wT aaca as eateciartaovion tah I Nal le ceili SU LCL ANALYTICAL MODELING INso ales eae peru Magers eM ee eee ce acre Macc RU kets aa SR A ger rete Re cle emo aR: Ru ace ae oe Pare Uiteac te ire enna ate) Liste eR DP ees are ele De Ee UT MMe | Me Toe UL TE sree) as Te Ceca tet ea Gece Me Et Rated Mel mst ese eed Moe Egat ee rece ene cae fee Martell easier eT aterod scr ceur= Be ere meetar= els) mettre Ce date esr tec Tet eee eel lh DRM tt te Bar eed reat] Cel eee Mo Meet uMatce reel ele ser Cette tite eee Se ein age Pare ala alee ie Mcrae airy Celta eles Wesel es Emule Ln el led er eT ee cea. tale ean Mee CE TM erect ls] RL et celug |= ar it pues es eM mee stele Me Leen ee WC ee reece lel mee RU em ey aed aire pan MR PE ree ce eel tec MC tele} TS eee Sl st stats BO ee ae eee ese ln eee A eee re eee ee a ee Pee fete Acer eects ree ISDN L-50D5]-ab?-L ANNU) aii UMN ai Aa PN atcto gM a (ole; =i 00] (91-1 cece meee MtnAnalytical Modeling in Applied Electromagnetics Sergei Tretyakov iM Artech House Boston * London www.artechhouse.comLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tretyakov, Sergei. Analytical modeling in applied clectramagnetics / Sergei Tretyakav. p. cm, — (Artech House Artech House electromagentic analysis series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-367-1 (alk. paper) 1. Electromagnetism—Mathematics. 2. Electromagnetic fields—Mathematical models. 3. Magnetic materials—Mathematical models. I. Title. IJ. Series. QC760.T74 2000 ot ~~ 537'.01'S1—de21 oo" wot a JA > L. , 2003048094 ,bbs ASTE British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Tretyakov, Sergei Analytical modeling in applied electromagnetics. — (Artech House electromagentic analysis series) 1. Materials—Electric properties 2. Materials—Analysis 3. Electromagnetism—Mathematical models L. Title 620.1'1297 ISBN 1-58053-367-1 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2003 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 Alll rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in- cluding photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, with- out permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa- | tion. Use ofa term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade- mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-367-] Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003048094 10987654321 CO3/ASS OgContents Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 . 11 Background and Applications .............2000. 2 12 Organization of the Book ..............-.--.. 8 References... 9 2 Thin Layers and Sheets 13 2.1 Introductory Notes... 2... 0.0.0.2. 000002 eee 13 2.2 Second-Order Impedance Boundary Conditions for Thin Material Layers... 1 ee 16 2.2.1 Vector Transmission-Line Equations .......... 17 2.2.2 Derivation of Impedance Conditions .......... 20 2.2.3 Other Forms of Approximate Boundary Conditions for Thin Layers... ee 21 2.2.4 Example: Partially Filled Waveguide. ......... 24 2.2.5 More Complicated Layers ..............0.. 26 2.3 Exact Boundary Conditions ................... 31 2.3.1 Exact “Averaging” ............-..02.008- 31 2.3.2 Boundary Conditions .................0. 32 2.4 Vector Circuit Interpretation: Layers Between Arbitrary Media 33 2.5 Thin Sheets of Dielectrics, Magnetics, and Metals... .... 38 Problems . 2... 2 ee 41 References. 0. 0 ee 41 3 Interfaces and Higher-Order Boundary Conditions 43 3.1 Higher-Order Impedance Models for Interfaces with Conductors 44 3.1.1 Exact Surface Impedance Operator........-... 44 3.1.2 Approximations... 0... 6. ee es 46 3.1.3 Numerical Examples: Accuracy of Approximate Solutions 2.2... ee AQvi 3.2 3.3 3.4 Analytical Modeling in Applied Electromagnetics Applications to Numerical Techniques: Absorbing Boundary Conditions... 3.2.1 Impedance Operator and Engquist-Majda Operator 3.2.2 Absorbing Boundary Conditions ............ Higher-Order Models of Thin Layers .............. 3.3.1 Thin Layers with |Ald<1.....-0020202202.. 3.3.2 Slowly Varying Fields Along the Interfaces ...... Higher-Order Impedance Boundary Conditions for Layers on Metal Surfaces 22. 3.4.1 Exact Surface Impedance Operator........... 3.4.2 Thin Layers Covering Highly Conducting Bodies . . . Problems 2... 0... ee References... 0. De ee Periodical Structures, Arrays, and Meshes 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Floquet Modes . 2... ee 4.1.1 Floquet Modes in Periodical Waveguides... ...... 4.1.2 Example: Array of Parallel Current Lines ....... Averaged Boundary Condition for a Simple Structure: Array of Wires 4.2.1 Summation of Wire Fields. ..........0..0.. 4.2.2 Averaged Boundary Condition ...........2.. 4.2.3 Equivalent Transmission-Line Formulation... ... . 4.2.4 Another Form of the Averaged Boundary Condition Reflection and Transmission Properties of Wire Grids 4.3.1 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients... ..... 4.3.2 Numerical Examples... .........0.0.2.00.4. Wire Grids: Generalizations... 2... 2. ee 4.4.1 Rectangular Cells... 2.2.2.0, 00.0.0 -008. 4.42 Grids of Metal Strips...........0.....0... Dense Arrays of Particles 2... ....20000.....000. 4.5.1 The Local Field... 2... 00... 22. ee 4.5.2 Energy Conservation and the Imaginary Part of the Interaction Constant... 0.0.0... 0..0.02004 4.5.3 Equivalent Sheet Condition for Dense Arrays of Seatterers 0 ee Double Arrays of Scatterers 2.0... ee 4.6.1 Interaction Between Parallel Arrays .......... 4.6.2 Reflection and Transmission Through Double Arrays . 4.6.3 Reflection from an Array Near a Metal Screen Diffraction by Edges of Wire Grids .. 2... ..0...-0.2-.. Problems 2.0.00 0. References. 0...Contents vii 5 Composite Materials 119 5.1 Constituents of Composites and Metamaterials: Thin-Wire Inclusions 20 ee 119 5.1.1 Polarization of Loaded Wire Dipoles .......... 120 5.1.2 Polarization of Loaded Loops ......-....0-4 124 5.1.3 Excitation of Conducting Particles by External Magnetic Fields. /........2.. rn 131 5.2 Maxwell Garnett Model .. 2. ........-....-0., 132 5.2.1 Local and Averaged Fields ......-......... 133 5.2.2 Clausius-Mossotti and Maxwell Garnett Formulas .. 138 5.2.3 Surface Effects .... 0.0... 0... 00-00. 14i 5.3 Transmission Lines with Periodical Insertions, Passbands, and Stopbands.... 2... -..0.2002. 00002 eee eee 145 5.3.1 Dispersion Equation ..........-.....-2.2.-. 145 5.3.2 Power Flow and Forward and Backward Waves .... 150 5.4 One-Dimensional Electromagnetic Crystals ......-0.2.. 156 5.4.1 Dispersion Equation and Low-Frequency Model... . 156 5.4.2 Reflection and Transmission in Finite Structures ... 160 5.5 Wire Media... .....0.0.0- 02000022 eee ee 164 5.5.1 Dispersion Equation ........0.0.0....000. 166 5.3.2 Reflection Coefficient. 2... ee 170 5.5.3 Dense Arrays... 2... 2... eee 173 5.5.4 Quasistatic Modeling of Wire Media .......... 175 5.6 Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Crystals ......... 179 5.6.1 Basic Assumptions and Main Relations ........ 181 5.6.2 General Eigenvalue Equation .............- 182 5.6.3 Frequency Dependence of the Effective Refraction Index 2.2... ee 185 Problems 2... . 2. 186 References... 188 6 Applications in Metamaterials and Artificial Impedance Surfaces 193 6.1 Metamaterials with Engineered and Active Inclusions .... 194 6.1.1 Arrays of Small Loaded Wire Particles... ...... 194 6.1.2 Example: The Perfectly Matched Layer ........ 197 6.2 Thin Artificial Layers and Sheets ...........0.... 202 6.2.1 Thin Resonant Coatings .......-.......... 202 6.2.2 Simulating Thin Material Layers ............ 205 6.3 Loaded Wire Media ........0. 2... .. 00002000, 208 6.3.1 Dispersion Equation .. 2... 0.0.0.0. 0409 208 6.3.2 Properties of Wire Media with Different Loads .... 210 6.3.3 Quasistatic Modeling of Arrays of Lossy and Loaded Wires 2 216viii Analytical Modeling in Applied Electromagnetics 6.4 Artificial Impedance Surfaces .......-..20..0220-48. 217 6.4.1 Equivalent Surface Impedance of Mushroom Structures 221 6.4.2 Generalizations... 2.2... ee ee ee 225 6.4.3. Comparison with the Local Quasistatic Model and Experiment .. 0.02. es 227 §.4.4 Oblique Incidence on Mushroom Structures ..... . 229 6.4.5 Surface Waves Along Impedance Surfaces... 2... 233 6.4.6 Antenna Applications of Artificial Impedance Surfaces 236 6.5 Materials with Negative Permittivity and Permeability .... 240 6.5.1 Basic Electromagnetic Properties of Veselago Media . 241 6.5.2 Slabs of Veselago Media: Impedance Boundary Conditions .. 0... 00 ee 243 6.5.3 Perfect Lens... 00. 247 6.5.4 Electromagnetic Crystals with Veselago Layers .... 251 6.5.5 Possible Realizations of Media with Negative Parameters . 2... es 253 Problems . 0... 0.20. ee eee 208 References. 2... 259 List of Symbols 265 About the Author 267 Index 269