction? Define heap leaching. Name (wo continuous equipments used for leaching of solids. Name four industrial absorbents. What is meant by perm selectivity?1 12. 13, PART B — (5 16 = 80 marks) A Benzene-toluene solution containing 65% Benzene is to be fractionated continuously in a distillation column to get a top product of 80% Benzene. Bottom product should not contain more than 12% Benzene. The feed is at its bubble point. Find the following : The relative volatility is 2.5 i) Gi) (a) (b) (a) (b) Minimum reflux ratio. If twice the minimum reflux ratio is used, theoretical number of plates required Minimum number of plates required. (44+6+6) Derive the relevant equations used for the determination of height of an absorption column from basic principles. a6) Or A packed tower is used to remove 96% SO: from a stream of air containing 0.0291 mole fraction SOz. The SO2 is removed by absorbing it in water which enters the tower with a mass velocity of 0.51 kmol/m?.s and the gas stream enters the tower counter currently at the mass velocity of 9.75 x 10 kmol/m*.s. Determine the packed tower height. The following data are available ha = 0.94 kmol’m?.s kya = 0.0496 kinol/m’.s Slope of the equilibrium line = 28.7. a6) (i) Discuss the various methods of obtaining equilibrium data. ) (ii) Discuss the types of T -X -Y diagrams for a binary mixture. (8) Or Explain the following processes (i) Steam distillation (ii) Extractive distillation. (8 +8) A2iL14. (a) # (b) 15. fa) (b) Nicotine in water solution containing 1% nicotine is to be extracted with kerosene at 20°C water and kerosene are essentially insoluble. (i) Determine the percentage extraction of nicotine if 100 kg of feed solution is extracted once with 150 kg of solvent. (ii) What is the percentage extraction of 3 cross current stages if 50 kg is used every time? 0 0.001011 0.00246 0.00502 0 0.000807 0.001961 0.00456 Or (i) Explain the procedure for determining number counter—current leaching. (ii) Discuss any one type of leaching equipment Explain the following (i) Adsorption isotherms (ii) Ion-exchange and ion-exchange resins. (iii) Industrial adsorbents (iy) Break through curve Or Discuss the following processes in detail (i) Reverse osmosis (ii) Electrodialysis. ‘8+8) 0.00998 0.00913 of stages for (8 +8) (44) (8+8) A2l1[K 1234] »/B.Pech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2004. Seventh Semester Chemical Engineering CH 433 — MASS TRANSFE! ne Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions Any missing data may suitably be assumed Graph sheets will be provided PART A — (10 » 2 = 20 marks) 1 efine NTU and HTU. 2 absorption factor and give its significance 3. State Fenske’s equation and its limitation. 4. What is meant by interna! reflus ratio? Define selectivity. 6 Explain critical solution temperature. Mention the applications of leaching operations. & Differentiate between leaching and decoction 9. Name the different adsorption isotherms. 10. What are the different types of membrane separations?1. 12. wa (ii) (a) (b) PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) A continuous rectification column is used to separate a binary mixture of A and B. Distillate is produced at a rate of 100 K moles/hr and contains 98 mol % A. The mole fraction of A in the liquid (x) and in the vapour (y) respectively from the two adjacent ideal plates in the enriching section are as follows : x oY 0.65 0.82 0.56 0.76 The latent heat of vaporization is same for ell compositions. Feed is a saturated liquid. Calculate (1) reflux ratio and (2) vapor rate in stripping section. 10) Write a note on azeotropes (6) An air-benzene mixture containing 5% benzene enters into the absorption tower where it is counter currently contacted with hydrocarbon oi]. Take G, = 600 K moles/hr. Solubility follows Raoult’s law. The system 1s maintained at 26.7°C and 1 ctm. pressure. Average molecular weight of oi! is 209. Vapour pressure of benzene at 26.7°C is 103 mm Hg. Find (i) (L,) min to recover 90% entering bezene (ii) number of theoretical stages if 1.5 times the minimum liquid rate used. 6) : Or (i) Discuss the operating characteristics of stagewise and differential contact towers. (8) (ii) Briefly write about the significance of operating line for concurrent and counter current absorbers. (8) 2 K 123415. (a) 'b) (b) (a) A solute is recovered from an aqueous solution containing 20% solute by wt. using kerosene as solvent. The distribution of solute in water and 45y’ where x’ is the kg solute/kg water and y’ is kg solute/kg solvent. Calculate kerosene may be described by x (i) the final raffinate concentration if the extraction is done in 3 simple equilibrium contacts using 5 kg solvent per lg of initial solution in each stage (ii) the number of equivalent theoretical contacts necessary to obtain the concentration of solute in the final reffinate as 3.5% by wt. with the extraction done by countercurrent stage contacting using 6 kg of kerosene per ke of aq, solution a6 Or ti) What are the various factors to be considered for selection of a solvent in excraction? (8) Gi) Describe the various liquid-liquid extractors with sketches 8) Explain with a neat diagram the constructiona! features and working of an extractor for the extraction of oil from oil seeds using a solvent. (16) Or Discuss the procedure to determine the number of stages in multistage countercurrent leaching operation (16) Write short notes on i) Reverse osmosis (i) Thermal diffusion and ni) Electro dialysis (5+5+6) K 1234(b) A solution of washed raw cane sugar is colored by the presence of impurities. It is to be decolourised by treatment with an adsorptive carbon. The data for an equilibrium isotherm is given below. The original solution has a color concentration of 9.6 measured on an arbitrary scale and it is desired to reduce the colour to 0.96. Calediate the necessary dosage of fresh carbon per 2000 kg solution (i) for a single stage and (ii) for a three stage counter current operation : 6) Kg carbon Kg solution Eq.colour 96 86 63 43 17 0.7 0 0.901 0.004 0.008 0.02 0.04 4 K 1234) @ (b) w Gi) wo (id wa Gi) vw ws! Explain the production of phthalic an‘aydride by oxidation process with the help of a neat flow sheet. (10) Write short notes on : 1) Solution polymerization (2) Suspension polymerization (3) Emulsion polymerization 6) How is polyethylene terephthalate prepared? Describe the process using a neat flow sheet. (10) Write short notes on: (1) Melt spinning (2) Dry spinning (3) Wet spinning (6) Or What are the various food processing techniques? Explain them briefly. a0) Name the commonly used food preservatives for different types of food products. © 3 E303 utReg. No.: i I Question Paper Code : 42117 B.E/B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010. Sixth Semester CH 1354 — MASS TRANSFER — II (Regulation 2004) ‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks 10. (Make suitable assumptions, if necessary Necessary charts are to be given) Answer ALL questions. PART A— (10 x 2 = 20 marks) What is called as pinch point? Using equilibrium and operating line concept, write its significance. Define NTU and HTU. Give its physical significance. Write the role of VLE in distillation. What happens if a column heated by open steam is operated at total reflux for a long time? Solvent extraction is an attractive separation technique. Justify the statement. Give the classification of ternary systems. Give four example for commercially important liquid-solid extraction systems. Differentiate physisorption from chemisorption. State the important characteristics of adsorbent. State the major advantages of membrane separation technology.il. 12. 13. 108 x 108y (b) (b) (a) PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks) A gas mixture containing 10 mol % SO2 and 90 mol% air at 1 atm total pressure and 30°C is to be scrubbed with water to remove 95% of the SOz in a tower packed with 25 mm ceramic Raschig rings. The feed gas rate is 1500 kg/hr. Calculate (i) minimum liquid rate (ii) if the liquid rate is 1.3 times the minimum and the tower operates at 75% of the flooding velocity packed height. Assume the properties of the liquid as water. The volumetic mass transfer coefficients at given conditions are: 125 kmol/(n®)(s) (Ax) and biz = 0.075 kmol/(n®)(s) (ay) (16) ‘The equilibrium data: 0 0.562 1.403 2.8 4.22 842 14.03 19.65 27.9 0 0.79 2.23 6.19 10.65 25.9 47.3 68.5 104 Or Write short notes on the following : @ ETP @ (ii) Correlations for mass transfer coefficients in packed towers. (6) (iii) Different type of tray efficiencies. © @ Write a short note on equilibrium in a multi component system. (6) (ii) A mixture of 40 mol% benzene and 60 mol% toluene is being flash distilled at a rate of 15 kmol/h at one atm. total pressure. The liquid product should not contain more than 30 mol% benzene. Calculate the amounts and the compositions of the top and the bottom products. The relative volatility of benzene in the mixture is 2.5. Solve analytically and graphically. a0) Or (i) Write down the assumptions made in McCabe-Thiele method —_ (4) (i) Explain the procedure for construction for the stripping section of a distillation column using Ponchon-Savarit method. @) Gii) Write a short note on extractive and azeotropic distillation. (4) Diphenyl hexane (C) (DPH) is to be extracted from a solution in docosane (9A) using pure furfural (B) as the solvent. The feed enters the extractor cascade at a rate of 2000 kg/hr with 45% DPH that has to be reduced to 3% in the final raffinate. The solvent rate is 2500 kg/hr. Determine the number of stages required. Extraction is to be carried out at 45°C. The Equilibrium data and tie-line data in mass % are given below: 2 42117Equilibrium data: (16) A-96 67 32.5 1832 45 15 06 B47 10 40 60 80 995 C 0 26 47.5 468 35.5.5 185 0 Tie Line Data : Raffinate phase (Docosane) Extract phase (Furfural) A B c A B c 85.2 48 10 11 89.1 9.8 69 6.5 245 22 1936 242 43.8 13.3 426 68 523 40.9 Or Gi) Explain the use of different graphical representation of Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium data. () (i) Write down the classification of commercial extractors with its characteristics and explain the factors to be governed for the selection of an extractor. (19) @_ For a counter current stage wise solid-liquid extraction, obtain the expression to estimate the number of stages required for the case of constant underflow. (10) (i) With neat diagram write any one of the continuous contactors for solid-liquid extraction. © Or The adsorption equilibrium data for the decolourization of a sample of waste oil using a clay could be fitted as Y = 4.2 x 10*X where Y is number of colour units per kg oil and x* is number of colour units per kg clay in equilibrium. 1000 kg of a waste oil having an initial colour concentration of 50 units has to be treated to reduce the concentration to 1 colour unit. The adsorbent has an effective surface area of 25 m’/kg, and the surface mass transfer coefficient is 5.2x10* m/s on the solid phase concentration basis. The density of the oil is 950 kg/m* @ Calculate the minimum quantity of adsorbent required Gi) What is the required contact time if 1.25 times the minimum amount of adsorbent is used? (16) @ Explain the classification of membranes. 8) Gi) Write on the mechanism of gas separation using membranes. _(8) Or 3 42117(b) Write notes on the following : (Ton exchange equilibria © (ii) Advantages and problems of carrying out extraction of a solid at an elevated temperature © (iii) Dialysis. ©) 4 42117Reg.No.:[ | Question Paper Code: Q 2137 B.E/B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2009. Sixth Semester Chemical Engineering CH 1354 — MASS TRANSFER — II (Regulation 2004) ‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions. Any missing data may suitably be assumed. Graph sheets will be provided. PART A—(10 x 2 = 20 marks) 1. Write the significance of Kremser-Brown-Sonder equation. 2, Explain absorption factor. 3. Show that y = 4. State the significance of Reflex ratio. 5. _ What is meant by solutropic system? 6. Define plait point in LE. 7. Distinguish between leaching and decoction. 8. What is meant by constant underflow?10. 1. 12. Explain heat of adsorption. Define thermal diffusion. (a) (b) (a) (b) PART B — 6 x 16 = 80 marks) A packed tower is designed to recover 98% CO, from a gas mixture containing 10% CO, and 90% air using water. Equilibrium relation is Y =14X where X and Y are in mole ratios. The water to gas rate is kept 30% more than the minimum value. Calculate the height of tower if (ATU)og =1 m. (6) Or @ Explain absorption with chemical reaction. 8) Gi) Discuss non-isothermal absorber. (8) ‘The following information is available from the records of a binary fractionating column : Feed = 180 kmoV/hr and 60% vaporised. Distillate = 100 kmol/hr with 0.98 mol. fraction of more valatile ‘component Reboiler steam demand = 4200 kg/hr Latent heat of steam = 2200 J Latent heat of column liquid = 3 x 10* J/mol Calculate (@) The operating reflex ratio (ii) The composition of vapor entering that plate from which the liquid overflow contains 0.7 mol.fraction of more volatile component. (16) Or () Derive Rayleigh’s equation. @) (ii) Derive Fenske’s equation. (8) 2 Q 213713. 14. 15. (a) (b) (b) Water-dioxane form a minimum boiling azeotrope at atm. pressure and thus benzene is used as a solvent for extraction of dioxane. At 298 K, the equilibrium distribution of dioxane between water and benzene is given below. Wt% dioxane in water 65.1 18.9 25.2 Wt% dioxane in benzene 5.2 22.5 32 At these concentrations, benzene and water are substantially insoluble. 1000 kg of a 25% dioxane in aqueous solution is to be extracted with benzene to remove 95% of dioxane. Solvent is dioxane free. If the extractions were done with equal amounts of solvent in five crosscurrent, stages, determine the quantity of total solvent required. a6) Or (Describe the constructional features and design constraint of a centrifugal extractor. (10) (i) What is the effect of temperature and pressure on LLE? ©) @ Explain the design procedure for determination of number of stages in a multistage counter-current leaching operation. (10) (ii) How will you prepare solids for leaching operation? © Or (With a neat sketch, explain the working operation of any equipment used for vegetable oil extraction in detail. 0) Gi) Give the significance of solid-liquid equilibria. © A solution of washed raw cane sugar is coloured by the presence of small amounts of an impurity. The solution is to be decolourised by treatment with adsorption carbon. The original color has a color concentration of. 9.6 measured on an arbitrary scale and it is derived to reduce colour to 10% of its original value. ‘The data for an equilibrium isotherm is as follows : Kg carbon/kg solution 0 0.001 0.004 0.008 0.02 0.04 Equilibrium colour 96 86 63 43 17 07 color unita/kg solution Determine the minimum total amount of fresh carbon required for two stage crosscurrent operation per 1000 kg of solution. ae) Or 3 Q 2137(b) Discuss the following : (6+5+5) @ RO process. (ii) Electrodialysis. (ii) Foam fractionation. 4 Q 2137