Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2 (candra-yāna,
transl. "mooncraft";[15][16]
pronunciation (help·info)) is the second
lunar exploration mission developed by the
Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO),[17][18] after Chandrayaan-1.[19][20] It
consists of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram
lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all of
which were developed in India.[21] The
main scientific objective is to map and
study the variations in lunar surface
composition, as well as the location and
abundance of lunar water.[22][23]
 Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2 composite

Mission type Lunar orbiter, lander,

rover

Operator Indian Space Research

Organisation (ISRO)

SATCAT no. 2019-042A

Website www.isro.gov.in
/chandrayaan2-home-
0
Mission duration Orbiter: ~ 7 years
Elapsed: 17 days
Vikram lander ≤ 14
days[1][2]
Pragyan rover: ≤ 14
days[2]

Spacecraft properties

Manufacturer Indian Space Research

Organisation (ISRO)

Launch mass Combined (wet):

3,850 kg
(8,490 lb)[3][4][5]
Combined (dry):
1,308 kg (2,884 lb)[6]
Orbiter (wet): 2,379 kg
(5,245 lb)[4][5]
Orbiter (dry): 682 kg
(1,504 lb)[6]
 Vikram lander (wet):
1,471 kg (3,243 lb)[4][5]
Vikram lander (dry):
626 kg (1,380 lb)[6]
Pragyan rover: 27 kg
(60 lb)[4][5]

Power Orbiter: 1 kW[7]

Vikram lander: 650 W

Pragyan rover: 50 W

Start of mission

Launch date 22 July 2019, 14:43:12

IST (09:13:12 UTC)[8]

Rocket GSLV Mk III[9][10]

Launch site Satish Dhawan Space

Centre Second Launch
Pad
Contractor Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO)
Moon orbiter

Orbital insertion 20 August 2019, 09:02

IST (03:32 UTC) [11][12]

Orbital parameters

Periapsis altitude 100 km (62 mi)[13]

Apoapsis altitude 100 km (62 mi)[13]

Inclination 90° (polar orbit)

Moon lander

Spacecraft component Rover

Landing date 7 September 2019,

01:53 IST
(6 September 2019,
20:23 UTC) [14][12]

Chandrayaan programme
Play media
Chandrayaan-2 mission explained

The mission was launched on its course to

the Moon from the second launch pad at
Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July
2019 at 2.43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) by a
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Mark III (GSLV Mk III).[9][10][24] The craft
reached the Moon's orbit on 20 August
2019 and began orbital positioning
manoeuvres for the landing of the Vikram
lander.[25] Vikram and the rover were
scheduled to land on the near side of the
Moon, in the south polar region[26] at a
latitude of about 70° south at
approximately 20:23 UTC on 6 September
2019 and conduct scientific experiments
for one lunar day, which approximates two
Earth weeks.

However, the lander deviated from its

intended trajectory starting at 2.1
kilometres (1.3 mi) altitude,[27] and had
lost communication when touchdown
confirmation was expected.[28][29] Initial
reports suggesting a crash[30][31] have
been confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan,
stating that the lander location had been
found, and "it must have been a hard
landing".[32]

As of 8 September 2019, on-going efforts

are being made by ISRO in hopes of
restoring communications with Vikram.
Both ISRO and NASA are in the process of
trying to restore communications through
their respective Deep Space Networks.
Communication attempts will likely cease
on 21 September 2019, fourteen days after
Vikram's landing attempt. The orbiter, part
of the mission with eight scientific
instruments, remains operational and is
expected to continue its seven-year
mission to study the Moon.

History
On 12 November 2007, representatives of
the Russian Federal Space Agency
(Roscosmos) and ISRO signed an
agreement for the two agencies to work
together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.[33]
ISRO would have the prime responsibility
for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos
was to provide the lander. The Indian
government approved the mission in a
meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18
September 2008 and chaired by Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh.[34] The design
of the spacecraft was completed in
August 2009, with scientists of both
countries conducting a joint review.[35][36]

Although ISRO finalised the payload for

Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,[37] the
mission was postponed in January
2013[38] and rescheduled to 2016 because
Russia was unable to develop the lander
on time.[39][40] Roscosmos later withdrew
in wake of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt
mission to Mars, since the technical
aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt
mission were also used in the lunar
projects, which needed to be reviewed.[39]
When Russia cited its inability to provide
the lander even by 2015, India decided to
develop the lunar mission
independently.[38][41]

The spacecraft's launch had been

scheduled for March 2018, but was first
delayed to April and then to October to
conduct further tests on the vehicle.[42][43]
On 19 June 2018, after the program's
fourth Comprehensive Technical Review
meeting, a number of changes in
configuration and landing sequence were
planned for implementation, pushing the
launch to the first half of 2019.[44] Two of
the lander's legs got minor damage during
one of the tests in February 2019.[45]

Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially

scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15
July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the
landing expected on 6 September 2019.[20]
However, the launch was aborted due to a
technical glitch and was
rescheduled.[46][8][47] The launch occurred
on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST)
on the first operational flight of a GSLV MK
III M1.[48]

Objectives
The primary objectives of the
Chandrayaan-2 lander were to
demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the
lunar surface and operate a robotic rover
on the surface. Scientific goals include
orbital studies of lunar topography,
mineralogy, elemental abundance, the
lunar exosphere, and signatures of
hydroxyl and water ice.[49] The orbiter will
map the lunar surface and help to prepare
3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also
map the surface while studying the water
ice in the south polar region and thickness
of the lunar regolith on the surface.[50]

Design
The mission was launched on a
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Mark III (GSLV Mk III) with an approximate
lift-off mass of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) from
Satish Dhawan Space Centre on
Sriharikota Island.[3][13][10][51] As of
June 2019, the mission has an allocated
cost of ₹978 crore (approximately
US$141 million) which includes ₹603 crore
for space segment and ₹375 crore as
launch costs on GSLV Mk III.[52][53]
Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an
Earth parking orbit of 170 km perigee and
40,400 km apogee by the launch
vehicle.[54]
Orbiter

Chandrayaan-2 orbiter at integration facility

As of September 2019, the Chandrayaan-2

orbiter was orbiting the Moon on a polar
orbit at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).[55] It
carries eight scientific instruments; two of
which are improved versions of those
flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate
launch mass was 2,379 kg
(5,245 lb).[4][5][37][56] The Orbiter High
Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct
high-resolution observations of the landing
site prior to separation of the lander from
the orbiter.[55][2] The orbiter's structure was
manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite
Centre on 22 June 2015.[57][58]

Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m[23]

Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[3]
Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb)[6]
Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb)[6]
Power generation capacity: 1000 W[23]
Mission duration: approximately 7.5
years, extended from the planned 1 year
 owing to the precise launch and mission
management, in lunar orbit.[1][59]

Vikram lander

Rover Pragyan mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander

Play media
Images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 Vikram
lander camera LI4[60]
The mission's lander is called Vikram
(Sanskrit: व म, lit. 'Valour[61]')
Pronunciation (help·info) named after
Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971), who is
widely regarded as the founder of the
Indian space programme.[62]

The Vikram lander detached from the

orbiter and descended to a low lunar orbit
of 30 km × 100 km (19 mi × 62 mi) using
its 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines. It
then performed a comprehensive check of
all its on-board systems before attempting
a soft landing that would have deployed
the rover, and perform scientific activities
for approximately 14 Earth days. Vikram
spacecraft apparently crash-landed.[30][1]
The lander's location has been spotted on
the surface via thermal imaging, but its
condition is unknown.[32] The approximate
combined mass of the lander and rover is
1,471 kg (3,243 lb).[4][5]

The preliminary configuration study of the

lander was completed in 2013 by the
Space Applications Centre (SAC) in
Ahmedabad.[38] The lander's propulsion
system consists of eight 50 N (11 lbf)
thrusters for attitude control and five
800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines derived
from ISRO's 440 N (99 lbf) Liquid Apogee
Motor.[63][64] Initially, the lander design
employed four main liquid engines, but a
centrally mounted engine was added to
handle new requirements of having to orbit
the Moon before landing. The additional
engine was expected to mitigate upward
draft of lunar dust during the soft
landing.[51] Vikram was designed to safely
land on slopes up to 12°.[65][66]

Some associated technologies include a

high resolution camera, Laser Altimeter
(LASA),[67] Lander Hazard Detection
Avoidance Camera (LHDAC), Lander
Position Detection Camera (LPDC),[68]
Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC),
an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine,[57]
attitude thrusters, Ka band radio altimeters
(KaRA),[69][70] Laser Inertial Reference &
Accelerometer Package (LIRAP),[71] and
the software needed to run these
components.[2][55] Engineering models of
the lander began undergoing ground and
aerial tests in late October 2016, in
Challakere in the Chitradurga district of
Karnataka. ISRO created roughly 10
craters on the surface to help assess the
ability of the lander's sensors to select a
landing site.[72]

Dimensions: 2.54 × 2 × 1.2 m[23]

Gross lift-off mass: 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)[3]
 Propellant mass: 845 kg (1,863 lb)[6]
Dry mass: 626 kg (1,380 lb)[6]
Power generation capability: 650 W
Mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar
day)[2]

Pragyan rover

Pragyan rover of the Chandrayaan-2 mission

The mission's rover is called Pragyan

(Sanskrit: ान, lit. 'Wisdom[73][74]')
 Pronunciation (help·info))[75][73] with a
mass of 27 kg (60 lb), would have
operated on solar power.[4][5] The rover
was to move on 6 wheels traversing 500
meters on the lunar surface at the rate of
1 cm per second, perform on-site analyses
and send the data to the lander, which
would have relayed it to the Mission
Control on the Earth.[76][77][37][56][52] For
navigation, the rover uses:

Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision:

two 1 megapixel, monochromatic
NAVCAMs in front of the rover to provide
the ground control team a 3D view of the
surrounding terrain, and help in path-
 planning by generating a digital elevation
model of the terrain.[78] IIT Kanpur
contributed to the development of the
subsystems for light-based map
generation and motion planning for the
rover.[79]
Control and motor dynamics: the rover
has a rocker-bogie suspension system
and six wheels, each driven by
independent brushless DC electric
motors. Steering is accomplished by
differential speed of the wheels or skid
steering.[80]

The expected operating time of Pragyan

rover was one lunar day, or around 14
Earth days, as its electronics were not
designed to endure the frigid lunar night.
However, its power system has a solar-
powered sleep/wake-up cycle
implemented, which could have resulted in
longer service time than planned.[81][82]
Two aft wheels of the rover have the ISRO
logo and the State Emblem of India
embossed on them to leave behind
patterned tracks on the lunar
surface,[83][84] which is used to measure
the exact distance travelled, also called
visual odometry.

Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m[23]

Power: 50 W[23]
 Travel speed: 1 cm/sec.[23]
Mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar
day)

Payload

Mission overview

ISRO selected eight scientific instruments

for the orbiter, four for the lander,[85][3][86]
and two for the rover.[37] While it was
initially reported that NASA and ESA would
participate in the mission by providing
some scientific instruments for the
orbiter,[87] ISRO in 2010 had clarified that
due to weight restrictions it will not be
carrying foreign payloads on this
mission.[88] However, in an update just a
month before launch,[89] an agreement
between NASA and ISRO was signed to
include a small laser retroreflector from
NASA to the lander's payload to measure
the distance between the satellites above
and the microreflector on the lunar
surface.[90][91]

Orbiter
Payloads on the orbiter are:[3][86][1]

Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray

Spectrometer (CLASS) from ISRO
Satellite Centre (ISAC), makes use of X-
ray fluorescence spectra to determine
the elemental composition of the lunar
surface.
Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) from Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad
for mapping major elements present on
the lunar surface.[37]
Dual Frequency L and S band Synthetic
Aperture Radar (DFSAR) from Space
Applications Centre (SAC) for probing
the first few meters of the lunar surface
for the presence of different
constituents, including water ice. DFSAR
is expected to provide further evidence
confirming the presence of water ice,
and its distribution below the shadowed
regions of the Moon.[37] It has lunar
surface penetration depth of 5 meters
(L-band).[59][86]
Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS) from
Space Applications Centre (SAC) for
mapping of lunar surface over a wide
wavelength range for the study of
minerals, water molecules and hydroxyl
present.[37] It works up to 5 microns, an
improvement over previous lunar
missions whose payloads worked up to
3 microns.[59]
Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric
Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2)
Quadrupole Mass Analyzer from Space
Physics Laboratory (SPL) to carry out a
detailed study of the lunar exosphere.[37]
Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from
Space Applications Centre (SAC) for
preparing a three-dimensional map
essential for studying the lunar
mineralogy and geology.[37]
Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound
Hypersensitive Ionosphere and
Atmosphere – Dual Frequency Radio
 Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by
SPL for the studying electron density in
the Lunar ionosphere.
Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC)
by SAC for scouting a hazard-free spot
prior to landing. It will later help prepare
high-resolution topographic maps and
digital elevation models of the lunar
surface. OHRC has spatial resolution of
0.3 m from 100 km polar orbit.[86]

Vikram lander

The payloads on the Vikram lander

are:[3][86]
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity
(ILSA) MEMS based Seismometer by
LEOS for studying Moon-quakes near
the landing site[85][13][92]
Chandra's Surface Thermo-physical
Experiment (ChaSTE) Thermal probe for
estimating the thermal properties of the
lunar surface[13]
RAMBHA-LP Langmuir probe for
measuring the density and variation of
lunar surface plasma.[85][13]
A laser retroreflector array (LRA) by
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for
taking precise measurements of
distance between the reflector on the
 lunar surface and satellites in lunar
orbit.[93][89][90] The micro-reflector
weighs about 22 grams and can not be
used for taking observations from Earth-
based lunar laser stations.[90]

Pragyan rover

Pragyan rover carries two instruments to

determine the abundance of elements near
the landing site:[3][86]

Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscope

(LIBS) from Laboratory for Electro Optic
Systems (LEOS), Bangalore.[37]
Alpha Particle Induced X-ray
Spectroscope (APXS) from PRL,
 Ahmedabad.

CHA XSM CLASS ILSA MEMS Laser

CE2 sensor retroreflecto
package r array
(LRA)

LIBS APXS ChaST

E

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-2
Geocentric phase Selenocentric
phase

Lunar landing Overall motion of

phase Chandrayaan-2

    Earth ·     Moon ·     Chandrayaan-2

Timeline of operations [94][95]
Result
Phase Date Event Detail Apogee / Perigee / References
Aposelene Periselene

22 July
2019 Burn t ime: 16 45,475 km 169.7 km [48]
Launch
09:13:12 min 14 sec (28,257 mi) (105.4 mi)
UTC

24 July 1st orbit -

Burn t ime: 48 45,163 km 230 km [96]
2019 09:22 raising
sec (28,063 mi) (140 mi)
UTC maneuver

25 July 2nd orbit -

Burn t ime: 883 54,829 km 251 km [97]
2019 19:38 raising
sec (34,069 mi) (156 mi)
UTC maneuver

Geocentric 29 July 3rd orbit -

Burn t ime: 989 71,792 km 276 km [98]
phase 2019 09:42 raising
sec (44,609 mi) (171.5 mi)
UTC maneuver

2 August 4t h orbit -
Burn t ime: 646 89,472 km 277 km [99]
2019 09:57 raising
sec (55,595 mi) (172 mi)
UTC maneuver

6 August 5t h orbit -
Burn t ime: 142,975 km 276 km [100]
2019 09:34 raising
1041 sec (88,841 mi) (171 mi)
UTC maneuver

13 August
Trans-lunar Burn t ime: [101]
2019 20:51 — —
inject ion 1203 sec
UTC

Selenocentric Lunar orbit

phase 20 August insert ion
Burn t ime: 18,072 km 114 km [102]
2019 03:32 1st lunar
1738 sec (11,229 mi) (71 mi)
UTC bound
maneuver
[103]
21 August 2nd lunar Burn t ime: 4,412 km 118 km
2019 07:20 bound 1228 sec (2,741 mi) (73 mi)
 UTC maneuver

28 August 3rd lunar

Burn t ime: 1,412 km 179 km [104]
2019 03:34 bound
1190 sec (877 mi) (111 mi)
UTC maneuver

30 August 4t h lunar
Burn t ime: 164 km 124 km [105]
2019 12:48 bound
1155 sec (102 mi) (77 mi)
UTC maneuver

1
5t h lunar
Sept ember Burn t ime: 52 127 km 119 km [106]
bound
2019 12:51 sec (79 mi) (74 mi)
maneuver
UTC

Vikram lunar 2
landing Sept ember Vikram 127 km 119 km [107]
—
2019 7:45 separat ion (79 mi) (74 mi)
UTC

3
Sept ember 1st deorbit Burn t ime: 4 128 km 104 km [108]
2019 3:20 burn sec (80 mi) (65 mi)
UTC

3
Sept ember 2nd deorbit Burn t ime: 9 101 km 35 km [109]
2019 22:12 burn sec (63 mi) (22 mi)
UTC

6
Sept ember Powered Burn t ime: 15 Landing Landing
2019 20:08 descent min (planned) (planned)
UTC

6 Vikram Traject ory

Sept ember landing deviat ion
2019 20:23 st art ed at 2.1
UTC km alt it ude,
t elemet ry was
lost seconds
 before
t ouchdown.[28]

7
Sept ember
Pragyan
2019 00:00 [110][111]
rover — — —
UTC-01:00
deployment
UTC
(planned)

Chandrayaan-2 lifting off on 22 July 2019

Launch

Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially

scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15
July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time).[20]
However, the launch was aborted 56
minutes and 24 seconds before launch
due to a technical glitch, so it was
rescheduled to 22 July 2019.[46][8]
Unconfirmed reports later cited a leak in
the nipple joint of a helium gas bottle as
the cause of cancellation.[47][112][113]

Finally Chandrayaan-2 was launched on-

board the GSLV MK III M1 launch vehicle
on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST)
with better-than-expected apogee as a
result of the cryogenic upper stage being
burned to depletion, which later eliminated
the need for one of the apogee-raising
burns during the geocentric phase of
mission.[48][114][115] This also resulted in
the saving of around 40 kg fuel onboard
the spacecraft.[116]

Immediately after launch, multiple

observations of a slow-moving bright
object over Australia were made, which
could be related to upper stage venting of
residual LOX/LH2 propellant after the main
burn.[117][118]

Geocentric phase
Chandrayaan-2 trajectory

After being placed into a 45,475 × 169 km

parking orbit by the launch vehicle,[48] the
Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack gradually
raised its orbit using on-board propulsion
over 22 days. In this phase, one perigee-
raising and five apogee-raising burns were
performed to reach a highly eccentric orbit
of 142,975 × 276 km[100] followed by trans-
lunar injection on 13 August 2019.[101]
Such long Earth-bound phase with multiple
orbit-raising manoeuvres exploiting the
Oberth effect was required because of the
limited lifting capacity of the launch
vehicle and thrust of the spacecraft's on-
board propulsion system. A similar
strategy was used for Chandrayaan-1 and
the Mars Orbiter Mission during their Earth-
bound phase trajectory.[119] On 3 August
2019, the first set of Earth images were
captured by the LI4 camera on the Vikram
lander, showing North American
landmass.[60]

Selenocentric phase
After 29 days from its launch, the
Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack entered
lunar orbit on 20 August 2019 after
performing a lunar orbit insertion burn for
28 minutes 57 seconds. The three-
spacecraft stack was placed into an
elliptical orbit that passes over the polar
regions of the Moon, with 18,072 km
(11,229 mi) aposelene and 114 km (71 mi)
periselene.[102] By 1 September 2019 this
elliptical orbit was made nearly circular
with 127 km (79 mi) aposelene and
119 km (74 mi) periselene after four orbit-
lowering maneuvers[103][104][105][106]
followed by separation of Vikram lander
from the orbiter on 7:45 UTC, 2 September
2019.[107]

Planned landing site

Landing site [120] Coordinates

Prime landing site 70.90267°S 22.78110°E

Alternate landing site 67.87406°S 18.46947°W

Two landing sites were selected, each with

a landing ellipse of 32 × 11 km.[120] The
prime landing site (PLS54) is at 70.90267
S 22.78110 E (~350 km north of the South
Pole-Aitken Basin rim[26][120]), and the
alternate landing site (ALS01) is at
67.874064 S 18.46947 W. The prime site is
on a high plain between the craters
Manzinus C and Simpelius N,[121][26] on the
near side of the Moon.

Hard landing

Vikram began its descent at 20:08:03 UTC,

6 September 2019 and was scheduled to
land on the Moon at around 20:23 UTC.
The descent and soft-landing were to be
done by the on-board computers on
Vikram, with mission control unable to
make corrections.[122]

The initial descent was considered within

mission parameters, passing critical
braking procedures as expected, but the
lander's trajectory began to deviate at
about 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi; 6,900 ft)
above the surface.[123][124] The final
telemetry readings during ISRO's live-
stream show that Vikram's final vertical
velocity was 58 m/s (210 km/h) at 330
meters above the surface which, according
to the MIT Technology Review, is "quite
fast for a lunar landing."[28][125] Initial
reports suggesting a crash[30][31] were
confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan,
stating that the lander location was found
and that "it must have been a hard
landing".[32][126][127]
Radio transmissions from the lander were
tracked during descent by analysts using a
25-meter radio telescope owned by the
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy.
Analysis of the doppler data suggests that
the loss of signal coincided with the lander
impacting the lunar surface at a velocity of
nearly 50 metres (160 ft) per second (as
opposed to an ideal 2 metres (6.6 ft) per
second touchdown velocity).[3][128]

The powered descent was also observed

by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter using
its Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP)
instrument to study changes in the lunar
exosphere due to exhaust gases from the
lander's engines.[129]

Status

The mission's orbiter used thermal imaging

to locate the lander.[130] Unconfirmed
reports, citing an ISRO official, stated that
the lander was intact,[131] but there has
been no official announcement by ISRO on
the lander's physical condition.[32][132]
ISRO's Chairman, K. Sivan, tasked senior
scientist P. S. Goel to head the Failure
Analysis Committee to look into the
causes of the failure.[133] As of 8
September 2019, ongoing efforts are being
made by ISRO in hopes to restore
communications with Vikram,[134] while
NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
(LRO) flew over on 17 September 2019 and
acquired some images of the intended
landing zone.[135] However, the location
was near dusk, causing poor lighting for
optical imaging.[136][137] The LRO will fly
over again on 14 October under favorable
lighting conditions.[138]

The orbiter part of the mission, with eight

scientific instruments, remains operational,
and will continue its seven-year mission to
study the Moon.[124]
Team

A view of Mission Operations Complex (MOX-1),

ISTRAC[139] prior to the fourth Earth-bound burn.[99]

Key scientists and engineers involved in

the development of Chandrayaan-2
include:[140][141][142]

Ritu Karidhal – Mission Director

Muthayya Vanitha – Project Director
K. Kalpana – Associate Project
Director[143]
 G. Narayanan – Associate Project
Director[144]
G. Nagesh – Project Director
(former)[145]
Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project
Director (Radio frequency systems)
Amitabh Singh – Deputy Project Director
(Optical Payload Data Processing,
SAC)[146]

See also
Chandrayaan programme
Chandrayaan-1 - Previous lunar
exploration version of ISRO.
 SpaceIL#Beresheet_lander - Concurrent
lunar lander mission, crash landed on
the moon.
Exploration of the Moon
List of current and future lunar missions
List of ISRO missions
Lunar resources

References
1. Chandrayaan-2 Latest Update. ISRO
Press Release on 7 September 2019.
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