CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Km 44 McArthur Highway, Longos, City of Malolos

A Quasi-Experimental Research: The use of Thermoplastics (Polyethylene Terephthalate,

High-Density Polyethylene, Vinyl, Low-Density Polyethylene, and Polypropylene) as an
additional material in improving the Durability of a Tile

Roger Salinas
Vince Polintan
Allen Jade Ignacio
Arvan Piawan
Christian Oquiniano
12-STEM-CSS-A
Group 2

Submitted to:

Mr. John Robert O. Rodriguez

Teacher
Practical Research
A. The researchers will use Quasi-Experimental design in conducting the study since the study will

manufacture tiles made up of thermoplastics. Quasi-Experimental researches are the kind of

researches that will produce a new idea or concept. The research design that will be used will

help the researchers in accomplishing the study well. The objective of this study will determine

the potentiality of plastics as a component of tiles. The researchers will use a non-equivalent

control group because randomization is not necessary. The design will use two groups. One of

them will be exposed to the test while the other one will have the natural procedure in tile

manufacturing. After the procedure of making a tile, researchers will determine the difference

between experimental and control group of tiles.

B. The main variables to be used in making this research study are tiles with thermoplastics which

are the dependent variable while the ordinary ceramic tiles and as well as the kinds of

thermoplastics such as Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and

Polypropylene (PP) plastics will be the independent variable. The variables will be measured by

the use of Universal Testing Machine in order to test which one is more durable and no

deterioration in quality. Using the unit of megapascals, the researchers will determine whether

there is a significant difference if the plastics will be an additional material for creating a tile.

C. This experiment would like to discover if the use of tiles mixed with plastic is more durable and

will stay longer when a stronger force is applied rather than to the ordinary ceramic tiles which

are the tiles without thermoplastics. The statistical tool that will be used is t-test in order to

determine whether there are any significant differences between an ordinary ceramic kind of

tiles and the kind of tiles with shredded thermoplastics in its mixture. Megapascals will be the
 unit of force or in order to determine the strength of a tile, the higher the unit the stronger the

tile. The lower, the weaker the tile.

EXAMPLE

Tile Number Ordinary Ceramic Tiles Tiles with Thermoplastics

1
2
3
4
5
6
II. The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Plastic is a common use ever since then because it has a lot of purpose such as wrapping

materials, shopping, garbage bags, fluid containers, toys, household and as well as in industrial materials

and building materials (Momin, 2014). The use of plastic is very huge and has a big impact over the years

especially in today’s modern world where we create a lot of innovative gadgets such as phones, laptops,

computers and other electronic materials that made it possible to enjoy modern life.

The origin of the word plastic came from the Greek word πλαστικός (plastikos) meaning capable

of being shaped or molded, from πλαστός (plastos) meaning molded. It refers to their ability to be

flattened into sheets, or plasticity during manufacture that allows them to be casted, pressed, or

extruded into a variety of shapes.

Plastic waste is a major problem in the environment, human health and especially and most

commonly to the lives of animals both land and water. Although we minimize the use of plastic

nowadays and we make a lot of efforts to reduce the plastic around the globe still, it tends to increase

every single day.

There are a lot of innovative construction materials that were discovered over the years. Most

people know that igloos were made with the use of ice up to now, and as the time go by materials such

as woods, logs, sticks, bamboos and etc. are being use in the world of construction. In this research, the

researchers will be focusing on tiles.

The word tile came from French word “tuile”, which is derived from the latin word “tegula”

meaning a roof tile of baked clay. While the word ceramic came from the Greek word “keramikos”

which is defined as “pottery” this word is associated with the Indo-European word “cheros” which

means “heat”
 One of the oldest forms of decorative art are Ceramic tiles, when it comes to building the inside

or outside of an infrastructure. As well as in Architecture, tiles are the most dominant used material for

its durability, technical properties and visual richness.

Tiles are often made of ceramic or porcelain tiles and there are also clay tiles and stone tiles as

well. The materials used for tiles are clay, feldspar, pottery stone, silica, and talc. There are also a lot of

brands of tiles that are well trusted due to its durability and design.

Some unique characteristics of a Plastic are lighter in weight, flexible, resistance to moisture and

the lifespan of a plastic before it degrades. This research tends to add up plastic as an additional

material for creating a tile in order to improve its durability. The researchers also tend to contribute in

solving the problems of plastic waste.

The Philippines is a suitable country to conduct this kind of research because of the use of

plastic is so much. According to a Philippine survey produced by NGO GAIA, 48 million shopping bags per

day are being used adding up to 17 billion a year. The Philippines is also a well-known country for its

creativity in recycling plastic and doing it to gain profit.

III. Related Theories/Scientific Bases

According to Klaus Conrad (1997), the management of solid waste like plastics has become an

urgent problem. The theory of production with waste and recycling. Product responsibility means that a

product will accompany its producer from cradle to grave, prevention, recycling, and disposal of waste

are part of a theory of the firm which develops under solid residual management. In addition to that

information, the government stimulates firms to enhance recycling of resources by a fee on waste. A

comparative statics analysis shows the impact of a fee on waste reduction, on the structure of the

production process, on recycling, on input demand, material saving effort, number of firms, and on the

amount of waste disposal. This theory is a large help to give awareness and knowledge and gives

solutions to humanity and environment. It is said in the theory that humans can make some products

out of plastics and there are so many ways to lessen the increasing number of plastics.

The Balanced Theory by Wong and Yip (2002). The balance of the supply of construction

materials by the use of waste like plastics therefore this theory is an effective way to reduce the plastic

pollution. The Maturity of Balance Theory requires some facilities to adopt the idea of making plastic

construction materials.

So, the researchers conducted this study to give the people an idea that there are many

solutions for the increasing number of plastics and could also help to create new and strong innovative

materials in construction. The statement given by these theories will give connections and credibility

that can be helpful to provide information. It is essential to know how plastics destroys our

environment. These theories will be the guide throughout the study.

IV. Statement of the Problem

Statement of the Problem

This study mainly targets to gather information about the differences in terms of its durability

between a ceramic tiles and tiles with thermoplastic. The study will be conducted on December 2019 in

Malolos City, Bulacan. In order to accomplish this objective, the researchers aim to find answers to the

following questions:

1. What type of tile will be compared to the tile with plastic?

2. What type of thermoplastic that will be used in this research?

3. What will be the methodology in order to create the tiles with plastic?

4. What are the properties of ordinary tile and the tiles mixed with plastics in terms of

durability?

V. Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (H0) – There is no significant difference between the durability of an ordinary ceramic
tile and the tile with five different thermoplastics.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1) - There is a significant difference between the durability of an ordinary
ceramic tile and the tile with five different thermoplastics.
VI. Significance of the Study

This research can provide information on what construction material we can get from plastics

and look for solutions how to reduce plastics from our school. This will save the Mother Earth and

specially it is environment friendly. It has the material making it a good quality and standard which is

made from plastics. There so many aspects and reasons why we conduct this study and our goal here is

to know if the plastic tile is alternative to a normal tile that we have today.

This study will contribute to the development of the following sectors:

For the Future Researchers. The research will help them to find another way on what other products

can be made using plastics. It can provide more knowledge to them on how to conduct a new study that

is related on how to lessen the plastics and more importantly how to provide cheap but strong and

durable materials. This study can be beneficial for them to guide and provide some basis while they are

conducting their research.

For the Environment. The study can help to reduce plastic pollution. Nowadays, the animals who lives in

the sea are getting killed and becoming endangered because of plastics that humans and factories

throw. With this study, it can help to save their lives, to live freely in the sea and to have a clean habitat.

Also, us humans who live in this world can be beneficial to provide some help to save our environment

and have some discipline to throw the plastics in the right place to be recycled. And in this study it can

help to preserve, protect, clean and to save our wonderful nature and our home.

For the Manufacturers. The study can help them to make some innovative products that is made from

plastics. A lot of humans didn’t know that with a simple trash can make products out of it (Best Example
are Adidas Shoes). This study will give them knowledge to make some products that is made from

plastic. Plastic is everywhere and outnumbered, with this study it can help them to provide resources

than the materials that are more expensive and harder to find and plastic can be an alternative material

to make some products.

For the Engineers and Architects. The study can be beneficial to the Engineers and Architects as it gives

new idea that there are a lot of innovative materials like plastic, that can be used in the modern world of

construction. Perhaps, they will know that plastic tiles have the possibility to use it as a construction

material.

For the Community. This research can help the community to understand the value of plastic waste that

they are not only trash that can never be transformed in anything. It will help the community to

transform and develop at the same time. It will also help the community to be clean and productive.

For the Scholars. The research will educate the scholars that the plastics hava the capability to make it

as a product. They can be aware that the environment is endangered because plastics is destroying

polluting and destroying it. The scholars could also help to provide more solution and they will learn

many things in this research.

VII. Definition of Terms

1. Plastic Waste - the pollution coming from plastics.

2. Durability – needs to be measured in the tensile strength.

3. Strength – the performance or physically strong state of being.

4. Thermoplastic – is a kind of plastic that will be used in the research because of its characteristics

to be molded and recycled.

5. Chopped Fiber Glass Mat– used as an additional material for the tile with plastic in order to

have a smooth and shiny finish.

6. Thermosets – plastics that hard to be recycled and has higher melting point

7. Aggressive Cement – a powdery material which is advisable to use in making a tile

8. Low-Density Polyethylene and High-Density Polyethylene – commonly used in packaging foods

like biscuits and junk foods. Bottles are also considered to be this type of plastic.

9. Polypropylene Plastic – a kind of plastic where straws are made of and usually used in storing

cleaning agents, first aid products, tupperwares and more.

10. Ceramic Tiles – the kind of material to be compared with the tiles with plastics.

11. Universal Testing Machine – is a material test to determine its mechanical properties, such as

its yield strength and hardness.

12. Mega pascals – the unit used in order to determine the strength of a tile.

(n.d.).

A&C Plastics, Inc. (N.D). Retrieved from 7 Different Types of Plastic and How They Are Used:
https://www.acplasticsinc.com/informationcenter/r/7-different-types-of-plastic-and-how-they-
are-used

Build Your New Home with Recycled Building Materials. (2018, October 29). Retrieved from Plastics
make it Possible: https://www.plasticsmakeitpossible.com/plastics-at-home/home-
garden/home-improvement/build-your-new-home-with-recycled-plastic-building-materials/
Ceramic vs. Porcelain Tiles. (N.D.). Retrieved from british ceramic tile:
https://www.britishceramictile.com/how-to-tile/ceramic-vs-porcelain-tiles

ChemicalSafetyFacts.org. (n.d., ChemicalSafetyFacts.org). Retrieved from Types of Plastic Food

Packaging and Safety: A Close-Up Look: https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/types-plastic-
food-packaging-safety-close-look/

Comparison of Thermoset Versus Thermoplastic Materials. (N.D.). Retrieved from THOMAS:

https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plastics-rubber/thermoset-vs-thermoplastics/

EARTH DAY 2018 | END PLASTIC POLLUTION. (2018, March 7). Retrieved from Fact Sheet: End Plastic
Pollution: https://www.earthday.org/2018/03/07/fact-sheet-end-plastic-pollution/

H. Yazdani Sarvestaniab, M. M. (2016, October 10). Multilayered architectured ceramic panels with weak
interfaces: energy absorption and multi-hit capabilities. Retrieved from ScienceDirect:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127519300644

K., C. (1997). Retrieved from https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/1053/1/550.pdf

Karelia, G. (2018, September 4). Hyderabad Gives A New Meaning To Plastic Waste, To Use Paver Tiles
Made From Recycled Plastic. Retrieved from BANEGA SWASTH INDIA:
https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/plastic-waste-management-hyderabad-to-roads-to-get-paver-
tiles-from-waste-plastic-24689/

Katz, D. A. (N.D.). Conflicts in Chemistry: The Case of Plastics. Retrieved from Science History Institute:
https://www.sciencehistory.org/science-of-plastics

Lenkiewicz. (2018, September 24). Research paper: How to recycle plastic wasteninto paving tiles.
Retrieved from https://wasteaid.org/research-paper-how-to-recycle-plastic-waste-into-paving-
tiles/

Mehdi Seghiri, D. l. (2017, July). The Possibility of Making a Composite Material from Waste Plastic.
Retrieved from ScienceDirect: https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/277910/1-s2.0-
S1876610217X00155/1-s2.0-S1876610217326073/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-
Token=AgoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJH%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJI
MEYCIQCrneCPdPoeCUkh3fBBjw7F2CkN22GShY3aClrTf%2BJcmQIhAO%2BosTOR

Merghani, H. H. (2012, June 22). Recycling of PET plastic waste - literature review. Retrieved from
SCRIBD: https://www.scribd.com/doc/97968101/Recycling-of-PET-plastic-waste-literature-
review

Momin, A. A. (2014). Plastic Floor Tiles . Research Gate.

The Advantages of Using Plastics in the Construction Industry. (2018, April 10). Retrieved from Rayda
Plastic: https://www.rayda.co.uk/blog/advantages-plastics-construction/
Types of Plastic Food Packaging and Safety: A Close-Up Look. (ND). Retrieved from
ChemicalSafetyFacts.Org: https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/types-plastic-food-packaging-
safety-close-look/

Willis, D. (2017, September 26). The Benefits of Burlap. Retrieved from bizfluent:
https://bizfluent.com/info-10012398-benefits-burlap.html

Wong, Y. (2002, December).