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Life cycle of oil palm bunch moth, Tirathaba mundella walker Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Reared Under
laboratory conditions on artificial diet
Su Chong Ming1, Patricia King Jie Hung2*, Calvin Tan Zhe Khai3, Kwan Yee Ming4, Zakri Fitri Bin Ab Aziz5, Joseph Bong
Choon Fah6, Ong Kian Huat7
1-7
Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, P.O. Box 396, Bintulu,
Sarawak, Malaysia
Abstract
Tirathaba mundella Walker is an important pest in many oil palm plantations especially those established on peatland. The life
cycle of T. mundella has not been described in detail despite its economic importance. This study aimed to describe the bionomic
characteristics of T. mundella, rearing on an artificial diet, at 25 oC. The duration of a complete metamorphosis cycle of T.
mundella was about 51.63 ± 3.80 days. The incubation period was the shortest (3.33 ± 0.80 days.), The most detrimental stage of
the pest to oil palm is at larval stage, which took 33.90 ± 2.60 days before pupating. The pupal period took about 5 to 11 days with
a mean ± SD period of 8.53 ± 1.48 days. The average of the adult’s longevity was about 6.05 ± 1.81 days. There is no statistical
difference between the duration of male and female longevity. Adult male and female moths reared in captivity feeded with 10%
sucrose solution would mate readily and produce fertile eggs. The mean preoviposition period were 4 days. Successful of rearing
T. mundella using artificial diet under laboratory conditions promises laboratory assessment for pesticide development which is
less tedious and time consuming than conventional field experiments.
Keywords: oil palm bunch moth, Tirathaba mundella, life cycle, artificial diet
9
International Journal of Biology Sciences
resonance for the frequency equal to μoγHi, where Hi is the Education and Practice. ISSN 2222-1735. (Paper) ISSN
internal field in the magnetic material and γ is a gyromagnetic 2222-288X (Online), 2013, 4-20. www.iiste.org
ratio (2.8 MHz / Oe.). If these oscillations are excited in 4. Coley R. Differences in the gender gap: Comparisons
limited region of the ferrite sample, then due to elasticity of across racial/ethnic groups in education and work.
this system they will propagate with a defined velocity in the Princeton: Educational Testing Service. 2001, 451-222.
sample. Polycrystalline ferrite over normal dielectric material 5. Dennis JM, Phinney JS, Chuateco LI. The role of
make it very useful in microwave antenna applications. motivation, parental support and peer support in the
Different types of polycrystalline ferrites have their specific academic success of ethnic minority first-generation
advantages as Li substituted ferrites has high dielectric college students. Journal of College Student
constant, low sintering temperature etc. than other substituted Development. 2005; 46:223-236.
ferrites. The integration of ferrite technology into microstrip
printed circuit antenna has numerous advantages and potential
applications. The reason for using ferrite materials in
microstrip structures is that the applied magnetic field changes
the permeability and thus the electrical properties of material,
which in turn changes the antenna properties. The significance
of this is that it is possible to change the antenna
characteristics through the DC magnetic field applied
externally. Beam steering, gain and bandwidth enhancement,
RCS control, surface wave reduction, switchable and
electronic tunability are some of the unique and inherent
features of ferrite based microstrip antennas and arrays, which
have been discussed by numbers of investigators for the C-
band and S-band but not for the X-band [1-6]. The reason for
using ferrite materials in microstrip structures is that the
applied magnetic field changes the permeability and thus the
electrical properties of material, which in turn changes the
antenna properties. The significance of this is that it is
possible to change the antenna characteristics through the DC
magnetic field applied externally.
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