TABLE OF CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 COMMUNICATION

 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

 VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

 CONCLUSION

 REFERENCES

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 INTRODUCTION

Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another
through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules. It is the imparting or
exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium.

Communication is a simple process, yet showing complexity in some aspects.

Different ways of communication and the distances over which one is required to
transfer the information make the process complicated. There are three elements
necessary to conduct a communication i.e. the sender, a medium (the platform over
which information is conducted) and a recipient. The sender is the most involved
person with a full understanding of that matter which he wants to deliver. On the other
hand, the receiver does not necessarily know about the sender and the subject of
information which the sender aims to deliver. In general, communication is a means of
connecting people or places.

All creatures on earth have developed means in which to convey their emotions and
thoughts to one another. However, it's the ability of humans to use words and
language to transfer specific meanings that sets them apart from the animal kingdom.

Moreover communication is the foundation of all human relationship. At first

strangers start talking and getting to know each other, and then the relationships are
formed when they have more interaction and communication. Communicating helps
people to express their ideas and feelings, and it, at the same time, helps us to
understand emotion and thoughts of the others. As a result, we will develop affection
or hatred toward other people, and positive or negative relationships will be created. It
is no doubt that communication plays a vital role in human life it not only helps to
facilitate the process of sharing information and knowiedge but also helps people to
develop reletionships with others.

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 COMMUNICATION

The term ‘Communication’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Communicare’ which
means ‘to share’. Thus, Communication means ‘sharing information with each other’.

Simply, communication is said to be "the creation and exchange of meaning".

“Communication is the process of transmitting information from one person to

another. It is the act of sharing of ideas, facts, opinions, thoughts, messages or
emotions to other people, in and out the organisation, with the use of the channel to
create mutual understanding and confidence.”

Communication is “a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained,

repaired and transformed”. --James Carey

James Carey was a Media critic and Theorist. He defined communication in his book
Communication as Culture in 1992.

It is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions

through speech, signals, writing, or behavior. In communication process, a
sender(encoder) encodes a message and then using a medium/channel sends it to the
receiver (decoder) who decodes the message and after processing information, sends
back appropriate feedback/reply using a medium/channel.

Communication is the spine of the organization that without it no organisation can

survive and operate effectively, towards attaining its goals. It is the primary means, by
which organisational members work together. Further, it ties all the members of an
organisation in a single thread and let them respond to and influence each other.

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“The art communication is the language of leadership and is the key to personal
and career success” --James Humes

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

The common medium of communication is language ,while speaking we often resort

to physical gestures such as we wave our hands, facial expressions, nodding of head
etc. The most important factor in communication process is the existence of
cooperation betweenthe sender and the receiver. The choice of the channel and the
type of symbols is determined by the situation.

A message or communication is sent by the sender through a communication channel

to a receiver, or to multiple receivers. The sender must encode the message (the
information being conveyed) into a form that is appropriate to the communication
channel, and the receiver/receivers then decodes the message to understand its
meaning and significance. The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures
the receiver has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by
the sender. Feedback signals can be verbal or nonverbal, such as nodding in
agreement or looking away and sighing or other myriad gestures.

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If the receiver can see the sender, he or she can obtain not only the message's contents
but also nonverbal communication that the sender is giving off, from confidence to
nervousness, professionalism to flippancy. If the receiver can hear the sender, he or
she can also pick up cues from the sender's tone of voice, such as emphasis and
emotion.

Misunderstanding can occur at any stage of the communication process.

If the message is not received by the receiver properly a gap is created. This gap is
called sementic gap.

Effective communication involves minimising potential misunderstanding and

overcoming any barriers to communication at each stage in the communication
process. An effective communicator understands their audience, chooses an
appropriate communication channel, hones their message to this channel and encodes
the message to reduce misunderstanding by the receiver/receivers. They will also seek
out feedback from the receiver/receivers as to how the message is understood and
attempt to correct any misunderstanding or confusion as soon as possible.

Receivers can use techniques such as Clarification and Reflection as effective ways to
ensure that the message sent has been understood correctly.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

When communication occurs, it typically happens in one of three ways: verbal, non-
verbal and written. People very often take communication for granted.
Communicators constantly exchange information, meaning people always seem to be
either receiving or giving information. Understanding the different methods of
exchanging information is important especially in business and professional settings.
People communicate with each other in a number of ways that depend upon the
message and its context in which it is being sent. Choice of communication channel
and your style of communicating also affects communication.
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There Are Mainly 3 Types of Communication:

1. Verbal Communication
2. Non-Verbal Communication
3. Writtin Communication

These types are not mutually exclusive and very often some of these types are
combined to to increase the emphasis or clarity of information.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

The Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the message is

transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives words to his feelings,
thousghts, ideas ond opinions ond expresses them in the form of speeches, discussions,
presentations and conversations.

The effectiveness of the verbal communication depends on the tone of the speaker,
clarity of speech, volume, speed, body lanquage and the quality of words used in the
conversation. In the case of the verbal communication, the feedback is immediate
since there are a simultaneous transmission and receipt of the message by the sender
and receiver respectively.

The sender must keep his speech tone high and clearly audible to all and must design
the subject matter keeping the target audience in mind. The sender should ahways
cross check with the receiver to ensure that the message is understood in absolutely
the same way as it was intended. Such communication is more prone to errors as
sometimes the words are not sufficient to express the feelings and emotions of a
person.

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The success of the verbal communication depends not only on the speaking ability of
an individual but also on the listening skills. How effectively an individual listens to
the subiect matter decides the effectiveness of the communication. The verbal
communication is applicable in both the formnal and informal kind of situations.

Oral communication is preferable when the messoge is ambiguous (can be discussed

and clarified) and urgent (provides for rapid feedback). Furthermore, it conveys a
personal warmth and friendliness and it develops a sense of belonging because of
these personalized contacts.

It is not recommended when a formal record of communication is required when the

communication is lengthy and distant, and when the information is statistical in nature
and requires careful and objective analysis.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Form of communication in which words are not used is called non-verbal

communication. We can say that communication other than oral and written, such as
gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions, is called
nonverbal communication.

“Man cannot but communicate; even if he is silent, his body speaks”

Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of speaker. Non-verbal

communication helps receiver in interpreting the message received. Often, nonverbal
signals reflects the situation more accurately than verbal messages. Sometimes
nonverbal response contradicts verbal communication and hence affect the
effectiveness of message.

Anthropologist point out that man use non-verbal means for hundred year ago, they
developed linguistic, symbol for communication. Nature does not bestow the gift of
speech on animals, they communicate non-verbally.

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Non-verbal communication affects the impressions we make on others. A handshake
is probably the most common form of body language and tells a lot about a person.

Similarly, eyes are the most expressive component of the facial display. For example,
in a bar or a club, a glance, a stare, a smile, a wink or a provocative movement are all
various forms of communication. Other examples of body language are tilting of head,
folding of arms or sitting position in a chair.

Our facial expressions can show anger frustration arrogonce shyness fear and other
characteristics that can never be adequately communicated through written word or
through oral communication in it. Some of the other body language symptoms are
shrugging your shoulders for indifference, wink an eye for mischief or intimacy, tap
your fingers on the table for impatience and we slap our forehead for forgetfulness.

We can easily understand whether a dog is friendly or hostile by observing its body
movement. Similarly if an elephant raises his trunk and thrushes towards us with loud
trumpet, we can ,make that it is coming to attack . Infact many of these beings are
instinctive, natural, and spontaneous. The smile of Russian child expresses the same
feel as that of American child; comfort, wellness etc.

There are numerous means of non-verbal communication. Let us group them into
following 4 categories:

1) KINESICS: The word kinesics comes from the root word kinesis, which means
“movement” and refers to the study of hand, arm, body, and face movements. we
begin to form an impression about a speaker as soon as we see the way he dressed,
the manner in which he moves, stands and sits. All these gives a significant to his
personality.
1. Gesture
2. Eye contact
3. Body language
4. Facial experssion

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2) PARALINGUISTIC: Paralinguistics is a kind of nonverbal communication based
on the qualities of your voice and the way you vocalize. It is the study of vocals
signals beyond the basic verbal message or speech. paralingusitic includes accent,
pitch, volume, speech rate, modulation, and fluency.
1. Quality
2. Volume
3. Pace
4. Pitch

3) PROXEMICS: Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that
population density has on behaviour, communication, and social interaction.
Proxemics is one among several subcategories in the study of non verbal
communication including hapitics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics
(paralanguage), and chronemics (structure of time).
1. Intimate space
2. Personal space
3. Social space
4. Public space

4) CHRONEMICS: ‘Time is Money’. A study of time management and its role in

communication is called Chronemics. The perspective on and handling of time does
create a lot of nonverbal cues in peoples verbal as well as nonverbal
communication and effecting the communication itself. The chronemics of
nonverbal communication is also a big thing between cultures - it can make the
difference between a successful and disastrous meetings, dates, co-working and so
on.” Chronemics is a study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. Time
can be used as a powerful tool to structure communication process. For example in
most countries it would a norm for a boss to be late for a meeting but not for the
subordinates. In terms of social context, being late for a date for a female in some
countries is a part social ritual.

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WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

A written communication means putting the message in writing and is generaly in the
form of instructions letters, memos, formal reports, information about rules and
regulations, policy manuals, information bulletins and so on.

These areas have to be covered in writing for efficient functioning of the organization.
It is most effective when it is required to communicate information that requires
action in the future and, also in situations where communication is that of general
informational nature. It also ensures that everyone has the same information.

Witten communication is recommended when evidence of events and proceedings are

required to be kept for future references when many persons must be contacted at the
same time when transmitting lengthy statistical data and when more formal authority
is to be exercised.

Written communication can have its disadvantages in that it is very time consuming
especially for lengthy reports there is no immediate feedback opportunity to clarify
any ambiguities and confidential written material may leak out before time causing
disruption in its effectiveness.

In written communication the sender and receiver are more distinct. Until recent
times, relatively few writers and publishers were very powerful when it came to
communicating the written word. Today we can all write and publish our ideas online,
which has led to an explosion of information and communication possibilities.

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 CONCLUSION

Communicating with an audience requires a lot of thought. The message needs to

reach the audience in their own space, without any extra search. In addition, the
message must be tailored to match both the audience's interaction and communication
styles.

Communication is not a one-way street. To have others open up to you, you must be
open yourself. By overcoming the several barriers to communication, you can ensure
that the statement you are making is not just heard, but also understood, by the person
you are speaking with. In this way, you can be confident that your point has been
expressed.

People use several different types of communication in their work. The choice of the
method of communication would depend upon such factors as the physical presence of
the receiver of the message, the nature of the message as to whether it is urgent or
confidential and the costs involved in the transmission of the message. Choosing the
proper mode of communication and approach towards a project will allow the
communication to transmit properly.

We explored the thought of how these various modes have influenced communication
culture. This has shown, that communication can occur both via manual signs and
orally. Ultimately We gain awareness about various modes of communication
therefore, if We ever meet someone who uses a different mode of communication than
ourselves, we will be open to embrace the differences.

It is no doubt that communication plays a vital role in human life. It not only helps to
facilitate the process of sharing information and knowledge, but also helps people to
develop relationships with others. Therefore, the importance of communication cannot
be underestimated. Every day, we communicate with a lot of people including
families, our friends, our colleagues, or even strangers. We should learn how to
communicate effectively to make our lives better.

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 REFERENCES

1) “Communication” by Edward Comor

2) “The Secrets of Successful Communication” by Kevin T. McCarney

3) “Non verbal communication” by Judee.K.Burgoon

4) www.wikipedia.com

5) www.studyarticles.com

6) https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html

7) https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-communication-definition-
importance.html

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