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Discussion, conclusions, recomendations, references,

appendices, layout
Discussion
The discussion is the key section of your thesis. The purpose of the discussion is to explain the central results
and potential implications of your study. This is where you scrutinize your results and where the choice of
method(s) is discussed including the possible influence of methodological biases and errors on data validity.
The discussion should also address general limitations and weaknesses of the study and comment on these.
Importantly, you have to discuss conflicting explanations for your results and defend your thesis argument by
systematically relating your problem formulation and empirical findings to the existing body of knowledge
and/or theory as outlined by your literature review. The discussion of your results and final thesis argument
should form the basis for your conclusions.

Conclusions
The conclusions section is where you summarize your answer(s) to the questions posed in your problem
formulation. What is the strongest statement you can make based on your findings?

Recommendations or perspectives
The final section involves the last part of your academic performance; how to launch the results and
conclusions into the future. Is there a need for further investigation and how? What are the perspectives of your
results and conclusions? The Perspectives are where you once again broaden the thesis, and point out where
your results can be implemented. Recommendations are sometimes included in the Conclusions.

References
The list of references contains a formalized description of all the sources, e.g. journal articles, reports, books
etc. that are cited directly in the text of your thesis. In some cases ‘references’ are interchanged with ‘literature
list’ or ‘bibliography’ However, please note that a bibliography may contain additional material of interest,
without linking to a direct in-text citation.

You should apply the referencing system suggested/required by your curriculum or thesis guidelines at your
Department. See more about referencing systems in in Writing Process, Lesson 2. Make sure all references
cited in the thesis appear in the list of references.

Appendices
In addition to the regular report sections described in the previous modules, you may need to add an appendices
section. The appendices section typically includes various materials or data that lend support to your text in the
previous sections, but are too lengthy or detailed to be incorporated in these. The type of materials and data to
include in the appendices will depend on the discipline and type of study, but could be for example.:

Explanatory figures or tables developed by you or other sources such as maps and statistical profiles (e.g.
population, country or region)
Retrieved documents that are difficult to access through usual sources
Details on particular reagents or apparatus (e.g. manufacturer and lot. numbers) used in laboratory or
field work
Examples of survey and/or other standard forms used for data collection
Raw materials and/or data generated by your study (e.g. transcripts of interviews, apparatus print-outs
and/or extensive data tables)
Any papers or documents published on the basis of your study, which may act as a supplement or be part
of the overall assessment.

All appendices should be numbered and directly referenced in the relevant text section.

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Layout
The different sections of the thesis need to follow the same configuration to ensure a professional appearance.
Keep a standard layout (font size, line spacing, display of table/figure etc.) across the entire document –
including the appendices, if possible.

It may be helpful to look at some sample theses, including both quantitative and qualitative studies, to
determine the best layout for your thesis.

And finally, remember to proofread for spelling and grammatical mistakes before thesis submission!

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