CERAMICS

INTRODUCTION

¢ As early as 24,000 BC, animal and human

figurines were made from clay and other
materials, then fired in a kiln partially dug
into the ground.
INTRODUCTION

¢ Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and

building products and a wide range of ceramic
art

¢ In the 20th century, new ceramic were

developed for use in advanced ceramic
engineering
#THROWBACK
YEAR DEVELOPMENT

24,000 BC Archaeologists discovered human-made ceramics

9,000 BC First use of pottery vessel

8,000 BC Clay tokens are first used in Mesopotamia

7,000 BC Mortar is used with sun-dried brick in Jericho

2,500 BC Glass ornaments appear in Egypt

100 BC Glassblowing is invented in Syria

700 Porcelain is invented in China

1291 Glassmakers learn to produce clear glass in

Venice
4
#THROWBACK
YEAR DEVELOPMENT

1575 Porcelain dinnerware is produced for the first

time in Europe

1688 Large sheets of glass are being made for mirrors

and windows in France

1845 American dentist Claudius Ash originates the

single porcelain tooth

1915 Heat- and shock-resistant borosilicate glass is

developed and sold as cooking implements
under the trade name Pyrex

5
ETYMOLOGY

Ceramic comes from the Greek word (keramikos)

which means “burnt stuffs”
WHAT IS CERAMICS?

¢ Ceramics can be defined as inorganic, non-

metallic materials produced using clays and
other minerals from the earth or chemically
processed powders by the action of heat.

¢ Made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen

elements, powders and water and/or
additives such as binders and shaping them into
desired forms
WHAT IS CERAMIC?

¢ Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have

combination of ionic and covalent bonding

¢ Always composed of more than one element (e.g.,

Al2O3, NaCl, SiC, SiO2)
WHAT IS CERAMIC?
¢ Composition:
at least 1 metal and a NMES or non-metal
at least 2 NMES
at least 2 NMES and a non-metal

¢ Metals: Al, Ba, Be, Fe, Co, Cu, Zr, Sr, Mg, Mn,
Mo, Zn, Ti, Li, etc.
¢ NMES: B, C, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te and etc.

¢ Nonmetals: N, O, P, S, etc.
WHAT IS CERAMIC?

¢ Example of ceramic materials:

MgO, SiO2, SiC, BaTiO3 and etc.

¢ Often, ceramics are covered with glazes

WHAT IS CERAMIC?
¢ Glaze is a glassy coating fired onto a clay
products. It is typically applied to produce a hard,
non-absorbent surface that is easily cleaned
(sanitary) and decorative.

¢ Glaze is typically applied by brushing, spraying,

dipping, pouring, or other methods

Glazed ceramic title and fixtures

COMMON CERAMICS

Silica (SiO2) Alumina (Al2O3)

Magnesia (MgO) Lime (CaO)

Synthetic abrasive
grains: Silicon
carbide (SiC) was
developed by Dr.
Edward G. Acheson in
1891:
TYPES OF CERAMICS

¢ Crystalline Ceramics

¢ Noncrystalline Ceramics
CRYSTALLINE CERAMICS

¢ Crystalline Ceramic materials are not amenable to a

great range of processing.

¢ Methods In Dealing With Crystalline Ceramics

* Make the ceramic in the desired shape, by

reaction in situ,

* Forming powders into the desired shape, and

then sintering to form a solid body
CRYSTALLINE CERAMICS

¢ SiO2 – based silicates

¢ Silicon and oxygen together account for roughly

75% of the elements in the earth’s crust

¢ Pottery is also known as white wares, which are

commercial fired ceramics with white and fine-
grained microstructure
CRYSTALLINE CERAMICS FORMING TECHNIQUES

¢ Shaping by hand sometimes including a rotation

process called "throwing“
CYSTALLINE CERAMICS FORMING TECHNIQUES

¢ Slip Casting – liquid clay is poured into a plaster

mold
CYSTALLINE CERAMICS FORMING TECHNIQUES

¢ Tape Casting - a process used in the manufacture of

thin ceramic tapes from ceramic slurry

Capacitors and Resistors

CYSTALLINE CERAMICS FORMING TECHNIQUES

¢ Injection Molding - complex parts of ceramics with

diverse geometry, different profiles and undercuts,
sharp edges and different wall thickness
CYSTALLINE CERAMICS FORMING TECHNIQUES

¢ Dry Pressing - the technique of fabricating ceramic

components by the compaction of flowable powders in
a metal die set.
NONCYRSTALLINE CERAMICS

¢ Noncrystalline Ceramics, being glass, tend to be

formed from melts.

¢ Methods In Dealing With Noncrystalline Ceramics

* Casting is used if the glass is fully molten

* Blowing to a mold is used if the glass is in
a state of toffee-like viscosity
NONCYRSTALLINE CERAMICS

¢ A refractory widely used in steel industry, such as

magnesia (MgO)

¢ A refractory refers to the quality of a material to retain its

strength at high temperatures

¢ used to make crucibles and linings for furnaces, kilns and

incinerators

¢ Can withstand temperatures above 1100°C without

softening

¢ Example: lime, magnesia, silicon carbide, zirconia (false

diamond
COMMON NON-SILICATE CERAMICS

¢ Al2O3
¢ MgO

¢ BeO – beryllia

¢ ThO2 – thoria

¢ UO2 – uranium oxide

¢ ZrO2 – stabilized zirconia

¢ BaTiO3 – barium titanate (electronic ceramics)

¢ NiFe2O4 – nickel ferrite (magnetic ceramic)

GROUPS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

¢ Traditional Ceramics

¢ Advanced Ceramics
GROUPS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

¢ Traditional Ceramics

- silicate-based porous microstructures

- coarse and non-uniform,
- clay, silica, cement and feldspar
- bricks and tiles, electrical porcelain
GROUPS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

¢ Advanced Ceramic

- non silicate-based, more sophisticated raw

materials
- oxides, carbides
- Al2O3 (integrated circuit chips in thermal-
conduction module)
- WC (cutting tools for carbon and stainless steel)
TYPES OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS

STRUCTURAL
TYPES OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS

REFRACTORIES
TYPES OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS

WHITE WARES
TYPES OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS

ADVANCED CERAMICS
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

¢ High strength
¢ Hard

¢ Brittle

¢ Wear-resistant

¢ Refractory

¢ Thermal insulators

¢ Electrical insulators

¢ Oxidation resistant

¢ Chemically stable
END OF DISCUSSION
For further details you may
check Chapter 13 of the
Book