2/17/2020 Continuous Learning Culture - Scaled Agile Framework

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“
Real learning gets to the heart of what it means to be human.
Through learning, we recreate ourselves. Through learning, we
become able to do something we never were able to do. Through
learning, we re-perceive the world and our relationship to it.
Through learning, we extend our capacity to create, to be part of
the generative process of life. There is within each of us a deep
hunger for this type of learning.
—Peter M. Senge, The Fifth Discipline

Continuous Learning Culture

The Continuous Learning Culture competency describes a set of values and practices that encourage individuals—and the
enterprise as a whole—to continually increase knowledge, competence, performance, and innovation.

This is achieved by becoming a learning organization, committing to relentless improvement, and promoting a culture of innovation.

It is one of the seven core competencies of the Lean Enterprise, each of which is essential to achieving Business Agility.

Why Continuous Learning Culture?

Organizations today face an onslaught of forces that create both uncertainty and opportunity. The pace of technology
innovation is beyond exponential. Startup companies challenge the status quo by transforming, disrupting, and in some
cases eliminating entire markets. Juggernaut companies like Amazon and Google are entering entirely new markets such as
banking and healthcare. At any moment, political, economic, and environmental turmoil threaten to change the rules.
Expectations from new generations of workers, customers, and society as a whole challenges companies to think and act
beyond balance sheets and quarterly earnings reports. Due to all of these factors and more, one thing is certain:
organizations in the digital age must be able to adapt rapidly and continuously or face decline—and ultimately extinction.

What’s the solution? In order to thrive in the current climate, organizations must evolve into adaptive engines of change,
powered by a culture of fast and effective learning at all levels. Learning organizations leverage the collective knowledge,
experience, and creativity of their workforce, customers, supply chain, and the broader ecosystem. They harness the forces
of change to their advantage. In these enterprises, curiosity, exploration, invention, entrepreneurship, and informed risk-
taking replace commitment to the status quo while providing stability and predictability. Rigid, siloed top-down structures
give way to fluid organizational constructs that can shift as needed to optimize the flow of value. Decentralized decision-
making becomes the norm as leaders focus on vision and strategy along with enabling organization members to achieve
their fullest potential.

Any organization can begin the journey to a continuous learning culture by focusing their transformation along three critical
dimensions, as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. The three dimensions of a continuous learning culture

The three dimensions are:

1. Learning Organization – Employees at every level are learning and growing so that the organization can transform and
adapt to an ever-changing world.
2. Innovation Culture – Employees are encouraged and empowered to explore and implement creative ideas that enable
future value delivery.
3. Relentless Improvement – Every part of the enterprise focuses on continuously improving its solutions, products, and
processes.

Each is described in the sections below.

Learning Organization

Learning organizations invest in and facilitate the ongoing growth of their employees. When everyone in the organization is
continuously learning, it fuels the enterprise’s ability to dynamically transform itself as needed to anticipate and exploit
opportunities that create a competitive advantage. Learning organizations excel at creating, acquiring, and transferring
knowledge while modifying practices to integrate the new insights [1,2]. These organizations understand and foster the
intrinsic nature of people to learn and gain mastery, harnessing that impulse for the benefit of the enterprise [3].

Learning organizations are distinguished from those using the scientific management methods promoted by Frederick
Taylor. In Taylor’s model, learning is limited to those at the top while everyone else simply follows the policies and practices
they create. Becoming a learning organization is not an altruistic exercise. It’s an antidote to the status-quo thinking that
drove many former market leaders to bankruptcy. Learning drives innovation, leads to greater sharing of information,
enhances problem-solving, increases the sense of community, and surfaces opportunities for more efficiency. [4]

The transformation into a learning organization requires five distinct disciplines, as described by Senge. The best practices
for developing these disciplines include:

Personal Mastery – Employees develop as ‘T-shaped people’. They build a breadth of knowledge in multiple
disciplines for efficient collaboration and deep expertise aligned with their interests and skills. T-shaped employees
are a critical foundation of Agile teams.

Shared Vision – Forward-looking leaders envision, align with, and articulate exciting possibilities. Then, they invite
others to share in and contribute to a common view of the future. The vision is compelling and motivates employees
to contribute to achieving it.

Team Learning – Teams work collectively to achieve common objectives by sharing knowledge, suspending
assumptions, and ‘thinking together’. They complement each other’s skills for group problem solving and learning.

Mental Models – Teams surface their existing assumptions and generalizations while working with an open mind to
create new models based on a shared understanding of the Lean-Agile way of working and their customer domains.
These models make complex concepts easy to understand and apply.

Systems Thinking – The organization sees the larger picture and recognizes that optimizing individual components
does not optimize the system. Instead, the business takes a holistic approach to learning, problem-solving, and
l ti d l t Thi ti i ti t d t b i ti h L P tf li M t (LPM)
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solution development. This optimization extends to business practices such as Lean Portfolio Management (LPM),
which ensures that the enterprise is making investments in experimentation and learning to drive the system forward.

Many of SAFe’s principles and practices directly support these efforts, as illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. SAFe includes principles and practices that support the learning organization.

Here are some of the ways SAFe promotes a learning organization:

Lean-Agile leaders promote, support, and exhibit personal mastery.

A shared vision is iteratively refined during each PI Planning period. This influences Business Owners, the teams on each
Agile Release Train (ART), and the entire organization.
Teams learn continuously through daily collaboration and problem solving, supported by events such as team
retrospectives and Inspect & Adapt.
The Scaled Agile Framework provides a set of powerful guidelines for teams to use as they apply Lean and Agile principles
and practices.
Systems Thinking is a cornerstone of Lean-Agile and one of the ten SAFe principles.
SAFe also provides regular dedicated time and space for learning through the Innovation and Planning (IP) iteration that
occurs every Program Increment.

Innovation Culture

Innovation is one of the four pillars of the SAFe House of Lean (/lean-agile-mindset/). But the kind of innovation needed to
compete in the digital age cannot be infrequent or random. It requires an innovation culture. An innovation culture exists
when leaders create an environment that supports creative thinking, curiosity, and challenging the status quo. When an
organization has an innovation culture, employees are encouraged and enabled  to:

Explore ideas for enhancements to existing products

Experiment with ideas for new products
Pursue fixes to chronic defects
Create improvements to processes that reduce waste
Remove impediments to productivity

Some organizations support innovation with paid time for exploring and experimenting, intrapreneurship programs, and
innovation labs. SAFe goes further by providing consistent time each PI for all members of the Agile Release Train (ART) to
pursue innovation activities during the Innovation and Planning iteration. Innovation is also integral to Agile Product
Delivery and the Continuous Delivery Pipeline.

The following sections provide practical guidance for initiating and continuously improving an innovation culture.

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Innovative People

The foundation of an innovation culture is the recognition that systems and cultures don’t innovate: people innovate.
Instilling innovation as a core organizational capability requires a commitment to cultivating the courage and aptitude for
innovation and encouraging risk-taking among employees. For existing organization members, this may necessitate
coaching, mentoring, and formal training in the skills and behaviors of entrepreneurship and innovation. Individual goals
and learning plans should include language that enables and empowers growth as an innovator. Rewards and recognition
that balance intrinsic and extrinsic motivation reinforce the importance of everyone as an innovator. Criteria for hiring new
employees should include evaluating how candidates will fit in an innovation culture. Opportunities and paths for
advancement should be clear and available for people who demonstrate exceptional talent and performance as innovation
agents and champions [5].

Time and Space for Innovation

Building time and space for innovation includes providing work areas conducive to creative activities, as well as setting
aside dedicated time from routine work to explore and experiment. Innovation space can also include:

Broad cross-domain interactions involving customers, the supply chain, and even the physical or professional communities
connected to the organization
Temporary and limited suspension of norms, policies, and systems (within legal, ethical, and safety boundaries) to challenge
existing assumptions and explore what’s possible
Systematic activities (IP iteration, hackathons, dojos, etc.) and opportunistic innovation activities (continuous, accidental,
unplanned)
Perpetual innovation forums on collaboration platforms and Communities of Practice (CoPs) that create the opportunity for
ongoing conversations across the organization

Go See

Often, the best innovation ideas are sparked by seeing the problems to be solved first-hand—witnessing how customers
interact with products or the challenges they face using existing processes and systems. Gemba is a Lean term and practice
from Japan meaning ‘the real place,’ as in where the customers’ work is actually performed. SAFe explicitly supports this
concept through Continuous Exploration. Making first-hand observations and hypotheses visible channels the creative
energy of the entire organization toward conceiving innovative solutions. Leaders should also openly share their views on
the opportunities and challenges the organization faces to focus innovation efforts on the things that have the highest
potential to benefit the enterprise.

Experimentation and Feedback

Innovation cultures embrace the idea that conducting experiments designed to progress iteratively towards a goal is the
most effective path to learning that creates successful breakthroughs. Regarding his many unsuccessful experiments to
create an incandescent light bulb, Thomas Edison famously said, “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t
work.” In the scientific method, experiments don’t fail; they simply produce the data needed to accept or reject a
hypothesis. Many companies don’t innovate sufficiently due to a culture that includes fear of failure. Such fear cripples
innovation.

In contrast, innovation cultures depend on learning from experiments and incorporating those insights into future
exploration. When leaders create the psychological safety described in the Lean-Agile leaders article, people are
encouraged to experiment (within guardrails). They feel permission to solve big problems, to seize opportunities, and to do
so without fear of blame, even when the results of the experiments suggest moving in a different direction.

Pivot Without Mercy or Guilt

Every innovation begins as a hypothesis – a set of assumptions and beliefs regarding how a new or improved product will
delight customers and help the organization achieve its business objectives. However, hypotheses are just informed
guesses until they are supported by validated feedback from real customers. As Eric Ries promotes in The Startup Way, the
fastest way to accept or reject a product development hypothesis is to experiment by building a Minimum Viable Product or
MVP [6]. An MVP is the simplest thing that can possibly work to test the proposed innovation to see if it leads to the desired
results. MVPs must be tested by customers in the target market or by intended users of the system for fast feedback. In
many cases, the feedback is positive and further investment to bring the innovation to market or into production is
warranted. In other instances, the feedback dictates a change in direction. This could be as simple as a set of modifications
to the product followed by additional experiments for feedback, or it could prompt a ‘pivot’ to an entirely different product
or strategy. When the fact-based evidence indicates that a pivot is required, the shift in direction should occur as quickly as
possible without blame, and without consideration of sunk costs in the initial experiments.

Innovation Riptides

To create an innovation culture, organizations have to go beyond catchy slogans, ‘innovation teams,’ and popular
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techniques like hackathons and dojos. A fundamental rewiring of the enterprise’s DNA is needed to fully leverage the
innovation mindset and create the processes and systems that promote sustained innovation. As shown in Figure 3, SAFe
provides these needed structures.

Figure 3. SAFe includes critical elements to support a consistent, continuous ow of innovation

The continuous flow of innovation is built on the foundation of SAFe principle #9 which promotes decentralized decision-
making. Some innovation starts as strategic portfolio concerns that are realized through Epics and Lean Budgets applied to
value streams.  In the course of building the solution to realize Epics,  teams, suppliers, customers and business leaders all
identify opportunities for improving the solution. The potential innovations that result can be considered an ‘innovation
riptide’ that flows back into the structures that SAFe provides for building solutions. Smaller, less expensive innovations
flow into the Program Kanban as Features while larger, more expensive innovations result in the creation of an Epic and
Lean Business Case and flow into the Portfolio Kanban.

Relentless Improvement

Since its inception in the Toyota Production System, kaizen, or the relentless pursuit of perfection, has been one of the core
tenets of Lean. It is illustrated in various ‘house of Lean’ models including the SAFe House of Lean (/lean-agile-mindset/).

While unattainable, the act of striving for perfection leads to continuous improvements to products and services. In the
process, companies have created more and better products for less money and with happier customers, all leading to
higher revenues and greater profitability. Taiichi Ohno, the creator of Lean, emphasized that the only way to achieve kaizen
is for every employee at all times to have a mindset of continuous improvement. The entire enterprise as a system—
executives, product development, accounting, finance, and sales—is continuously being challenged to improve [7].

But improvement requires learning. Rarely are the causes and solutions for problems that organizations face clear and
easily identified. The Lean model for continuous improvement is based on a series of small iterative and incremental
improvements and experiments that enable the organization to learn its way to the most promising answer to a problem.

The sections that follow further illustrate how a continuous learning culture is a critical component of relentless
improvement.

Constant Sense of Danger

SAFe uses the term relentless improvement in its House of Lean to convey that improvement activities are essential to the
survival of an organization and should be given priority, visibility, and resources. This closely aligns with another core tenet
of Lean, which is an intense focus on delivering value to customers by providing products and services that solve their
problems in a way that’s preferred over the organization’s competitors. SAFe promotes both ongoing and planned
improvement efforts through team retrospectives, the problem-solving workshop during Inspect & Adapt (I&A), as well as
the use of the Innovation & Planning (IP) iteration to conduct improvement work. Improvement Features and Stories that
emerge from the I&A are also incorporated into team plans and integrated into the work planned for the following Program
Increment.

Optimize the Whole

“Optimize the whole” suggests that improvements should be designed to increase the effectiveness of the entire system
that produces the sustainable flow of value as opposed to optimizing individual teams silos or subsystems Everyone at all
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that produces the sustainable flow of value, as opposed to optimizing individual teams, silos, or subsystems. Everyone at all
levels should embrace improvement thinking, but improvements in one area, team, or domain should not be made to the
detriment of the overall system. Organizing around value in ARTs, Solution Trains, and value streams create opportunities
for people in all domains to have regular and holistic conversations about how to enhance overall quality, the flow of value,
and customer satisfaction.

Problem Solving Culture

In Lean, problem-solving is the driver for continuous improvement. It recognizes that a gap exists between the current state
and the desired state, requiring an iterative process to achieve the target state. The steps of problem-solving are both
fractal and scalable. They apply to teams trying to optimize response time in a software system and to enterprises trying to
reverse a steady decline in market share. Iterative Plan-Do-Check-Adjust (PDCA) cycles, as shown in Figure 4, provide the
process for iterative problem solving on small adjustments as well as breakthrough innovations. The entire process is
repeated until the target state is achieved. This model treats problems as opportunities for improvement in a blameless
process, and employees at all levels are empowered and equipped with the time and resources to identify and solve
problems. As part of the ART and Solution Train Inspect & Adapt events, SAFe builds problem-solving into Agile team
retrospectives, and into the problem-solving workshop.

Figure 4. The PDCA problem-solving cycle scales from individual teams to entire organizations

Re ect at Key Milestones

Improvement activities are often deferred in favor of ‘more urgent’ work such as new feature development, fixing defects,
and responding to the latest outage. Relentless improvement requires a disciplined structure to avoid neglecting this critical
activity. For individual teams, SAFe encourages retrospectives at iteration boundaries at a minimum and in real-time when
possible. ARTs and Solution Trains reflect every Program Increment as part of the Inspect & Adapt event. This cadence
based milestone provides predictability, consistency, and rigor to the process of relentless improvement in large product
development efforts.

Fact-based Improvement

Fact-based improvement leads to changes guided by the data surrounding the problem and informed solutions, not by
opinions and conjecture. Improvement results are objectively measured, focusing on empirical evidence. This helps an
organization concentrate more on the work needed to solve problems and less on assigning blame.

Measure and Grow

The Measure and Grow (https://v5preview.scaledagileframework.com/measure-and-grow/) article describes how enterprises can

assess where they are on their journey to Business Agility and provides a downloadable self-assessment for that purpose.
That assessment is a high-level view that measures the seven competencies and briefly touches on each dimension of
Business Agility.

In order to provide further insights, each competency has an individual assessment that can be used to provide additional
specificity as to prowess in that competency and implications as to how to improve. The specific, more detailed assessment
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2/17/2020 Continuous Learning Culture - Scaled Agile Framework
spec c ty as to p o ess t at co pete cy a d p cat o s as to o to p o e. e spec c, o e deta ed assess e t
for Continuous Learning Culture can be downloaded below.

Download Continuous Learning Culture Assessment (https://www.scaledagileframework.com/?ddownload=47334)

Summary

Too often, organizations fall into the trap of assuming that the culture, processes, and products that led to today’s success
will also guarantee future results. That mindset increases the risk of decline and failure. As Albert Einstein said
(paraphrased), “we can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.” The
enterprises that will dominate their respective markets going forward will be those that are adaptive learning organizations
with the ability to learn, innovate, and relentlessly improve more effectively than their competition.

Learn More
[1] Garvin, David A. Building a Learning Organization. Harvard Business Review, July-August 1993. https://hbr.org/1993/07/building-a-
learning-organization

[2] Senge, Peter. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Penguin Random House LLC. Kindle Edition.

[3] Pink, Daniel H. Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Penguin Group. Kindle Edition.

[4] Marquardt, Michael. Building the Learning Organization. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Kindle Edition.

[5] Beswick, Cris; Bishop, Derek; & Geraghty, Jo. Building a Culture of Innovation. KoganPage Publishing. Kindle Edition.

[6] Ries, Eric. The Startup Way. Currency. Kindle Edition.

[7] Liker, Je ery K. Developing Lean Leaders at All Levels. Lean Leadership Institute Publications. Kindle Edition.

Last update: 26 September 2019

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