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NOTES
on Violence, 13 Kenneth Burke, Permanenceand
1 George Sorel, Refections Change,N.Y., New Republic,I 936, p. I 8.
ch.2, par. I I. 14John Dewey, The Public and Its
2 John Dewey, Human J>ature andCon-
Problems, Chicago,GatewayBooks,I946,
duct, N.Y., The Modern Library, I930, p.IOO.
300.
p. 15 This is, of course,a central
thesisof
3 Lewis A. Coser, The Functions
of
ConJ[ict,Glencoe, Ill.; London, Arnold Toynbee'smonumentalA Study
Social History,O.U.P.
of
Routledge and Kegan Paul, I956.
Afen and 16John Dewey, HumanNature and
4 Cf. McAlister Coleman,
Conduct, op. cit., p. I78.
Coal, N.Y., Farrarand Rinehart,I943. 17 See, e.g., MelvilleDalton,'Conflicts
5 Union Wages and Labor's
Earnings,
Syracuse, SyracuseUniv. Press,I95I. BctweenStaS and Line Managerial
Officers', Am. Soc. R., XV ( I 95O), pp.
ff Quoted by Will Herberg, 'When unaware
342-5 I . The authorseemsto be
Social ScientistsView Labor', Comment- ofthe positivefunctionsof this conflict,
ary, Dec. I95I, XII, 6, pp. 590-6. See
alsoSeymour Melman, DynamicFactors yethis data clearly indicate the 'inno-
inIndustrialProductivity, Oxford, Black- vatingpotential' of conflict between
staS and line.
well,I956, on the effectsof risingwage 18 Karl Marx, ThePoverty of Philosophy,
levels on productivity. CharlesH. Kerr & Co., I9IO,
7 See the criticism of the
Mayo Chicago,
approachby Daniel Bcll, 'Adjusting p. I32e
19For an understandingof Marx's
Mento Machines',Commentary, Jan. I 947,
C. Wright Mills, 'The Con- methodology and its relationto Hegelian
pp.79-88; philosophy, see HerbertMarcuse,Reaso
tributionof Sociology to the Study of and Revolution, N.Y., O.U.P., 19.+I .
IndustrialRelations', Proceedings of the
Industrial RelationsResearchAssociation, Note the similaritywithJohn Dewey's
I948, pp. I 99-222.
thought:'Where there is change, there
8 See, e.g., R. K. Merton,
'The isof necessitynumericalplurality,multi-
Machinc,The Workersand The E:ngin- plicity,and from variety comes opposi-
eer', Social Theoryand Social Structure, tion, strife. Change is alteration, or
"othering" and thismeansdiversity.Di-
Glencoe,Ill., I 949, pp. 3 I 7-28; Georges versitymeans division, and division
Friedmann,IndustrialSociety,Glencoc, means two sides and their conflict.'
Ill., I956. Reconstruction in Philosophy,N.Y., Mentor
9 For informal organization
and
& Dickson, Books, I 95O, p. 97. See also the able
change,see Roethlisberger
Alanagement and the Worker,Cambridge, discussionof the deficienciesof Talcott
I 939, especially pp. 567-8;
for formal Parsons'sociologicaltheoriesby David
organization,see Selig Perlman, The Lockwood,B.7.S., June, I956.
20 Waldemar Kaernfert, 'Science
in
Theoryof theLaborMovement; on general
relationsbetweentechnologyand labour, Review',New LorkTimes,July 2 7, I952.
21 Talcott Parsons, The Social
System,
see Elliot D. Smith and RichardC. Ny- London,Tavistock Publications:I95I,
man, BechnolovandLabor,Ncw Haven,
Yale Univ. Press,I939. p. 48I.
I owe much to Prof. Parsons'treat-
10Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social
History of Medieval Buroy)e,London, mcntof thisdistinctiondespitea number
Routledge and Kegan Paul, I 949, r) of majordisagreementswith his theory
of socialchange.
I86.
Change, 22 The conceptof equilibriumis of great
11See W. F. Ogburn, Social provided it is used,
for the value in socialscience
N.Y.: B. W. Huebsch, I 923,
as by Schumpeter, as a pointof reference
theory of 'cultural lag' due to 'vested permitting measurementof departures
interests'. fromit. 'The conceptof a stateof equilib-
12 Cf. Max \Veber, 'Bureaucracy',
FromMax Weber,Gerth and Mills, ed., rium, althoughno such state may ever
I 96-244. For the pathology
of be realized, is useful and indeed indis-
pp.
for purposesof analyses and
bureaucracy,see R. K. Mcrton,'Bureau- pcnsablc
diagnosis,as a pointof reference'(Joseph
cratic Structureand Personality',Social
pp. A. Schumpeter, BusinessCycle, N.Y.,
Theoryand Social op.
Structure, cit.,
I 5 I-60.
McGrawHill, I939, p. 69). But certain