Introduction

MATERIALS ENGINEERING
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Role of Packaging

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¢ To deliver products safely to consumers.
¢ It extends products' shelf-life,

¢ Minimizes breakage and spoilage,

¢ Reduces transportation and handling costs,

¢ Offers product information

¢ Provides convenience to the consumer.

Pros and Cons of using Metal Container

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¢ Aluminum alloy is relatively strong (but easily
dented), is a very good barrier to the diffusion of
carbon dioxide, is easily recycled, beverages are
cooled rapidly, and labels may be painted onto its
surface.

¢ On the other hand, the cans are optically opaque,

and relatively expensive to produce.
Pros and Cons of using Glass Container

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¢ Glass is impervious to the passage of carbon
dioxide, is a relatively inexpensive material, may
be recycled,

¢ but it cracks and fractures easily,

¢ are relatively heavy.

Pros and Cons of using Plastic Container

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¢ plastic is relatively strong, may be made optically
transparent, is inexpensive and lightweight, and
is recyclable,

¢ It is not as impervious to the passage of carbon

dioxide as the aluminum and glass.
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Throwback. . .

Early civilizations have been designated by levels

of material development

Ø Stone Age

Ø Bronze Age

Ø Iron Age
Start of Material Science

Stone Age – People began to make tools from

stone and other natural materials, about two
million years ago

Natural Materials:
Ø stone,
Ø wood
Ø clay
Ø skins and etc.

9
Bronze Age – started 5000 years ago; Bronze were
introduced in the Far East

Ø Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one

element of Copper and Tin).

Ø Bronze can be forged or cast into a variety of shapes,

can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly
after a surface oxide film forms.
Iron Age - Began about 3000 years ago and continues today.

Use of iron and steel,

Ø a stronger and cheaper material

Ø changed drastically the daily life of a common person

Throughout the Iron age:

Ø New types of materials have been introduced ;

• Ceramic

• Polymers

• Composites

• Semiconductors
Ø Understanding of the relationship among structure,
properties, processing, and performance of materials
have been considered.

Ø Intelligent design of new materials

Ø With time they discovered techniques for producing

materials with properties superior to those natural
ones.

Ø It was discovered that the properties of materials

could be altered.
Ø Different materials have evolved with rather
specialized characteristics that meet the needs of
modern society.

Ø A better understanding of structure-composition

properties relations has lead to a remarkable
progress in properties of materials.
What is Materials Science and Engineering?
Material Science

Is a discipline of investigating the relationships

that exist between structure and properties of
materials.

Materials Engineering

Focus is on how to translate or transform

materials into a useful device or structure
Material Science and Engineering

A field concerned with inventing new materials

and improving previously known materials by
developing a deeper understanding of the
microstructure-composition-synthesis-
processing relationships.
Major Components of MSE

PROCESSING

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES

PERFORMANCE
PROCESSING

Ø means how materials are shaped into useful

components to cause changes in the properties
of materials

Ø Is the application of heat (heat treatment),

mechanical forces, etc. to affect the
microstructure and therefore their
properties.

“Synthesis”- refers to how materials are made

from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals.
STRUCTURE

Ø Usually relates to the arrangement of its internal

components.

§ Levels of Structure

o Subatomic Level
o Atomic Level
o Microscopic Level
o Macroscopic Level
— Subatomic Level
- electronic structure of
individual atoms that
defines interaction
among atoms (inter-
atomic bonding).

— Atomic Level
- structure encompasses
the organization of atoms
or molecules relative to
one another.
 Annealing of a polycrystalline grain structure

— Microscopic Level
- larger structural realm,
which contains large group
of atoms that are normally
agglomerated together.
2D simulation using Monte Carlo Potts model.
2D simulations involve 40,000 sites and takes a day to run on a fast
workstation, 3D simulations involve 64 million sites, runs on 1000
processors of ASCI-Red.

— Macroscopic Level
- structural elements that
may be viewed by the
naked eye.
Monarch butterfly
~ 0.1 m
PROPERTIES

Ø The way material responds to the environment

and external forces.

— Mechanical Properties - response to mechanical

forces.

— Electrical and Magnetic Properties - response to

electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc.
PERFORMANCE

Ø The action or process of carrying out or

accomplishing an action, task or function
Why do we need to study Materials
Science and Engineering?
Ø To be able to select a material for a given use
based on considerations of cost and
performance.

Ø To understand the limits of materials and

change of their properties with use.

Ø To be able to create a new material that will

have some desirable properties
Criteria on selecting “right” material:

In-service conditions

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v

v Deterioration of material properties

v Economics (product’s cost)

Major Classes of Materials

Ø Metals
Ø Ceramics
Ø Polymers
Ø Composites
Ø Semiconductors
Ø New Materials (Biomaterials, Nanomaterials,
Liquid crystal, smart materials)
Metals

Metals are usually strong, conduct electricity and

heat well and are opaque to light (shiny if polished).
Examples: aluminum, steel, brass, gold.
Ceramics

Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements.

These materials are typically insulators and more
resistant to high temperature.
Polymers

Includes the familiar plastic and rubber materials.

Many of them are organic compounds, which are
chemically based on carbon, hydrogen and other non-
metallic elements.
Composites

Consists of more than one material type, is designed to

display a combination of the best characteristics of
each of the materials.
Semiconductors

DIODES INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Any of various solid crystalline substances, such as

germanium or silicon, having electrical conductivity
greater than insulators but less than good
conductors
 New Materials

Magnetic Sheet

Smart Material- “smart” implies that these are able to

sense changes in their environment. example: sensors
The comet: first jet passenger plane -1954

— In 1949, the COMET aircraft was a newly

designed, modern jet aircraft for passenger
travel. It has bright cabins due to large, square
windows at most seats. It was composed of
light-weight aluminum.
— In early 1950's, the planes began falling out of
the sky.
These tragedies changed the way aircraft were
designed and the materials that were used.

— The square windows were a "stress

concentrator" and the aluminum alloys used
were not "strong" enough to withstand the
stresses.
— Before that, material selection for mechanical
design was not really considered in designs.
Ø Materials properties then are responsible for helping
achieve engineering advances.

Ø Failures, advance understanding and material’s design.

Seat Work ½ CW

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1. Why do we need to study Materials Science and
Engineering?

2. “Without the right material, a good engineering

design is wasted. Need the right material for
the right job!” (Explain)
3. If you were to discover a new material, for what
purpose/application would it possibly be?
Next Meeting

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¢ Short Quiz (Chapter 2)

¢ Read Chapter 2
¢ Review on Atomic Structure

¢ http://bit.ly/2NWpTzN

¢ Materials Science and Engineering

An Introduction - Callister