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INDE 8390 L01 B1 GenIntro
INDE 8390 L01 B1 GenIntro
INDE 8390 L01 B1 GenIntro
INDE 8390 W20
Work Organizations
Lecture 1B
Introduction
1971 ‐ 2020
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The Davos Manifesto 1973
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The Dow 1970
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Davos Manifesto 2020
The Universal Purpose of a Company in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
A. The purpose of a company is to engage all its stakeholders in shared and sustained value creation. In
creating such value, a company serves not only its shareholders, but all its stakeholders – employees,
customers, suppliers, local communities and society at large. The best way to understand and harmonize the
divergent interests of all stakeholders is through a shared commitment to policies and decisions that
strengthen the long‐term prosperity of a company.
B. A company is more than an economic unit generating wealth. It fulfils human and societal aspirations as
part of the broader social system. Performance must be measured not only on the return to shareholders,
but also on how it achieves its environmental, social and good governance objectives. Executive
remuneration should reflect stakeholder responsibility.
C. A company that has a multinational scope of activities not only serves all those stakeholders who are
directly engaged, but acts itself as a stakeholder – together with governments and civil society – of our
global future. Corporate global citizenship requires a company to harness its core competencies, its
entrepreneurship, skills and relevant resources in collaborative efforts with other companies and
stakeholders to improve the state of the world.
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Davos 2020
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The Dow 2019
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Is the World Getting Better?
https://www.wsj.com/articles/the‐world‐is‐getting‐quietly‐relentlessly‐better‐11546430400?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=9 8 of 42
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Industry Landscape: 1960 vs. 2010
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National Wealth Creation
• Mining
• Agriculture
• Manufacturing
• Intellectual property
• … but
• Shift happens…
Did You Know?
YouTube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHWTLA8WecI
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We Live in the Age of Abundance
The 21st‐century Context
• For most of history, human lives were defined by scarcity.
Today the defining feature of life in much of the world is
abundance.
• Powered by knowledge workers, the information economy
has produced a standard of living unlike anything in the past.
• Even though people have their basic needs met, their life
satisfaction have remained the same… People are craving
transcendence.
• Businesses must now provide not only a product/service that
is reasonably priced and functional, but also beautiful,
unique, and meaningful.
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We Live in a Global World
The 21st‐century Context
Today, more than ever before, the global is part of our
everyday lives. We are linked to others on every continent:
• Socially through the media and communications
• Culturally through movements of people
• Economically through trade
• Environmentally through sharing one planet
• Politically through international relations and
systems of regulation.
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Globalization … Is Nothing New
Roman Trade Silk Road
The removal of barriers to free trade between countries,
leading to the closer integration (dependence)
between their economies. Video: I, Pencil
Information technology has accelerated the pace of globalization.
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How Is the World Organized?
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Globalization
• Trade is one of possible organizational
principles
• The increasing integration of national
economies through international (cross‐
border) flows of
– trade (imports and exports of goods and services)
– investment (capital and technology)
– labor (people and skills)
– knowledge and information
Is globalization confusing? Video: China video
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How Is the World Organized?
• Until ~WW2 the world followed the Westphalian order, which
were a series of peace treaties signed in 1648. They ended
Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and
the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the
Dutch Republic.
• This new European political order was based on existence of
co‐existing sovereign states and the balance of power.
• Sovereign states have:
– Permanent population
– Defined territory
– One government
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The Recent Changes
• System of sovereign nation‐states is not the only organizing
principle today as many more actors appeared on the
international arena
• Sovereign states are losing exclusive powers in negotiating the
world order
• Current actors:
– Sovereign states
– Non‐state actors:
• multinational corporations
• NGOs
• media
• individuals
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New International Relations
• Two‐level game:
– Among nations/states
– Between each nation state and its society
• Domestic and international issues are mixed, so we now live
in intermestic world
• Triangular game
Nation States
Citizen commitment
Political representation
Issues Issues
State sovereignity & Political nature of national
transnational autonomy communities
Transnational Identity
Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs
Utilitarian commitment Primordial commitment
Issues Communitarian representation
Functional representation
Exclusive vs inclusive
boundaries
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Trade Flows
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Move to Digital
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The Global World Order
• Is having a profound impact on the way
companies do business and countries capture
economic wealth
• Today companies are investing globally in R&D,
engineering, production
• Changing patterns of global demand
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The Four
Video: The Four
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The Four
$ 942 B
$ 1.38 T
$ 625 B
$ 980 B
$ 1.24 T
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3 Stages Of Globalization
• Globalization 1.0 – 1492 to 1800
– Focus: countries & power
• Globalization 2.0 – 1800 to 2000
– Focus: multinational companies
• Globalization 3.0 – 2000 to …
– Focus: individuals & groups collaborating &
competing globally
– Enabled by flattened world
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10 Forces That Flattened the World
• 11/9/89 Fall of Berlin Wall
• 8/9/95 MS Windows
• Work Flow Software
• Open‐Sourcing
• Outsourcing
• Offshoring
• Supply‐Chaining
• Insourcing
• In‐forming
• The Steroids
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Markets in the Global Era
Product demand Worldwide Competition
is unstable
and rapidly varies
Turbulent
Markets
Short windows
of opportunity for
new products
product
variety
increases
Rapidly changing customer needs
What is the relationship between the unstable, heterogeneous market and
the product design, and the manufacturing system?
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Make Anywhere, Sell Anywhere
Product Design is done in one place;
Design Product Manufacturing – in another place
Produce
Sell
Sell Sell
Produce
Sell
Competitive, turbulent markets driven by globalization
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We Live in the Age of Automation
The 21st‐century Context
Human beings have much to recommend, but when it
comes to endeavors that depend heavily on:
• rule‐based logic,
• calculation, and
• sequential thinking—computers are simply better,
faster, and stronger.
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Automation: Examples
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Automation Abundance
US Manufacturing: Output vs. Jobs 1987‐2016
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We Live in the Age of Asia
The 21st‐century Context
• Asia or some other place …
• Can someone overseas make it cheaper?
• Can a computer do it faster?
• Is what we are selling in demand in the age of
abundance?
• And for how long?
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Apple Global Suppliers
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Industry vs. Economic Development
World Bank and IMF, 2006
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Shift to Hybrid Economies
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Shift in Ontario Economy
2000 2013
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Structure of Ontario Economy 2017
GDP contributions by sector
[%]
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Services Evolution
World’s Largest Labor Forces
A = Agriculture, G = Goods, S = Services
Nation % WW % % % Approx. 25 yr 2013
Labor % growth in 2013
A G S services U.S. Job Shift to Services
China 25.6 43 25 32 191
(A) Agriculture
India 16.5 60 12 28 28
(G) Goods
USA 4.9 2 20 78 21
Indonesia 3.5 43 18 39 35 (S) Services
Brazil 3.2 20 14 66 20
Russia 2.4 11 29 60 38
Bangladesh 2.2 63 11 26 30 Service sector employment
is growing rapidly in both developed
Japan 2.1 5 28 68 40 and developing nations.
Nigeria 1.6 70 10 20 30
Sources: CIA World Fact Book. Historical Trend Data from 2004 IBM Study.
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Shift to Service Economies
2006 Data
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Product & Service Continuum
Video: i‐Phone economy
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We Live in the Conceptual Age
The 21st‐century Context
• We’ve progressed from a society of farmers to a society
of factory workers to a society of knowledge workers.
• Now we’re progressing to a society of creators and
empathizers, of pattern recognizers and meaning
makers.
• In the Conceptual Age we need a whole new mind.
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The Last 150 Years
Conceptual Age
(Creators and
ATG Empathizers)
Affluence
Technology
Globalization
Information Age
(Knowledge Workers)
Industrial Age
(Factory Workers)
Agricultural Age
(Farmers)
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Now What?
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