LECTURE NOTES IN STATISTICS –PART 2 (SPSS PROCEDURES FOR VARIOUS DATA ANALYSIS)

 RELIABILITY TESTS

1. Test and Retest Method

Procedures:

a. Administer the test instrument twice with a short period time gap and to the same respondents.
b. Subject two test results to appropriate test of correlation.
c. See where the r coefficient is within in the scale and give the verbal description

Steps:

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view and name variable
 Select data view and enter your data
 Select analyse – correlate – bivariate
 Transfer data from the left to right box
 Click ok

Scale in Describing Degree of Reliability

+0.9 - +1.0 - Very High

+0.70 - +0.80 - High (Acceptable)
+0.40 - +0.60 –Moderate (Not Acceptable)
+0.20 - +0.30 –Low
Less than .20 - Negligible

2. Cronbach’s Alpha Test

Procedures:

 Conduct dry a run using your data gathering instrument to 30 individuals which are not part of the actual
respondents of the study.
 Subject the data to Cronbach’s Alpha with the Use of SPSS software.
 See where the r coefficient is within the scale and give the degree of reliability.

Steps:

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view and enter variable name
 Select data view and enter data
 Select analyse-scale-reliability analysis
 Transfer variable name from left to right box
 Select statistics
 Check scale and scale if item deleted
 Select continue and click ok
3. Using KUDER-RICHARDSON FORMULA 21 (KR21)

Steps:

 Open the Kuder-Rechardson online calculator

 Enter the number of test questions
 Enter the number of students attended during the dry run
 Enter the individual scores of students
 Enter the total scores of students
 Click calculate

4. Recoding Data

Steps:

 Go to transform – Recode into different variable

 Enter Data to be Recoded – Input Output Variable Box
 Name New and Click Change
 Enter Range and Value of the Range
 Click Add –Continue and Until the Last Range of Data
 Click Continue
 Click Ok

 TEST FOR NORMALITY OF DISTRIBUTION OF DATA

The normality of distribution of data can be checked through the following numerical and visual indicators:

1. Skewness and Kurtosis computed value (should be within the span of -1.96 to +1.96 of the z-cores).
2. P Value of Shapiro-Wilk (sample size less than 2,000) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (sample size greater than
2,000) - greater than .05.
3. Histograms, Normal QQ plots and Box Plots

Steps:

 Open SPSS
 Go to analyze
 Select descriptive
 Select explore
 Enter data in the dependent list and factor list
 Go to plots, check histogram and normality plots with test – click continue
 Click Ok
  TEST FOR EQUALITY OF VARIANCE (Levene Test)

Steps:

 Go to analyze
 Compare means
 One-way ANOVA
 Options – Check Descriptive and Homogeneity of Variance and Click Continue
 Click Ok
 See the sig. Value in the Tests of Homogeneity of Variance Table of Computer Output
 Sig. Value greater than .05 indicates that data sets have homogeneous variance.

DESCRIPTIVES

1. Frequency and Percentage Distributions

Steps:

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view and enter variable name
 Select data view and enter your data
 Label the profile variables
 Go to values and perform grouping of variables
 Select analyse-Frequency
 Enter variable names to the right variable box (highlight and click arrow)
 Click Ok

2. Mean and Standard Deviation

Steps:

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view and enter variable name.
 Select data view and enter data.
 Select analyse-Descriptive Statistics-Descriptive.
 Transfer variable names to right variable box (highlight and click arrow).
 Click Ok
 INFERENTIAL

1. Paired Samples t test

Steps:

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view- Name your variable
 Select data view- Enter data
 Select analyse – Compare means – Paired samples t-test.
 Highlight the Variables – Transfer data from the left to right box (Highlight variable and click arrow).
 Ok

 Basis for Interpretation of Result

Sig. Value (P Value) greater than .05 indicates that the difference/correlation is not significant.
Sig. Value (P Value) equal and less than .05 indicate that the difference/correlation is significant.
Sig. Value (P Value) equal and less than .01 indicate that the difference/correlation is highly significant.

2. Independent Samples t test

Steps:

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view- Name your variable
 Select data view- Enter data
 Select analyse – Compare means - Independent sample t-test
 Enter dependent variable to the dependent variable place and grouping variable at the grouping variable
place
 Select define group to specify the grouping by entering “1” and “2” in group 1 place and group 2 place
respectively
 Click Continue
 Click Ok

3. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view –Name variable
 Select data view-Enter data
 Select analyse –compare means-one-way ANOVA
 Enter dependent variable to dependent variable place.
 Enter independent to factor place
 Click Ok

4. Post Hoc Test (Least Significant Difference (LSD)/Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT)

 Open SPSS
 Select Variable View
  Select Value – Name Treatment/Group
 Select Post Hoc
 Transfer variable from Factors- Post Hoc Test
 Select LSD or DMRT
 Select Continue
 Ok

5. Chi-square Test of Independence

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view- Name your variables
 Select data – Enter Data
 Select data – Weight cases – Weight cases by
 Enter frequency in the frequency cell and click “ok”.
 Select analyse-Descriptive statistics-Crosstabs
 Enter dependent variable in row and independent variable in column
 Select statistics- Chi square -Phi Crammer’s V - Select continue.
 Select cells – Under count, select observed and expected - Under percentages, select row, column, and
total - Select continue.
 Click Ok

6. Pearson/Spearman Correlation

Steps:

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view- Name variable
 Select data view - Enter your data
 Select analyse – Correlate – Bivariate
 Transfer variable names from the left to the right box
 Select Pearson/Spearman
 Click OK

5. Regression Analysis

 Open SPSS
 Select variable view – Name variable
 Select data view - Enter data
 Select analyse- Regression-Linear
 Enter dependent variable to dependent variable place
 Enter independent variable to independent variable place
 Click Ok
9. Non Parametric Test

 Go to analyse – Non-parametric Test –Legacy Dialogue

 Select Statistical test and Perform the Same Steps of Parametric Steps

TEMPLATE OF STATISTICAL TABLES FOR PRESENTATION

1. For Profiling-Frequency and Percentage Distribution

Variable Grouping Frequency Percentage

2. Descriptive Statistics Showing the Degree with Only Variables and Parameters

Variable Mean Std. Deviation Verbal Description

 3. Descriptive Statistics Showing the Degree Reflecting Groups

Variable Grouping N Mean Std. Deviation Verbal Description

4. Test of Difference Using t-test

Group Mean Std. Deviation t df p Interpretation

5. Test of Difference Using Analysis of Variance

Variables Source Sum of Squares df Mean Squares f p Interpretation

6. Post Hoc Test (LSD or DMRT)

Group Mean Difference Std. Error P Interpretation

(I) (J)

7. Test of Correlation

Variables r df p Interpretation
 Contingency Table for Chi-Square

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