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ติMIDTERM

วฟรี
CIRCUIT
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ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH

Analysis
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
g. 3.82 is planar? For the
ircuits with no crossing
Problems

5Ω
8Ω

4Ω
119

1
1Ω 6Ω 3Ω
MESH ANALYSIS 7Ω 2Ω

• Mesh Analysis เป็นการวิเคราะห์วงจรโดยใช้ ......................................................................................................

Ω •5 Ω
จุดประสงค์หลัก คือต้องการหา ..............................................................................................................................
4A

• ขั้นตอนการวิเคราะห์วงจร (b)
6Ω Figure 3.83
1. กำหนดตัวประกระแสเมชซึ่งไหลในแต่ละเมช
For Prob. 3.34.

2. เขียนสมการ KVL ของทุกเมชในวงจร


3.35 Rework Prob. 3.5 using mesh analysis.
A
3.36 Use mesh analysis to obtain i1, i2, and i3 in the
3. แก้สมการเพื่อหากระแสเมชทั้งหมด
circuit in Fig. 3.84.

1. Use mesh analysis to obtain i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit


10 V
4Ω
+–
5Ω i1 i2 i3

2Ω 12 V +
− 6Ω 2Ω

Figure 3.84
For Prob. 3.36.

3.37 Solve Prob. 3.8 using mesh analysis.


3.38 Apply mesh analysis to the circuit in Fig. 3.85 and
obtain Io.

4Ω 3Ω

rcuits in Fig. 3.83 is planar


sing branches.
60 V +
− 10 A 1Ω

2Ω 2Ω

2Ω Io
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+ 22.5
1Ω 1Ω −
k in Fig. 3.86, find io using 3.44 Use mesh analysis to obtain io in the circuit of
Fig. 3.90.
ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH

2. Use mesh analysis to obtain io in the circuit.

kΩ 90 V
6 kΩ
+−
2 kΩ
2Ω 4Ω
io 1Ω
4 kΩ 4 kΩ + 180 V

5Ω 45 A

Figure 3.90
to find i in Fig. 3.87.
For Prob. 3.44.
0Ω

i1
6V
3.45 Find current i in the circuit of Fig. 3.91.
+−
i
1Ω
i3 5Ω
4Ω 8Ω
+ 8V

4A
2Ω 6Ω

i
n a problem to help students
30 V +
− 3Ω 1Ω
h analysis using matrices.
Ω 10 Ω
Figure 3.91
For Prob. 3.45.
40 Ω i3 –
i2 + V3

+ –
3.46 Calculate the mesh currents i1 and i2 in Fig. 3.92.
V2

3Ω 6Ω
find vab and io in the circuit of
+ vo −

12 V + i1 8Ω i2 + 2vo
0Ω − −

io
30 Ω
Figure 3.92
+ For Prob. 3.46.
30 Ω vab

30 Ω
0Ω
3.47 Rework Prob. 3.19 using mesh analysis.

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the last equation is known to be correct:
v1 v2 − v v1 − v3 ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
7= − +
NODE ANALYSIS 4 1 9
v2 − v1 v2 − v3
0= +
2
• Node Analysis เป็นการวิเคราะห์วงจรโดยใช้ 2
......................................................................................................
v3 v3 − v1 v3 − v2
• จุดประสงค์หลัก คือต้องการหา
4= + +
..............................................................................................................................
7 19 2
• ขั้นตอนการวิเคราะห์วงจร
8. In the circuit of Fig. 4.34, determine the current labeled i with the assistance o
1. กำหนดโนดอ้างอิงและตัวแปรแรงดันโนด
nodal analysis techniques.
- เรามักสมมติให้โนดอ้างอิงมีศักย์ไฟฟ้าเป็นศูนย์
- โดยปกติจะเลือกโนดที่อยู่ล่างสุดของวงจรเป็นโนดอ้างอิง
v1 5! v2
- ถ้าวงจรมีแหล่งจ่ายที่มีการต่อลงดิน เรามักจะเลือกโนดที่ต่อลงดินเป็นโนดอ้างอิง

i
2. กำหนดตัวแปรกระแสกิ่ง (branch current) ซึ่งเป็นกระแสที่ไหลในกิ่งแต่ละกิ่งของวงจร
5A 1! 2! 4A
3. เขียนสมการ KCL ของทุกโนดในวงจร และใช้กฎของโอห์มเพื่อหากระแสกิ่ง

va − vb
iab4.34
■ FIGURE =
R

9. Calculate the power dissipated in the 1 ! resistor of Fig. 4.35.


3. Use node analysis to find the power dissipated in the 1 Ω ︎resistor

2!

3A 3! 1! 2A

■ FIGURE 4.35

10. With the assistance of nodal analysis, determine v1 − v2 in the circuit shown in
Fig. 4.36.

v1 1! v2

5!
2A 2! 15 A

4!

■ FIGURE 4.36

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+ – 3
! 20. For the circuit of Fig. 4.46, determine all four nodal voltages.
3!
2! ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
4. Determine a numerical value for the voltage labeled v1. 10 !
8A 1!
Ref. + +
– 6V 4! 5V –
4.44
v1
+ –

9V 2A
3A 5! 9! 5A 1! 2!

■ FIGURE 4.45 ■ FIGURE 4.46

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ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH

CIRCUIT THEOREM 2
N
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM125
• ขั้นตอนการใช้ทฤษฎีการทับซ้อน
r-
1. เมื่อพิจารณาแหล่งจ่ายใด ให้ปิดแหล่งจ่ายอิสระที่เหลือ
of
- แหล่งจ่ายแรงดันอิสระ ให้เปลี่ยนเป็นการลัดวงจร (short circuit)
- แหล่งจ่ายกระแสอิสระ ให้เปลี่ยนเป็นการเปิดวงจร (open circuit)
7]
2. หาค่าแรงดันไฟฟ้าตกคร่อม (หรือกระแสไฟฟ้าไหลผ่าน) ที่ต้องการโดยใช้ความรู้จากบทที่ผ่านมา

3. ทำตามขั้นตอนที่ 1 และ 2 สำหรับแหล่งจากอิสระตัวอื่น จนครบทุกแหล่งจ่าย

8] 4. หาค่าผลลัพธ์รวม โดยการบวกผลลัพธ์ที่ได้จากแหล่งจ่ายอิสระแต่ละแหล่งนั้น

w i No voltage drop
+ across terminals,
h 0V i
– but current can
we flow
ir
1x (a)
i-
he No current
n- + flows, but a +
voltage can
h 0A v
appear across
v
he – the terminals –

d (b)
we ■ FIGURE 5.2 (a) A voltage source set to zero acts
n like a short circuit. (b) A current source set to zero acts
like an สิ่งที่ต้องระวัง
• open circuit.
- ห้ามปิดแหล่งจ่ายควบคุมเด็ดขาด เพราะค่ากระแส / แรงดัน ของแหล่งจ่ายควบคุมขึ้นอยู่กับกระแส
e-
หรือแรงดันตำแหน่งอื่นในวงจร จึงไม่สามารถปิดได้
al
e,
ll - ทฤษฎีการทับซ้อนใช้ในการหากระแสและแรงดันได้เท่านั้น ไม่สามารถใช้หากำลังไฟฟ้าได้
ถ้าต้องการหากำลังไฟฟ้าโดยใช้ทฤษฎีนี้ ต้องหากระแสหรือแรงดันก่อนแล้วจึงคำนวณกำลังไฟฟ้าอีกที 


i-
he
n
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ts
CHAPTER 5 HANDY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
5. Employ superposition to determine the current labeled i in the circuit.
3!

+
6A 8! – 2V
i8

■ FIGURE 5.48

4. (a) Employ superposition to determine the current labeled i in the circuit of


Fig. 5.49. (b) Express the contribution the 1 V source makes to the total current
i in terms of a percentage. (c) Changing only the value of the 10 A source,
adjust the circuit of Fig. 5.49 so that the two sources contribute equally to the
current i.

9!

+
10 A 4! – 1V
i

■ FIGURE 5.49

5. (a) Employ superposition to obtain the individual contributions each of the two
sources in Fig. 5.50 makes to the current labeled i x . (b) Adjusting only the
value of the rightmost current source, alter the circuit so that the two sources
contribute equally to i x .
ix

5!
12 !
3A 5! 5A
2!

■ FIGURE 5.50

6. (a) Determine the individual contributions of each of the two current sources
in the circuit of Fig. 5.51 to the nodal voltage v1 . (b) Determine the percentage
contribution of each of the two sources to the power dissipated by the 2 !
resistor.

v1 5! v2

5!
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7A 1! 4A
■ FIGURE 5.55
ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
11. Employ superposition principles to obtain a value for the current Ix as labeled
in Fig. 5.56.
6. Employ superposition principles to obtain a value for the current Ix .

0.2Ix
5 k!
– +

1V + Ix
– 7 k! 2 k! 2A

■ FIGURE 5.56

12. (a) Employ superposition to determine the individual contribution from each
independent source to the voltage v as labeled in the circuit shown in Fig. 5.57.
(b) Compute the power absorbed by the 2 ! resistor.

1!

7!
+
6A
+
4A – 2! 3! v 0.4i1

i1

■ FIGURE 5.57

5.2 Source Transformations


13. Perform an appropriate source transformation on each of the circuits depicted
in Fig. 5.58, taking care to retain the 4 ! resistor in each final circuit.

10 !

+
6V – 4! 6A 10 ! 4!

5! 1!

ix
+
2ix –
4! 1!

■ FIGURE 5.58

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ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH

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Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
resistor, or vice versa, as shown in Fig. 4.15. Either substitution is
• known as a source
การแปลงแหล่งจ่าย (sourcetransformation.
transformation)

R
a a
137 +
vs − is R

b b
Figure 4.15
Transformation of independent sources. vs
vs = is R is =
4.4 Source Transformation 137R
A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source
vs in series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resis-
circuit of7.Fig.
Usetor R, ortransformation
4.17.
source Example 4.6
vice versa.to find vo in the circuit.

2Ω 3Ω
The two circuits in Fig. 4.15 are equivalent—provided they have the
ources to obtain
samethe circuit
voltage-current relation at terminals
+ a-b. It is easy to show that
2-! resistorstheyin series and
are indeed equivalent.
4Ω 3 AIf the sources
8Ω + 12 Voff, the equivalent
vo are turned

s us Fig. 4.18(b). We now −
resistance at terminals a-b in both circuits is R. Also, when terminals
rallel to get 2-!. We also
a-b are short-circuited, the short-circuit current flowing from a to b is
to get a 2-A source. Thus, Figure 4.17
i ! vs!R in the circuit on the left-hand side and isc ! is for the circuit
ns, we obtainsc the circuit in For Example 4.6.
on the right-hand side. Thus, vs!R ! is in order for the two circuits to
be equivalent. Hence, source transformation requires that
Ω 2Ω
vs
vs ! is R or is ! (4.5)
+ R
8Ω vo 3Ω 4A
− Source transformation also applies to dependent sources, provided
we carefully handle the dependent variable. As shown in Fig. 4.16, a
dependent voltage source in series with a resistor can be transformed
(a)
to a dependent current source in parallel with the resistor or vice versa
where we makei sure that Eq. (4.5) is satisfied.
+
3Ω 4A 8Ω vo 2Ω 2A
− R
a a

vs + (c)
− is R

b b
Figure 4.16
to get Transformation of dependent sources.
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4A Like the wye-delta transformation we studied in Chapter 2, a
may consist of a sizable number of sources and resistors (Fig. 5.24
able (usuallyperhaps
called the wish while
weload) to findother elements are
the response for fixed.
different typ- of thecircuit
As avalues load
ical example,tance.
a household outlettheorem
terminaltells
may us
be that
connected ติว ฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
to different
Thévenin’s it is possible to replace ever
appliances constituting
THEVENIN’S THEOREM a variable load. Each time the variable element
except the load resistor with an independent voltage source in series
is changed, the entire(Fig.
resistor circuit has tothe
5.24b); be response
analyzed all over again.
measured To load
at the avoidresistor will
this problem,(Thevenin’s
• ทฤษฎีของเทวินิน Thevenin’s theorem provides a technique by which the
changed. Using
Theorem)Norton’s theorem, we obtain an equivalent compose
fixed part of the circuit is replaced by an equivalent
เราสามารถแปลงบางส่วนของวงจรให้อยู่ในรูปของวงจรสมมูลเทวินิน circuit.
(Thevenin Equivalent Circuit)
independent current source
ซึ่งประกอบด้วยแหล่งจ่ายแรงดันต่ออนุกรมอยู่กับตัวต้านทาน
in parallel with a resistor (Fig. 5.24c).
According to Thevenin’s theorem, the linear circuit in Fig. 4.23(a) +
VTh −
can be replaced by that in Fig. 4.23(b). (The load in Fig. 4.23 may be
RTHto the left of the ter-
a single resistor or another circuit.) The circuit
minals a-b in Fig. 4.23(b) is known as the Thevenin equivalent circuit;
it was developed in 1883 by M. Leon Thevenin (1857–1926), a French
Complex + V
telegraph engineer.
network RL – TH RL IN Figure
RN 4
Replacing
by its The
Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be circuit, (b
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in circuit.
(a) (b) (c)
• series with
การหาค่าของ VTH aและ
resistor
RTH RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the
■ FIGURE 5.24 (a) A complex network including a load resistor RL. (b) A Thévenin equivalen
terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
network connected to the load resistor RL. (c) A Norton equivalent network connected to the loa
when the independent
resistor RL.
sources are turned off.
1. ปลดโหลดออกจากขั้ว a และ b
V
The 2. VTH of
TH proof หาได้จากแรงดันที่ตกคร่อมขั้ว
the theorem
Thus, will
one of the mainbea −given
b ของวงจรที่พิจารณา
uses oflater, in Section
Thévenin’s and4.7. Our theorems
Norton’s
แรงดันดังกล่าวเรียกว่า
major concern right now แรงดันวงจรเปิด
is how to find the Thevenin
(open-circuit voc)
voltage,equivalent volt-
replacement of a large part of a circuit, often a complicated and u
age VTh andesting resistance Th. To
part, Rwith a do so,simple
very supposeequivalent.
the two circuits in simpler
The new,
Fig. 4.23 1.are equivalent. a และcircuits
b
us toTwo rapidare said to be equivalent if theycurrent, and
ปลดโหลดออกจากขั้ว
enables make calculations of the voltage,
have the 2. ปิดแหล่งจ่ายอิสระทุกตัวในวงจร
same voltage-current relation
RTH -which the original
แหล่งจ่ายแรงดัน ⟶ circuit at
ลัดวงจร
their to
is able terminals.
deliver Let
to ausload.
findIt also help
out what will make the two circuits in Fig. 4.23 equivalent. If the ter-
-choose the ⟶
แหล่งจากกระแส bestวงจรเปิด
value of this load resistance. In a transistor
minals a-b are made open-circuited (by removing the load), no current
3. Ramplifier, for example, the Thévenin
TH หาได้จากความต้านทานสมมูลระหว่างขั้ว a และ b or Norton equivalent enable
flows, so that the open-circuit voltage across the terminals a-b in
4.23(a) determine
Fig.สิ่งที่ต้องระวัง must be equal the maximum power
to the voltage that Vcan inbeFig.
source Th
taken from the amplifi
4.23(b),
since the two delivered
circuits areto the speakers.
equivalent. Thus V is the open-circuit volt-
วิธีการข้างต้นใช้ได้สำหรับวงจรที่มีเฉพาะแหล่งจ่ายอิสระเท่านั้น
Th
age across the terminals as shown in Fig.
ถ้ามีแหล่งจ่ายควบคุมในวงจรด้วยต้องใช้วิธีอื่น 4.24(a);
(หัวข้อถัดๆไป) that is,
VTh ! voc (4.6)

Consider the circuit


a
shown in Fig. 5.25a. Determine
a
the Théven
Linear
andcircuit with
Linear equivalent of network
+ A, compute the power delivered to th
all independent R in
load resistor RvocL.
two-terminal
sources set equal
circuit −
b to zero b
The dashed regions separate the circuit into networks A and B; our m
Th = voc is in network B, which consists
Vinterest RTh = R in
only of the load resistor R L .
work
(a) A may be simplified by making (b)repeated source transformation
Figure 4.24 (Continued on next
Finding VTh and RTh.

Again, with the load disconnected and terminals a-b open-


circuited, we turn off all independent
- 10 - sources. The input resistance
facebook.com/beengineer2012
(or equivalent resistance) of the dead circuit at the terminals a-b in
142 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems
ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
8. Solve for the current I inPractice Problem
the circuit using 4.8
Thevenin’s theorem. Using Thevenin’s theorem
terminals in the circuit of
6Ω 6Ω a
I Answer: VTh ! 6 V, RTh !
12 V + 2A 4Ω 1Ω

b
Figure 4.30
For Practice Prob. 4.8.

Example 4.9 Find the Thevenin equivale

2vx Solution:
− + This circuit contains a d
previous example. To find
2Ω 2Ω zero but leave the depende
a the dependent source, how
+
vx
source vo connected to th
5A 4Ω 6Ω
− may set vo ! 1 V to ease
goal is to find the curren
b
RTh ! 1!io. (Alternatively,
Figure 4.31
For Example 4.9. corresponding voltage vo,

2vx
− +

i1

2Ω 2Ω a
io
+
4Ω vx 6Ω + vo = 1 V 5A
i2 i3 −

b
(a)
Figure 4.32
Finding RTh and VTh for Example 4.9.

Applying mesh analy


- 11 - facebook.com/beengineer2012
results in
may consist of a sizable number of sources and resistors (Fig. 5.24
may consist able
of a (usually
sizable number
called weof load)
the sources and other
while resistors (Fig. are
elements 5.24a).
fixed.Or, a typ- of the circui
As values
perhaps wish to find the response for different load
perhaps we wish to find the
ical example, a response for
household different
outlet terminalvalues
may of
be the ติto
load resis-
connected วฟรีdifferent
CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
tance. Thévenin’s theorem tells us that it is possible to replace ever
tance. Thévenin’s theorem
appliances tells us that
constituting it is possible
a variable load. Eachto replace
time theeverything
variable element
NORTON’S
except the loadis changed,
THEOREM
except the load resistor with an independent voltage source in series
resistor with an independent
the entire circuit has voltage source all
to be analyzed in series with aTo avoid
over again.
resistor (Fig. 5.24b); the response measured at the load resistor will
resistor (Fig. 5.24b);
this the (Norton’s
problem, response measured
Thevenin’s
• ทฤษฎีของนอร์ตันchanged.
theorem at the load resistor
provides will be
a technique byun- which the
fixed part of theorem,
Using
Theorem) Norton’s
the circuitweisobtain
replaced
theorem, we
by an equivalent
obtain an
circuit.
equivalent compose
changed. Using Norton’s an equivalent
เราสามารถแปลงบางส่วนของวงจรให้อยู่ในรูปของวงจรสมมูลนอร์ตัน composed
(Norton of anCircuit)
Equivalent
Accordingindependent
to parallelcurrent
Thevenin’s a source
withtheorem, in(Fig.
resistorthe
independentซึ่งประกอบด้วยแหล่งจ่ายกระแสต่อขนานกับตัวต้านทาน
current source in parallel
linear with in
circuit
5.24c). a resistor (Fig. 5.24c).
Fig. 4.23(a)
VTh + −
can be replaced by that in Fig. 4.23(b). (The load in Fig. 4.23 may be
a single resistor or another
RTH circuit.) The circuit RTHto the left of the ter-
minals a-b in Fig. 4.23(b) is known as the Thevenin equivalent circuit;
it was developed in 1883 by M. Leon Thevenin (1857–1926), a French
Complex Complex + V Figure
telegraph RRL RN
R engineer.
+ V RR RN IN
networkTH
– LL – INTH L
network L Replacin
by its Th
Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be circuit, (b
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in circuit.
(a) (a)
(b)R , where V is the open-circuit (b)
(c) (c)
series with a resistor
• การหาค่าของ IN และ RTH Th Th voltage at the
■ FIGURE 5.24 (a) A complex■and
terminals FIGURE
network is 5.24
RThincluding a (a)
loadAresistor
the input complexRL.network including
(b) A Thévenin
or equivalent a load
at resistor
equivalent
resistance RL. (b) A Thévenin equivalen
the terminals
network connected toequivalent
the load network
network connected when
to the load
theresistor RL. (c)
independent A Norton
sources are resistor L. (c) A Norton
turnedRconnected
off. to theequivalent
load network connected to the loa
resistor RL. resistor RL.
1. ปลดโหลดออกจากขั้ว a,b และทำการลัดวงจร
Thus, one of theIThe
N proof
main
2. of the
IN uses
Thus, theorem
one of thewill
หาได้จากกระแสที่ไหลจากขั้ว
of Thévenin’s a be
main
and given
buses
ไปNorton’s oflater, in Section
ของวงจรที่พิจารณา
Thévenin’s
theorems the4.7.
isand Our theorems
Norton’s
current,iscequivalent
replacement major
of a largeconcernpartright
of a now
กระแสดังกล่าวเรียกว่า
replacement is ahow
กระแสวงจรลัด
circuit,
of often
largetoa(short-circuit
find the
of aThevenin
complicated
part )
and often
circuit, uninter- volt-
a complicated and u
age
esting part, with Th V and
a very resistance
simple R . To do so, suppose the two circuits in
esting part,equivalent.
with
Th
a veryThesimple
new, simpler
equivalent.circuitThe new, simpler
Fig. 4.23
enables us to make rapid 1. ปลดโหลดออกจากขั้ว a และcircuits
are equivalent.
calculations Two b
of therapid are
voltage, said to be
current, and equivalent
power if they
enables us to make calculations of the voltage, current, and
have the 2.same
ale80571_ch04_127-174.qxd voltage-current
ปิดแหล่งจ่ายอิสระทุกตัวในวงจร
11/30/11 relation
12:51 atPMtheirPage
terminals.
146 usLet us find
which the originalRN
circuit
whichis able
the to
- แหล่งจ่ายแรงดัน
deliver
original
⟶ ลัดวงจร
to a
circuit load.
is It
able also
to helps
deliver to to
a load. It also help
out what will make the two circuits in Fig. 4.23 equivalent. If the ter-
choose the best value-choose of this the load
แหล่งจากกระแส resistance.
best
⟶ value(by
วงจรเปิด ofIn a transistor
this power In a transistor
loadtheresistance.
minals a-b are made open-circuited removing load), no current
amplifier, for example, the Thévenin
Ramplifier, or Norton the
for example, equivalent
a และ b enables us to equivalent enable
flows, so3. that the open-circuit voltage Thévenin
N หาได้จากความต้านทานสมมูลระหว่างขั้ว across theorterminals
Norton a-b in
determine the maximum power that can be taken from the amplifier and
Fig. 4.23(a)determinemust be equalthe maximum
to the voltage power that can
source VTh be taken
in Fig. from the amplifi
4.23(b),
delivered to theสิ่งที่ต้องระวัง
speakers. delivered
since the two circuits toarethe speakers.Thus VTh is the open-circuit volt-
equivalent.
วิธีการข้างต้นใช้ได้สำหรับวงจรที่มีเฉพาะแหล่งจ่ายอิสระเท่านั้น
age across the terminals as shown in Fig. 4.24(a); that is,
ถ้ามีแหล่งจ่ายควบคุมในวงจรด้วยต้องใช้วิธีอื่น (หัวข้อถัดๆไป)
146 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems
VTh ! voc (4.6)
Consider the circuit shown Considerin Fig. 5.25a. Determine
a the circuit shown thatinthe
Fig.Thévenin
the short-circuit
5.25a. current
Determine theinThéven
Fig. 4.
a a
equivalent of network A, and compute
Linear equivalent of network
the power
Lineardelivered
circuit with
short-circuit to the
current from terminaltoath
Linear + A,alland compute the power delivered
load resistor RL.two-terminal independent
circuits
R
set equalare equivalent. Thus,
two-terminal
load resistor RivscLoc.= IN
in
sources
circuit
circuit −
The dashed regions separate the circuit intob networks to zero
A and B; our main
The dashed b regions separate the circuit into networks A and B; our
b IN !m
interest is in network B, which
V consists only of the load resistor
Th = voc is in network B, whichRconsists RR R Lin. Net-
Th = Ronly
interest shown= TH Fig. of
in the Dependent
4.38. load resistorand .
R L in
work A mayFigure 4.38 by making repeated source transformations.
be simplified N
Finding Norton work(a) A may
current IN. be simplified by making
same way repeated
(b) as in source
Thevenin’stransformation
theorem.
(Continued on next page)
Figure 4.24 Observe the close(Continued relationship
on nextb
Finding VTh and RTh. theorems: RN ! RTh as in Eq. (4.9),
Again, with the load disconnected and terminals a-b open-
circuited, we turn off all independent sources. The input resistance V
- 12 - I
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(or equivalent resistance) of the dead circuit at the terminals a-b in R
the circuit in Fig. 4.42, at Practice Problem 4.11 ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
9. Find the Norton equivalent circuit at terminals a − b.

3Ω 3Ω
a

15 V + 4A 6Ω

b
Figure 4.42
For Practice Prob. 4.11.

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ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
IF THE NETWORK HAS DEPENDENT SOURCES
ในกรณีที่มีแหล่งจ่ายควบคุมอยู่ในวงจร เราสามารถหาวงจรสมมูลเทวินินและนอร์ตันได้ดังนี้

• การหาค่าของ VTH • การหาค่าของ IN



1. ปลดโหลดออกจากขั้ว a และ b 1. ปลดโหลดออกจากขั้ว a,b และทำการลัดวงจร

2. หาค่าแรงดันเปิดวงจร voc จะได้ VTH = voc 2. หาค่ากระแสลัดวงจร isc จะได้ IN = isc

• การหาค่าของ RTH และ RN

1. ปิดแหล่งจ่ายอิสระทุกตัวในวงจร
ale80571_ch04_127-174.qxd 11/30/11 12:51 PM Page 140
2. ใส่แหล่งจ่ายแรงดัน vo = 1 V หรือแหล่งจ่ายกระแส io = 1 A เข้าไปที่ขั้ว a − b

3. - ถ้าใส่แหล่งจ่ายแรงดัน vo = 1 V ให้คำนวณหากระแสที่ไหลเข้าไปในวงจร io แล้วจะได้


vo 1
RTH = RN = =
140 io io Chapter 4 Circuit

- ถ้าใส่แหล่งจ่ายกระแส io = 1 A ให้คำนวณหาแรงดันที่คร่อมแหล่งจ่ายกระแส vo แล้วจะได้


ale80571_ch04_127-174.qxd 11/30/11 12:51 PM Page 140 io
a
To apply thi
vo with v to consider two
RTH = RN =Circuit= o
alli independent
1 +
o − vo
sources set equal ■ CASE 1 If
to zero independent sou
b
หมายเหตุ vo ing between term
R =
ถ้าวงจรไม่มีแหล่งจ่ายอิสระอยู่เลย
140 วงจรสมมูลเทวินินและนอร์ตันจะไม่มีแหล่งจ่ายอิสระปรากฎอยู่เช่นกัน
Chapter 4 Th
CircuitioTheorems
(วงจรสมมูลจะเหลือแค่ตัวต้านทานตัวเดียวเท่านั้น) ■ CASE 2 If
(a)
independent sou
a
io To apply this idea a in finding the Thevenin resistanc
to be turned off
Circuit with toCircuit
consider
with two cases.
+ apply a voltage s
all independent + v all independent
io ing current io. T
sources set equal − o CASE
■sources 1 If thev−onetwork has
set equal no dependent sources
to zero to zero tively, we may i
independent sources. RTh is the input resistance of the
b b Fig. 4.25(b) and
vo ing between terminalsvo a and b, as shown in Fig. 4.24(b
RTh = RTh = of the two appro
io io
may assume any
■ CASE 2 If the network has dependent sources,
(a) (b) or io ! 1 A, or
independent sources. As with superposition, dependent
a Figure
to be 4.25
turned off because they are controlled by circui
Circuit with Finding RTh when circuit has dependent It often occ
+ apply a voltage source vo at terminals a and b and deter
sources.
all independent negative resista
sources set equal
vo io ing current io. Then RTh ! vo!io, as shown in Fig. 4
− power. This is po
to zero tively,
Later wewe
willmay insert
see that a current way
an alternative source io at terminals a
of finding RTh is RThfind
! voc !iscterminal
. will illustrate thi
b Fig. 4.25(b) and the voltage vo. Again RTh
vo Thevenin’s
RTh = of the two approaches will give the same result. In eith
io a simplify a circui
may assume any value of vo and io. For example, we ma
IL dent voltage sou
(b) or io ! 1 A, or even use unspecified values of vo or io
Linear is a powerful to
Figure 4.25 circuit
RL
Finding RTh when circuit has dependent - 14 - As mention
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It often occurs that RTh takes a negative value. In
sources. replaced by the T
negative resistance (v ! #iR) implies that the circu
ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH
Practice Problem 4.12
10. Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit at terminals a − b.
Find the Norton equivalent
terminals a-b.
2vx
+ − a Answer: RN ! 1 ", IN ! 10 A
+
6Ω 10 A 2Ω vx

b
Figure 4.45
For Practice Prob. 4.12.

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ติวฟรี CIRCUIT BY P’EARTH

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