Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acute Stress Reaction (Also Called Acute Stress Disorder, Psychological Shock, Mental Shock, or
Acute Stress Reaction (Also Called Acute Stress Disorder, Psychological Shock, Mental Shock, or
Agoraphobia typically develops as a result of having panic disorder. In a small minority of cases, however,
agoraphobia can develop by itself without being triggered by the onset of panic attacks. Historically, there
has been debate over whether Agoraphobia Without Panic genuinely existed, or whether it was simply a
manifestation of other disorders such as Panic Disorder, General anxiety disorder, Avoidant personality
disorder and Social Phobia. Said one researcher: "out of 41 agoraphobics seen (at a clinic) during a
period of 1 year, only 1 fit the diagnosis of agoraphobia without panic attacks, and even this particular
classification was questionable...Do not expect to see too many agoraphobics without panic" (Barlow &
Waddell, 1985) . In spite of this earlier skepticism, current thinking is that Agoraphobia Without Panic
Disorder is indeed a valid, unique illness which has gone largely unnoticed, since its sufferers are far less
likely to seek clinical treatment.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, and
an obsessive fear of gaining weight due to a distorted self image[1][2] which may be maintained by
various cognitive biases that alter how the affected individual evaluates and thinks about their body, food
and eating. It is a serious mental illness with a high incidence ofcomorbidity and also the highest mortality
rate of any psychiatric disorder.[3]
While the stereotype is that AN affects young white women, it can affect men and women of all
ages, races, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds.[4][5][6][7][8]
Anxiety disorders are blanket terms covering several different forms of abnormal and
pathological fear and anxiety which only came under the aegis of psychiatry at the very end of the 19th
century.[1] Current psychiatric diagnostic criteria recognize a wide variety of anxiety disorders. Recent
surveys have found that as many as 18% of Americans may be affected by one or more of them.[2]
Asperger syndrome or Asperger's syndrome is an autism spectrum disorder that is characterized by
significant difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and
interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation
of linguistic and cognitive development. Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and
atypical use of language are frequently reported.[1][2]
Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder in the United States affecting 3.5% of
females and 2% of males and is prevalent in up to 30% of those seeking weight loss treatment. Although
it is not yet classified as a separate eating disorder, it was first described in 1959
by psychiatrist and researcher Albert Stunkard as "Night Eating Syndrome" (NES), and the term "Binge
Eating Disorder" was coined to describe the same binging-type eating behavior without
the nocturnal component. BED usually leads to obesity although it can occur in normal weight individuals.
There may be a genetic inheritance factor involved in BED independent of other obesity risks and there is
also a higher incidence of psychiatric comorbidity, with the percentage of individuals with BED and
an Axis I comorbid psychiatric disorder being 78.9% and for those with subclinical BED, 63.6%.[1][2][3][4]
Bipolar disorder or manic-depressive disorder, which is also referred to as bipolar affectivedisorder or
manic depression, is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the
presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels,cognition, and mood with or
without one or more depressive episodes. The elevated moods are clinically referred to as mania or, if
milder, hypomania. Individuals who experience manic episodes also commonly
experience depressive episodes, or symptoms, or mixed episodes in which features of both mania and
depression are present at the same time.[1] These episodes are usually separated by periods of
"normal" mood; but, in some individuals, depression and mania may rapidly alternate, which is known
as rapid cycling. Extreme manic episodes can sometimes lead to such psychotic symptoms
as delusions and hallucinations. The disorder has been subdivided into bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia,
and other types, based on the nature and severity of mood episodes experienced; the range is often
described as the bipolar spectrum.
Persons who fall into this categorization have a relatively normal expression of affect for their age, though
their ability to think abstractly is rather limited. Reasoning displays a preference for concrete thinking.
Others may describe such a person as "simple" or "a little slow." They are usually able to function day to
day without assistance, including holding down a simple job and the basic responsibilities of maintaining a
dwelling.
Brief psychotic disorder is a period of psychosis whose duration is generally shorter, non re-occurring,
and not better accounted for by another condition.
The word bulimia derives from the Latin (būlīmia), which originally comes from the
Greekβουλιμία (boulīmia; ravenous hunger), a compound of βους (bous), ox + λιμός (līmos), hunger.
[3]
Bulimia nervosa was named and first described by the British psychiatrist Gerald Russell in 1979.[4][5]
CDD has some similarity to autism, and is sometimes considered a low-functioning form of it, but an
apparent period of fairly normal development is often noted before a regression in skills or a series of
regressions in skills. Many children are already somewhat delayed when the illness becomes apparent,
but these delays are not always obvious in young children.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a family of sleep disorders affecting, among other things, the
timing of sleep. People with circadian rhythm sleep disorders are unable to sleep and wake at the times
required for normal work, school, and social needs. They are generally able to get enough sleep if
allowed to sleep and wake at the times dictated by their body clocks. Unless they have another sleep
disorder, their sleep is of normal quality.
Cognitive disorder
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Most common mental disorders affect cognitive functions, mainly memory processing, perception and problem
solving. The most direct cognitive disorders are amnesia, dementia and delirium. Others include anxiety
disorders such as phobias, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and
post-traumatic stress disorder. Mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder are also cognitive
mental disorders. Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder are also classified as
cognitive mental disorders.
A communication disorder - speech and language disorders which refer to problems in communication
and in related areas such as oral motor function. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound
substitution to the inability to understand or use language. [1]
Conduct disorder is a psychiatric category marked by a pattern of repetitive behavior wherein the rights
of others or social norms are violated.
Symptoms include verbal and physical aggression, cruel behavior toward people and pets, destructive
behavior, lying, truancy, vandalism, and stealing.[1]
Conduct disorder is a major public health problem because youth with conduct disorder not only inflict
serious physical and psychological harm on others, but they are at greatly increased risk
for incarceration, injury, depression, substance abuse, and death by homicide and suicide. After the age
of 18, a conduct disorder may develop into antisocial personality disorder, which is related
to psychopathy.[2]
Conversion disorder is a condition where patients present with neurological symptoms such
as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, but where no neurological explanation is possible. It is thought
that these problems arise in response to difficulties in the patient's life, and conversion is considered
a psychiatric disorder in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health
Problems (ICD-10)[1] and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV).
[2]
Formerly known as "hysteria", the disorder has arguably been known for millennia, though it came to
greatest prominence at the end of the 19th century, when the neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, and
psychiatrists Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud made it the focus of their study. The term "conversion" has
its origins in Freud's doctrine that anxiety is "converted" into physical symptoms.[3] Though previously
thought to have vanished from the west in the 20th century, some research has suggested it is as
common as ever.[4]
Delirium (acute confusional state) is a common and severe neuropsychiatric syndrome with core features
of acute onset and fluctuating course, attentional deficits and generalized severe disorganization of
behavior. It typically involves other cognitive deficits, changes in arousal (hyperactive, hypoactive, or
mixed), perceptual deficits, altered sleep-wake cycle, and psychotic features such as hallucinations and
delusions. It is often caused by a disease process 'outside' the brain, such as common forms of infection
(UTI, pneumonia) or by drug effects, particularly anticholinergic or other CNS depressants
(benzodiazapenes and opioids). It can also be caused by virtually any primary disease of the central
nervous system. Though hallucinations anddelusions are sometimes present, these are not required for
the diagnosis, and the symptoms of delirium are clinically distinct from those induced
by psychosis or hallucinogens (with the exception of deliriants.) Although commonly referred to as a
primary disorder of attention, other core cognitive processes are disrupted, particularly working memory
and virtually all aspects of executive functions (planning and organization of behavior). Although it is
commonly regarded as reversible, induction of delirium in patients with dementia due to Alzheimer's
disease appears to accelerate cognitive decline, suggesting that efforts to prevent and minimize the
induction of confusional states in the elderly should be given high priority. Unfortunately, many instances
of confusional state (delirium) are iatrogenic (caused by medicines or hospital-borne pathogens/bacteria
or surgeries and anesthesia).
The difference between a 'dependent personality' and a 'dependent personality disorder' is somewhat
subjective, which makes diagnosis sensitive to cultural influences such as gender role expectations.
Derealization (DR) is an alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems
strange or unreal. Other symptoms include feeling as though one's environment is lacking in spontaneity,
emotional colouring and depth.[1] It is a dissociative symptom of many conditions, such as psychiatric and
neurological disorders, and not a standalone disorder. It is also a transient side effect of acute drug
intoxication, sleep deprivation, and stress.
Developmental dyspraxia is a motor learning difficulty that can affect planning of movements and co-
ordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body.[1]It may be
diagnosed in the absence of other motor or sensory impairments like[2][Full citation needed] cerebral palsy,[3][Full
citation needed]
muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease.
Dyssomnias are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep or of excessive sleepiness and are
characterized by a disturbance in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Patients may complain of difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep, intermittent wakefulness during the
night, early morning awakening, or combinations of any of these. Transient episodes are usually of little
significance. Stress, caffeine, physical discomfort, daytime napping, and early bedtimes are common
factors.
Dysthymia is a type of low-grade depression. Harvard Health Publications states that, "the Greek word
dysthymia means 'bad state of mind' or 'ill humor'. As one of the two chief forms of clinical depression, it
usually has fewer or less serious symptoms than major depression but lasts longer."[2] Harvard Health
Publications also says, "at least three-quarters of patients with dysthymia also have a chronic physical
illness or another psychiatric disorder such as one of the anxiety disorders, drug addiction, oralcoholism".
[2]
The Primary Care Journal says that dysthymia "affects approximately three percent of the population
and is associated with significant functional impairment".[citation needed] Harvard Health Publications says:
"The rate of depression in the families of people with dysthymia is as high as fifty percent for the early-
onset form of the disorder. [...] Most people with dysthymia can't tell for sure when they first became
depressed".[2]
Echopraxia is the involuntary repetition or imitation of the observed movements of another. It is closely
related to echolalia, the involuntary repetition of another's speech. The etymology of the term is from
Ancient Greek: "ἠχώ (ēkhō) from ἠχή (ēkhē “sound”)" and "πρᾶξις (praksis, “action, activity, practice”)".
Often EBD students may have other disabilities such as: PDD, autism, Rett syndrome, PDD-
NOS, Asperger syndrome and ADHD.
Encopresis, from the Greek κοπρος (kopros, dung) is involuntary "fecal soiling" in children who have
usually already been toilet trained. Children with encopresis often leak stool into their underwear.
According to the triad of sociopathy, some people believe that enuresis is linked to violence along with
fire-setting and cruelty to animals.[3] Subsequent research, however, found that enuresis is not related to
psychopathy.
Nocturnal enuresis
Diurnal enuresis
Erotomania is a type of delusion in which the affected person believes that another person, usually a
stranger or famous person, is in love with him or her. The illness often occurs during psychosis, especially
in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar mania.[1] In one case, erotomania was reported in a patient who
had undergone surgery for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm.[2] During an erotomanic psychosis, the patient
believes that a "secret admirer" is declaring his or her affection to the patient, often by special glances,
signals, telepathy, or messages through the media. Usually the patient then returns the perceived
affection by means of letters, phone calls, gifts, and visits to the unwitting recipient.[2]
Exhibitionism, colloquially referred to flashing, is behavior by a person that involves the exposure
of private parts of their body to another person in a situation when they would not normally be exposed,
with a tendency toward an extravagant. The act may be at least partially sexual or intended to attract the
attention of another. When the term is used to refer to the psychologicalcompulsion for such exposure, it
may be called apodysophilia[1] or Lady Godiva syndrome. Public exhibitionism by women has been
mentioned by historians since classical times, often in the context of the women's shaming groups of men
into committing, or inciting them to commit, some public action.[2]
Expressive language disorder is a communication disorder in which there are difficulties with verbal and
written expression.[1] It is a specific language impairment characterized by an ability to use
expressive spoken language that is markedly below the appropriate level for the mental age, but with
a language comprehension that is within normal limits.[2] There can be problems with vocabulary,
producing complex sentences, and remembering words,[3] and there may or may not be abnormalities
in articulation.[2]
Factitious disorders are conditions in which a person acts as if he or she has an illness by deliberately
producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms. Factitious disorder by proxy is a condition in which a
person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates symptoms in a person who is in their
care. Münchausen syndrome is an older term for Factitious disorder. People with this condition may
produce symptoms by contaminating urine samples, takinghallucinogens, injecting themselves with
bacteria to produce infections, and other such similar behaviour. People with this condition might be
motivated to perpetrate factitious disorders either as a patient or by proxy as a caregiver to gain any
variety of benefits including attention, nurturance, sympathy, and leniency that are unobtainable any other
way. Somatoform disorders are characterised by multiple somatic complaints.[1]
Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) is similar to what used to be called frigidity. The disorder is
characterized by a persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or to maintain until completion of the sexual
activity, an adequate lubrication-swelling response that otherwise is present during female sexual
arousal and sexual activity. The condition should be distinguished from other sexual dysfunctions, such
as the orgasmic disorder (anorgasmia), and from general loss of interest in sexual activity.
Although female sexual dysfunction is currently a contested diagnostic, pharmaceutical companies are
beginning to promote products to treat FSD, often involving low doses of testosterone.
Folie à deux (English pronunciation: /fɒˈli ə ˈduː/, from the French for "a madness shared by two") is a
rare psychiatric syndrome in which symptoms of a delusional belief are transmitted from one individual to
another. The same syndrome shared by more than two people may be called folie à trois, folie à
quatre, folie en famille or even folie à plusieurs ("madness of many"). Recent psychiatric classifications
refer to the syndrome as dependency psychotic disorder (DSM-IV) (297.3) and induced delusional
disorder (F.24) in the ICD-10, although the research literature largely uses the original name. The
disorder was first conceptualized in 19th century French psychiatry.[1]
The Fregoli delusion is classed both as a monothematic delusion, since it only encompasses one
delusional topic, and as a delusional misidentification syndrome, a class of delusional beliefs that involves
misidentifying people, places, or objects[1]. Like Capgras delusion, psychiatrists believe it is related to a
breakdown in normal face perception.
Frotteurism refers to a paraphilic interest in rubbing, usually one's pelvis or erect penis, against a non-
consenting person for sexual gratification. It may involve touching any part of the body including the
genital area. A person who practices frotteurism is known as a frotteur. The majority of frotteurs are male
and the majority of victims are female,[1] although female on male, female on female, and male on male
frotteurs exist. Adult on child frotteurism can be an early stage in child sexual abuse.[2] This activity is
often done in circumstances where the victim cannot easily respond, in a public place such as a crowded
train or concert.
Usually, such nonconsensual sexual contact is viewed as a criminal offense: a form of sexual
assault albeit often classified as a misdemeanor with minor legal penalties. Conviction may result in a
sentence or psychiatric treatment.[3]
Grief is a multi-faceted response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or something to which a bond
was formed. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, it also has physical,
cognitive, behavioral, social, and philosophical dimensions. Common to human experience is the death of
a loved one, whether it be a friend, family, or other companion. While the terms are often used
interchangeably, bereavement often refers to the state of loss, and grief to the reaction to loss.
Hypersomnia is a disorder characterized by excessive amounts of sleepiness. There are two main
categories of hypersomnia: primary hypersomnia (also called idiopathic hypersomnia) andrecurrent
hypersomnia (also called primary recurrent hypersomnia). Both have the same symptoms but differ in
how often they occur.[1]
HSDD is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity for some
period of time. For this to be regarded as a disorder, it must cause marked distress or interpersonal
difficulties and not be better accounted for by another mental disorder (i.e. depression), a drug (legal or
illegal), or some other medical condition.
Hypomania (literally, below mania) is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elevated
or irritable mood, as well as thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state.
Individuals in a hypomanic state also have a decreased need for sleep and rest, are extremely outgoing
and competitive, and have a great deal of energy. However, unlike with fullmania, those with hypomanic
systems are fully functioning, and are often actually more productive than usual. Specifically, hypomania
is distinguished from mania by the absence of psychotic symptoms and by its lower degree of impact on
functioning. Hypomania is a feature of bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia, but can also occur
in schizoaffective disorder. Hypomania is sometimes credited with increasing creativity and productive
energy. A significant number of people with creative talents have reportedly experienced hypomania or
other symptoms of bipolar disorder and attribute their success to it. Classic symptoms of hypomania
include mild euphoria, a flood of ideas, endless energy, and a desire and drive for success. A lesser form
of hypomania is called hyperthymia.
The essence of emotional self-regulation is the ability to control one's impulses in the service of a goal.
Both organic and non-organic insomnia without other cause constitute a sleep disorder, primary insomnia.
[2]
One definition of insomnia is "difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep, or nonrestorative sleep,
associated with impairments of daytime functioning or marked distress for more than 1 month."[3]
Intermittent explosive disorder (abbreviated IED) is a behavioral disorder characterized by extreme
expressions of anger, often to the point of uncontrollable rage, that are disproportionate to the situation at
hand. It is currently categorized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as
an impulse control disorder. IED belongs to the larger family of Axis Iimpulse control disorders listed in the
DSM-IV-TR, along with kleptomania, pyromania,pathological gambling, and others.[1] Impulsive
aggression is unpremeditated, and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation, real or
perceived. Some individuals have reported affective changes prior to an outburst
(e.g., tension, mood changes, energy changes, etc.).[2]
A major depressive episode is the cluster of symptoms of major depressive disorder. The description
has been formalised in psychiatric diagnostic criteria such as the DSM-IV and ICD-10, and is
characterized by severe, highly persistent depression, and a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday
activities, which is often manifested by lack of appetite, chronic fatigue, andsleep disturbances
(somnipathy). The victim may think about suicide, and indeed an increased risk of actual suicide is
present.[1]
Mania, the presence of which is a criterion for certain psychiatric diagnoses, is a state of abnormally
elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/ or energy levels.[1] The word derives from theGreek "μανία"
(mania), "madness, frenzy"[2] and that from the verb "μαίνομαι" (mainomai), "to be mad, to rage, to be
furious".[3]
Megalomania is a word defined as: [1]
The word megalomania is derived from the Greek words "μεγαλο": megalo-, meaning large, and
"μανία": mania, meaning madness, frenzy. The first attested use of the word "megalomania" is in 1890 as
a translation of the French word "mégalomanie".
If someone is being assessed on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, for instance, this may show up in
relatively low scores for Information, Vocabulary and Comprehension (perhaps below the 25th percentile).
If the person has difficulty with spatial concepts, such as 'over', 'under', 'here' and 'there', he or she may
have arithmetic difficulties, have difficulty understanding word problems and instructions, or have
difficulties using words.
In the context of mental disorder, a mixed state (also known as dysphoric mania, agitated depression,
or a mixed episode) is a condition during which symptoms of mania anddepression occur simultaneously
(e.g., agitation, anxiety, fatigue, guilt, impulsiveness, irritability, morbid or suicidal
ideation, panic, paranoia, pressured speech and rage). Typical examples include tearfulness during a
manic episode or racing thoughts during a depressive episode. One may also feel incredibly frustrated in
this state, since one may feel like a failure and at the same time have a flight of ideas. Mixed states are
often the most dangerous period of mood disorders, during which substance abuse, panic
disorder, suicide attempts, and other complications increase greatly.
Mood disorder is the term given for a group of diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM IV TR) classification system where a disturbance in the person's mood is
hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.[1] The classification is known as mood (affective)
disorders in ICD 10.
Multi-infarct dementia, also known as vascular dementia, is the second most common form
of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD) in older adults.[1] The term refers to a group of syndromes
caused by different mechanisms all resulting in vascular lesions in the brain. Early detection and accurate
diagnosis are important, as vascular dementia is at least partially preventable.
Münchausen syndrome is a term for psychiatric disorders known as factitious disorderswherein those
affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma in order to draw attentionor sympathy to
themselves. It is also sometimes known as hospital addiction syndrome orhospital hopper syndrome.
Nurses sometimes refer to them as frequent flyers, because they return to the hospital just like frequent
flyers return to the airport. However, there is discussion to reclassify them as somatoform disorder in
the DSM-5 as it is unclear whether people are conscious or not of drawing attention to themselves.[1]
The caregiver is usually a parent, guardian, or spouse, and the victim is usually a child or vulnerable
adult. Most cases involve inducing physical illness.
Pain disorder is when a patient experiences chronic pain in one or more areas, and is thought to be
caused by psychological stress. The pain is often so severe that it disables the patient from proper
functioning. It can last as short as a few days, to as long as many years. The disorder may begin at any
age, and more women than men seem to experience it (APA, 2000). This disorder often occurs after an
accident or during an illness that has caused genuine pain, which then takes a 'life' of its own.[1]
Panic attack has been described as an episode of incredibly intense fear or apprehension that is of
sudden onset.[1] The DSM-IV describes a panic attack as a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort in
which (at least 4 of 13) symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes.
Those with the condition are hypersensitive, are easily slighted, and habitually relate to the world by
vigilant scanning of the environment for clues or suggestions to validate their prejudicial ideas or biases.
They tend to be guarded and suspicious and have quite constricted emotional lives. Their incapacity for
meaningful emotional involvement and the general pattern of isolated withdrawal often lend a quality
of schizoid isolation to their life experience.[1]
Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements,
behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep
stages, or arousal from sleep. Most parasomnias are dissociated sleep states which are partial arousals
during the transitions between wakefulness and NREM sleep, or wakefulness and REM sleep.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) is a pervasive
developmental disorder (PDD)/autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While those with it have some
characteristics of disorders on the autistic spectrum, they don't fit the diagnostic criteria of any of the other
disorders thereon. While PDD-NOS shares similarities with autism, it tends to be milder.[1] PDD-NOS is
sometimes referred to as "atypical autism" by autism specialists. The boundaries between it and non-
autistic conditions are not fully resolved.[2]
Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of personalitytypes and
behaviors that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines as "an enduring pattern of inner
experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of theculture of the individual who
exhibits it".[1][2] Personality disorders are noted on Axis II of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, or DSM-IV-TR (fourth edition, text revision) of the American Psychiatric Association.
Parents may note symptoms of PDD as early as infancy and typically onset is prior to three years of age.
PDD itself does not affect life expectancy.
1. a single exceptional negative life event precipitates the onset of the illness
2. the present negative state developed in the direct context of this event
3. the emotional response is embitterment and feelings of injustice
4. repeated intrusive memories of the event
5. emotional modulation is unimpaired, patients can even smile when engaged in
thoughts of revenge
6. no obvious other mental disorder that can explain the reaction
Additional Symptoms: feelings of helplessness, self-blame, rejection of help, suicidal
ideation, dysphoria, aggression, seemingly melancholic depression, unspecific somatic
complaints, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, pain, phobic symptoms in respect to the
place or to persons related to the event, reduced drive. Duration is longer than 3 months.
Performance in daily activities and roles is impaired.[3]
Premature ejaculation (PE) is a condition in which a man ejaculates earlier than he or his partner would
like him to. Premature ejaculation is also known as rapid ejaculation, rapid climax,premature climax,
or early ejaculation.
Masters and Johnson defines PE as the condition in which a man ejaculates before his sex partner
achieves orgasm, in more than fifty percent of their sexual encounters. Other sex researchers have
defined premature ejaculation as occurring if the man ejaculates within two minutes of penetration;
however, a survey by Alfred Kinsey in the 1950s demonstrated that three quarters of men ejaculate within
two minutes of penetration in over half of their sexual encounters.[citation needed]. Self reported surveys report
up to 75% of men ejaculate within 10 minutes of penetration. Today, most sex therapists understand
premature ejaculation as occurring when a lack of ejaculatory control interferes with sexual or emotional
well-being in one or both partners.[citation needed]
Problem gambling (ludomania) is an urge to gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire
to stop. Problem gambling often is defined by whether harm is experienced by the gambler or others,
rather than by the gambler's behavior. Severe problem gambling may be diagnosed as
clinical pathological gambling if the gambler meets certain criteria. Although the term gambling
addiction is common in the recovery movement[1] pathological gambling is considered to be an impulse
control disorder and is therefore not considered by the American Psychological Association to be an
addiction.[2]
Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche", for mind/soul, and -ωσις "-osis", for abnormal condition)
means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often
described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". People suffering from psychosis are described
as psychotic.
Relational disorders involve two or more individuals and a disordered "juncture," whereas typical Axis I
psychopathology describes a disorder at the individual level. An additional criterion for a relational
disorder is that the disorder cannot be due solely to a problem in one member of the relationship, but
requires pathological interaction from each of the individuals involved in the relationship.[2]
For example, if a parent is withdrawn from one child but not another, the dysfunction could be attributed to
a relational disorder. In contrast, if a parent is withdrawn from both children, the dysfunction may be more
appropriately attributable to a disorder at the individual level.[3]
Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting grey matter.[1] The clinical features include
small hands and feet and a deceleration of the rate of head growth (includingmicrocephaly in some).
Repetitive hand movements such as mouthing or wringing are also noted. Girls with Rett syndrome are
prone to gastrointestinal disorders and up to 80% have seizures.[2] They typically have no verbal skills,
and about 50% of females are not ambulatory.Scoliosis, growth failure, and constipation are very
common and can be problematic.
The signs of this disorder are most easily confused with those of Angelman syndrome, cerebral
palsy and autism.
Rumination syndrome presents itself in a variety of ways, especially when comparing an adult without a
mental disability to an infant or to a mentally impaired individual. Like most eating disorders, rumination
can adversely affect normal functioning and the social lives of individuals. It has been linked with
depression.
Selective mutism (SM) is a severe social anxiety disorder or social phobia[1][2] in which a person who is
normally capable of speech is unable to speak in given situations, or to specific people.
Sexual arousal disorder is characterized by a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual
activity in a situation that would normally produce sexual arousal, or the inability to attain or maintain
typical responses to sexual arousal. The disorder is found in the DSM-IV.[1] The condition should not be
confused with a sexual desire disorder.
Sexual fetishism, or erotic fetishism, is the sexual arousal a person receives from a physical object.
The object of interest is called the fetish, the person a fetishist who has a fetish for that object.[1] Sexual
fetishism may be regarded, e.g. in psychiatric medicine, as a disorder of sexual preference or as an
enhancing element to a relationship causing a better sexual bond between the partners. The sexual acts
involving fetishes are characteristically depersonalized and objectified, even when they involve a partner.
[2]
Body parts may also be the subject of sexual fetishes (also known as partialism) in which the body part
preferred by the fetishist takes a sexual precedence over the owner.
Somatoform disorder, also known as Briquet's syndrome (named after Paul Briquet), orBrissaud–
Marie syndrome (named after Édouard Brissaud and Pierre Marie), is a mental disorder characterized by
physical symptoms that mimic physical disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause[1].
The symptoms that result from a somatoform disorder are due to mental factors. In people who have
somatoform disorder, medical test results are either normal or don't explain the person's symptoms.
People who have this disorder may undergo several medical evaluations and tests to be sure that they do
not have an illness related to a physical cause or central lesion. Patients with this disorder often become
very worried about their health because the doctors are unable to find a cause for their health problems.
Their symptoms are similar to the symptoms of other illnesses and may last for several years.
A specific phobia is a generic term for any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or
irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected persons tend to
actively avoid direct contact with the objects or situations and, in severe cases, any mention or depiction
of them.
Stress is a term in psychology and biology, first coined in the biological context in the 1930s, which has in
more recent decades become a commonplace of popular parlance. It refers to the consequence of the
failure of an organism – human or animal – to respond appropriately toemotional or physical threats,
whether actual or imagined.[1]
Substance-related disorders can be subcategorized into "substance use disorders" (SUD) and
"substance-induced disorders" (SID).[2][3]
Tic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on
type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped, involuntary
movements).[1] Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization(ICD-10 codes).[2]
Transvestic fetishism is having a sexual or erotic interest in cross-dressing. It differs from cross-
dressing for entertainment or other purposes that do not involve sexual arousal and is categorized as
a paraphilia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association. (Sexual
arousal in response to donning sex-typical clothing is homeovestism.)
Vaginismus, sometimes anglicized vaginism is the German name for a condition which affects a
woman's ability to engage in any form of vaginal penetration, including sexual intercourse, insertion of
tampons, and the penetration involved in gynecological examinations. This is the result of a conditioned
reflex of the pubococcygeus muscle, which is sometimes referred to as the "PC muscle". The reflex
causes the muscles in the vagina to tense suddenly, which makes any kind of vaginal penetration—
including sexual intercourse—painful or impossible.