1) ‘American Water Works Association ANSVAWWA D103-97 (Revision of ANSVAWWA 0103-87) a AWWA STANDARD FOR FACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS FOR WATER STORAGE (AMERICAN NATIONAL) STANDARD Effective dace: Feb. 1, 1998, First edition approved by ASYWA Board of Directors Jan. 28, 1980, This edition epproved June 15, 1997. Approved by American National Standards Institute Dec. 1, 1997. AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6686 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235AWWA Standard ‘This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification, AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and Administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is ‘specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does aot constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product, The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are Intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service, When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of faction, will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The faction becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope ‘an National Standard is intended as a guide to rarer, the che general publi. The existence of an American Nationa! Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone. whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufactur: hasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming t0 the dards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to ‘of goods made in conformity with an American National fe on their oun responsibility in advertising and promot fat the goods are produced in conformity with parucular Amenican ng, marketing, pur standard, American National St obtain the latest editions. Prod! Standard are encouraged to matenals or on tags or labeis National Standards Caution Notice: The American National Standards Institute (ANSD approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process, This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm. revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900. Copyright © 1998 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA.@ ew Committee Personnel = The D103 Task Force that developed this standard had the following personnel at that time Francis Grillot Je, Chair Consumer Member AJ. Hamlett Jr, Tulsa Public Works Department, Tulsa, Okla. cawway General Interest Member JE, Rudina, AEC Engineering, Minneapolis, Minn. cawwa) Producer Members N.C. Bailey, Conservatek Industries Inc., Conroe. Texas RAW. Cooper, Columbian Steel Tank Company, Kansas City, Kan. John Farris, Peabody TecTank Inc.. Parsons. Kan iawway RV, Field. 4/0. Smith Engineered Storage Products Company, DeKalb. Ill, (AWWA) Francis Grillot Jr., Temeor. Carson. Calif! GC. Margolf, Temeor, Carson, Calif (AWwWwap D.A. Turner, Peabody TeeTank Inc., Parsons, Kan. (awwap L.D. Scott, Trustco Tank Inc.. San Luis Obispo. Calif, cawwap Mark Workman. Columbian Steel Tank Company, Kansas City, Kan cawwa) ‘The Standards Committee on Steel Elevated Tanks, Standpipes. and Reservoirs that reviewed and approved this standard had the following personnel at che time of approval E. Crone Knoy, Chair Consumer Members S.F. Crumb, Fort Worth Water Department, Fort Worth, Texas cawwa) Ed Darrimon, Bay Area Coating Consultants, Modesto, Calif. cawwa) W.H, Harris, City of Houston, Houston, Texas cawwa) Joseph Ortiz, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Calif. cawwa) E.J. King,” Connecticut Water Company, Clinton. Cons, (NEWWA) K.A. Nadeau, Connecticut Water Company, Clinton, Conn. (NEWWA) A.R, Terrell Jr,, Little Rock Municipal Water Works, Little Rock, Ark. cawwa) GA. Weeks, St. Louis County Water Company, St. Louis, Mo. cawwa) “AlternateGeneral Interest Members JR, Buzek, AEC Engineering, Minneapolis, Minn. BAR. Conklin, Camp, Dresser & McKee Inc., Cambridge, Mass. RD. Davis, MBA Inc., Cinnaminson, N.J. W.J. Dixon, Dixon Engineering Inc., Lake Odessa, Mich MEE. Gilliland, US Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville, Ala. J.D. Griffith,” Council Liaison, John Carollo Engineers, Phoenix, Ariz. E.C. Knoy, Tank Industry Consultants Inc., Speedway, Ind. H.J. Miedema, Robert Bein, William Frost & Associates, Irvine, Calif, LR Peters, Weston & Sampson Engineers, Peabody, Mass. Chris Sundberg, CH2M Hill Inc., Bellevue, Wash. John Wilber,” Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. JA. Williams, Consulting Engineer, Alphare:ta, Ga, RS, Wozniak, Bow Tech Ltd., Batavia, I. Producer Members D.G. Cull, C T Services Inc., Jeffersonville, Ind. ‘A. Larson, Pitt-Des Moines Inc., Clive, lowa 's Grillot Jr, Temeor, Carson, Calit. ‘omer, Tank Builders Inc., Euless, Texas S.W. Meier, Chicago Bridge & lron Company, Plainfield. Il. L.D. Scott, Trusco Tank Inc., San Luis Obispo. Calif. D.A. Turner, Peabody TecTank Ine., Parsons, Kan. “Liaison, nonvoting cawwa) (NEWWA) cawwa) cawwa) (awwa) cawwa) (awwap cawwa) (NEWWA) cawwap (awWap (aWwWay (awwa) cawwa) (Aws) AWWA)Contents AIL AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard, sec. PAGE SEC Pace Foreword 6 Castings 6 7 Forgings 6 1 Introdtion on ix BT Forgings. oe 8 fy eee weowens 2.9 Pipe for Fluid Conductors 6 IC Acceptance ix 210. Gaskets and Sealants 6 I Special Issues... X $ General Design ILA Purchase... X31 Types of Joints . ILB Design and Construction. Seah pee ae . re cee X 33 Design Criteria ILD Foundations. ee aeiil ILE Annual Inspection and Ba) | ened u erausnance were S38 Weld Design Values on l ILF Disinfection Procedures and oes eae Cathodic Protection si Girders ILG — Recommended Items to Be ae Furnished by the Purchaser 33 1 and Manufacturer ee to a IT Use of This Standard. “3.11 Reinforcement Around Openings... 16 ILA Purchaser Options and Alternatives xi 4 Sizing of Standpipes and IULB Information to Be Furnished by the Reservoirs Manufacturer or Constructor...... xiii 41 Standard Capacities Sm i ILC trems for Consideration by the 42 Shell Heights for Standpipes 2 Purchaser. xiii 4.3 Diameters for Reservoirs cucu 19 Ti ee “te 8 Accessories for Standpipes Major Revisions xiv V Comments. xiv rere mens " 5.1 Shel! Manhoies soonecnsnnes 19 nda 52 Pipe Connections... vo 19 Standard 5.3 OVEFMIOW connnnnnn 9 1 General 54 Ladders, ~ 20 i Scope 1 5.5 Safety Devices eae ae 12 Definitions... 2 5.6 Roof Openings... seoneninnes BY 1.3. Responsibilities of Parties of 5a, vant : 4 Drawings to Be Furnished 3 58 Additional Accessories References. = 3 and Exceptions 2 2 Materials 6 Welding 21 General & 61 Generdl...... 22 Bolts and Anchor Bolts, weommnes BBQ WS crssetrsnnc 2.8 Foundation-Reinforcing Steel... 5 63 Preparation of Surfaces to 24 Plates and Sheets 5 Be Welded... 2. 6 64 — Low-Hydrogen Electrodes. Structural Shapes...wa 12 us us us PAGE Undercuts and Penetration of Welds... 23 23 Cleaning of Welds... Shop Fabrication Straightening so Finish of Plate Edges—Welded Work... Rolling. Doubie-Curved Plates Manufacturing Tolerances Coatings ern . 24 Shipping... Erection General Bolting Gasketing and Sealants Coating Repair Cleanup, Inspection and Testing Shop Inspection Coatings General Coating Repair Galvanized Coatings Glass Coating Thermoset Liquid Suspension Coat ‘Thermoset Powder Coatings Marking Protection. Holiday Testing... Foundation Design and Construction General Requirements. 28 Soil-Bearing Value 28 Factor of Safety. a 29 Foundations...... 29 Detail Design of Foundations... 30 Conerete Design, Materials, and Construction .... 31 Backfill. 32 wi SEC, . 12 Seismic Design of Flat-Bottom Water-Storage Tanks General Seismie Design Considerations Seismic Design Loads... Local Seismic Data. Piping Connections. Foundation Design ‘Tabulation Forms for Seismic Data and Example References 12.1 18 Structurally Supported Aluminum Dome Roofs 13.1 General 13.2 Definition a Design Requirements 134 Materials 133 _ allowable Stresses 138 Design Roof Attachment Details. 138 Physical Characteristics... 13.9 Testing and Sealing. 13:10 3.11 Coatin Appendix A Metric (SD Equivalents... Figures 1 Tensile Straps sAid in Transferring Vertical Loads Across Horizontal 2 Bolted Piping Flanges 0. 3 Extreme Frost Penetration—Inches (Based on State Averages) 4 Recommended Depth of Pipe Cover—Feet Above Top of Pipe . 53 Seismic Zone Map for Determining Zone Coefficient From Table 3. Curve for Obtaining Factor K, for the Ratio D/H. 1 Curves for Obtaining Factors W/W and Wo/W> for the Ratio D/E.. 8 Curves for Obtaining Factors XH and Xo/H for the Ratio D/H. PAGE10 Ma iB PAGE Increase in Axial-Compressive Buckling-Stress Coefficient of Cylinders Due to Internal Pressure (For Use with Unanchored TABS) ecnsnnnne 44 Bottom Piping Connection of an Unanchored Flat-Bottom Tank (22 in. = 304.8 mm).... 46 Blank Tabulation Form... 48 Completed Tabulation Form for Design Example... snes 18 SEC. . Tables 1 Physical Requirements for Gasket Material cece 2 Bolted Piping Flanges. 3 Zone Coefficient (Z) 4 Foree Reduction Coefficient 5 Site Amplification Factor $ 6 Use Factor f. 7 Bolts and Fasteners AL Metric (SI) Conversion Factors PAGE 18 38 36 365 ¢ Foreword ‘This foreword is for information only and is nat a part of AWWA D103. I. Introduction. IA. Background. This standard covers factory-coated bolted steel tanks for water storage and is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of manufacturers of bolted steel tanks.” LB. History, The first version of this standard was prepared in cooperation with the Bolted Tank Manufacturer's Association and was issued in 1980. It was prepared in response to the increasing use of bolted tanks for water storage. AWWA 103-80 was later updated and approved as AWWA D103-87 on June 14, 1987. The third and current edition of ANSVAWWA D103-97 was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 15, 1997. LC. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards aad a certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) and the Conference of Stare Health and Environ mental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDW) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, Gninking water rests with individual states.’ Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of produc’ fer additives from such products, state and-tocal agencies may use various references, including 1, An advisory program formerly administ Wates, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990. 2. Specific policies of the state or local agency 3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF. ANSENSF* 60. Drinking Wa atment Chemicals—Health Effects, and ANSUNSF 61, Drinking fer System Components—Health Effects. 4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals Codex,” and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accordance with ANSUINSF 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to ed by USEPA. Office of Drinking fe word fonds is used hereinafter broadly in place of the lengthy phrase stendpipes or reservoirs for water storage. Persons in Canada, Mexico, and non-North American countries should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. American National Standards Institute, 11 W, 42nd St., New York, NY 10036, SNSF International, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106, “*Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 2102 Constitution Ave. N.W,, Washingzon, DC 20418,accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction, Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. ‘Appendix A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to ANSI/NSF 61 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Appendix A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. AWWA D103-97 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements including applicable standards 2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. ILA. Purchase, When tanks are purchased using this standard, the purchaser must specify certain basic requirements. The purchaser may desire to modify, delete or amplify sections of this standard to suit special conditions. It is strongly recommended that such modifications. deletions. or amplifications be made by supplementing this standard rather than by rewriting or incorporating sections from this standard tato a separate specification IB. Design and Construction. The details of design and construction covered by this standard are minimum requirements. A tank cannot be represented as adhering to the provisions of AWWA D103 if it does not meet the requirements of this standard TLC. Coatings. Tanks co applied coatings. Field coatin i of damaged coat Tanks with factory-applied coatings and bolted construction have a long life ay be expectancy, Regular inspection and repair of damaged or deteriorated areas the determining factors in the length of tank life ILD. Foundetions. Tank foundations are one of the more important aspects of tank design. Detailed requirements for tank foundations are covered in Sec, 11 of this standard. This standard does not require the manufacturer or constructor to be responsible for the design of the tank foundation unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the purchaser must obtain an adequate soil investigation at the tank site, including recommendations of the type of foundation to be used, the depth of foundation required, and the design soil-bearing pressure. This information, as well as specifications for an adequate soil investiga- tion, should be established by a qualified geotechnical engineer. The top of the foundation should be 6 in. minimum above the finished grade, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, ‘A drainage inlet structure or suitable erosion protection should be provided to receive the discharge from the tank overflow. ‘The overflow shall not be connected directly to a sewer or a storm drain without an air break. ILE. Annual Inspection and Maintenance. Inspection and maintenance is important if maximum tank life is to be attained. Inspections should occur at least every 3 to 5 years. In particular, accumulations of dirt and weeds from around the outside base of the tank, which may trap moisture and accelerate corrosion, as well as accumulated silt inside on the floor, should be removed. ey eA iww ILE. Disinfection Procedures and Cathodic Protection. This standagd does not cover disinfecting procedures” (see Sec. 9.4) or cathodic protection. 1. If the disinfecting is to be done by the tank constructor, the purchaser must specify how such disinfecting is to be done. 2. The purchaser is responsible for determining the need for, the design of, and the specifications for eathodie protection (see ANSVAWWA D104). ILG. Recommended Items to Be Furnished by the Purchaser and Manufac turer The following recommendations on items to be furnished by both the purchaser and the manufacturer are considered good practice, but are not requirements of ANSVAWWA D103. ‘When a bolted steel tank is to be purchased under the provisions of this standard, the purchaser should provide the following: 1. The site on which the tank is to be built, including sufficient space to permit the structure to be erected by customary methods, 2. Foundation design and construction unless otherwise specified 3. Water at the proper pressure for testing, as required, and facilities for disposal of wastewater after testing. 4. A suitable right-of-way from the nearest public road to the erection site. 5, Any materials furnished by the purchaser to be used by the constructor for rruction of the tank ‘The manufeeturer should furnish the following: 1. Foundation loads and reactions imposed on the foundations by the tank. 2. Anchor bolts. if required. for wind. earthquake. or other lateral loads. or if specified to be furnished 3, All labor and materials. except materials furnished by the purchaser. chat structure components, including the accessories are necessary {9 mane? required by this standard. Variations in the responsibilities of both the purchaser and the manuiacturer as previously outlined may be made by the contractual agreement. The purchaser and the bidder s furnish i dentified in the sections that follow. IIL. Use of This Standard. has no responsibility for the suitability or compatibility of the provisions of this standard to any application by any user. Accordingly, each user of this standard is responsible for determining that the Standard’s provisions are suitable for and compatible with that user's intended application LILA. Purchaser Options and Alternatives, ‘The following information should be furnished by the purchaser when taking bids for a standpipe or reservoir: 1. For standpipes, the eapacity and top capacity level. 2. For reservoirs. the capacity and diameter. 3. Desired time for completion. 4. Site location ‘Type of road available for access to the site, and whether the road is publie or private. 6. Name of and distance to the nearest town, 7. Name of and distance to the nearest railroad siding. cure t *Various disinfection procedures are presented in AWWA C652, Standard for Disinfection of Water-Storage Facilities.8, Availability of electric power; who furnishes it and at what fee, if any; what ’ voltage is available; whether direct or alternating current; and,if alternating current, what cycle and phase. 9. Availability of compressed air and what pressure, volume, and fee are available, if any. 10. The bottom capacity level of the tank when empty if different from the level when the tank would be emptied through the specified discharge piping (Sec. 1.2.9). “ 11. The type of pipe and fittings for fluid conductors and the type of pipe joint if different from that permitted in Sec. 2.9. 12. If snow loading is to be omitted when the tank is located in an area where actual snow loading is insignificant (Sec. 3.2.3), 13, Specific wind-load requirements, including whether @ sliding check for unanchored tanks is required (Sec. 3.2.4) 14. Unless che purchaser specifies that seismic design be omitted, all seismic ‘designs will be based on pseudo-dynamic criteria (Sec. 12). When seismic design is required. purchaser shall identify which zone—1, 2A, 2B, 3 or 4—is to be used, 15. Locations of manholes, ladders, and any additional accessories required (See. 5). Note: Only ons specifies (Sec. 5.1) 16. The number a accommodated. NOTE: Connections to the piping furnished by the constructor are to be made by the purchaser (Sec. 5.2). 17, Ifa removable sile stop is required (See. 5.2.1). , 18. Overflow type. whether stub or te ground: size of pipe: pumping and arge rates (See. 5.3) 19. If the roof ladder for providing access to roof hatches and vents is to be omitted (See. 5.4.3). 20. If safety cages, rest platform: safety devices are required, and on which ladders (Sec. 5.5). Note: The purchaser should specify the beginning location of the outs: ladder if itis other than § ft above the level of the tank bottom. 21, Ia special vent is required for screening the tank vent (Sec. 8.7) 22. If shop inspection is required, and whether typical mill-test reports are required (Sec. 9.1) 23. Unless otherwise specified, soil investigation, including foundation-design criteria (Sec. 11.2), type of foundation (Sec. 114.1), depth of foundation below existing grade, and design soil-bearing pressure, including factor of safety NOTE: The top of the foundation is to be 6 in. minimum above the finish grade ess otherwise specified by the purchaser (Sec. 11.5.1). 24. Ifa steel tank bottom or a steel base setting ring is to be used (Sec. 21.4.1, type 6), 25. When a pile-supported foundation is required, the purchaser should specify pile type and depth below existing grade (Sec. 11.5.4), 26. If all requirements of ACI 301, Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings, are applicable to the concrete work (Sec. 11.6). 7. Vertical distance from finished ground level to the crown of inlet and outlet pipes (that is, pipe cover) at tank foundation (Sec. 11.7.2). ell manhole will be provided unless the purchaser otherwise and type and size of pipe to be location of pipe connectior ladder locks, roof-ladder handrails, or other tank28, Completion of the Tabulation Form for Seismic Data when seiSmic design is required (See. 12.1.2), 29. If vertical acceleration is to be considered and how it is to be applied in seismic design (Sec. 12.3.7.). 30. Amount of freeboard for sloshing wave (Sec. 12.3.7.2). 51, If'seismie design of roof framing and columns is required (Sec. 12 the amount of live loads and vertical acceleration to be used. 22, If local seismic data are availabie and if they are to be used in place of acceleration and spectral velocity values (Sec. 12.4) and the reduction factor to be used if sealed-down response spectra are used (Sec. 12.4.1) 33. Tan aluminum dome roof is to be provided as discussed in Sec. 13. 34. If the aluminum dome roof is to be provided, whether the exterior of the dome is to have a factory-applied baked-on finish. MILB. Information to Be Furnished by the Manufacturer or Constructor. The fol lowing information shall be furnished by the manufacturer or constructor for a standpipe or reservoir: 1. Dimensions of the standpipe or. reservoir. including the diameter, shell height type of bottom, type of root, type of coating, details of bolted joints, and type and size of plates, members. and anchorages shall be identified. The gross moment and shear imparted to the foundation under seismic and wind loading should also be identified at the time of the bid. 2. The number. names, and sizes of all accessories. This includes the type of dder if an alternative method from that required in Sec. 3.4.3 is proposed. 3. If the purchaser specifies that che tank is to be cathodically protected, the constructor shall certify in the bid that the tank will be erected so as to provide electrical continuity of all tank components in contact with water. TLC. Leems for Consideration by the Purchaser. The design, construction. and final placement of a storage tank into service requires cooperation between the purchaser, manufacturer, and constructor of the tank. Various practices are used to ensure successful tank placement, The following items are suggested for inclusion in the purchaser's specifications. unless local practice dictates otherwise. Please note ‘at this material is not stipulated in the text of ANSVAWWA D103. 1, The purchaser may want to provide for field inspection to be performed either by the purchaser or by a commercial inspection agency, the cost of which shall be paid by the purchaser, As an option, the purchaser may require the manufacturer ot constructor to perform the inspection work and, at the conclusion of the work. to submit a written report. The report should include a statement indicating that the tank has been erected according to the manufacturer's instructions, that the required testing has been performed, and that any leaks have been repaired. 2. The roof opening in the tank should be located near the overilow to provide for visual inspection of the overflow. 3. This standard assumes that the purchaser (owner) provides sufficient water replacement and circulation to prevent freezing in the tank and riser pipe. Where low usage may result in the possibility of freezing, the purchaser shall waste water or provide heat to prevent freezing. The purchaser is referred to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)" document NFPA 22, Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, for heater sizing, Purchasers are cautioned against allowing ice to build 3), and rook ——_____ “National Fire Protection Association, One Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269,up for use as insulation because the ice may break loose and damage the tank. Where reference to ice damage is discussed in the standard, it is in anticipatior’ of improper operation rather than approval of an icing condition “é. On completion of the tank erection, it is recommended that the constructor dispose of all rubbish and other unsightly material caused by the operations and leave the premises in as good a condition as found at the start of the tank erection. It is recommended that the purchaser provide appropriate containers for placement ‘and removal of disposed materials. Section 8.5 of ANSVAWWA D103 does not list requirements for cleanup. 3. ANSVAWWA D103 does not require the manufaccurer or constructor to blind and All the tank to top capacity level, according to the manufacturer's recommendations (see Sec, 9.2). ft is common practice for the purchaser to provide this effort. Should the purchaser require that the manufacturer or constructor provide this service and a supply of water, this must be provided for in the purchaser's specifications & ANSUAWWA D103 does not require the manufacturer or constructor to furnish foundation plans (see Sec. 11.1.1). Should che purchaser specify submission of foundation plans, the purchaser must furnish adequate information relative (0 the type of foundation, foundation depth, and allowable soil-bearing pressure, (See Sec, IL.D of the foreword and Sec, 11 for further informacion.) 7 ANSUAWWA D103 does not require the manufacturer or & construct and install a foundation, Should the purchaser require that a foundation be provided by the manufacturer or constructor, any information other than that contained in Sec. 11 of this standard must also be provided by the purchaser. 'S. It is recommended that the purchaser retain a qualified geotechnical ‘ant to conduct a proper soil investigation. Unless otherwise specified by the wurchaser, ANSUAWWA D103 does no: require that the manufacturer or constructor provide this service (see See. 11.3). 9. ANSVAWWA D103 does noc require the manufacturer or constructor to provide specifications for the preparation of sub-base materials (Sec. 11.4.1.6), Should the purchaser require that the manufacturer or constructor provide such specifica- his must be provided in the purchaser's specifications. TLD. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions. defin tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser's specifications. TV. Major Revisions. Major changes made to the standard in this revision include the following: 1, The format of the foreword has been changed to AWWA standard style. 2. The acceptance clause (Sec. 1.C) and the definitions of parties (Sec. 3) have been revised to approved wording. 3. Changes have been made to Sec. 12. Seismic Design of Flat-Bottomed Water Storage Tanks, to reflect the changes made to ANSUAWWA D106, Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage. “4. Anew Sec. 13 was created for structurally supported aluminum dome roofs, which replaces appendix A. ‘V. Comments, If you have any comments or questions about this standard, please call the AWWA Standards and Materials Development Department, (303) 794-7711 ext. 6283, FAX (303) 795-1440, or write to the department at 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. instructor to tian: oy Aa teeAmerican Water Works Association \ ANSVAWWA 0103-97 (Revision of ANSVAWWA 0103-87) AWWA STANDARD FOR FACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS FOR WATER STORAGE SECTION I: GENERAL See. 1.1 Scope is to facilicate the manufacture. installation. an vei canks tor the sto: ‘The purpose of this standa: Procurement of cylin: LLL Tani roofs, table water may be con: L12 Work outlined. The work the activities described ndation co: undation-reinforcing steel truction. The constructor or purchaser ‘aser is responsible for the tion 11, Foundation Design and Co} § responsible for construction of the foundation. The design of the foundation, 2. Manufacturer Section 2, Materials (except as i Section 3. General Design. Section 4, Sizing of Standpipes and Reservoi Section 3, Accessories for Standpipes and Reservoirs Section 6, Welding, Section 7, Shop Fabrication. Section 9, Inspection and Testing. See Sec. 9.1 regarding shop inspection Section 10, Coatings (except as indicated in item 8). Section 12, Seismic Design of Flat-Bottom Water-Storage Tanks 3. Constructor of tank: Section 6, Welding. (To be used in the field on! manufacturer and purchaser.) Section 8, Erection. Section 9, Inspection and Testing (except as indicated in item 2) ted in item 1 above) y after prior acceptance by the iL t2 aWWa D103.97 Section 10, Coatings. See See. 10.2 regarding, coating repair to be done in the field. * 1.1.3 Items not covered. This standard does not cover all details of design and construction because of the large variety of sizes and shapes of tanks. Where details for any specific design are not given, the manufacturer, subject to the approval of the purchaser shall provide details that are designed and constructed to be as adequate and as safe as those that would otherwise be provided under this standard. Lid Local requirements, This standard is not intended to cover storage tanks erected in areas subject to regulations more stringent than the requirements contained within this standard. In such cases, this standard should be followed on purchases made under the provisions of this standard, insofar as it does not contMict Pith local requirements, Where more stringent local, municipal, county, or state government requirements exis such requirements may govern, and this standard shall be interpreted to supplement them See. 1.2 Definitions ‘The following definitions shall apply in this standard 121 Capacity: ‘The net volume that may be removed from a tank filled just to the top capacity level and emptied to the bottom capacity level. The Bottom capacity level, if not otherwise specified by the purchaser, shall be che water level in the tank shell when the tank is emptied through the specified discharge piping. “12.2 Constructor: The party that furnishes the work and materials for allation. : placement or 123 Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates. or produces materiais or products. rials OF PrOguctS ye person, company, or organization that purchases any materials or wark to be perform 7 123. Rosercoir’ A flat-bo:tom eylindrical tank having a shell height equal ¢° eter. ‘A flat-bottom cylindrical tank having a shell height greater or smaller than, 126 an its diameter. 127 Tank: A stan dpipe of a reservoir used for water storage, Sec, 1.3 Responsibilities of Parties 1.3.1 Manufacturer's responsibility. ‘The manufacturer shall ture free of defective materials, including coatings. This responsibility shall be in Sifoct for a period of one year from the date of completion but not more than 14 months from the date of delivery. Any materials proven to be defective within this time shall be replaced or repaired by the manufacturer 1.3.2 Constructor’s responsibility. The constructor shall erect the structure free of defects in workmanship. This responsibility shall be in effect for a period of 12 months from the date of acceptance but not more than 12 months from the date of Completion of installation by the constructor. Any faulty workmanship found within those periods shall be repaired by the constructor. 113.3 Inspection and repair of tank. The purchaser must provide the con- structor and the manufacturer with the opportunity to inspect and repair the tank, if a required, within the responsibility periods enumerated in Sec. 1.3.1 and 1.3.2. Failure of the purchaser to provide an opportunity to inspect within these periods will relieve the constructor and manufacturer of responsibility unless otherwise agreed. ish a strucFACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 3 > Sec. 1.4 Drawings to Be Furnished 7 2 After award of the contract the manufacturer shall prepare the anchor-bolt layout, when applicable, and assembly drawings, which are to be submitted to the purchaser for approval unless waived, before proceeding with any fabrication. If required by the purchaser, details of all bolted and welded joints shall be referenced on the drawings. Sec. 1.5 References ‘This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, they form a part of this standard to the extent specified within the standard. In any case of conflict. the requirements of this standard shall prevail. AA” SPC—Standards for Aluminum Sand and Permanent Mold Castings. AA SAS—Specifications for Aluminum Structures (See. 1) AMA’ 605—Voluntary Specification for High Performance Organic Coatings on Architectural Extrusions and Panels ACH 301—Standard Specification for Structural Concrete ACI 318—Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. AISC! ASD—Specification for Structural Steel Buildings—Allowable Stress Design AISL™ 1010—Carbon Steel: Plates: Structural Shapes: Rolled Floor Plate: Sheet Piling, AISI SG-573—Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stee! Structu: Membe: ANSI A€—Standard Specification for Ge: Rolled Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling, ANSVASTM A36—Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Ste ANSVASTM AS3—Standard Specification for Pipe. Stee!, Bla Dipped. Zine-Coated, Welded and Seamless ANSUVASTM ALS1~Standard Specification for Carbon Stee! for Forgings. General-Purpose Piping. ANSUASTM A194—Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts Bolts for High-Pressure and High-Temperature Service. ANSI/ASTM A216—Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitabte for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service. ANSVASTM A572—Standard Specification Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel. and Hot ‘or High-Strength Low-Alloy Aluminum Association, 818 Connecticut Ave., Washington. DC 20006. “Architectural Aluminum Manufaciurers Association, 95 E. Wacker Dr, Chicago, IL 60601 American Concrete Institute. Box 19150, Redford Station, Detroit, MI 49219, §American Institute of Steel Construction, One E. Wacker Dr, Ste. 3100, Chicago, tL 60801-2001. “*American Iron and Steel Institute, 1101 17th St, NAW, Washington, DC 20036. ‘7 American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St, New York, NY 10036, stAmenican Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,4 awwwa 103.97 ANSUASTM A607—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High Strength, Low-Alloy, Columbium or Vanadium, or Both, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled. ) "ANSUASTM A668—Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use ANSUASTM AT15~Standard Specification for Steel Sheet and Strip, High- Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled, with Improved Formability ANSUAWS" AS.1-Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Are Welding. ANSLAWWA C652--Standaré for Disinfection of Water-Storage Facilities ANSUAWWA D104—Standard for Automatically Controlled, Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection for the Interior af Steet Water Tanks. API” 6A—Specification for Wellhead Equipment. API 12B—Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids. ASTM A4S—Standard Specification for Gray Iron C. ASTM A123—Standard Specification for Zine (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatin Iron and Steel Products. ASTM A153—Standard Specification for Zine Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and : t E £ Steel Hardware. ASTM A240-Standard Specification for Heat-Resisting Chromium and Chromiium- Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet. and Strip for Pressure Vessels. ‘ASTM A283—-Standard Specification for Low and Intermedia e Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates ASTM 307—Standard Specific Carbon Steel Bolts and Stu 60,000 psi Tensile Strength. al Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated. ASTM A325—Standard Spetificai i Minimum Tensile Streng andard Specification for Heat-Treated Stee! Structural Bolts inimum Tensile Strength. . ASTM AS63—Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Stee! Nuts. : ASTM A368—Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet. Cardon, and High- i h. Low-Alloy. Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for. i ‘Standard Specification for Steel. Sheet and Strip, Carbon. Hot i ASTM B695—Standard Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Depos- 4 ited on Iron and Steel, 4 ASTM D395—Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set, ASTM D412—Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Teasion. i ASTM D471—Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids. 3 ASTM D373—Standard Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air Oven § ASTM D1171—Standard Test Method for Rubber Ds a Cracking Outdoors or Chamber (Triangular Specimens) 4 ASTM D1229—Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Compression Set at = Low Temperatures. = & 2 é “American Welding Society, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, FL. 93126, 8 ’ +American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St. N.W., Washington, DC 20005,FACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 5 ASTM D1751—Standard Specification for Preformed Expansjon Joint Filler for Conerate Paving and Structural Construction (Nonextruding and Resilient Bitumi- nous Types). ASTM D2240—Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness ASTM D2244—Standard Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates. NFPA" 22—Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection. SSPC’ SPS—Pickling. SSPC SP10—Joint Surface Preparation Standard Near-White Blast Cleaning. Fed, Spec. TT-S-230—Sealing Compound: Elastomeric Type, Single Component. Fed Spec. ZZ-R-765—Rubber Silicone: Low- and High-Temperature and Tear Resistant, SECTION 2: MATERIALS. Sec. 2.1 General to meet the provisions 0} a fr condition, and shall All materials to be incorporated in any struct standard shall be new unused, and th all of the requirements of this standard, Bolts and Anchor Bolts Bolts for joining tank panels shall conform to the requirements of TM A325. ASTM A490. or API 12B. Nuts for these bolts shall Wm to ANSUASTM AL MA583. or balts hall conform to the requirements of ANSI SUASTM A572. grade 50, Sec. 2.3 Foundation-Reinforcing Steel nforeing steel in ur 2 requirements vf ACI shall compl: Sec. 2.4 Plates and Sheets Plate and sheet materials electric-furnace, or basi oxygen-process steel conformi; following ASTM specifications: A36; A283, grade C or D; A570. grade 30, 33, 36, 40, 45, or 50; A572, grade 42. 50, or 60: A607, grade 50, 55, or 60; or A715. grade 40. Plates and sheets may be furnished on he weight basis, with permissible underrun according to the tolerance table for plates ordered to weight published in ANSVASTM A6 and for sheets ordered to eight published in ASTM A563. Steel grades designating a yield strength of 50,000 psi or more should not be used on 15-ft or smaller diameter tanks that have form-flanged connections, Association, One Batterymarch Park, Quiney, MA 02269, *Steel Structures Painting Council, 40 24th St., Ste. 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4648. of Documents, US Government Printing Office, ‘Federal Specifications, Superintende: Washington, DC 204026 awwa p103.97 See. Sec. See. See. Sec. 25 2.6 2.9 Structural Shapes Hot-rolled structural shapes for use under the provisions of this standard shall conform to AISC $335. Material shall conform to ANSVASTM A&6 or AISI 1010. ‘Aluminum shapes of a suitable alloy for load and service requirements may be used for portions of the tank not in contact with water. The design of all aluminum members shall be in accordance with AA SAS and to the loads specified in Sec. 3 of this standard. Castings Iron castings shall conform to ASTM A4S, class 30. Steel castings shall conform to ANSVASTM A216, grade WCB. Aluminum castings shall conform to AA SPC. Forgings 2.7.1 Forgings from plate and sheet materials. Forgings from plate and sheet materials shall conform to the plate and sheet materials permitted under Sec. 2.4 Forgings from other than plate or sheet materials. Forgings from other than plate or sheet materials shall conform to ANSUASTM AG6S, class E. 7.3 Forged and rolled pipe flanges. Forged and rolled pipe flanges shall form to ASTM A1S1. class 60. Electrodes Manual, shielded-metal, are-wel conit ments of AWS A5.1. Welding electrodes shall be of any classification suitable for the electric current characteristics, the position of welding, conditions of intended use. Welding electrades for other welding processes metal and o ! conform co applicable AWS specifications for fi Pipe for Fluid Conductors Inlet, outlet, overflow. and other pipes, and all fittings for fluid use shail be a: ee] pipe is not otherwis cf specified by the purchaser. If or exceed ANSUASTM 53 carbo STM &: Unless otherwise specified. joint ‘ewed or flanged at the option of acturer. Pipe and fittings trom warehouse stock may be used if certified by 1e purchaser's specifications. 2.10 Gaskets and Sealants bination of both in The manufacturer shall use gaskets or sealants or a cou accordance with the following requirements. 210.1 Gaskets, Gasket material shall be of adequate tensile strength and resilience to obtain a leak-proof seal at all seams and joints. Gasket material shall be resistant to weather and ozone exposure as designated by ASTM D1171. Physical requirements are described in Table 1. 2.10.2 Sealants. Sealants shall comply with the following: 1. Resistance to temperature. The sealant shall remain fle: continuous operation over a temperature range of —40°F to +170°F (—4( +76.7°C). 2. Weatherability. The sealant shall be resistant to hardening and cracking. ‘The sealant shall be essentially solid and contain no plasticizers or extenders that could cause shrinkage due to weathering, The sealant shall be resistant to ozone and ultraviolet light. ible when in toFACTORY:COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 7 Table 1 Physical requirements for gasket material” Strip and Extruded Gasket Material Description ‘Tensile strength, initial. psi minimum, ASTM Dai> 1,200 psi 8.274 kPa ‘Tensite strength after oven aging as percent of initial, minimum, ASTM D573 70% Tensile strengvh after immersion in distilled water ag percent of initial, minimum, 60% ASTM D471 Ultimate elongation. initial. percent of minimum, ASTM D412 115% Uhimate elongation after oven aging as percent of initial, minimum, ASTM D573 70% Hardness, Shore A, ASTM D240 Hardness change Shore A, after oven aging, ASTM D573 TM Ds9s 40% Low-temperature compression set as maximum percent of original, ASTM D129 60% 160 Ibvin, 28 kre Compression set as maximum percent of original, atter oven aging, ‘Tear strength. pounds per inch iedpipe or reservoir rea “Dimensions and tolerances shall be as specified by th 3. Chemical resistance. The sealant shail be chemically resistant without extraction to water and shall not. swell or degrade under normal water-s conditions. 4. Material specification. The sealant shall be acceptable for use on food contact surfact 5. Primers for sealant. Some seaiant materials require the use of a pri metal or glass for maximum adhesion. Most of these primers contain a volatile solvent. After evaporation of the solvent. the primer shall compiy with the requirements of Sec. 2.10.2, item 4 SECTION 3: GENERAL DESIGN Sec. 3.1 Types of Joints 3.11 Bolted joints. All vertical, horizontal, shell-to-roof, and shell-to-bottom plates or sheets shall be field bolted. Bolt holes shall be shop punched or drilled for Feld assembly. The bolted joints between roof, shell, and bottom sheets and plates that are required to contain water or to be weathertight shall be sealed with suitable gasket material, sealant, or gasket material and sealant as required to make a watertight joint (see Sec. 2.10) LIL Te is standard practice for fleld-assembled tanks to require fit-up alignments. This is acceptable, and the manufacturer's erection procedures shall be followed 3.12 Welded joints. Welding may be used to join shop-fabricated subassem- blies that are subsequently bolted into place in the field. Sec. 3.2 Design Loads The following loads shall be considered in the design of tank structures and foundations. ener enenecnrren ener nena8 aWwa Duos. 3.2.1 Dead load. Dead load shail be the estimated weight of all permanent construction and fittings. The unit weights used shall be 490 tb/&9 (7,849.1 kg/m®) for steel and 144 Ib/ft? (2,306.7 kg/m®) for concrete. 3.2.2. Water load. Water load shall be the weight of all of the liquid when the tank is filled to top capacity level, Unit weight used for water shall be 62.4 Ib/t? 4,000 kg’m. 3.23 Roof design loads. 3.2.3.1 Snow load. Snow load shall be a minimum of 25 lb/ft? (1,200 Pa) on the horizontal projection of the tank for surfaces having a slope of 30° or less with the horizontal. For surfaces with greater slope, the snow loads shall be neglected. The snow load may be reduced when the tank is located where the lowest one-day mean low temperature is +5°F (-15°C) or warmer, and local experience indicates that a lesser load may be used. 3.2.32 The minimum roof-design live load shall be 15 lb/ft? (720 Pa), The roof plates or sheets may deflect between structural supports in order to support load 3.24 Wind load. Wind pressure shall be assumed to be 0 Ib/t? (1,400 Pa) on vertical plane surfaces, 18 Ib’? (860 Pa) on projected areas of cylindrical surfac fc? (520 Pa) on projected areas of conical and double-curved plate surfaces e quantities are based on a wind velocity of 100 mph (44.7 m’second): For res designed for wind velocities of more than 100 mph (44.7 m’second). ail oned unit pressures shall be adjusted in proportion to the square of the ran unanchored tank is specified. a coeificient of 3D degrees is assumed. The total wind shear force of tank shell, floor, and roof 1 weigh Earthquake load. Structures located in tones 1. 2A, 28, 3. or 4 shall be Sec. 12 of this standard (for exception. see designed for seismic loads as defined See. 3.2.5.2), 3.2.5.1 Structures located in zone O do not require design for earchquake resistance. 3 1ot required on quake design isn ser may specify that ear 2. The pur structures located in zone 1 ym and ladder load. A vertical load (and only one such load in each case) applied as follows: 1.000 Ib (453.6 kg) to each platform: 500 Ib (226.8 kg) to any 10 f? (0.95 m") area on the tank roof; 500 Ib (226.8 kg) on each vertical section of che ladder. all structural parts and connections shall be properly proportioned to withstand suth loads. The aforementioned load need not be combined with the snow load specified in Sec. 3.2.3, but shall be combined with the dead load. The platform and roof plating may deflect between structural supports in order to support the loading. Sec. 3.3 Design Criteria With the exception of other criteria specifically provided for elsewhere in this standard, the structural design of all standpipes and reservoirs shall be in compliance with the followin, 1. AISI SG-671, 2. AISC Saas. "FACTORY.COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 9 Sec. 3.4 Tank Shell . In the design of the tank shell, the hydrostatic water pressure at the lower edge of each ring of sheets or plates in the tank shell shall be assumed to act undiminished on the entire area of the ring, 4.1 Shell thickness. When the net tensile stress governs, the thickness of cylindrical shell plates stressed by pressure of the tank contents shall be calculated by the formula” (Eq Where: shell plate thickness, in inches height of liquid from the top capacity line just to overflow to the bottom of the shell course being designed, in feet tank diameter. in fe bolt spacing in line perpendicular to line of st specific gravity of liquid (1.0 for water) allowable ten 1 pounds per square inch (Sec. bolt-hote diameter. in inches ss, in inches aus es in each ring of dead load shall be 3.42 Compressive stress. The allowable compressive sheets or plates under wind or earthquake loading combined wit ned by the formula (Eq 2 Where: ssive stress. in pounds per squai allowable com; = shell thickness, in inches R = shell radius, in inches 3.43 Allowable stresses increased by one third. The allowable stresses may be increased by one third when produced by wind or seismic loading acting alone or in combiaation with the design dead and water loads, provided the required section computed on this basis is not less than that required for the design dead and water load computed without the one-third stress increase. “The equations shown throughout this standard are currently for use with the inch-pound Een of units only: Metric equivalents are being developed by the Steel Elevated Tanks, Standpipes, and Reservoirs Committee and will be published in the next update of rhe standard,20 awWa D102.97 Sec. 3.5 Bolted Joints In the design of bolted joints, the effect of the gasket and sealant shall be neglected, provided the compressed thickness of the gasket or sealant does not exceed ‘isin. (1.6 mm. 3.5.1 Minimum spacing. ‘The center-to-center distance between bolts shall not be less than 2d, where d is the diameter of the bolt, in inches (millimetres). The distance from the center of any bolt to an edge or seam shall not be less than 15d. In ro case shall the center-to-center or edge-to-center distance be less than ae Ter, (Eq 3) Where force transmitted by the bolt. in pounds published yield strength of the sheet or plate, in pounds per square inch £ = thickness of the thinner sheet. in inches 3.5.2 Multiple doit tines, When multiple bolt lines are used. the effective net jon area shail nat be taken as greater than 85 percent of the gross Te The tensile stress on the net section of a jues determined by bolted c following for (EQ 4), (Eq 5) Where: = allowable tensile stress, in pounds per square inch = published yield strength of the sheet material, in pounds per square inch r = force transmitted by the bolt or bolts at the section considered, divided by the tensile force in the member at that section. Ifr is less than 0.2, it may be taken to equal zero = diameter of bolt, in inches spacing of bolts perpendicular to line of stress, in inches Published ultimate strength of the sheet material, in pounds per square inch 3.5.4. Hole bearing stress. The hole bearing stress on the area d xt shall not exceed 1.95F,. The symbols d and Fy are as defined in Sec. 3.5.3; ¢ is the thickness of the plate under consideration. py “4 EA encanta 2FACTORY.COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 11 3.5.5 Bolt shear Shear on bolts in live and dead loads hall not exceed the value as determined from the formula F, «06x09 = fe = (Eq 6) Where: = allowable shear stress to the affected area. whether tensile stress area or gross area, in pounds per square inch ultimate tensile of bolt. in pounds per square inch. as determined by the formula zy (Eq 6a) Where, F = breaking load of the bolt a3 determined from tensile tests. in pounds Ape 0.7854: - 28258 * \Eg 601 = nominal diameter of the bolt, in inches 2 = number of threads per inch 3.5.5 Bolt tension, The tensile stress on bolts, other than an: not exceed the lesser of the f (Eq 8) The symbols in these expressions are as previously defined in this section, following Eq 5, When tensile straps are required in a butt-flanged connection, they shall be designed in accordance with Figure 1 Sec. 3.6 Weld Design Values 3.6.1 Structural joints, Welded structural joints shall be proportioned so that the stresses on a section through the throat of the weld, exclusive of weld12 awwa Dio3.97 Se Shell thickness fn) Load — in = Pubisted yield ofthe st used in ine shal (esi Tensile Step Not Beaute (12. 7-mm) ciameter 4 1 on Ze 150.871 centers ata alt exe® 21 Figure 1 Tensile straps aid in transferring vertical loads across horizontal joints reinforcement, do not exceed the following percentages of the allowable working tensile stress of the structural material joined. 36.11 Groove welds Tension, 85 percent; compression, 100 percent; percent. 3.6.1.2 Fillet welds. Transverse shear, 65 percert; longitudinal shear, 50 percent. NOTE: Stress in a fillet weld shall be considered as shear on the throat, for any direction of the applied load. The throat of a fillet weld shall be assumed as 0.707 times the length of the shorter leg of the fillet weld having a flat or slightly convex profile. Sec. 3.7. Top and Intermediate Shell Girders 7.1 Top girder A tank without a roof shall have a top girder or angle having a minimum section modulus as determined by the formula s Bam) (Eq 9)FACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 13. Where: S = minimum required section modulus, in cubic inches, of the top angle or girder, including a portion of the tank shell for the allowable distance below as specified in the introductory paragraph of Sec. 3.3. and, if applicable above. the ring attachment to the shell H_ = height of the cylindrical portion of the tank shell. in feet D = tank diameter, in feet V = wind velocity, greater than 100 mph 3.7.1.1 The total vertical leg of the top girder or angle may be used in the computations, provided that the vertical leg width does not exceed the width-o- thickness ratios set forth in Sec. 8.3 3.7.2 Intermediate girders. The following formula shall be used to determine whether intermediate girders are required between the roof or top girder and the bottom: (Eg 10) Where; vertical distance between the intermediate wind qeder and the cop angle of the shell or the top wind girder of aa open-top tank. in feet wind pressure, in pounds per square foot. This shail be assumed to be 18 unless the wind velocity is specified to be greater than 100 mph. ia, (Eq 10a) D = tank diameter. in feet ¢ = average shell thickness for the vertical distance A, in inches 37.2.1 In determining the maximum height of unstiffened shell. an initial calculation shall be made using the thickness af the top shell course, Additional calculations shall be based on the average thickness obtained by including part or all of the next lower course or courses, until the caiculated A is equal to or smaller than, the height of shell used in determining the average thickness. If A continues to calculate greater than the height of the shell used in determining the average thickness, then no intermediate girder is required 3.7.2.2 After establishing the location of the first intermediate girder, if required, repeat the procedure for additional intermediate girders, using the preceding intermediate girder as the top of the tank. Locating the intermediate wind girder at the maximum spacing calculated by the preceding rules will usually result ina shell below the intermediate wind girder having a greater stability against wind loading than the shell above the intermediate girder. The girder may be located at a spacing less than the maximum spacing, but the lower shell must be checked for adequacy against the maximum wind pressure, as previously described or in the following alternative subparagraphs.14 awwwa D103.97 1. Change the width W of each shell course into a transposed width W,, of ‘ shell course, having a uniform thickness, by the following relationship: es w= w(t} (Eq 1) eM octuat Where: tunigorm = wniform thickness into which the entire shell will be transformed ‘tcetual = actual thickness of the plate course being transformed 2. The sum of the transposed width of each course will give the height of an equivalent transformed shell. For equal stability above or below the intermediate wind girder, the girder should be located at the mid-height of the transformed shell. ‘The location of the girder on the transformed shell shall be transposed to the actual shell by the foregoing thickness relationship, using the actual thickness of the shell course on which the girder will finally be located and all actual thicknesses above this course. 3.7.2.3 When intermediate girders are required, they shall be proportioned in accordance with the formula os 2 hD: va Po Jo000* Too Eq 1) Refer to Sec. 3.7.1 and 3.7.2 for an explanation of these symbols. x Sec. 3.8 Roof Supports Roof supports or stiffeners. if used. shall be designed in accordance with the current specifications of AISC (ASD). with the following stipulations or exceptions: 1. The roof sheet will provide the necessary lateral support of root rafters from the friction between the roof plates and rater compression flange. with the following exceptions a, Trusses and open-web joists used as rafters. b. Rafters having a nominal depth greater than 15 in. (381 mm) c. Rafters having a slope greater than 2 in 12 2. The roof rafter and purlin depth may be less than /b/600,000 times the span length, provided the roof slope is #4 in 12 or greater. The symbol /b is the bending unit stress (actual), equal to the bending moment divided by the section modulus of the member. 3, The maximum slenderness ratio Lir for the column supporting rafters shail be 175. L is the laterally unsupported length of the column, in inches, and r is the least radius of gyration, in inches. Columns supporting roofs shall be designed as secondary members. 4. Roof trusses shall be placed above the maximum water level in climates where ice may form. 5. Roof rafters shall be placed above the top capacity level. No part shall project below the top capacity levelord FACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 15, 6. The maximum spacing between roof supports shall besdetermined by the formula ess iW (Eq 13) Where: L = maximum spacing, in inches F, = published yield strength of the roof sheet material, in pounds per square inch roof sheet thickness, in inches roof dead load plus live load acting on roof surface, in pounds per square foot Sec. 3.9 Steel Thickness Steel thicknesses shall comply with the following: 1. Sheets on roofs having a slope of 1 in 2.75 or greater. for which the tink diameter does not exceed 35 ft (10.7 m). shall have a minimum thickness of 0.070 in, (2.8 mm 3. Sheets on roofs having @ slope less than 1 in diameter. shall have a minimum thickness of 0.094 in. (2.4 mm). 3. The minimum thickness of the bottom sheets shall be 0.094 in. (24 mu 4. The maximum thicknets of shell plates shall be *sin. (@3 mm): the minimum thickness shall be 0.094 in. (2.39 mm. 5. The sheet thicknesses in ANSUAWWA D103 designs are based on the of hydraulic. wind, and seismic loadings with applicable bolted-joint regardless of tank criter: efficien: Sec. 3.10 Foundation Bolts Foundation anchor bolts may be either upset or not upset and shall comply with the material requirements stated in Sec. 2.2.2. Anchor bolts shall be designed to resist the maximum uplift force, Allowable stresses may be increased as permitted in Sec. 3.4.3. The minimum anchor bolt diameter shall be ¥in. (19.1 mm) and all anchor bolts shall be galvanized, The allowable tensile stress (F,) shall be as follows based upon the gross (nominal) area of the bolt. They shall be proportioned for the maximum possible uplift, using the tensile stress area (Sec. 3.5.5) of the thread or the un-upset rod diameter, whichever is smaller, and 70 percent of the allowable tensile stress from Sec. 3.5.6. In no event should anchor bolts be less than % in. in diameter. Foundation bolts may extend to within 3 in. of the bottom of the pier, but not aecessarily more than far enough to develop the maximum uplift. Foundation bolts shall terminate in a right-angle hook, bend, head, or washer plate. The bond for plain-rod foundation bolts shall be calculated using the following formula: F, = 0338, Where: Fy = minimum tensile strength of the bolt, in pounds p | | | {16 awwa Die3.97 ‘The tensile capacity of the threaded portion of an upset god shall be larger than the body area times 0.6 F,, where F, equals minimum yield strength of the bolt, in pounds per square inch. Anchor bolts may extend to within 3 in. (76.2 mm) of the bottom of a pier or footing, but not necessarily more than required to develop the maximum tension. Anchor bolts shall terminate in a right-angle hook, bend, head, or washer plate. The bond for plain-rod anchor bolts. in addition to the pullout resistance of the book. bend, head. or washer plate, shall be calculated by the formula ue (Eq La) Where U = unit bond stress. in pounds per square inch F, = concrete compressive strength, in pounds per square inch d= diemeter of the anchor bolts. in inches 3.10.1 Bolt projection. The threaded ends of foundation anchor bolts shail project 2 in, (50.8 mm) above the nominal level of the tops of the foundation’ anchor bolt nuts to provide for variations in the foundation elevations. Lock nuts shall be provided or the threaded ends of anchor boits shail be peened to prevent loosening of anchor nuts, Sec. 3.11 Reinforcement Around Openings All welded or bolted connections greater than + in, (101.6 mm) in diameter :n the tank shall and other locations that are subject to hydrostatic pressure. where the thicknesses are established in accordance with the design eriteria given in Sec. 2.5 shall be reinforced. The reinforcement may be the flange of a fitting, an additional ting of metal. a thicker plate. or any combination of these. 111 Tank shell, The amount of reinforcement for an opening in the tank shell shall be computed as follows: The minimum cross-sectional area of the reinfo product of the maximum dimension of the hole cut in the tank shell and any boit holes ia the line perpendicular to the direction of the maximum stress and the required shell thickness. The cross-sectional area of the reinforcement shall be easured perpendicular to the direction of maximum stress coincident with che maximum dimension of the opening (100 percent reinforcement). All effective reinforcement shall be made within a distance equal to the maximum dimension of the hole in the shell. The direction of reinforcement shall be perpendicular to the maximum stress, The reinforcement shall be in either direetion from the centerline of the shell opening. 3.112 Fittings. In the computation of the net reinforcing area of a fitting having a neck (such as a boilermaker’s flange or a manhole saddle), the following portions of the neck may be considered as part of the area of reinforcement. 1, That portion extending outward from the outside surface of the shell for a distance equal to four times the neck wall thickness or, if the neck wall thickness is ‘ot uniform within that distance, to the point of transition 2, That portion lying within the shell thickness. 3, Ifthe neck extends inwardly, that portion extending inward from the inside surface of the shell for a distance as specified in item 1 above. hanFACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 17 3.1121 The aggregate strength of the weld attaching a fitting to the shell or ‘any intervening reinforcing plate, or both, shall at least equal the proportion of the forces passing through the entire reinforcement that is computed to pass through the fitting 3.11.2. The aggregate strength of the weld attaching any intervening reinforcing plate to the shell shail at least equal the proportion of the forces passing through the entire reinforcement that is computed to pass through the reinforcing plate. 3.11.23 The attachment weld joining the flanged fitting or reinforcing plate to the shell shall be considered effective along the outer periphery only for the parts ving outside of the area bounded by parallel lines drawn tangent to the shell opening Perpendicular to the direction of maximum stress. The outer peripheral welding, however, shall be applied completely around the reinforcement. All of the inner Peripheral weld shall be considered effective. The outer peripheral weld shall be of a size equal to the thickness of the shell or reinforcing plate, whichever is less. 3 Manhole necks, nozzle necks, reinforcing plates, and shell openings that have sheared or oxygen-cut surfaces shall have uniform and smooth surfaces, with the corners rounded, except where these surfaces are fully covered by attachment welds. 3 Flange unions. 3.11.2.5.1 Piping flanges shall conform to the requirements given within this tandard. except that, if specified by the purchaser, alternative types having equivalent strength, tightness, and utility may be furnished. 3.11.25.2 Except as otherwise provided in Sec. 3.11.25, ached by bolts or bolt studs. and shall conform to the & Flanges shall be furnished in the sizes given in Table 2. as purchaser. and shall conform to the provisions of Table 2 and Figure 2. 2. The inner Mange shail be provided with bolt-head or boli-stud nut bolted piping flanges lowing: hall be a length of thread shall conform to the requirements of Table 2. In all other respects. the threads shall conform to the requirements of API 6A. 3.112.5.3 When bolted pi to Table 2 and Figure 2 are attachment in accordance with the following stipulations. 1. The bolt-circle diameter and the number of balt holes shall be as shown in Table 2 and Figure 2 2. Bolt-hole sizes shail be optional with the m with the bolt-fit tolerance as shown in Table 2. 3. Flange bolt holes shail straddle the radial centerlines on roofs and bottoms, and vertical centerlines on staves, except that for the 4-in, (101.6-mm) diameter, five. hole flange the odd hole shall be located on the centerline toward the center for the roof or the top of the sheet. jcturer, but shall conform SECTION 4: SIZING OF STANDPIPES AND RESERVOIRS Sec. 4.1 Standard Capacities The standard capacities for standpipes and reservoirs shall be as published by the manufacturer and shall be calculated to the nearest 1,000 gal (m?).18 awwa Di03.97 Table 2 Bolted piping flanges Sizo—in, 2 3 4 6 s Diameter of bolt circle, a, (mm) 2 (016) Sia(is65) F619) 8 (2286) 11412855) Number of bolts 4 (016) 4 (1016) 5 (197.0) 6 (1524) 8 (ORY Diameter of bolts. in. (mm) tr az7 G59) 88 59) 8 (15.9) $8 89) Diameter of boit holes, in. (mm) bs on 4% 090 ae ueD Minimum thread length. Y.in.(mm) (222) 11e(80.2) 1416 (93.8) 1716 (3 Depth of counterbore Optional with manufac Outside diameter of flange, O, in. tmm) 545 (190.2) 6% (168.3) _ 794 (196.9) | ‘Ar reprcauced by permission bom the American Petreum Ins NOTE: Secins through tan are shown att holes. Figure 2 Bolted piping flanges wosenFACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 19 Sec. 4.2 Shell Heights for Standpipes : ‘The purchaser shall specify the required shell height for standpipes in accordance with the manufacturer's modular sizes. Sec. 4.3 Diameters for Reservoirs The purchaser shall specify the required reservoir diameter. with an allowable variation to conform with the manufacturer's standard modular sizes and capacity SECTION 5: ACCESSORIES FOR STANDPIPES AND RESERVOIRS Sec. 5.1 Shell Manholes One manhole. uniess otherwise specified. shall be provided in the first ring of the tank shell at a location to be designated by the purchaser. In tanks with one manhole, a sheet opposite the manhole may be removed for additional ventilation if required for inspections or recoating. If any manhole cover weighs more than 50 Ib (22.7 kg), a hinge or davit shall be provided. eand shape. Manhoies ma 2 (610m 24 in, (610 mm) ¢ 24 in. (610 mm: or elliptical, 18 in, 457 mm §), minimum size, Flush rectangular manholes wich a minimum lengtis « mm) in the shortest direction and a maximum length of 48 in. (1.219 mm) holes must in the longest direction are aiso acceptable. Cutouts for rectangular mat have a minimum 6 in. (152 mm) radi corners 5.1.2 Reinforcing The shell piate where the manhole is located shail be reinforced to comply with Sec. 3.11, and all portions of the manhole, including the g. the cover. and reinforce: ned to withstand the nt and pressure of che tank c Sec. 5.2 Pipe Connections The pipe connections shall be of the size specified by the purchaser. They are ally attached to che tank bottom. Point of attachment shall be designated by the purchaser (see foreword. Sec. ILC. item 3). 5.21 Silt stop. Wa removabie siit stop 1s required, it shall be at least 4 in. in height, and the fisting or piping connection shall be flush with the tank floor when the stop is removed. If a removable silt stop is not required, che fitting or connecting pipe, or both, shall extend above the floor by at least 4 in, 5.2.2 Shell connections. Shell connections are permitted, provided the pur- chaser makes adequate provisions to protect the pipe from freezing and provides adequate pipe Mexibility to account for shell rotation and deflections of the shell when filled. 523 Flexibility. Sufficient piping flexibility to accommodate seismic move- ments and settlement in the piping system shall be provided to protect the connections. Sec. 5.3 Overflow ‘The tank shall be equipped with an overflow of the type and size specified by the purchaser. If a stub overflow is specified, it shall project at least 12 in. beyond the20. alwa D103-97 tank shell. If an overflow to ground is required, it shall be brought down the outside of the tank shell and supported at proper intervals with suitable brackets. The overflow to the ground shall discharge over a drainage inlet structure or a splash block. Tt shail terminate at the top in a weir box or other appropriate intake. A top stiffener shall not be cut or partially removed. The overflow pipe and intake shall have a capacity at least equal to the pumping rate as specified by the purchaser, with fa water level not more than 6 in. (152.4 mm) above the weir. The overflow pipe shall terminate at the bottom with an elbow. If carbon steel is specified by the purchaser. the overflow pipe shall have screwed or welded connections if it is smaller than 4 in. (201.6 mm) in diameter, or flanged or welded connections if it is 4 in, (101.6 mm) in diameter or larger. The purchaser shail specify the maximum flow rate, in gallons per minute, for which the overflow shall be designed. Internal overflows are not recommended but may be provided if specified by the purchaser. The internal overflow pipe shall have a minimum thickness of *4 in. (6.4 mm) Sec. 5.4 Ladders SAA Outside tank ladden The constructor shall furnish a tank ladder on the outside of the shell beginning 8 f above the level of the sank bottom, and located to provide access to the roof manway. The minimum clear width of step surface for rungs shall be 16 in. (406.4 mm). and rungs shall be equally spaced han 11 in, (279.4 mm), nor more than (381 mm), on center. The from the centerline of the rungs to the tank wall shall not be Rung size shall not be less than ‘sin. (Smm) in m spacing of supports attaching the tank shail not exceed 10 ft (3 m), The minimum design live load shall of 250 Ib (113.4kg). each concentrated between any two consecutive 3 fe tank. Each rung in the ladder ed for a singie’* kg). minimum. The design loads shail be maximum stress in the y be of any shape having 2.4m), or as spe not less perpend! cular distai concentrated load of 2501b (113.4 concentrated at such a point or points as will cause ral ladder member being co de rails may rties adequate to support the design loads and providing a means of ail so as to lock each rung to the side rai je tank ladders are not recommended. If an comply with the requirements of See. 54.1 f specified, the constructor shall furnish all be reached from the outside tank ion prop ely fastening each rang to the 54.2 Inside tank ladder 1 inside ladder is required, it s 34.3 Roof ladder Unless access to roof hatches and vents. Such access ladder according to the following: 1. For slopes 5 in 12 or greater, a ladder or stairway shall be provided 2, Slopes less than 5 in 12 and greater than 2 in 12 shail be provided with a single handrail and nonskid walkway 3. Slopes 2 in 12 or less do not require a handrail or nonskid surface. 34.4 Minimum requirements. Minimum requirements for ladders, hatches, and so forth can be found in OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910, “Occupational Safety and Health Standards,” General Industry Standards. Nore: Regardless of the access protection provided to tank roof hatches and vents, weather conditions on tank roofs are extremely variable and workers and their supervisors are expected to exercise good judgment in matters of safety. Among other things, this may include the use of safety lines when windy, icing, or other hazardous conditions exist. ok SRA ooFACTORY.COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 21 Sec. 5.5 Safety Devices B Ifa safety cage, rest platforms, roofladder handrails, ladder lock, anti-clim device, or other safety devices are required by federal or local laws or regulations, the purchaser shall so specify. None of these are recommended for use inside the tank. Sec. 5.6 Roof Openings 5.6.1 Ladder The manufacturer shall furnish a roof opening, which shall be placed near the outside tank ladder and which shall be provided with a hinged cover and a hasp for locking. The opening shall have a clear dimension of at least 24 in (610 mm) in one direction and 15 in, (381 mm) in the other direction. The opening shall have either (1) a curb at least 4 in, (101.6 mm) in height, and the cover shail have a downward overlap of at least 2 in, (50.3 mm), or (2) a gasketed weathertight cover, in liew of the din. (101.6-mm) curb and 2-in. (50.$-mm) overlap. When a combined screened vent-manhole cover equipped with locking hasp is provided at the roof center opening, the ladder opening may be omitted. 5.6.2 Roof center An additional opening, with a removable cover having an opening dimension or diameter of at least 20 in. (508 mm) and 4-in. (101.6.mm? nimum height neck, shall be provided at, or near, the center of the tank. In lieu! of the 4-1n. (101,6-mm) neck, a gasketed. weathertight cover is also acceptable. Sec. 5.7 Vent {the tank roof is of tight construction. a suitable vent shail be furni the maximum water level. The vent shall have a capacity to pass air co that maximum possible rate of the water, either entering or leaving the tank, excessive pressure will not be developed. The overflow pipe shall not be considered a tank vent WARNING: An improperly vented tank may cause external pressures ¢o act on K. which will cause bucking even at a low pressure differential Location. Even if more than one vent is required. one tank vent always be located near the center of the roof The vent shall be desi ‘ucted to prevent the ingress of birds or animals. 5.72 Screening. When governing health authorities require 5 against insects, @ pressure-vacuum screened vent or a separate pressure-vacuum relief mechanism shall be provided which will operate in the event that the screens frost over or become clogged with foreign material. The screens or relief mechanism shall aot be damaged by the occurrence and shall return automatically to the operating position after the clogging is cleared Note: The purchaser should clean che screens and check the pallets or relief mechanism for operation at least once a year. but preferably each spring and fall. ned above the ed and Sec. 5.8 Additional Accessories and Exceptions Any additional accessories required to be furnished shall be specified by the Purchaser. Exceptions to the provisions of this section may be specified by the purchaser to suit special situations.22, awwa Di03-97 SECTION 6: WELDING 2 i} Sec. 6.1 General The field assembly of all vertical, horizontal, shell-to-roof, and shell-to-bottom plates or sheets shall be by bolting. Welding shall be limited to the shop installation of nozzles. vents, manways, connections, and subassemblies. Field welding is to be kept to minimum and used only after acceptance by the manufacturer and purchaser. Sec. 6.2 Welds according to the welds in the tank and structural members shall be ma minimum requirements of AWS, Manufacturers shall maintain a welder training program and shall be able to certify if requested that these welds were made by AWS qualified welders and inspected according to AWS standards, These welds are to be sure complete fusion with the base metal, within the limits specified for each joint, in strict accordance with the following procedure. 82.1 Weather conditions, Welding shall not be performed when the surfaces s to be welded are wet from rain, snow. or ice: when’ rain or snow is falling or during periods of high winds. unless the welder or welding rand work are properly protected. Welding shall not be done when the base the base metal temperature is ral within 3 in, (76.2 mm) of made to operai nyetal temperature is less than O°F (-17.8°C). Wh within the range 0°F-32°F (-17.8°C-0°C), the base o the place where welding is to be Started shall be heated until :t is warm to the touch 6.22 Pwening Peening of weld layers may be used to prevent undue .rface layers shail not be peened, all be performed with light blows from a power hammer* All welds that are to be grit blasted before coating should be rough ground to remove any high points prior to grit blasting, Welds that will not be grit blasted shall be ground to a smooch contour. 6.2.5.1 Undercutting of base mecai in che plate adjoining the weld shall be repaired 6.2.3.2 All craters shall be filled to the full cross section of the weld. 6.24 Reinforcement, The reinforcement of butt welds shall be as small as practicable, preferably not more than 'is in, (1.6 mm). Ia no case shall the face of the weld lie below the surface of the plates being joined. 2.5 Gouging. Gouging at the root of welds and gouging of welds to remove defects may be performed with a round-nosed tool or by arc or oxygen gouging. 62.8 Cleaning between beads. Each bead of multiple-pass weld shall be cleaned of slag and other loose deposits before the next bead is applied. Bo Sec. 6.3 Preparation of Surfaces to Be Welded Surfaces to be welded shall be free from loose scale, slag, heavy rust, grease, paint, and any other foreign material except tightly adherent mill scale. A light film of weldable rust-preventive coating or compound may be disregarded. Such surfaces shall also be smooth, uniform, and free from fins, tears, and other defects that adversely affect proper welding. A fine film of rust adhering to cut or sheared edges after wire brushing need not be removed. Bn inaneFACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 23, Sec. 6.4 Low-Hydrogen Electrodes : ‘The use of low-hydrogen electrodes will be helpful when welding is performed at low temperatures. When the designated low-hydrogen covered electrodes are used, preheating of the steel is not required unless the metal temperature is 32°F (0°C) or lower, After filler metal has been removed from its original package, it shall be protected or stored s0 that its characteristics or welding properties are not affected, In the case of low-hydrogen electrodes, this means Keeping the electrodes warm and dry up to the time they are removed from the rod-storage oven. Low-hydrogen electrodes shall be stored, and rebaked if necessary. in accordance with electrode conditioning recommendations contained in AWS A5.1 Sec. 6.5 Undercuts and Penetration of Welds Welds shall be examined visually for compliance with the following: 8.5.1 Butt and lap joints subject to primary stress. For butt and lap joints subject to primary stress due to weight or pressure of tank contents, there shall be complete joint penetration and no undercutting. 65.2 Butt joint subject to secondary stress. For butt joints subject to second ary stress, there shail be complete joint penetration and no undercutting. 65.3 Lap joints subject to secondary stress. For lap joints subject to second- ary stress, the maximum undercut permitted shall be 12 ‘> percent of the thinnest sheet mgasured at each edge of the weld. 6 Cleaning of Welds ‘The manutaccurer shail remove weld scale or slag, spatter. burrs, and other sharp or rough projections in a manner that will leave the surface suitable for the nt cleaning and coating operation. Weld seams need not be chipped or ly cleaned and coated See. subsec ground, provided they may be satisfact SECTION 7: SHOP FABRICATION See. 7.1. Straightening Any required straightening of material shall be done by mechods that will not damage the steel. Minor cold straightening is permitted. Cold straightening may be done by hammering, or preferably, by rolling or pressing. Heat may be used in craightening more severe deformations. Sec. 7.2 Finish of Plate Edges—Welded Work ‘The plate edges to be bolted or welded may be universal mill edges or they may be prepared by shearing, machining, chipping, or by mechanically guided oxygen or plasma are cutting. Edges of irregular contour may be prepared by oxygen or plasma are cutting 72.1 Oxygen or plasma arc cutting. When edges of plates are oxygen or plasma are cut, the surface obtained shall be uniform and smooth and shall be cleaned of slag accumulations before welding, All cutting shail follow closely the lines prescribed. 7.22 Shearing, Shearing may be used for material 73 in, (9.5 mm) or less in thickness.24 AWWa Di03.97 Sec. 7.3 Rolling . Plates and sheets shall be cold rolled or pressed to suit the curvature of the tank and the erection procedure. Sec. 7.4 Double-Curved Plates Plates and sheets that are curved in two directions may be pressed or rolled either cold or hot Sec. 7.5 Manufacturing Tolerances 7.5.1 Tanks with korizontally Ranged shell joints. Parts fabricated and punched for tanks with horizontally flanged shell joints shall comply with the dimensions and tolerances of API 128. 7.5.2 Tanks with horizontally lapped sheli joints, The tolerance on bolt-hole spacing for tanks with horizontally lapped shell joints shall be =!a2 in. (0.8 mm) between any two holes, measured in the flat before forming, Sec. 7.6 Coatings Bolted tanks are supplied with factory-applied coatings (refer to Sec. 10 for coatings) Sec, 7.7. Shipping AH material shall be loaded. transported to such a manner as to prevent damage. SECTION 8: ERECTION 4 Sec. 8.1 General ‘The manufacturer shall provide instructions for the erection of the tank, and the sank shall be erected in accordance with these instructions. Sec. 8.2 Bolting All bolts shall be located and installed in accordance with the instructions on erecting the tank provided by the manufacturer. Sec. 8.3. Gasketing and Sealants Gasketing and sealants or both shall be supplied by che manufacturer and stalled between all joints in compliance with che erection instructions. The constructor shall exercise care in properly locating and installing any special gaskets (chime lap gas! ts, and so forth) supplied by the manufacturer. Sec. 8.4 Coating Repair The coating shall be visually inspected by the constructor and any damage to the factory-applied coatings shall be repaired in strict compliance with the manufacturer's recommendations (see Sec. 10.2).FACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 25 See. 8.5 Cleanup - On completion of the erection, the constructor shall, if required by the purchaser's specifications, dispose of all rubbish and other unsightly material caused by the operations and shall leave the premises in as good a condition as found at the start of the tank erection, SECTION 9: INSPECTION AND TESTING Sec. 9.1 Shop Inspection 9.1.1 Shop inspection. The purchaser may, if specified, require shop inspec- tion by a commercial inspection agency, the cost of which shall be paid by the purchaser. Shop inspection shail at a minimum consist of a visual inspection of the fabricating practices and operations to determine compliance with this standard Mill-test reports. When specified by the purchaser, copies of certified reports shall be furnished ‘by the manufacturer. The manufacturer shall fall mill-tes reports ating thickness test data. When specified. the manufacturer shall i test data on the coating thickness. Sec. 9.2 Testing 9.2.1 Repair of ivaks Any leaks found shail be repaired by the constructor ed that repair of joints be made while the water level is above the po being repaired. See the foreword, See. ITI.C. item 7. for recommendations on blindi and filling the tank. which is nat covered by chis standa: cified, independent field holiday detection cenor coated surfaces below maximum wai 92.2 Holiées testing. When ing shall be pertormed on the ia accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Sec. 9.3 Disposal of Test Water Hl provide a means of disposing of test water with a The purchaze: connection to the inlet pipe or drain pipe. Sec. 94 Disinfecting Re: sequence used for testing the tank, it shall be disinfected after the final test and the tank may then be filled with potable water and placed into service, Disinfection shall not be the responsibility of the constructor or manufacturer unless otherwise specified by the purchaser (see ANSVAWWA C652) SECTION 10: COATINGS Sec. 10.1 General Bolted tanks are manufactured by several tank manufacturers and coated in their own facilities and shipped worldwide. The following generic systems are representative of those in general use. Equivalent generic systems, for which documentation consisting of test data, service history, and toxicological information26 AWWA D103.97 have been provided by the tank manufacturer, shall be considered for use in storage tanks under the provisions of this standard Sec. 10.2 Coating Repair It shall be the responsibility of each tank manufacturer to provide a procedure for field repair and touch-up of damaged coatings. Sec. 10.3 Galvanized Coatings When hot-dip galvanized coatings are to be supplied, zinc metal suitable for immersion in drinking water shall be applied to the tank parts after fabrication in accordance with the recommended practice of the American Ho: Dip Galvanize: Association” in compliance with ASTM A123 and ASTM A153. Sec. 10.4 Glass Coatings When glass fused-to-steel coatings are provided. the coatings shall be applied according to the tank manufacturer's recommendations. Glass coatings are to comply with the following, 10.4.1 Surface preparation. The steel shall be cleaned of all oils and iubri- cants. Mill scale and rust must be removed from the steel surface by grit blasting in accordance with SSPC SP1U or by pickling in compliance with SSPC SPS. 104.2 Coatings. + 10.4.2.1 The steel is to be primed with applications of catalytic nickel oxide re fabricated froin hot-rolled steel, Hot-rolled steel is susceptible to fs) scaling, which is a hydrogen defect that can be controlled by applications of catalytic a primer is necessary if both sides of hot-rolled steei are glass coated Glass coatings can be applied by wet spraying, flow coating, dip or electrophoretic deposition, The coating thickness shall be between mils (0.15 mm) and 19 mils (0.48 mm! 10.4.2.3° The glass coating must be cured or fused to the steal by firing. This is ‘most conveniently done in a furnace. but can be carried out by means of induction or resistance heating, The temperature should be above 1,200°F and greferably in the of 1.450°F to 1,600°F, 10.4.3 Inspection. The coating shall be inspected for any visible defects or holidays, If severe conditions are encountered, a wet-pad resistance test should be used to determine the extent of microscopic defects on the tank interior surfaces only (Sec. 10.9) Sec. Thermoset Liquid Suspension Coatings When thermoset liquid suspension epoxies are used, the coatings shall be applied according to the tank manufacturer's recommendations. Coatings are to comply with the following, 10.5.1 Surface preparation. Surface preparation shall comply with the following. 10.5.1.1 The steel shall be thoroughly cleaned by a wash-ninse followed immediately by hot air drying, 10.5.1.2 The steel shall then be grit blasted on both sides in accordance with SSPC SP10. The surface anchor pattern shall be a minimum of 1 mil (0.03 mm). “American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association, 1000 Vermont Ave, N.W., Washington, DC 20005,FACTORY.COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 27 10.5.2 Coatings. The coatings are to be applied in compliance with the following. 10.5.2.1 Within 30 min of blast cleaning (Sec. 10.5.1.2), the interior surfaces of the tank shall receive one coat of amine-cured thermoset epoxy in strict accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations 10.5.2.2 The exterior surfaces of the tank shall receive one coat of epoxy primer or equal as determined by the tank manufacturer. 10.5.2.3 The interior and exterior coatings (See. 10.5.2.1 and 10.5.2.2) shall be oven heated until the coats have a tacky finish. with partial thermal cross-linking 10.5.2.4 ‘The interior surfaces of the tank shall receive a second coat of amine- cured epoxy to provide a total of 5-mil (0.13-mm) minimum dry film thickness. 10.5.2.5 The exterior surfaces af the tank shall receive a finish coat of acrylic baking enamel and be thermally cured. Minimum dry film thickness shall be a total of 3 mils (0.08 mi). 10.5.2.6 The interior and exterior finisit coats shall be oven-heated at 425°F- 525°F (218.3°C-273.8°C) for a minimum of 10 min to completely thermal cross-link both thermoset coatings . 105.27 Exterior coatings may be modified by agreement between “the purchaser and the tank manufaewier 10.5.3 Inspection 10.5.3.1 Inspection of interior A representative sampling o surfaces shall be inspected and accepted by tite tank manufacturer prior to shipment. The inspection shail include a nondesceuctive mil-thickness test (Mikrotest or equal), & holiday detection test (Tinker Razor or equal), and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solvent test consisting of 20 wipes or equal ' 10.5.3.2 Inspection of exterior. A representative sampling of exterior coated surfaces shall be inspected and accepted by the tank manufacturer prior to shipment. ‘The inspection shail include a nondestructive mil-thickness test (Mikrotest or equa’) coated Sec. 10.6 Thermoset Powder Coatings When thermoset powder coatings are used, the coatings shall be applied '3 recommendations. Thermeset powder coatings according to the tank manufactur: are to comply with the following. 10.6.1 Surface preparation. The stee! shall be steei-grit blasted on all sides in accordance with SSPC SP10. 10.6.2 Application. The coating is to be applied ia compliance with the following. 10.6.2.1 Aer blast cleaning, the interior and exterior surfaces shall be dry- powder coated by electrostatic application wich a powder coating, 10.6.2.2 The dry powder shail be deposited at a rate to ry film thickness, 10.6.2.3 The surfaces shall be oven cured in accordance with the dey-powder coating manufacturer's standard practice and specifications 10.6.3 Inspection. 10.6.3.1 Inspection interior. A representative sampling of interior coated surfaces shall be inspected and accepted by the tank manufacturer prior to shipment. ‘The inspection shall include a nondestructive mil-thickness test (Mikrotest or equal), @ holiday detection test (Tinker Razor or equal), and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solvent test consisting of 20 wipes or equal. id 3 mil-minimum28 AWWA Di00.97 10.6.3.2 Inspection exterior. A representative sampling of exterior coated surfaces shall be inspected and accepted by the tank manufacturer prior to shipment. ‘The inspection shall include a nondestructive mil-thickness test (Mikrotest or equal Sec. 10.7 Marking See. All of the tank components shall be given a piece mark number for ease of assembly: In lieu of this, the tank manufacturer's standard practice may be used. 10.8 Protection All coated parts shall be protected from damage during shipment, Sec. 10.9 Holiday Testing All holiday tests shall be nondestructive and shall use an electric DC meter and a wet sponge device. The maximum voltage of the meter shall be 67.5 volts. The sponge shall be dipped in tap water as required to keep it uniformly damp, not soaked or dry. No “conductive” or “wetting” additives shall be used in the tap water Refer to the tank manufacturer’ testing, and operation e meter by a trained tech See. Sec. SECTION 11: FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 11.1 General Requirements cause leakage or buckling of the piat @ manufacturer (or co or) is nat required h foundation plans unless specified by the purchaser. Should the purch: manufacturer or constructor, see Sec. ILD and TLC require foundation plans by th foreword for additional information. Anchor bolts, when requir 1 be id by the manufacturer. Foundation installation. Foundations may be installed by either the ‘aser or the constructor (see the foreword, See, II.D and I1I.C). The earth around ndation shall be regraded sufficiently to permit efficient work during tank erection and to prevent ponding of water in the foundation area. The tops of the foundations shall be accurately located at the proper elevation. 1.1.3 Water load. Water load as defined in Sec. shall be considered as live load as defined by ACI 318 (see Sec. 11.6). The appropriate factors for all live toads shall be used in foundation design. Soil-Bearing Value ‘The purchaser shall specify the allowable soil-bearing pressure using an appropriate factor of safety (Sec, 11.5). However, in no case shall the specified bearing pressure exceed that which would cause intolerable settlements and impair the structural integrity of the tank. 11.21 Soil investigation. A soil investigation shall be provided by the purchaser to determine the following: 1. The presence or absence of rock, old excavation, or fill, 2. Whether the site is a suitable place on which to build the structureFACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 29 3. The classification of soil strata, after appropriate sampling. 4. The type of foundation that will be required at the site. 5. The elevation of groundwater, and whether dewatering is required. 8. The bearing capacity of the soil, and the depth at which footings must be founded, Whether piling will be required for support of foundations, and the length of such piling. 8. The elevations of the e may affect the foundation design or construction, 9. The homogeneity and compressibility of the soils across the tank site, so that the possibility of total and differential settlement of the structure may be evaluated, ing grade and other topographical features that Sec. 11.3 Factor of Safety The following minimum factors of safety shall be used in determining the allowable soil-bearing pressure. The ultimate bearing capacity should be based on sound principles of geotechnical engineering. See the foreword, Sec. IIT.C, item 10, for additional information, 113.1 Standpipes and reservoirs. A factor of safety of 3 shall be provided, based on calculated ultimate bearing capacity when all direct loads and wind are 113.11 A factor of safety of mate bearing capacity when all dire il be provided. based on calculated and earthquake loads are considered. Sec. 114 Foundations All tanks shall be supported on a concrete ringwall. concrete slab. or cturally compacted granular berm as specified by the purchaser. The top of the foundation shail be a minimum of 6 in. (152.4 mm) above the finished grade, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. Tanks that require anchor bolts shall be supported on a ringwaill or a concrete slab. 14.1 Types of foundations. The tank foundation shall be one of 1L4.1.1 ‘Type 1 Tanks supported on ringwalls. A sand or fine stone cushion at following least 3 in. (76.2 mm) thick shall be provided above the earthen interior under the tank bottom, A Lin. minimum space between the tank bottom and the top of the ringwall shall be filled with a nonshrink grout or a 1:1.5 cement-sand grout, The grout shail fill the entire space beneath the tank from the outside edge of the tank bottom to the cushion, In no case shall the width of grout placed under the tank bottom be less than 6 in. The top of the foundation shall be thoroughly saturated with water before grout is placed. The materials and labor for grouting shall be furnished by the constructor. In lieu of grout under the shell, the shell may be supported on a minimum ‘-in, (12.7-mm)-thick cane-fiber joint filler meeting the requirements of ASTM D1751 if che foundation under the shell meets the tolerances of Sec. 11.6.1 114.12 Type 2. Tanks supported on concrete slabs, A sand or fine stone cushion not less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick shall be provided between the flat bottom and the concrete slab foundation. In lieu of a cushion, the bottom may be supported on a minimum Y-in, (12.7-mm)-thick cane-fiber joint filler meeting the requirements of ASTM D1751, The tank shell shall be supgorted with grout or, alternatively, fiber Joint filler if the foundation under the shell meets the tolerances of Sec. 11.6.1, When grouted, @ Lin. (25.4-mm) minimum space between the tank bottom and the top of30. awwa D103.97 the concrete shall be filled with a nonshrink grout or a 1:1.5 eement-sand grout, The grout shall fill the entire space beneath the tank from the outside edge of the tank bottom to the cushion. In no case shall the width of grout placed under the tank bottom be less than 6 in. (152.4 mm). The top of the foundation shall be thoroughly saturated with water before grout is placed. The materials and labor for grouting shall be furnished by the constructor. Note: When a steel base-setting ring is used in conjunction with a concrete slab. no grout or fiber joint filler is required (see Sec. 11.4.1.6 for Type 6 foundations). 114.13 Type 3. Tanks within ringwalls. Tanks may be placed on a cushion within a concrete ringwall. The cushion shall consist of a minimum of 6 in. (152.4 mm) of sand or fine stone. The inside of the ringwall is to be a minimum of % in. (19 mm) outside the bottom plates of the tank. Adequate provisions for nage inside the ringwall must be made. 14.14 Type 4. Tanks supported on granular berms. The berm shall be well graded stone or gravel. The berm shall extend a minimum of 3 ft (0.9 m) beyond the tank shell and from there have a maximum slope of 1:1.5. The berm under the shell shall be level within ='5 in. (3.2 mm) in any 10 ft (3 m) of circumference and within =!2 in. (12.7 mm) in the total circumference. Adequate protection shail be provided to ensure against foundation washout. M415 Types. Tanks supported on granular berms wit Fings. The berm shall be well-graded stone or gravel. The berm shall exiend to the Fecainer ring. The size and coating of the steel retainer ring shall be specified by the purchaser and shall be a minimum of 12 in, (804.8 mm) from the shell or a sufficient distance to ensure berm stability under the shell in the event that the steel retainer ring is removed. The berm under the sheil shall be level within =! in. (3.2 mm) any 10ft (Sm) of circumference and within stein. (1 114.18 Type 6. Tanks with base setting ring embedded in concrete slab, Th pported on a ringwall foundation prior to placement concrete, A minimum clear distance of 3 in. (76.2 mm) between the top of th siab and the bottom of the base setting ring shall be provided, The outside curb shail have a mi ith of 5 in. (203.2 mm), and its top shall be level within the top of the slab. A minimum of one elastomer water stop shall be bonded to the ide base setting ring surface at a minimum distance of 2 in, below the top of the din the concrete slab adjacent steel retainer 7mm) in the total se setting ring shall be concrete slab. Shrinkage-reinforcing steel shall be use: te both the inside and the outside of the base setting ring in accordance with ACI 318. For concrete slabs supported on grade, the manufacturer shall provide specifications for the preparation of sub-base material, if required by the purchasers m 1). specifications (see foreword, Sec. IIL.C, Sec. 11.5 Detail Design of Foundations 11.5.1 Height above ground. The tops of the concrete foundations shall be a minimum of 6 in, (152.4 mm) above the adjacent grade, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. 11.5.2 Minimum depth of foundations. The minimum depth of foundations shall be determined from Figure 3. The extreme frost penetration depths in Figure 3 shall be the minimum depth of foundation below the ground line. Foundation depth shall be increased in localities where soil or other factors are favorable to deep frost penetration and may be reduced for piers resting on rock. Consult local records forFACTORY-COATED BOLTED STEEL TANKS 31 4 Figure 3. Extreme frost penetration—inches (based on state averages) the extreme frost penetration in the circled area of Figure 3. Uplift or soil-bearing requirements may dictate greater depths. Minimum depth shail be 12 in, (304.8 mm 11.5.3 Size of top. The tops of foundations shall project at least 3 in. beyond the tank shell. In base setting ring applications. the top of the foundation should Project a minimum of 8 in, (203 mm) beyond the tank shell. The top corners shail be either neatly rounded or finished with a suitable bevel. When anchor bolts are Fequired. the foundations shall extend at least 9 in. (28.6 mm) beyond the tank shell. 11.5.4 Pile foundations. Ifa pile-supported foundation is required, the purchaser shall specify the pile type and depth below existing grade to be used for bidding and design capacities for live and dead loads, including the weight of all soil above the footing, and for live and dead loads combined with wind or seismic loads cr both. See. 11.6 Concrete Design, Materials, and Construction ‘The design of the concrete foundations, the specifications for the cement and aggregate, and the mixing and placing of the aggregace shall be in accordance wich ACI 318, except as may be modified in this section and the following subsections. Concrete work shall conform to all requirements of ACI 301, except as modified by agreement between the purchaser and constructor. 116.1 Tolerances on conerete foundations, Ringwalls and slabs, after grouting es placing the cane-fiber joint filler, shall be level within =! in. (23.08 rom) in any 30-ft (9.1-m) circumference under the shell. The levelness ‘on the circumference shall not vary by more than +44 in. (6.4 mm) from an established plane. The tolerance ’ on poured conerete before grouting shall be #1 in. (25.4 mm).